contextualising decorations. a study of placement and context of ornaments on bronze age ceramics...

Bronze AGe CHronoLoGY in THe CArPATHiAn BASin

Proceedings of the International Colloquiumfrom Târgu Mureş

2–4 October 2014

B i B L i o T H e C A M V S e i M A r i S i e n S i S

SeriA ArCHAeoLoGiCA

VIII

ProCeedinGS of THe inTernATionAL CoLLoquiuMSfroM TârGu Mureş

EditorSándor BErEcki

Bronze AGe CHronoLoGY in THe CArPATHiAn BASin

ProcEEdinGS oF THE inTErnATionAL coLLoQUiUMFroM TÂrGU MUrEŞ

2–4 October 2014

Edited byRITa E. NÉMETH

BOTONd REZI

Editura MEGATârgu Mureș

2015

© Mureş County Museum, 2015Executive editor: Zoltán Soós, Director

Cover:Gyermely-Szomor spectacle fibula

(photo made by Kardos Judit, photographer, Hungarian National Museum, Central Data Warehouse and Informatics Department)

Muzeul Judeţean MureşCP 85, str. Mărăşti nr. 8A, 540328

Târgu Mureş, România

Editura Mega | www.edituramega.roe-mail: [email protected]

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiINTERNaTIONaL COLLOQUIUM BRONZE aGE CHRONOLOGY IN THE CaRPaTHIaN BaSIN. TÂRGU MUREŞ, 2014.

Bronze age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin : proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş : 2-4 October 2014 / edited by Rita E. Németh, Rezi Botond. – Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2015. – (Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis. Seria Archaeologica ; VIII).

Bibliogr.ISBN 978-606-543-684-8.

I. NÉMETH, Rita E. (ed.)II. REZI, Botond (ed.)

903(498.4)”637”(063)

Contents

Vorwort 7

Ondřej CHVOJkaChronologie und Kulturen der südböhmischen Bronzezeit und ihre Parallelisierung zu den Donaugebieten und Karpatenbecken 9

Viktória kISS–Szilvia FáBIáN–Tamás HaJdU–kitti köHLER–Gabriella kULCSáR– István MaJOR–Géza SZaBó

Contributions to the Relative and Absolute Chronology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Western Hungary Based on Radiocarbon Dating of Human Bones 23

Marija LJUšTINa–katarina dMITROVIćCore vs. Periphery: Some Stratigraphical and Chronological Remarks on the Vatin Culture in Banat and Western Serbia 37

katarina dMITROVIć–Marija LJUšTINaMetal Finds as Indicators of Relations Between the Middle Bronze Age Cultures on Western and Northern Serbia 47

Florin GOGÂLTaNThe Early and Middle Bronze Age Chronology on the Eastern Frontier of the Carpathian Basin. Revisited after 15 Years 53

József PUSkáS Contact Zone: Middle Bronze Age Cultural Connections in the Valley of the Black River (Covasna County, Romania) 97

Neculai BOLOHaN–alexandru GaFINCU–Iulian STOLERIUMiddle Bronze Age Chronology East of the Carpathian Area. A Bayesian Model 131

Horia CIUGUdEaN– Colin P. QUINNThe End of the Wietenberg Culture in the Light of new 14C Dates and its Chronological Relation Towards the Noua Culture 147

Rita E. NÉMETHThe Middle Bronze Age “Mass Grave” from Voivodeni–La Şcoală. A Chronological Approach 179

Tibor-Tamás daRóCZI–adrian URSUţIUContextualising Decorations. A Study of Placement and Context of Ornaments on Bronze Age Ceramics from the Lower Feneş Valley 201

Gábor ILONZeitstellung der Urnenfelderkultur (1350/1300–750/700 BC) in West-Transdanubien. Ein Versuch mittels Typochronologie und Radiokarbondaten 223

attila LáSZLóÜber die Chronologie des kulturellen Wechsels zwischen der Noua-Coslogeni Kultur und der Nachfolger-Kulturen mit kannelierter und mit ritz- und stempelverzierter Keramik in den innen- und aussenkarpatischen Gebieten. Einige Lehren der Radiokarbondatierungen 297

János Gábor TaRBaYThe Reanalysis of the Eponymous Hoard from Gyermely-Szomor and the HaA2 Period in the Territory of Hungary 311

Tiberius BadERZur Chronologie Der Lanzenspitzen im Karpaten-Donau-Raum 373

Abbreviations 393

Bronze Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin, 2015, p. 201–222

Contextualising decorations. A Study of Placement and Context of ornaments on Bronze

Age Ceramics from the Lower feneş Valley

Tibor-Tamás daRóCZI–adrian URSUţ[email protected]

Romanian Academy,Institute of Archaeology and Art History,

Cluj-Napoca, [email protected]

T.-T. daRóCZI–a. URSUţIUKeywords: Bronze Age, north-western Transylvania, ceramics, decoration, relative chronology

This paper presents some of the results related to the chronological value of the positions of decora-tions and associations with other ornaments on ceramic finds recorded during the post-excavation pro-cessing and publication of finds from four sites of the lower Feneş valley (Daróczi–Ursuţiu 2015). The sites are located in the upper Someşul Mic basin, on the first, right hand tributary of the above mentioned river. Three sites, Podurile Domneşti (PD), Băştioara (B) and Şesurile Rele (SR), are within the circumscrip-tion of the modern village of Stolna, while the county border of the modern villages of Gilău and Luna de Sus runs across the fourth, Râpa Dracului. The three sites from Stolna are located on the 425–450 m a.s.l. high, left, first terrace of the Feneş River, while the site of Râpa Dracului (RD) is located on a 460–465 m a.s.l. high promontory just to the west of Luna de Sus (Pl. 1).

The fills of most features do not represent gradual accumulations and are rather the result of a single event, in which the deposition of finds and the sealing of the pits occurred. As a result, the feature based find assemblages represent ceramics that were in circulation at the same time. This presents the archaeo-logical research focused on the Transylvanian Bronze Age with a good opportunity for ceramic analysis, in order to gain information on habits and trends of positioning decorations and associating these with other ornaments.

The employed, relative chronology (Pl. 2) is discussed in a recent study (Daróczi 2015, 32–51), and is based on the principle of cross-dating the pottery groups from the Eastern Carpathian Basin, referred to as cultures or groups in the literature (Boroffka 1999, 124; Boroffka 2000). Furthermore, the defined phases provide a means for discussion of ceramic shapes and decorations without the bias of the ‘archaeo-logical culture’ interpretation, or in some cases re-interpretations of newly established groups, by archae-ologist and focuses on the chronological aspects of finds. The fallacy of the rhetoric based on ‘cultures’ is already highlighted in recent theoretical discussions and new approaches are suggested as well (Daróczi 2011, 20, 22–23, 28–29; Palincaş 2010, 57–58; Stig-Sørensen 2014, 247–248, 251).

