Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volume 1318

Series Editors

Wim E. Crusio, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine, CNRS and University of Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, FranceHaidong Dong, Departments of Urology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USAHeinfried H. Radeke, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Clinic of the Goethe University Frankfurt Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, GermanyNima Rezaei, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJunjie Xiao, Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology provides a platform for scientific contributions in the main disciplines of the biomedicine and the life sciences. This series publishes thematic volumes on contemporary research in the areas of microbiology, immunology, neurosciences, biochemistry, biomedical engineering, genetics, physiology, and cancer research. Covering emerging topics and techniques in basic and clinical science, it brings together clinicians and researchers from various fields.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology has been publishing exceptional works in the field for over 40 years, and is indexed in SCOPUS, Medline (PubMed), Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch, Web of Science), EMBASE, BIOSIS, Reaxys, EMBiology, the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and Pathway Studio.

2019 Impact Factor: 2.450 5 Year Impact Factor: 2.324

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5584

Nima Rezaei Editor

Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19

ISSN 0065-2598 ISSN 2214-8019 (electronic)Advances in Experimental Medicine and BiologyISBN 978-3-030-63760-6 ISBN 978-3-030-63761-3 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

EditorNima Rezaei MD, PhD Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran

Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)Tehran, Iran

, corrected publication 2021

This book would not have been possible without the continuous encouragement of my family.

I wish to dedicate it to my daughters, Ariana and Arnika, with the hope that we learn enough from today to make a brighter future for the next generation.

This book is also dedicated to honoring the memory of our brave fallen doctors and nurses who fought against COVID-19.

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On March 2, 2020, I had an hour- long meeting with three of my colleagues, including the head of the hospital, head of infant intensive care unit (ICU), and the consultant of the hospital, at the head office of the Children’s Medical Center, the Pediatrics Center of Excellence (Tehran, Iran), to discuss the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) outbreak. A few days later, I realized that all of them were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV- 2), confirmed by real- time RT PCR (rRT- PCR) assays. Two of them presented with only low- grade fever and malaise, while the third one suffered from anosmia in addition to cough and myalgia. So, it raised several questions in my mind, while I also had some concerns about being affected by SARS- CoV- 2, not only because of that meeting with three physicians who were positive for the virus, but also for meeting and talking

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closely with two other faculty members of our hospital, who were both recently infected by COVID- 19. So, am I positive for COVID- 19? Fortunately, in the 2 weeks after that meeting and after 8 months of working in the pediat-ric referral hospital during the pandemic, I had not presented any symptom of the disease, until October 2020, when I faced headache, backache, chills, and malaise, which made me to qurantine myself for 18 days. As I was quite sure about my symptoms, I did not test for SARS- CoV- 2 during my quarantine. However, SARS- CoV- 2 IgG had been incresead slightly, when I got back to the hospital. So, I am not among more than a hundred million of reported cases, which might show that the number of COVID- 19 is understimated!

Meanwhile, the global challenges and concerns still remain, while many questions are yet to be answered! Is being asymptomatic not equal to being affected? How does the virus spread? Does the outbreak situation change by weather in different seasons? Who are at a higher risk of infection and mortal-ity? Are healthy individuals without any underlying disease protected!? How can we protect ourselves? And the immune system: Friend or Foe?

We, the world outside of China, heard the news of a Chinese city affected by pneumonia of unknown origin in December 2019. We also saw this city, in response to the increasing number of patients presented with this unusual pneumonia, construct a temporary hospital in less than 2 weeks, but did not realize that this disease could spread far beyond its boundaries, strike near us, and provide an experience far worse than what happened in the city when affected the first time. Wuhan was that city, and with the discovery of a coro-navirus as the pathogen behind that, COVID- 19 was the name assigned to that unusual pneumonia.

