absolute chronology of the baden culture in lesser poland - new radiocarbon dates

Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4w Małopolsce

The BAden CulTure

Around The WesTern CArpAThiAns

Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostradinstytut Archeologii uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

instytut Archeologii i etnologii pAn, oddział w KrakowieMuzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie

The Cracow Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Constructioninstitute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian university

institute of Archaeology and ethnology polish Academy of sciences, Kraków BranchArchaeological Museum in Kraków

Redaktorzy seriiSeries editors

Jan ChochorowskiJanusz Kruk

Jacek rydzewski

Redaktor technicznyTechnical editor

Joanna Kulczyńska

prace wykopaliskowe wykonywane były w ramach ogólnopolskiego programu ratowniczych badań archeologicznych na trasach budowy autostrad, finansowanego przez Generalną dyrekcję dróg Krajowych i Autostrad.

opiekę merytoryczną sprawował Krajowy ośrodek Badań i dokumentacji Zabytków w Warszawie (obecnie narodowy instytut dziedzictwa)

Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4w Małopolsce

The BAden CulTuRe ARound The WeSTeRn CARpAThiAnS

edited by Marek nowak, Albert Zastawny

Krakowski Zespół do Badań AutostradKraków 2015

Copyright © by Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostrad

pracę do druku recenzowałReviewer of the volume

prof. dr hab. sławomir Kadrow

Redakcja seriiSeries editors

Jan ChochorowskiJanusz Kruk

Jacek rydzewski

Redakcja tomueditor

Janusz Kruk

Skład komputerowy, redakcja techniczna,projekt okładki i stron tytułowych

Typesetting, technical editor, covers designJoanna Kulczyńska

Zdjęcie na okładceCover photo

Anna piwowarczyk

Korekta językowaproofreading

Micheline Welte

dystrybucja i adres redakcjieditor’s office

Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostradul. senacka 3

31-002 Kraków

isBn: 978-83-935207-3-2

druk i oprawaprinted by

Wydawnictwo-drukarnia ekodruk s.c.ul. Wielicka 250, 30-663 Kraków

nakład: 500 egz.edition: 500 pcs.

ConTenTs

Marek Nowak, Albert Zastawnypreface .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Janusz K. Kozłowskiintroduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 11

Settlement, chronology, typology, periodization Tünde Horváth, Éva SvingorThe spatial and chronological distribution of the so-called “Baden culture” .......................................................... 19 Miroslav Šmid, Pavlina Kalábkovápre-Boleráz, Boleráz, and post-Boleráz development in Moravia ......................................................................... 75

Jaroslav PeškaA small contribution to the knowledge of Baden culture in Moravia and the present state of research ................. 95

Albert ZastawnyThe Baden complex in lesser poland — horizons of cultural influences ............................................................. 119

Eva HorváthováThe current state of research on the Baden culture at slovakian areas in the northern basin of the Tisza river ..... 151

Robert Malčeksettlement of the Zvolen Basin in the context of late-Baden settling processes in the Western Carpathians and the surrounding areas ..................................................................................................................... 175

Albert ZastawnyAbsolute chronology of the Baden culture in lesser poland — new radiocarbon dates ........................................ 191

Janusz Boberpottery of the Baden culture in lesser poland on the basis of findings in the Kraków-nowa huta area ............. 221

Marián Sojákeneolithic settlement of spiš caves (northeast slovakia) ................................................................................... 261

Víťazoslav Struhár, Marián Soják, Michal ChebenThe Baden culture hilltop settlements in northern slovakia and their “socio-symbolic” importance ................... 275

new discoveries

Marta Kaflińska, Irena Wójcik, Damian Stefańskinew settlement of the Baden culture at site 8 in Kraków-Bieżanów .................................................................... 313

Marcin M. Przybyła, Piotr Szczepanik, Michał Podsiadłoeneolithic enclosure in Gniazdowice, proszowice district, lesser poland, in the light of non-destructive research methods .................................................................................................................................. 337

Elżbieta Trela-KieferlingWorkshop of Jurassic G flint core tools at site 7 in przybysławice, lesser poland ............................................. 353

Maciej NowakWorkshop of the tetrahedral flint axes discovered during rescue excavations at site 13 in Zakrzów, Wieliczka district, lesser poland ........................................................................................................... 361

Paweł Valde-Nowak, Agnieszka Gil-Drozd, Anna Kraszewska, Marcin PaternogaThe proto-Boleráz grave in the Western Beskidy Mts., lesser poland ............................................................... 371

Eva Horváthovánew data to the cognition of the Baden culture settlement in prešov (north-eastern slovakia, Šariš) ................ 381