MethodologyThe post-excavation methodology employed for the organisation and documentation of the finds

and features from the four sites of the lower Feneş valley emanates from the principles of the Peircean trichotomy (Peirce 1888). This trichotomy attributes tripartite meaning (iconic, symbolic, and indexical) to all anthropological material culture, based on the perceived morphological, functional and contextual characteristics (Daróczi 2011, 25, fig. 4). A methodology for the documentation and analysis of ceramics, which is guided by the above principles, has the potential to close in on the Bronze Age emic perspective.

202 | T.-T. Daróczi–A. Ursuţiu

Fig. 1. Tree structure of the ceramics database.

The database is structured (Fig. 1) around three main aspects: administrative, technological and cul-tural. This paper concerns itself with the latter, which in turn can be divided into two more categories: shape and decoration. The way a ceramic find is deconstructed and recorded (Fig. 2) for the present data-base is exemplified by a juglet (inv. no. 5320) from the site of Stolna–Şesurile Rele. Individual, decorative elements are extracted from the documented combinations and are grouped based on their intra- and inter-site similarities, and typologies are created. A single entry might contain more types of decorations, hence associations trends of ornaments can be noticed, especially when these are charted in relation to, in the present case relative, chronology.

Fig. 2. Method for the deconstruction of ceramics into types of shapes and decorations.

Moreover the location of individual decorations is documented based on a system of twelve positions (Fig. 3). These positions are regarded as intervals rather than a fixed location. Positions 1, 2 and 3 represent locations of the inner, edge and outer part of the rim, respectively. The upper part of the neck is defined as position 4, while the half-height of the neck as position 5. Position 6 represents the shoulder, position 7 the maximum diameter of the body. Position 8 represents the contact area between the middle part and the

Contextualising Decorations. A Study of Placement and Context of Ornaments on Bronze Age Ceramics | 203

lower part of the body, while position 9 is the zone located at half-height of the lower body. Position 10 is defined as the outer area of the base or the foot of the object. Decorations on handles are defined as in position 11 and ornaments seen on the inner side of the base as in position 12.

The large number of ceramic finds, deposited in the manner described above and recorded according to the described methodology, facilitates the documentation of ornament typologies. This in turn, enables the doc-umentation of ‘movement’ or in some cases the lack of ‘mobility’ of deco-rations on vessels through the phases of the Bronze Age. Furthermore, associations of at least two ornaments can be tied to certain phases as well. The locational and contextual approach to decorations, emanating from the Peircean trichotomy, sheds further light on the chronological value of these ceramic traits.

The Bronze Age ceramics from the sites of the lower Feneş valley10949 Bronze Age ceramics were retrieved from the four sites of the

lower Feneş valley and as a result of the seriation and cross-referencing of wares, shapes and decorations eight ceramic phases of the Bronze Age (EBA I, EBA II, MBA Ia, LBA I, LBA Ib–IIa, LBA IIa, LBA IIb and LBA IIb–IIIa) were recognised (Daróczi–Ursuţiu 2015). 2296 examples were diagnostic in terms of shapes or decorations and 1218 fragments were decorated. About a quarter of the decorated sherds, 344, had two types of associated ornaments, 133 fragments three associated types and 22 four associated types. Several decora-tions are encountered in more than one phase and at several sites of the lower Feneş valley. Different posi-tioning of decorations is considered a chronological ‘marker’ especially if they are encountered in given positions only in specific phases.

Grooved decorations (Pl. 3; Fig. 4)Only three grooved decorations are recorded in several positions in various phases. Flute 17 is seen

in position 6 during the LBA IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa phases, though in the LBA IIa is documented in posi-tion 7 as well, which suggests a slight shift in the use of this decoration sometimes during the earlier LBA II phase. Narrow flute 8 is documented in positions 4 and 7 only in the LBA IIa and in position 6 only in the LBA IIb–IIIa period that suggests a more restrictive employment of this type of ornament in the later LBA. Lastly, narrow flute 9 is recorded in position 7 during the LBA I, LBA IIb–IIIa, and in position 11 in the EBA II and LBA I phases. This suggests that the latter type of narrow flute is placed on the body of the vessels during the LBA, while narrower bands of this type appear on handles already from the middle phase of the EBA and are still in use at least in the earlier LBA.

Fig. 4. Positions of grooved decorations in relation to chronological phases.

Incised decorations (Pl. 3–5; Fig. 5)Two larger groups of incised decorations, which fit the criteria sketched for this paper, are recorded:

incised lines and bands. Incised line 1 is one of the most simple and common decorations, though it is quite differentiated based on its positioning in various periods. It is usually documented in position 6 (during

Fig. 3. Codes for positions of decorations.


EBA II–III, MBA Ia, LBA I–IIIa), but in the MBA Ia and LBA IIa is seen in position 4, in the LBA IIa phase in positions 5 and 7, while during the LBA I–IIb in position 9. Incised line 2 is most often recorded in position 3 (LBA I and LBA IIb–IIIa), in position 5 in the LBA I and LBA IIa, in position 6 in LBA I and in position 7 only in the LBA IIb–IIIa. Incised line 3 is documented in position 3 in the LBA Ib–IIa and in position 7 in the LBA IIb–IIIa. Singular, double or triple, horizontal and incised lines are common, but their chronological value is often marginalised and neglected. The publication of observations reached by similar methodologies on the use of even these, ‘simple’ ornaments has the potential to delimit regional and temporal tendencies.

Incised band 2 is usually seen in position 3 (LBA I–IIa), though during the LBA I is also recorded in position 6. Although they occur in neighbouring regions in the MBA and LBA, as single standing orna-ments, are specific for the Transylvanian MBA and earliest LBA (Boroffka 1994, 188, 207–208, type pl. 12/7–VD4), their presence in the LBA stages documented at our sites must be seen as the continuity of local ceramic traditions. Incised band 5 is documented in position 3 in the LBA IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa phases, in position 6 in the LBA Ib–IIa, LBA IIa, and in position 11 only in the LBA I. An upward ‘move-ment’ to the neck of this incised decoration from the earlier to the later LBA is clearly noticeable. Incised band 29 is seen only in position 6 in the LBA I–IIa, in position 7 in the entire LBA I–IIIa period, while position 8 is recorded during the entire LBA II. Incised band 49 is documented in position 1 in the LBA I phase and in position 2 in the LBA Ib–IIa.