This novel SARS- CoV- 2 proved to be unique in terms of transmissibility and mortality. A proof of its being highly contagious is that while we were all obsessed with the movement of the SARS- CoV- 2 from Wuhan to all territo-ries worldwide, it has been very difficult for most of us to track the chrono-logical order of its global spread after affecting Wuhan. However, its consequences are hitting us; 5 months have passed since the the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID- 19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, while many countries are fighting the first and second wave of the disease. It should be mentioned that there were only about 100,000 diagnosed cases within a 3- month period since the beginning of the outbreak; in the month of April, about 3 million new cases were reported; now, there are more than 120 million officially reported cases and more than 2.5 million deaths from all over the world (mid- March 2021); and it's still unclear when the pandemic will end! The pandemic has profoundly affected not only human health but also human behavior and thought. No curative therapy so far! One of my aforementioned colleagues, who was positive for SARS- CoV- 2 in March 2020 and cured, faced reinfection 2 months later with positive PCR again! There are some other reports, especially from healthcare workers who are exhausted from the continuous long- term fight against COVID- 19, which shows the potential risk of reinfection after decreasing the SARS- CoV- 2 antibody level. So, how effective will the vaccines be?

It’s about a century since the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918. How much does this situation differ from that time? And how much have we

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remembered and learned from the pitfalls we had faced? It should also be mentioned that this novel coronavirus (SARS- CoV- 2) is the third one in the twenty- first century that has brought us outbreaks after severe acute respira-tory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2003 and 2012, respectively, but how much have we prepared ourselves for this third one? Can we make sure that we will never face such a situation in the future?

Certain countries, which were at the top of the list of the number of infected individuals, implemented the policy of closing their borders to restrict travel from outside. However, they simply forgot the key point that this virus does not know any border; thus, a borderless solution is needed when the entire world is affected by such a global challenge! We are all living on the same Earth, and the world’s complex problem should be considered a human problem in general; therefore, the solution can’t be country- based. Indeed, it's not limited to a specific field of science. Such a complex problem involves not only medical scientists but also other scientists from formal sci-ence to physical and chemical science to biological and social science. Thus, there is a need to work together to solve complex problems, like COVID- 19.

It is now more than a year that the SARS- CoV- 2 is an inhabitant of the human heart, lungs, intestines, and brain in an unsatisfactory manner, asking its origins, evolution, and pathogenesis has become habituated to human beings, in the hope to hear and learn something for enhancing their prepared-ness for the next wave of the pandemic and the fourth outbreak of the century. Inevitably, there have been massive amounts of data published on this curious subject. In addition to the unexpected rapid flow of publications made avail-able within only a few months, I have a proof of such curiosity. When I was preparing the proposal for this book in March when the outbreak just reached us, I could only collect about ten evidence- based chapter titles, but since then, as time passed, there was a lot I had to include in the book. And now that the book is about to be published, it has more than 50 chapters.

After a rapid introduction to COVID- 19 as a global challenge (Chap. 1), the book provides general discussions over characteristics, ecology, and evo-lution of coronaviruses (Chaps. 2 and 3). Then, it goes into the details about epidemiological (Chaps. 4 and 5), genetic (Chaps. 6 and 7), immunological (Chaps. 8 and 9), oxidative stress (Chap. 10), and diagnostic and prognostic (Chaps. 22–24) aspects of COVID- 19. Chap. 11 takes a general view of clini-cal manifestations of COVID- 19, while Chap. 20 and Chap. 21 link to the involvement of individual systems. During the COVID- 19 pandemic, pediat-rics and geriatrics shaped a sharp contrast in terms of disease outcomes, so Chaps. 12 and 13 separately discuss these specific populations. Pregnant women and neonates are other populations treated specially under the pan-demic condition (Chap. 14). The COVID- 19 problem has shown its worst scenarios in the case of pre- existing conditions, in particular, cardiovascular diseases (Chap. 15), hypertension (Chap. 16), and cancer (Chaps. 17 and 18). Furthermore, it is expected to be complicated if it occurs concurrently with tropical infections (Chap. 19). The book contains several chapters concerning the treatment of COVID- 19, ranging from supportive ventilator support and nutrition therapy to the development of potential virus- and host- based

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therapies, immune- based therapies, photobiomodulation, and antiviral photo-dynamic therapy (Chaps. 25–30). The relations of COVID- 19 to dentistry, hematology, ophthalmology, and pharmacy lie in Chaps. 33–36, while its general implications to the healthcare setting take place in Chap. 32. As the virus is transmitted, misinformation and rumors spread quickly, resulting in the infodemic (Chap. 37). The book also discusses social issues posed by COVID- 19 , for example, social isolation, quarantine, lockdown (Chap. 38), prejudice, and discrimination (Chap. 39), and the resulting consequences on mental health (Chaps. 40–42), education (Chaps. 43 and 44), tourism indus-try (Chap. 45), and economy (Chap. 46). It also makes attempts to explain the bioinformatic approaches (Chap. 47), innovation and ingenuity (Chap. 48), globalization (Chaps. 49 and 50), social and scientific networking (Chap. 51), interdisciplinary approaches (Chap. 52), and art integration (Chap. 53) as solutions to the problems of COVID- 19. Of course, many difficulties remain to be dissolved, merely as an example of the challenges for vaccine develop-ment (Chap. 31).