Noémi Beljak Pažinová, Michaela Niklová, Ján Beljakdeserted castle – lower castle in Zvolen in the context of the Baden culture settlement

in Middle Gran region, slovakia ............................................................................................................. 395

Michal ChebenCollection of chipped industry of the Baden clay pit from Veľké Vozokany, sW slovakia ................................... 413

Alena Bistáková, Gabriel Nevizánskysettlements of the Baden culture in Bajč-Vlkanovo, sW slovakia ....................................................................... 427

Around the Baden Culture

Marzena SzmytThe Baden complex and the Globular Amphora culture. Case studies from three peripheral areas ................... 445

Agnieszka PrzybyłThe Baden complex and the Funnel Beaker culture in the polish lowlands. The problem of “lowland Badenization” ................................................................................................. 471

Kateřina PapákováThe settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture with Baden elements in Velké hoštice (opava district) ................ 495

Jana Mellnerová ŠutekováWestern slovakia during the period of post-Baden cultural development ........................................................... 501

The accomplishment of this aim was undertaken within a separate research project financed by the Na-tional Science Centre Poland (number of project N N109 181940). 20 samples selected from 12 sites of the Baden culture were subjected to analyses of age measurement in the Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory. Positive results of these analyses were obtained in the case of 14 samples: 12 from Lesser Poland and 2 from Slovakia2. This series doubled the number of radio-carbon dates for the settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. In combination with radiocarbon da-tings published up to then, it gave a great opportunity

2 For comparative reasons, two samples from site Prešov-Solivar Chmeľove in Slovakia were also subjected to radiocarbon analyses.

Albert Zastawny

Absolute chronology of the bAden culture1 in lesser PolAnd —

new rAdiocArbon dAtes

Abstract

Up until 2006, the chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland had been based on just four radiocarbon dates (Kruk 1980; Godłowska, Gluza 1989). As a result of such a situation, the culture in question was for a long time excluded from inclusion into any existing chronological schemas of the Eneolithic period — in both contexts: European as well as in the local one. The improvement of this state of research was caused in 2006 by the publication of a series composed of 7 dates (Furholt, Machnik 2006). The analysis of these dates resulted in a sequence of important findings, but at the same time it made more visible all the deficiencies of radiocarbon data in the Baden culture research in Lesser Poland. Therefore, there was a great need for carrying out planned radiocarbon analyses. This aim started to be accomplished in 2012 in the scope of the research project funded by Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre Poland; number of project: N N109 181940). An obtained series of 12 markings doubled the number of radiocarbon dates for the settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. The article presents these results in the context of all the dates obtained up to now for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland.

1 The term „Baden culture” means here all the findings dated to the classic horizon of influences of the Baden complex in Lesser Poland which are connected with two territorial groups: the Zesławice-Pleszów group and Mogiła group.

1. Introduction

The absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland has not been the subject of any detailed research until now. Chronological studies into other Eneolithic cultures, observed in Poland in recent years, mostly into the Corded Ware culture and Fun-nel Beaker culture, proved how important and how standard the research instrument of radiocarbon da-ting is. Against this background, a tremendous deficit of radiocarbon dates for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland became more noticeable (state for 2011: 12 radiocarbon dates deriving from barely four sites). There was a great need for planned radiocarbon ana-lyses, the results of which could compensate deficien-cies in source data and give new possibilities of com-parative research in the area of Poland and outside its borders.

The Baden culture around the Western Carpathianseds. M. Nowak, A. Zastawny„Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce”, Kraków 2015, pp. 191–219

192

Albert Zastawny

to determine chronological frameworks of the Baden culture settlement in the area of Lesser Poland and — as a consequence — to specify the schema of its periodization and development.

2. State of the research into absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland

At present, we have 22 radiocarbon dates from 12 Baden culture sites in Lesser Poland — collected from 20 settlement pits and 1 grave (Fig. 1). Up until 2006, the absolute chronology of the Baden culture

had been based on only 4 radiocarbon dates charac-terized with standard errors of dating, i.e.: from Iwa-nowice, site 1 (Kruk 1980) and from Kraków-Pleszów, site 17 (Godłowska, Gluza 1989). In practice, it meant that the Baden culture had been considered in the scope of chronological schemas of the Eneolithic of the upper Vistula river basin, based on more nume-rous radiocarbon dates obtained for other archaeo-logical cultures.