Fig. 5. Positions of incised decorations in relation to chronological phases.

Stamped decorations (Pl. 5; Fig. 6)Stamped band 1 is most often seen in position 3 during the LBA I and LBA IIa, though in the LBA I

is documented in position 2 and during the LBA Ib–IIa in position 6. Stamped band 2 is seen in position 3 in the LBA I and in position 5 in the LBA Ib–IIa phase. Stamped band 4 is documented in position 5 only in the LBA I, in position 6 only in the LBA Ib–IIa and in position 7 only in LBA IIa. A tendency for the latter stamped decoration to ‘move’ from the neck to the maximum diameter of the body during the earlier LBA is noticed.

Fig. 6. Positions of stamped decorations in relation to chronological phases.


Stitched decorations (Pl. 6; Fig. 7)Stitched band 1 is mostly recorded in position 3 during the LBA I–IIIa or in position 6 in the MBA Ia

and LBA I–IIIa, but is only seen in position 4 in the LBA Ib–IIa, in position 5 during the LBA I–IIa, and in position 8 in the LBA I. Stitched band 2 is documented in position 8 only in the LBA I and in position 6 only in the LBA IIb–IIIa phase. Stitched band 3 is seen in position 3 in the LBA Ib–IIa and in position 6 in the LBA IIa. Stitched band 5 during the LBA I is recorded in position 5 and in the LBA Ib–IIa in posi-tions 6 or 9.

Fig. 7. Positions of stitched decorations in relation to chronological phases.

Impressed decorations (Pl. 6; Fig. 8)Impressed band 1 is seen in position 6 in the LBA I and in position 3 in the LBA IIa phase. Impressed

band 2 is most commonly seen in position 3 in the EBA II, MBA Ia and LBA I–IIIa, though in position 4 is recorded only in the MBA Ia, in position 6 only in the EBA II, MBA Ia and LBA I–IIa, in position 7 only during the EBA II and LBA I, in position 8 just in the LBA Ib–IIa, and in position 10 only in the LBA I. Impressed band 3 is encountered in position 6 in the LBA I and in position 7 only in the LBA Ib–IIa. Impressed band 6 is usually encountered in position 6 in the LBA I–IIa, though in the LBA I is recorded in position 4 and in the LBA Ib–IIa in positions 3 and 10. Impressed band 8 is seen in position 6 only in the LBA I and in position 3 only in the LBA IIb phase. Impressed band 9 is seen during the LBA I in positions 6 and 7, and only in the LBA IIa in position 5. Impressed band 10 is documented in position 3 in the EBA II, MBA Ia, LBA I and LBA IIb–IIIa, but in the EBA I is in position 2, while in the LBA I and LBA IIb–IIIa is in position 6. Impressed band 16 is recorded during the LBA I in position 6, in the LBA Ib–IIa in posi-tion 3 and LBA IIa in position 7. Impressed band 23 is encountered in position 3 in the MBA Ia and LBA Ib–IIa, and is only seen in position 7 in the LBA I. Impressed band 26 is recorded in the EBA II, MBA Ia and LBA I–IIIa in position 3, but during the EBA I and LBA IIa is in position 10, in the EBA II in position 4, in the MBA Ia in position 2, during the LBA Ib–IIb in position 6. Impressed band 30 is seen in positions 3 and 5 during the LBA I–IIa, in positions 6 and 7 in the LBA I and LBA IIb–IIIa, while in position 4 only in the LBA IIa.


Fig. 8. Positions of impressed decorations in relation to chronological phases.


Embossed (band) decorations (Pl. 7; Figs. 9–10)Embossed band decorations documented in more than one position and phase are separated into

alveolar and non-alveolar ones. The examples of the former group are usually regarded as one type in publications, regardless of the various shapes and renderings, but as it is shown below differentiations in shape and position are chronologically relevant.

Fig. 9. Positions of embossed (alveolar band) decorations in relation to chronological phases.


Embossed band 8 is seen in position 5 in the MBA Ia and LBA I–LBA IIa, in position 2 only in the MBA Ia, in position 3 in the LBA Ib–IIa, and in position 6 in the LBA Ib–IIa. Embossed band 10, the most common decoration, is documented in position 5 in the MBA Ia, LBA I–IIIa or in position 6 in the EBA II–III, MBA Ia and LBA I–IIIa, but during the MBA Ia and LBA I phases is seen in position 3, while dur-ing the EBA II, MBA Ia, LBA I–IIa in position 4, and in position 7 during the LBA I–IIIa. Embossed band 11 is documented in position 6 only in the LBA Ib–IIa and in position 5 only in the LBA IIa. Embossed band 13 is recorded in position 5 or 6 in the LBA I–IIIa, in position 3 in the LBA I–IIa, in position 4 in the LBA I, and in position 7 in the LBA I–IIa. Embossed band 14 is usually seen in position 6 in the MBA Ia and LBA I–IIIa, although it is seen in position 5 only during the LBA Ib–IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa phases, in position 4 only in the LBA IIa, and in positions 3 or 7 only during the LBA IIb–IIIa. Embossed band 15 is documented in position 7 only in the LBA I, in positions 4 and 6 only in the LBA Ib–IIa and in position 5 only in the LBA IIb.

Embossed band 2 is documented in position 3 in the MBA Ia, LBA I, LBA IIa and LBA IIb phases, in position 4 in the EBA II, LBA I and LBA Ib–IIa, in position 5 in the EBA II, MBA Ia and LBA Ib–IIa, in position 6 in the MBA Ia, LBA I, LBA IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa, and in position 7 only in the LBA IIa. Embossed band 4 is seen in position 7 only in the LBA I and in position 4 only in the LBA IIa. Embossed band 27 during the MBA Ia, LBA Ib–IIa and LBA IIa is encountered in position 3, in the EBA II, MBA Ia and LBA IIa in position 5, in the EBA II, MBA Ia, LBA I and LBA IIa in position 6, and in the LBA I in position 7. Embossed band 28 is seen in position 5 only in the LBA Ib–IIa phase and in position 6 in the LBA I. Embossed band 32 is seen in position 5 in the MBA Ia and in position 6 in the LBA I.

Fig. 10. Positions of embossed (non-alveolar band) decorations in relation to chronological phases.