The COVID- 19 Book is the result of the valuable contribution of more than 200 scientists and clinicians from more than 100 well- known universi-ties/institutes worldwide. I would like to hereby acknowledge the expertise of all contributors for generously devoting their time and considerable effort in preparing their respective chapters. I would also like to express my gratitude to Springer Nature for providing me the opportunity to publish the book.

Finally, I hope that this timely book will be comprehensible, cogent, and of special value for researchers and clinicians who wish to extend their knowledge on COVID- 19.

Tehran, Iran Nima Rezaei

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Your complex painis our old painIts care could be in our brain

Your sadnessis our lonelinessIts solution should be borderlessThis is our world without rainall alone, full of painUncertain, no gain

If there is no borderthe world might have a new orderNo complain, no pain…

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I would like to express my gratitude to the editorial assistant of this book, Dr. Amene Saghazadeh. Without doubt, the book would not have been com-pleted without her contribution.

Nima Rezaei

Acknowledgment

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1 Introduction on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: The Global Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Nima Rezaei, Saboura Ashkevarian, Mahsa Keshavarz Fathi, Sara Hanaei, Zahra Kolahchi, Seyedeh-Sanam Ladi Seyedian, Elham Rayzan, Mojdeh Sarzaeim, Aida Vahed, Kawthar Mohamed, Sarah Momtazmanesh, Negar Moradian, Zahra Rahimi Pirkoohi, Noosha Sameeifar, Mahsa Yousefpour, Sepideh Sargoli, Saina Adiban, Aida Vahed, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Heliya Ziaei, and Amene Saghazadeh

2 Coronaviruses: What Should We Know About the Characteristics of Viruses? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Wei Ji

3 Ecology and Evolution of Betacoronaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Eduardo Rodríguez-Román and Adrian J. Gibbs

4 The Epidemiologic Aspects of COVID-19 Outbreak: Spreading Beyond Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Sara Hanaei, Farnam Mohebi, Maziar Moradi- Lakeh, Parnian Jabbari, Surinder Kumar Mehta, Liudmyla S. Kryvenko, Livio Luongo, Loďc Dupré, and Nima Rezaei

5 The Incubation Period of COVID- 19: Current Understanding and Modeling Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Char Leung

6 Coronavirus: Pure Infectious Disease or Genetic Predisposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Farzaneh Darbeheshti, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohammad Bashashati, Saeid Ghavami, Sepideh Shahkarami, Samaneh Zoghi, Sudhir Gupta, Jordan S. Orange, Hans D. Ochs, and Nima Rezaei

7 Genetic Polymorphisms in the Host and COVID-19 Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Joris R. Delanghe, Marc L. De Buyzere, and Marijn M. Speeckaert

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8 How COVID-19 Has Globalized: Unknown Origin, Rapid Transmission, and the Immune System Nourishment . . . . . . . . . 119Amene Saghazadeh and Nima Rezaei

9 Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Mahzad Akbarpour, Laleh Sharifi, Amir Reza Safdarian, Pooya Farhangnia, Mahdis Borjkhani, and Nima Rezaei

10 COVID-19 and Cell Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Abdo A. Elfiky, Ibrahim M. Ibrahim, Fatma G. Amin, Alaa M. Ismail, and Wael M. Elshemey

11 Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mahsa Eskian and Nima Rezaei

12 Pediatrics and COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tuna Toptan, Sandra Ciesek, and Sebastian Hoehl

13 Geriatrics and COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Mona Mirbeyk, Amene Saghazadeh, and Nima Rezaei

14 Coronavirus Diseases in Pregnant Women, the Placenta, Fetus, and Neonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223David A. Schwartz and Amareen Dhaliwal

15 COVID-19 in Patients with Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Thiago Quinaglia, Mahsima Shabani, and Nima Rezaei

16 COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Babak Geraiely, Niloufar Samiei, Parham Sadeghipour, Azita H. Talasaz, Seyedeh Hamideh Mortazavi, and Roya Sattarzadeh Badkoubeh