This state of research improved with the publica-tion of a series composed of 7 dates deriving from samples obtained during archaeological investiga-tions conducted from the 1950s to 1980s’ at sites: 21 in Kraków-Zesławice and 1 in Iwanowice (Furholt,

fig. 1. The Baden culture in Lesser Poland. The current state of research on absolute chronology (designations of symbols: 1 — caves, 2 — workshops of flint axes, 3 — camp site with cattle enclosure, 4 — single finds, 5 — settlement sites, 6 — settlement sites with burials, 7 — isolated burial)

193

Absolute chronology of the bAden culture in lesser PolAnd — new rAdiocArbon dAtes

Machnik 2006). For the first time in the history of research into the absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland, its new temporal frame-works of development were determined: 4445±60 BP — 4300±40 BP (Furholt, Machnik 2006). Analyses of these measurements resulted in a range of other im-portant findings (Furholt, Machnik 2006; Zastawny 2008) but they also revealed distinctly a lack of radio-carbon data necessary for the research of the Baden culture into the upper Vistula river basin.

In 2010, the subsequent six dates for materials from two sites connected with the Baden circle were acquired (3 dates from site 2 in Zagórze, Valde-Nowak 2010 and 3 dates from site 17 in Smroków, Włodarczak 20133). Regrettably, only one among these dates might be accepted as corresponding to the absolute chronology of the Baden culture (for feature no. 7 from Smroków). Remaining dates were either later (2 dates from Smroków) or earlier (all dates from a site in Zagórze) — therefore they were linked with the Funnel Beaker-Baden assemblages dated to the Bo-leráz stage.

The narrow scope of chronological arrangements resulting from having only a series of 12 dates (in 2011) was clearly noticeable in comparison with other cultural groupings in south-eastern Poland, mainly with the Corded Ware culture (78 dates) and Funnel Beaker culture — 98 dates (Włodarczak 2001; 2006; Jarosz, Włodarczak 2007).

A more noticeable disproportion was visible with reference to progress in 14C analyses observed in the past several years in other areas of the Baden culture occurrence in Europe (Hungary, Austria, Moravia, Bohemia, Slovakia: Stadler et al. 2001; Wild et al. 2001; Baldia et al. 2008; Furholt et al. 2008; Horváth et al. 2008; Furholt 2009; Siklósi 2009; Krumpel 2012; Fábián 2013).

In 2012, the research project entitled “The abso-lute chronology of the Baden culture in Late Neoli-thic of Lesser Poland” was carried out. The project was financed by the National Science Centre in Po-land — NCN Project (Zastawny 2012). During this research project, 12 new radiocarbon measurements were acquired. In the following article, the unpub-lished until now results of this project are presented.

3 The report by P. Włodarczak from the conference in Vršatske Podhradie (Slovakia) in 2010 was published in the form of an arti-cle in 2013 (Włodarczak 2013).

3. New radiocarbon dates — the project of the National Science Centre Poland (NCN Project 2011–2012)

The project of radiocarbon research aimed at ac-quiring new data to the absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland was carried out in the National Science Centre in Poland in years 2011–2012. One of the main premises of this project was to determine chronological frameworks and a temporal sequence of the development of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland based on a number of 14C dates, more numerous than up until that point. Apart from the de-termination of the absolute chronology of the Baden culture, the verification of current periodization ar-rangements was equally important — taking into ac-count that they had been worked out exclusively on the basis of data concerning relative chronology (i.e. register of changeability of features characterizing pottery production). The result of these analyses is the presentation of the model of the absolute chrono-logy of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland, having an effect on assessment of its genesis and regularities of its development. Apart from the regional meaning of these findings, the introduction of these new dates into scientific circulation is aimed at including the Baden grouping from Lesser Poland — as a compo-nent of some larger cultural complex — into the scope of the lately more and more intensified research into the chronology of the whole Baden circle in Central Europe.

3.1. Criteria of selection of samples to radiocarbon analyses

In the framework of the research project, 20 sam-ples from 12 sites of the discussed culture were se-lected. They derived from: 15 settlement features, 1 hearth, 1 defensive ditch and 3 graves. Selection of samples was based on:

a. type of material subjected to dating (human bones, animal bones, burnt wood),

b. location of dating material within a feature (type of a feature and an area where a sample was col-lected),

c. function of features (settlement pit, grave, ditch),d. territorial representativeness of researched sites

(materials from sites representing all settlement con-

194

Albert Zastawny

centrations of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland, i.e. the Vistula river basin in the area of Kraków-Nowa Huta and Igołomia, Kraków-Częstochowa Jura, Wie-liczka-Bochnia region and the western part of Nida Basin),

e. chronological representativeness of researched sites (materials from each stage of the Baden culture development in its classic horizon).