Embossed (knob) decorations (Pl. 7; Fig. 11)Another group of embossed decoration are knobs, which to a large extent, even if they are docu-

mented, are not attributed chronological importance unless they are of distinctive shape. Below the chron-ological relevance of knobs, even if of the more ‘trivial’ types, encountered in at least two phases is dis-cussed in relation to their positions on ceramics.


Fig. 11. Positions of embossed (knob) decorations in relation to chronological phases.

Knob 1 is documented in position 6 only in the LBA I, in position 5 only in the LBA IIa and in posi-tion 7 only in the LBA IIb–IIIa. Knob 3 is usually seen in position 6 in the MBA Ia and LBA Ib–IIIa phases, but is also recorded in positions 5 and 7 during the LBA I–IIa. Knob 4 is usually recorded in position 5 in the LBA I, LBA Ib–IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa phases or in position 7 in the LBA I, LBA IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa, and only during LBA Ib–IIa is seen in position 6. Knob 5 is documented in position 5 in the LBA Ib–IIa and LBA IIa phases, in position 6 in the MBA Ia, LBA Ib–IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa, and in position 7 in the EBA II and LBA IIb–IIIa. Knob 9 is recorded in position 5 only in the LBA Ib–IIa and in position 6 only in


the LBA IIa phase. Knob 11 is seen in position 6 only during the LBA I and in position 7 only in the LBA IIa. Knob 13 is seen in position 5 only in the LBA I and in position 6 in phase LBA IIb. Knob 14 is most commonly seen in position 5 in the EBA II, MBA Ia and LBA I–IIIa, though during the MBA Ia, LBA I and LBA IIa phases is seen in position 6, and during the LBA IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa in position 7. Knob 17 is documented in position 4 only in the MBA Ia and in position 6 in the LBA I and LBA IIa phases. Knob 20 is encountered in position 4 in the EBA II, in position 5 in EBA II and LBA IIb–IIIa, in position 6 in the LBA IIa, and in position 7 in the LBA IIa. Knob 22 is documented in position 5 in the LBA I, LBA Ib–IIa and LBA IIb–IIIa, in position 7 in the LBA Ib–IIa, and in position 6 in the LBA IIa. Knob 27 is recorded in position 5 in the EBA II and in position 6 in the LBA Ib–IIa.

Associations of decorationsAssociations of two, three or four decorations are encountered only in specific phases of the Bronze

Age. Aided by the above described methodology, details are documented for each ceramic phase and through a comparative analysis conclusions are drawn.

Examples with only two associated decorations are more common than those with three or four. During the EBA I embossed band 31 is seen with impressed band 33 and knob 30 decoration with broom 4. During the EBA II embossed band 1 is seen with embossed band 5, embossed band 2 is segmented by knob 27 and embossed band 27 by knob 14. During the earliest phase of the MBA embossed band 2 is doc-umented along impressed band 24, embossed band 8 is associated with knob 14, embossed band 10 with incised band 18 or with impressed band 23 or 26. In the same phase embossed band 27 is documented with impressed band 2 and embossed band 32 with incised band 47. Furthermore, knob 14 is seen with impressed band 14 and knob 31 with impressed band 26. In the LBA I phase embossed band 2 is seen with embossed band 10, 13 or broom 2 and embossed band 8 is associated with embossed band 17. Embossed band 10 is segmented by knob 3, 6, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22 or it is associated with impressed band 26. In the same phase embossed band 13 is segmented by knob 14 and 17 or it can be seen with impressed band 26 and 28, embossed band 27 with another similar band or with impressed band 2, 9, 10, embossed band 32 with incised band 2, and embossed band 34 with knob 19. Moreover, knob 4 is seen with impressed band 9, knob 12 with impressed band 10 and knob 29 with incised band 14. In the LBA Ib–IIa phase embossed band 8 is associated with another identical band or with impressed band 2 and 26, embossed band 10 is seen with another identical band or it is segmented by knob 3 or it is associated with impressed band 2, 26 and stitched band 12. Embossed band 13 is segmented by knob 14 or it is seen with impressed band 26, embossed band 24 is associated during the last mentioned phase with impressed band 16 and embossed band 28 with impressed band 2. In the LBA IIa embossed band 2 is associated with embossed band 10, embossed band 7 is seen with incised band 5, and embossed band 8 is recorded with an identical band or knob 1 or impressed band 2. Embossed band 10 is associated with embossed band 18, impressed band 24, 26, 28 and 30 or it is segmented by knob 3, 11, 14, 17 and 23. Furthermore, embossed band 13 is seg-mented by knob 22 or seen with impressed band 26. Furthermore, embossed band 27 is associated with impressed band 2, knob 5 or it can be segmented by knob 28. Knob 17 is seen during the LBA IIa phase with incised band 2. During the LBA IIb embossed band 2 is seen along an embossed band 10 decoration. In the later LBA, IIb–IIIa, embossed band 2 is seen just above broom 2 or 5 decorations, embossed band 10 is segmented by knob 3, 22 or it is seen with impressed band 2, 26 and 28. Embossed band 13 is segmented by knob 14, and 16 is seen associated with flute 14.

During the MBA Ia phase impressed band 2 is seen with flute 9, impressed band 10 with incised line 1 and impressed band 26 with broom 5. In the first phase of the LBA impressed band 2 is associated with another identical band or with incised band 27. Impressed band 7 is seen with flute 2, impressed band 9 with incised band 34, while impressed band 10 is documented with another identical band and impressed band 18 with impressed band 19. In the LBA Ib–IIa phase impressed band 6 is documented with WIL 3. In the LBA IIa phase impressed band 2 is seen with flute 1, impressed band 31 with flute 20 and impressed band 36 with WIL 1. In the LBA IIb phase impressed band 8 is associated with stamped band 9.

In the MBA Ia phase incised band 17 is associated with incised band 25, incised band 19 with incised line 1 and incised band 51 with incised line 8. In the LBA I incised line 1 with stamped band 9 or incised line 2 with stitched band 8. During the same phase incised band 29 is associated with another identical band, and in the following, LBA Ib–IIa, phase a similar association of decorations is recorded as well. Furthermore, also during the latter phase incised line 1 is seen with flute 1 or with incised band 2. Just as


in the previous two phases, in the LBA IIa phase an association of incised band 29 with an identical band is documented, incised band 1 with incised band 35, incised band 5 with incised band 15 and incised line 2 with flute 6. In the LBA IIb phase incised band 29 is also recorded with another incised band 29, incised line 1 with stitched band 11 and incised line 2 with incised band 45 or 46. In the LBA IIb–IIIa phase incised line 1 is associated with flute 10 and incised band 30 with knob 24.