17 How Prevalent Is Cancer in Confirmed Cases with Coronaviruses and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Maryam Fotouhi, Elham Samami, Sahar Mohseni, Amir Nasrollahizadeh, Mohammad Haddadi, Mona Mirbeyk, Amene Saghazadeh, and Nima Rezaei

18 COVID-19 in Patients with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Ali Nowroozi, Sepideh Razi, Kamal Kant Sahu, Fabio Grizzi, Jann Arends, Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, and Nima Rezaei

19 COVID-19 and Tropical Infection: Complexity and Concurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Pathum Sookaromdee and Viroj Wiwanitkit

20 Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Farnaz Delavari, Farnaz Najmi Varzaneh, and Nima Rezaei

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21 Autoimmune Processes Involved in Organ System Failure Following Infection with SARS-CoV-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Steven E. Kornguth and Robert J. Hawley

22 Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Severity, Criticality, and Mortality in COVID-19: A Multisystem Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Bahareh Gholami, Samira Gholami, Amir Hossein Loghman, Behzad Khodaei, Simin Seyedpour, Nasrin Seyedpour, Amene Saghazadeh, and Nima Rezaei

23 Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Tung Phan and Kristin Nagaro

24 The Role of Medical Imaging in COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Houman Sotoudeh and Masoumeh Gity

25 Therapeutic Development in COVID-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Chan Yang, Yuan Huang, and Shuwen Liu

26 Immune-Based Therapy for COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh, Davood Jafari, Safa Tahmasebi, Reza Elahi, and Elnaz Khosh

27 Ventilatory Support in Patients with COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Paolo Maria Leone, Matteo Siciliano, Jacopo Simonetti, Angelena Lopez, Tanzira Zaman, Francesco Varone, and Luca Richeldi

28 Nutrition and Immunity in COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Marjan Moallemian Isfahani, Zahra Emam- Djomeh, Idupulapati M. Rao, and Nima Rezaei

29 Dietary Supplements for COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Gerard E. Mullin, Berkeley Limektkai, Lin Wang, Patrick Hanaway, Loren Marks, and Edward Giovannucci

30 Photobiomodulation and Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy in COVID- 19 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Reza Fekrazad, Sohrab Asefi, Maryam Pourhajibagher, Farshid Vahdatinia, Sepehr Fekrazad, Abbas Bahador, Heidi Abrahamse, and Michael R. Hamblin

31 The COVID-19 Vaccine Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549Till Koch, Anahita Fathi, and Marylyn M. Addo

32 Prevention of COVID-19: Preventive Strategies for General Population, Healthcare Setting, and Various Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Shirin Moossavi, Kelsey Fehr, Hassan Maleki, Simin Seyedpour, Mahdis Keshavarz-Fathi, Farhad Tabasi, Mehrdad Heravi, Rayka Sharifian, Golnaz Shafiei, Negin Badihian, Roya Kelishadi, Shahrzad Nematollahi, Majid Almasi, Saskia Popescu, Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, and Nima Rezaei

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33 Pharmacist’s Role and Pharmaceutical Care During the COVID- 19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605Pedro Amariles, Mónica Ledezma-Morales, Andrea Salazar- Ospina, and Jaime Alejandro Hincapié-García

34 Impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623Arghavan Tonkaboni, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Heliya Ziaei, and Amber Ather

35 The Implications of COVID-19 to Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . 637Tracy H. T. Lai, Emily W. H. Tang, and Kenneth K. W. Li

36 Challenges of Cellular Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657Kamal Kant Sahu, Sikander Ailawadhi, Natalie Malvik, and Jan Cerny

37 COVID-19 Amid Rumors and Conspiracy Theories: The Interplay Between Local and Global Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Inayat Ali

38 Exploration of the Epidemiological and Emotional Impact of Quarantine and Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687Helia Mojtabavi, Nasirudin Javidi, Anne- Frédérique Naviaux, Pascal Janne, Maximilien Gourdin, Mahsa Mohammadpour, Amene Saghazadeh, and Nima Rezaei

39 The Main Sources and Potential Effects of COVID-19-Related Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Piotr Rzymski, Hanna Mamzer, and Michał Nowicki

40 Potential Mechanisms of COVID- 19- Related Psychological Problems and Mental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727Alfred Shaw