Samples from the following sites were selected for radiocarbon research:

1. Gdów 2, Wieliczka district,2. Modlnica 1, Kraków district,3. Kraków-Bieżanów 8, 4. Kraków-Mogiła 55, 5. Kraków-Pleszów 17, 6. Kraków-Witkowice II, 7. Kraków-Wyciąże 5, 8. Kraków-Zesławice 21, 9. Stręgoborzyce 4, Kraków district,10. Wiatowice 2, Wieliczka district,11. Zofipole 1, Kraków district,12. Prešov-Solivar Chmeľove (Slovakia).

3.2. The assessment of dating results

All the samples handed over to Poznan Radiocar-bon Laboratory had been subjected to 14C AMS age measurement which resulted in 20 BP radiocarbon measurements calibrated with the use of two calibra-ting programs: OxCal v.4.1.7 and CalPal v.1.5. The obtained results enable joining 14 radiocarbon mea-surements with the Baden culture. In the case of 3 samples, age measurement indicates their earlier chro-nology, linked most probably with the Malice culture (Kraków-Witkowice II), Funnel Beaker culture (Kra-ków-Pleszów 17) and proto-Baden Wyciąże group (Kraków-Wyciąże 5). In the case of the remaining 3 samples, measurements might be synchronized with the Bronze Age (Kraków-Zesławice 21 and Kraków--Mogiła 55) and the Early Iron Age (Wiatowice 2) — (Zastawny 2012).

In such a case, 14 age measurements were quali-fied to proper detailed analyses, additionally excluding 2 dates obtained in comparative purposes for Slova-kian site Prešov-Solivar Chmeľove (Zastawny 2012). Results of the analysis within such a collection of 12 radiocarbon measurements may be included within temporal frameworks: 4435–4310 BP (3330–2879 BC OxCal).

Dated materials derive from 1 grave and 10 settle-ment features discovered at 9 sites (Fig. 2, 3; Plates 1–12):

1. Kraków-Zesławice 21 — grave no. 217 (Plate 8),2. Kraków-Mogiła 55 — feature no. 35; feature

no. 175 — 2 dates (Plate 3, 4),3. Kraków-Witkowice II — features no. 6/2 and

6/3 — 2 dates (Plate 5, 6),4. Kraków-Bieżanów 8 — feature no. 511 (Plate 2),5. Kraków-Wyciąże 5 — feature no. 195 (Plate 7),6. Modlnica 1 — feature no. 47 (Plate 9),7. Zofipole 1 — feature no. 13a; feature no. 18

— 2 dates (Plate 11–12),8. Stręgoborzyce 4 — feature no. 3 (Plate 10),9. Gdów 2 — feature no. 7/77 (Plate 1).

Samples were collected from features at sites re-presenting the most important settlement concentrations (micro-regions) of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (Fig. 2). The most numerous measurements (6 dates) derived from the Vistula river basin in the Kraków-Nowa Huta and Igołomia region between Kraków-Mogiła and Zofipole and from lower parts of left-bank tributaries of the Vistula river: the Dłubnia river and Ropotek river (2 dates from Kraków-Zesławice 21 and Stregoborzyce 4). The first results of age measure-ments from settlements of Kraków-Częstochowa Jura (3 samples for Modlnica 1 and Kraków-Witkowice II) as well as from Wieliczka-Bochnia loess to the south of the Vistula river (dates from Kraków-Bieżanów 8 and Gdów 2) are noteworthy.

Except for two results of age measurement, 10 dates compose a distinctly compact and narrow tem-poral period, included between 4415–4310 BP (3041–2951 BC according to CalPal; 3323–2879 BC according to OxCal). It is worth noticing that the chronological sequence of researched sites does not correspond with their location in the area (Fig. 2), which may indicate that settlement within each of the analyzed micro--regions could have developed synchronically — in the scope of a similar temporal period. Two measure-ments are older than the period mentioned above and derive from two features from a site in Kraków-Mogiła 55: 4435±35 and 4430±35 BP (Fig. 4, 5; Plate 3, 4). They coincide almost exactly with published dates from a settlement in Kraków-Pleszów (Godłowska, Gluza 1989) and indicate the oldest period of settle-ment in the Kraków region by communities of the Baden culture.