During the LBA I stitched band 1 is associated with WIL 2 and stitched band 5 with stamped band 9. In the following, LBA Ib–IIa, phase stitched band 3 is seen with broom 3 and stitched band 5 with flute 9. In the LBA IIa phase stitched band 1 is associated with another identical band and in the LBA IIb phase stitched band 11 is associated with incised line 1.

In the LBA I phase stamped band 9 is associated with incised line 1 and stamped band 13 with stamped band 4. During the LBA Ib–IIa stamped band 1 is seen with stamped band 7 and in the LBA IIa stamped band 1 is recorded with stamped band 11, while stamped band 8 with stamped band 10.

During the LBA I narrow flute 3 is recorded with narrow flute 10, narrow flute 6 with flute 28 and narrow flute 12 with narrow flute 13. In the LBA IIa phase flute 17 is associated with an identical grooved decoration.

In the first phase of the LBA excised band 1 is documented along an identical band and excised band 5 is associated with excised band 6.

Less common are three associated decorations. In the EBA II phase embossed band 10 is segmented by knob 20 and is associated with another embossed band 19. During the MBA Ia phase impressed band 17 is seen with embossed band 25 and incised band 25, stitched band 1 is documented with incised line 1 and incised band 22, while incised band 13 is seen with two separate embossed band 27 decorations. Also during the earliest MBA impressed band 26 is documented with embossed band 10 segmented by knob 14. Furthermore, a similar association of decorations is documented in the LBA I phase as well. During the same phase stamped band 14 is seen with stamped band 1 and stitched band 4, as is stamped band 1 with stitched band 5 and stamped band 6. Narrow flute 5 is seen with impressed band 2 and narrow flute 9, also narrow flute 10 is recorded with two individual impressed band 6 decorations. Impressed band 26 is associated with embossed band 10 segmented by knob 6, impressed band 34 is recorded with incised line 1 and incised band 32, while incised band 49 is seen with impressed band 20 and flute 10. Furthermore, flute 10 is documented with incised line 2 and impressed band 16, impressed band 1 with excised band 2 and 4, while impressed band 2 is seen with two separate embossed band 27 decorations. Embossed band 23 is recorded with two other identical decorations and embossed band 8 with embossed band 16 and 17. Lastly, stamped band 9 with stitched band 1 and incised band 13 is also documented in the LBA I phase, and a similar association of ornaments is seen in the LBA Ib–IIa as well. In the latter phase impressed band 2 is associated with incised band 5 and flute 12. Impressed band 26 is recorded with embossed band 8 segmented by knob 5, and a similar association of ornaments is seen in the later LBA IIa phase, though the mentioned impressed band is associated with embossed band 10 segmented by knob 3. Also in the same, LBA IIa, phase impressed band 24 is recorded with impressed band 26 segmented by knob 12. In the LBA IIb–IIIa phase narrow flute 4 is seen with narrow flute 9 and incised line 1 in several instances, stitched band 1 is encountered with stamped band 6 and flute 9, while embossed band 10 is associated with impressed band 10 and broom 5 decorations.

Only a handful of examples of ceramics, dated to the earlier LBA, are documented with four associ-ated decorations. Two incised band 5 decorations are associated with incised band 41 and 42, though the latter two are documented on the edges of a handle. An incised band 48 decoration is seen along incised band 4, impressed band 30 and stamped band 9. Stamped band 12 is associated with stamped band 1, 4 and with stamped band 9 or 11. In another instance stitched band 7 is associated with three incised lines 2 ornaments. WIL 10 is seen along three individual WIL 5 decorations. In the LBA Ib–IIa phase these are less often encountered. During this phase an incised band 20 is recorded along three incised line 1 orna-ments and stitched band 12 is associated with stitched band 1, incised line 3 and stamped band 1. In the LBA IIa incised band 29 is seen along other three incised band 29 decorations and incised band 33 with three incised line 1 ornaments.

* * *

The positioning of the decorations can be considered a chronological ‘marker’ especially if they are encountered in given positions solely in specific phases. The documentation of phase specific positions


of ornaments brings valuable information to the relative chronology of the Transylvanian Bronze Age. Radiocarbon datasets are useful means of dating, but the almost complete lack of phase specific seri-ation and typologies of finds for the Transylvanian Bronze Age impedes an efficient and methodological employment. This is to say, that the chronological meaning of a radiocarbon date is only as valuable as the accuracy of the relative dating interval of the associated archaeological finds and features.

References

Boroffka 1994 Boroffka, N., Die Wietenberg-Kultur. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Bronzezeit in Südosteuropa, UPA, 19, Bonn.

Boroffka 1999 Boroffka, N., Probleme der späten Otomani-Kultur, IN: Gancarski, J. (ed.), Kultura Otomani-Füzesabony – rozwój, chronologia, gospodarka. Materiały z konferencjiarcheologicznejDukla, 27–28.11.1997/Die Otomani-Füzesabony-Kultur – Entwicklung, Chronologie, Wirtschaft. Materialien der archäologischenKonferenzDukla, 27–28.11.1997, Krosno, 113–129.

Boroffka 2000 Boroffka, N., Problems of the late Otomani culture in Transilvania, RJA, 1, online.Daróczi 2011 Daróczi, T.-T., Anamorphosis in archaeology. Aspects of phenomenology and

perception in interpretations of anthropogenic material culture, IN: Tămaş, O.-M. (ed.), Thinking the future through the past. National conference of Ph.D. candidate in a historical place of Romania: Haţeg country (september 2010), TransRev, 20, suppl. no. 2:1, Cluj-Napoca, 17–31.

Daróczi 2015 Daróczi, T.-T., Death and memory. A study of the funerary landscapes of the Eastern Carpathian Basin from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, UPA, 273, Bonn.

Daróczi–Ursuțiu 2015 Daróczi, T.-T.–Ursuţiu, A., Worship, habitation, refuge. Bronze and Iron Age sites of the lower Feneş valley, PAT, 8, Cluj-Napoca.

Palincaș 2010 Palincaş, N., Conceptul de cultură şi diversele direcţii în arheologie, IN: Petrescu-Dîmboviţa, M.–Vulpe, Al. (eds.), Istoria românilor. Vol. I. Moştenirea timpurilor îndepărtate, Bucureşti, 53–58.