41 Mental Health in Health Professionals in the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737Antonia Bendau, Andreas Ströhle, and Moritz Bruno Petzold

42 Treatment of Patients with Mental Illness Amid A Global COVID- 19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Ankit Jain, Kamal Kant Sahu, and Paroma Mitra

43 A Shift in Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773Farida Nentin, Nagaraj Gabbur, and Adi Katz

44 Reopening Schools After a Novel Coronavirus Surge . . . . . . . . . 785Dan Li, Elizabeth Z. Lin, Marie A. Brault, Julie Paquette, Sten H. Vermund, and Krystal J. Godri Pollitt

45 COVID-19 and Its Impact on Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815Dimitrios G. Lagos, Panoraia Poulaki, and Penny Lambrou

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46 COVID-19 and Its Global Economic Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Zahra Kolahchi, Manlio De Domenico, Lucina Q. Uddin, Valentina Cauda, Igor Grossmann, Lucas Lacasa, Giulia Grancini, Morteza Mahmoudi, and Nima Rezaei

47 Retrieval and Investigation of Data on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID- 19 Using Bioinformatics Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839Muhamad Fahmi, Viol Dhea Kharisma, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori, and Masahiro Ito

48 Answering the Challenge of COVID-19 Pandemic Through Innovation and Ingenuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859Kathryn Clare Kelley, Jonathan Kamler, Manish Garg, and Stanislaw P. Stawicki

49 COVID-19 Pandemic: The Influence of Culture and Lessons for Collaborative Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875Linda Simon Paulo, George M. Bwire, Xingchen Pan, Tianyue Gao, Amene Saghazadeh, and Chungen Pan

50 A Borderless Solution Is Needed for A Borderless Complexity, Like COVID-19, the Universal Invader . . . . . . . . . . 891Kawthar Mohamed, Rangarirai Makuku, Eduardo Rodríguez- Román, Aram Pascal Abu Hejleh, Musa Joya, Mariya Ivanovska, Sara A. Makka, Md Shahidul Islam, Nesrine Radwan, Attig- Bahar Faten, Chunfeng Xiao, Leander Marquez, and Nima Rezaei

51 Socialization During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Social and Scientific Networks During Social Distancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Sara Momtazmanesh, Noosha Samieefar, Lucina Q. Uddin, Timo Ulrichs, Roya Kelishadi, Vasili Roudenok, Elif Karakoc- Aydiner, Deepak B. Salunke, Jan L. Nouwen, Juan Carlos Aldave Becerra, Duarte Nuno Vieira, Ekaterini Goudouris, Mahnaz Jamee, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammad Rasoul Golabchi, Alireza Samimiat, Donya Doostkamel, Alireza Afshar, Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari, Melika Lotfi, Reza Yari Boroujeni, Niloofar Rambod, Anzhela Stashchak, Alla Volokha, Dainius Pavalkis, André Pereira, Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Rauf Baylarov, Bagher Amirheidari, Mojtaba Hedayati Ch, Antonio Condino-Neto, and Nima Rezaei

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52 Interdisciplinary Approaches to COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923Negar Moradian, Marjan Moallemian, Farnaz Delavari, Constantine Sedikides, Carlos A. Camargo Jr, Pedro J. Torres, Armin Sorooshian, Saeid Paktinat Mehdiabadi, Juan J. Nieto, Stephane Bordas, Hamid Ahmadieh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Michael R. Hamblin, Frank W. Sellke, Jack Cuzick, Bozkurt Biykem, Michael Schreiber, Babak Eshrati, Georg Perry, Ali Montazeri, Ali Akbar Saboury, Roya Kelishadi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Ali A. Moosavi-Movahed, Hassan Vatandoost, Mofid Gorji-Bandpy, Bahram Mobasher, and Nima Rezaei

53 Health and Art (HEART): Integrating Science and Art to Fight COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937Nima Rezaei, Aida Vahed, Heliya Ziaei, Negin Bashari, Saina Adiban Afkham, Fatemeh Bahrami, Sara Bakhshi, Alireza Ghanadan, Atlasi Ghanadan, Nastaran Hosseini, Pariya Kafi, Reihaneh Khalilianfard, Kawthar Mohammed, Sepideh Sargoli, Kosar Tavasoli, Mahya Zare, and Amene Saghazadeh

Correction to: COVID-19 and Its Global Economic Impact . . . . . . . . C1

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