Peirce 1888 Peirce, Ch. S., Trichotomic (Manuscript).Stig-Sørensen 2014 Stig-Sørensen, M. L., The archaeological culture concept: Hot or cold understandings,

IN: Alexandersson, H.–Andreeff, A.–Bünz, A. (eds.), Med hjärtaochhjärna: Envänbok till professor Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh, GOTARC Series A, GAS, 5, Göteborg, 247–258.

List of figures

Fig. 1. Tree structure of the ceramics database.Fig. 2. Method for the deconstruction of ceramics into types of shapes and decorations.Fig. 3. Codes for positions of decorations.Fig. 4. Positions of grooved decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 5. Positions of incised decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 6. Positions of stamped decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 7. Positions of stitched decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 8. Positions of impressed decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 9. Positions of embossed (alveolar band) decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 10. Positions of embossed (non-alveolar band) decorations in relation to chronological phases.Fig. 11. Positions of embossed (knob) decorations in relation to chronological phases.

List of plates

Pl. 1a. Satellite imagery of the lower Feneş valley with the sites of Stolna–Podurile Domneşti (PD), Băştioara (B), Şesurile Rele (SR) and Luna de Sus–Râpa Dracului (RD).


Pl. 1b. DEM of the lower Feneş valley with the sites of Stolna–Podurile Domneşti (PD), Băştioara (B), Şesurile Rele (SR) and Luna de Sus–Râpa Dracului (RD).

Pl. 2. Late Copper and Bronze Age chronology.Pl. 3. Grooved and incised decorations.Pl. 4. Incised decorations.Pl. 5. Incised and excised decorations.Pl. 6. Stamped decorations.Pl. 7. Stitched and impressed decorations.Pl. 8. Impressed and embossed (band) decorations.Pl. 9. Embossed (band and knob) decorations.


Plate 1a. Satellite imagery of the lower Feneş valley with the sites of Stolna–Podurile Domneşti (PD), Băştioara (B), Şesurile Rele (SR) and Luna de Sus–Râpa Dracului (RD). Pl. 1b. DEM of the lower Feneş valley with the sites

of Stolna–Podurile Domneşti (PD), Băştioara (B), Şesurile Rele (SR) and Luna de Sus–Râpa Dracului (RD).

1

2


Plat

e 2.

Lat

e C

oppe

r and

Bro

nze

Age

chro

nolo

gy.

bb

aII

Ia

bII

Ib a

ab

II

a b

Ca b a

A2

b

1a

I?II

b

III

a

Go

rnea

-Orl

eşti

Cso

rva

Hüg

elgr

äber

-ku

ltur

Egyek

Rákóczifalva

Cruceni-Belegiš

bIII

Dubovac-Žuto-Gârla Mare

II

IV

Balta Sărată

late

earlySo

mog

yvár

-Vin

kovc

i

II

a

Mureş

late

sou

thw

est

cen

tral

wes

t

AIIII

Haj

dúb

agos

IV

Corneşti-Crvenka

Vatin-Vršac

Pančevo-Omoljica

Corneşti-Crvenka

En

dph

ase

Gáv

a I

Ber

kesz

-D

emec

ser

II

east

L A T E

Mak

ó-K

osi

hy-

Čak

a

early

early

M I D D L E

I IIII

I

Şoimuş

I

C

Schneckenberg

I

Jigo

din

Zo

ltan

Igri

ţa

Otto mány

III

IIII

Co

păc

eni

late

Iern

ut

Tra

nsy

lvan

ia

sou

thea

st

Cruceni-Belegiš

III

B

Cio

mo

rtan

sou

thea

st

Gyula-Roşia

B A

Tis

za/

Tis

a L

ow

lan

d

sou

th

Ban

at

Nagyrév

Hatvan

Nyí

rség

II

Fo

eni-

Ocn

ele

Mar

i

Sânp

etru

Ger

man

-Pan

čevo

no

rth

no

rth

B R O N Z E A G EE A R L Y

IL

ivez

ile

III

II

II

Ban

d-C

ugir

DNo

ua

no

rth

wes

tso

uth

wes

tce

ntr

al

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Füzesabony

Sanislău

III

II

Wie

ten

berg

Otomani

B

Suciu de SusLăpuş

II

Cehăluţ

Cb

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ab

b

aa

b a b aA

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?B

2

Co

ţofe

ni

Som

ogyv

ár-V

inko

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edo

l

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urga

n

BC

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Co

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ni

III

Bad

en

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lerá

z

D

Mak

ó-K

osi

hy-

Čak

a

Schneckenberg

c

Gyula-Roşia

A

L A T E

II I

B R O N Z E A G E C O P P E R

A G E

E A R L Y

Ib

Zăbal

a

IIIL

ivez

ile

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lobu

lar

Am

pho

ra

E

V

a

t

i

n

a

?


Plate 3. Grooved and incised decorations.


Plate 4. Incised decorations.

incised band 18 (B)

incised line 8 (B)


Plate 5. Incised and excised decorations.

incised band 51 (B)


Plate 6. Stamped decorations.


Plate 7. Stitched and impressed decorations.

impressed band 14 (B)


Plate 8. Impressed and embossed (band) decorations.

impressed band 33 (B)


Plate 9. Embossed (band and knob) decorations.

emb

osse

d b

and

31

(B)

embossed band 25 (B)

knob 31 (B)knob 30 (B)

Bronze Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin, 2015, p. 393–397

Abbreviations

ABSA The Annual of the British School at Athens, Cambridge University pressActa ULFA Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, ŁódźActaArch Carpathica Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, Academia Scientiarum Polona Collegium Cracoviense,

KrakówActaArchHung Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, BudapestActaMB Acta Musei Brukenthal, SibiuActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-NapocaActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis, ZalăuActaMPa Acta Musei Papensis, PápaActaPraehistArch Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica, BerlinActaTS Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, SibiuAEA Eurasia Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, Siberian Branch of the Russian

Academy of Sciences, NovosibirskAEAM Το Αρχαιολογικό έργο στην Άνω Μακεδονία, The Archaeological Work in Upper

Macedonia, Archaeological Museum of AianiAegaeum Aegaeum, Le service d’histoire de l’art et d’archéologie de la Grèce antique, Université

de LiègeAFN Archäologische Forschungen in Niederösterreich, St.PöltenAFSB Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, DresdenAgria Agria, Annales Musei Agriensis. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve (1982), EgerAIH Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon. Archaeological Investigation in Hungary,

BudapestAJPhA American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Hoboken–OxfordAlba Regia Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, SzékesfehérvárAltertum Das Altertum, BerlinAluta Aluta, Revista Muzeului Naţional Secuiesc, Sfântu GheorgheAMND Archäologische Mitteilungen aus NordwestdeutschlandAnalele Banatului Analele Banatului (S.N.), TimişoaraAnali Anali Zavoda z znanstveni nad JAZU u OsijekuAngustia Angustia, Sfântu GheorgheAnnalesUA Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, Alba IuliaAnnalesUVT Annales d’Université Valahia Targoviste Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire, TârgovişteANODOS Studies of the Ancient World, Trnavska univerzitaAntaeus Antaeus, BudapestAnthrAnz Anthropologischer Anzeiger, Journal of Biological and Clinical AnthropologyAnthropKözl Anthropológiai Közlemények, A Magyar Biológiai Társaság Embertani Szakosztályának

folyóirata, BudapestAntiquaries Journal The Antiquaries Journal, Society of Antiquaries of LondonAntiquitas Antiquitas, BonnAntiquity Antiquity, LondonAÖS Archäologie Österreichs Sonderausgabe, WienApulum Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba IuliaArchaeolingua SM Archaeolingua Seria Minor, BudapestArchAustr Archaeologia Austriaca, WienArchBohemia Archaeology in BohemiaArchBulg Archaeologia Bulgarica, SofiaArchD Archäologie in Deutschland, Darmstadt

394 | Abbreviations

ArchE Archäologie in Eurasien, Mainz am RheinArcheologický Sborník Archeologický Sborník, K šedesátým narozeninám Vratislava Janáka, OpavaArcheometriai Műhely Archeometriai Műhely elektronikus folyóirat, BudapestArchÉrt Archaeologiai Értesítő, BudapestArchHung Archaeologia Hungarica, BudapestArchKorr Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in

MainzArchNeuchâteloise Archéologie neuchâteloise, NeuchâtelArchPol Archaeologia Polona, WarszawaArchRoz Archeologické Rozhledy, PragueArchS Archäologie in SalzburgArheo Slovensko Archeološko DruštvoArhMold Arheologia Moldovei, IaşiArhVest Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), LubljanaASGE Arheologičeskij Sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaža, LeningradASMCommunicationes Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae, Communicationes, NitraAUSBp Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae,

Sectio Historica, BudapestAVJC Archeologické výzkumy v jižních Čechách, Historická budova Jihočeského muzea v

Českých BudějovicíchBAR British Archaeological Reports, International Series/British Series, OxfordBayerVorgeschbl Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, MünchenBB Bibliotheca Brukenthal, SibiuBBÁMÉ Béri Balogh Ádám Múzeum Évkönyve, SzekszárdBeiträge MK Beiträge zu ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes,

BonnBeiträge UFM Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, WeissbachBerliner Jahrbuch Berliner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, BerlinBerRGK Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, FrankfurtBHAB Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica, TimişoaraBIP Biblioteca Istro-Pontica, Seria Arheologie, TulceaBLDAM Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches

Landesmuseum, WünsdorfBM Bibliotheca Marmatia, Baia MareBMA Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis, Alba IuliaBMM Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis, Târgu MureşBMS Bibliotheca Mvsei Sabesiensis, SebeşBT Bibliotheca Thracologica, BucureştiBTMM Budapest Történeti Múzeum, MűhelyBuletinMJT Buletinul Muzeului Județean Teleorman. Seria Arheologie, AlexandriaCarpica Carpica, BacăuCastellum PP Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense, BudapestCatalogi et Monographie Catalogi et Monographie, LjubljanaCCA Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din RomâniaCCDJ Centrul Cultural Dunărea de Jos, GalaţiČlanci i Građa Članci i Građa Tuzla, Muzej Istočne Bosne, TuzlaCMM Časopis Moravského Muzea. Vědy společenské, BrnoComArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, BudapestCSPS Časopis Společnosti přátel starožitností, PragueCsSzMÉ Csíki Székely Múzeum Évkönyve, Miercurea CiucDacia (N.S.) Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–1948),

Bucureşti; Nouvelle Série (N.S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene, Bucureşti

Danubius Revista Muzeului de Istorie GalaţiDer Schlern Der Schlern, Monatszeitschrift für Südtiroler Landeskunde, Konstanz

Abbreviations | 395

DissArch Dissertationes Archaeologicae Brunenses/Pragensesque, BrnoDissArchBudapest Dissertationes Archaeologicae ex Instituto Archaeologico Universitatis de Rolando

Eötvös nominatae, BudapestDissPann Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis

de Petro Pázmány nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes, BudapestDobrudža Istoričeski Muzej v Dobrič i v Silistra, VarnaDocuments préhistoriques Annales littéraires de l’Université de BesançonDunántúli Szemle Dunántúli (Vasi) Szemle (1933–1944), SzombathelyEA Eurasia Antiqua. Zeitschrift für Archäologie Eurasiens, BerlinEAE Experimentelle Archäeology in Europa, Uhldingen-MühlhofenEJA European Journal of ArchaeologyEphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj-NapocaEPRO Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romainERAUL Etudes et recherches archéologiques de l’Université de LiègeErdélyi TudFüz Erdélyi Tudományos Füzetek, Az Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület kiadása, KolozsvárFAP Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses, PragueFB Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg, StuttgartFBBW Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-WürttembergFDS Forschungen zur Denkmalpflege in Südtirol, TrentoFÖ Fundberichte aus Österreich, WienFolArch Folia Archeologica, BudapestFolPraehPos Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia, PoznańForschStillfried Forschungen in Stillfried, Veröffentlichungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für

Ur- u. Frühgeschichte, WienGAS Gothenburg Archaeological Studies, GöteborgGermania Germania, Frankfurt am MainGyulai Katalógusok Gyulai Katalógusok, GyulaHistorica Carpatica Historica Carpatica, KosiceHOMÉ A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, MiskolcHungArch Hungarian Archaeology e-journalIA Internationale Archäologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf.IANSA Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica. Natural Sciences in Archaeology. Archaeological

Centre OlomoucIHAD Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva, ZagrebIJRAT International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, online journalInstrumentum Instrumentum, Bulletin du Groupe de travail européen sur l’artisanat et les productions

manufacturées dans l’AntiquitéIntArchA-STK Internationale Archäologie Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress,

LeidorfISPRS International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing – International

Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information SciencesIstros Istros, Buletinul Muzeului Brăilei, BrăilaIUPUAS Indiana University Publications Uralic and Altaic Series, BloomingtonJahrbuch DAI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Berlin Jahrbuch RGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, MainzJahrIVUF Jahresbericht des Institut für Vorgeschichte des Universität Frankfurt a. M.JAS Journal of Archaeological Science, LondonJEA Journal of European Archaeology, DurhamJPMÉ A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve, PécsJWP Journal of World PrehistoryKorrespondenzblatt AEU Korrespondenzblatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und

Urgeschichte, MünchenLAF Linzer Archäologische Forschungen, LinzLDMK A Laczkó Dezső Múzeum Közleménye, VeszprémMAGW Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft Wien

396 | Abbreviations

Marisia Marisia (V–), Studii şi Materiale, Târgu MureşMarmatia Marmatia, Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean Maramureş, Baia MareMAS Materialia Archaeologica Slovaca, NitraMBVF Münchener Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, MünchenMCA (S. N.) Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, BucureştiMemAnt Memoria Antiquitatis, Acta Musei Petrodavensis, BucureştiMemorie Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Sezione Scienze dell’Uomo,

VeronaMemorii Memoriile Academiei Române, BucureştiMFMÉ A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, SzegedMoravské Křižovatky Moravské Křižovatky, Střední Podunají mezi pravěkem a historií, Moravské zemské

muzeum, BrnoMousaios Mousaios, Buzău–BrăilaMPK Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision der Österreichischen Akademie der

Wissenschaften, WienMSVF Marburger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, MarburgMusaica Musaica, BratislavaMuzejski vjesnik Muzejski vjesnik, VarazdinMΩMOΣ MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciaköteteMИA MИA, MoscovaNotizieS Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, RomaObavijesti HAD Obavijesti Hrvatsko arheološko društvo, ZagrebOffa Offa, Berichte und Mitteilungen zur Urgeschichte, Frühgeschichte und

Mittelalterarchäologie, NeumünsterOpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u ZagrebOpera IAS Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, LjubljanaŐsrégészeti levelek Ősrégészeti levelek. Prehistoric newsletter, BudapestPamArch Památky Archeologické, PrahaPannonkör Füzetek Pannon Kulturális Örökség Füzetek, KőszegPAS Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, MünchenPAT Patrimonium Archaeologicum Transylvanicum, Cluj-NapocaPBF Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München, StuttgartPJZ Praistorija Jugoslavenskih Zemalja, SarajevoPLoS ONE PLoS ONE. Open Access journal, San Francisco, CambridgePraehistorica Praehistorica, PrahaPraehistorica Basel Praehistorica, BaselPravěk Nř Pravěk Nová řada, Ústav archeologické památkové péče, BrnoPrilozi IAZ Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu, ZagrebPrzArch Przegląd Archeologiczny, WrocławPZ Praehistorische Zeitschrift, BerlinRáckevei Múzeumi füzetek Ráckevei Múzeumi füzetek, RáckeveRadiocarbon Radiocarbon, International Journal of Cosmogenic Isotope Research, TucsonRadMV Rad Muzeja VojvodineRadVM Rad Vojvođanskih muzeja, Novi SadRégFüz Régészeti Füzetek, BudapestRevArh Revista Arhivelor (S.N.), BucureştiRevBis Revista Bistriţei, BistrițaRevMuz Revista Muzeelor, BucureştiRGF Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Mainz–BerlinRGZM Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien, Bonn–MainzRJA Romanian Journal of Archaeology, onlineRKM Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon, BudapestRSP Rivista di scienze preistoriche, FlorenceSAA Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, Iaşi

Abbreviations | 397

Savaria Savaria Pars Archaeologica, SzombathelySAX Százhalombatta Archaeological Expedition, BudapestSBA Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, BonnSCIV(A) Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie 1974–), BucureştiSibrium Sibrium, Center of Prehistoric and Archaeological Studies of VareseSlovArch Slovenská Archeológia, NitraSMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, GöteborgSMA Seria Monografii Arheologice, Sfântu GheorgheSMK Somogy Megyei Múzeumok, Kaposvár SNMP Sborník Národního muzea v Praze, řada A – Historie. Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae,

Series A – Historia, PrahaSovArh Sovjetska ArheologijaSpecimina EA Specimina Electronica Antiquitatis, PécsSpecimina Nova Specimina Nova Dissertationum ex Institutom Historico Universitatis

Quinqueecclesiensis de Jano Pannonio nominatae, PécsSPM Die Schweiz vom Paläolithikum zum frühen Mittelalter. La Suisse du Paléolithique à

l’aube du Moyen-Âge BaselSprArch Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, KrakówSSMA Saarbrücker Studien und Materialien zur Altertumskunde, SaarbrückenStarinar N. S. Starinar, Arheološki institute, BeogradStC Maramureşene Studii şi Cercetări Maramureşene, Baia MareStCom Satu Mare Studii şi Comunicări Satu MareStCom Sibiu Studii şi Comunicări, SibiuStudArch Brunensia Studia archaeologica Brunensia, BrnoStudArch Slovaca Studia Archaeologica Slovaca Instituti Archaeologici Acadaemiae Scientiarum, NitraStudArchMed Studia Archaeologica et Medievalia, BratislavaStudia Troica Studia Troica, Universität TübingenStudie AUCAB Studie Archeologického Ústavu Československé Akademie vĕd v Brnĕ, PrahaStudii de Preistorie Asociaţia Română de Arheologie, BucureştiStudii Semitici Studii Semitici, RomaŠtudijné zvesti Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, NitraSympThrac Symposia Thracologica, BucureştiTerra Sebus Terra Sebus, Acta Musei Sabesiensis, SebeşThraco-Dacica Thraco-Dacica, BucureştiTisicum Tisicum, A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve, SzolnokTransRev Transylvanian Review, Cluj-NapocaTVMK Tapolcai Városi Múzeum Közleményei, TapolcaTyragetia Tyragetia (S.N.), Anuarul Muzeului Naţional de Istorie al Moldovei, ChişinăuUPA Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, BonnVAH Varia Archaeologica Hungarica, BudapestVAMZ Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u ZagrebuVF Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen, BerlinVIA KÖK VIA, Kulturális és Örökségvédelmi Kismonográfiák. Monographia Minor in Cultural

Heritage, BudapestVMK Veröffentlichungen der Mykenischen Kommission, WienVMMK A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei, VeszprémVMUFP Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Ur- und Frühgeschichte PotsdamVrancea Vrancea Studii şi Comunicări, VranceaWMMÉ Wosinsky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve, SzekszárdZalai Múzeum Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból, ZalaegerszegZbornik IA Zbornik Instituta za Arheologiju, ZagrebZborník SNM Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, BratislavaZiridava Ziridava, Studia Archaeologica, AradŽupanjski Zbornik Županjski Zbornik, Zavičajni muzeja Županja