195


fig. 2. Sites of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland with assemblages radiocarbon dated in the scope of the National Science Centre Poland project (designations of symbols, see: Fig. 1)

In comparison with determinations in the scope of relative chronology (pottery), results of radiocarbon dating only partly confirm the legitimateness of perio-dization of the discussed unit based on the changeabi-lity of ornamentation style of vessel type ceramics. The latest two dates derive from sites in Kraków-Wit-kowice II (a pit: 4330±35 BP; Plate 5–6) and Kraków-Zesławice 21 (a grave: 4310±40 BP; Plate 8) — i.e. from settlements which are characterized by very late chronology on account of pottery characteristics of the Epi-Baden horizon (Bošáca). The third settlement with materials of such characteristics, i.e. site 1 in Modlnica, received a much earlier date: 4415±35 BP (Plate 9). Regrettably, no correct dating was obtained for the assemblage with ceramic indicators of the

early classic horizon of the Baden culture. Age mea-surement for one such feature from Kraków-Wyciąże 5 (feature no. 12/13) with pottery ornamented with a motif of an “oblique check” proved to be connected with an older feature of the Proto-Baden Wyciąże group — partly destroyed by a pit of the Baden culture.

The deficiency of radiocarbon dating is the most noticeable in the case of dating particular phases of Baden settlement. Such an attempt was made for site Kraków-Mogiła 55, where samples were collected from features representing three phases of construc-tion: I–III (Bober 1993; 1994)4. One of these dates

4 The phases were distinguished on the basis of changes in style of pottery production and ornamentation.

196

Albert Zastawny

fig.

3. N

ew ra

dioc

arbo

n da

tes

for s

ampl

es o

f the

Bad

en c

ultu

re in

Les

ser P

olan

d (r

esea

rch

proj

ect o

f the

Nat

iona

l Sci

ence

Cen

tre P

olan

d)

197


fig. 4. Sequence of new radiocarbon dates from the Baden culture sites in Lesser Poland (research project of the National Science Centre Poland)

198

Albert Zastawny

fig. 5. Probability distribution for new results of age measurement for samples deriving from features of the Baden culture (research project of the National Science Centre Poland)

199


proved to be linked with the Trzciniec culture (feature no. 123 — II phase: 2990±40 BP); two remaining samples deriving from materials dated to two diffe-rent phases of settlement are dated to an almost iden-tical period of time: 4435±35 BP (III phase — feature no. 175) and 4430±35 BP (I phase — feature no. 35). A completely different situation was observed in the case of age measurement of an extent feature of the Baden culture from Kraków-Witkowice II, where contrary to all expectations dates were not tempora-rily coincident: 4405±35 and 4330±35 BP. These dates — taking into account calibration and a standard er-ror — still obtain a common chronological period between 3078–2890 BC (OxCal). The examples dis-cussed above indicate a low sensitivity of radiocar-bon dating in settling detailed issues such as phases of occupation within particular settlements. On the other hand, on account of wider interpretation of mentioned dates from Kraków-Mogiła and Kraków-Witkowice, observations on a disparate chronological position of these sites prove to be true — indicating the presence of early classic features in Mogiła and Epi-Baden characteristics in Witkowice.

The mutual, synchronic temporal position of set-tlements of the Mogiła and Zesławice-Pleszów group seems to be entirely correct, although in the former specialist literature these sites have been treated as synonyms of two disparate chronological phases: me-dium and late (Godłowska 1976; 1979; Kozłowski 1989). In accordance with former suggestions (Za-stawny 1999, 2000, 2009, 2011), new 14C dates dis-tinctly indicate that differences between both men-tioned groups do not result from any disparate chro-nologic bottom. It is proved by a series of coincident dates for such settlements as Kraków-Pleszów 17 and Kraków-Mogiła 55, as well as Kraków-Zesławice 21, Gdów 2, Kraków-Wyciąże 5 and Kraków-Bieżanów 8 (Fig. 6).

When positively assessing the results of the radio-carbon analyses discussed here, we should emphasize noticeable similarities in the results of the dating of various categories of samples, i.e. animal bones, hu-man bones and burnt wood. Also, good results of age measurement for samples analyzed in different labo-ratories (Utrecht and Poznań) or received during ex-cavations conducted several dozen years ago (i.e. from Modlnica 1 from 1926) or stored in untypical conditions (materials from Gdów 2, stored in Salt Mine in Wieliczka) are essential. Also, obtaining radiocar-

bon dates for material from assemblages unpublished up until now: Modlnica 1 (Plate 9), Gdów 2 (Plate 1), Stręgoborzyce 4 (Plate 10), Zofipole 1 (Plate 11, 12), Kraków-Bieżanów 8 (Plate 2) can be perceived as one of the greatest achievements of this research.

4. The absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland

4.1. The local context

New radiocarbon dates have doubled the collec-tion of 14C measurements published up until now for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (Fig. 3, 6). At present, we have 22 radiocarbon dates5 that form the basis for chronological research and are a point of a reference for comparative analyses. On account of a local chronological context, one of the most impor-tant determinations is the fact that radiocarbon mea-surements obtained due to the National Science Centre Poland project precisely match to the temporal period composed on the basis of 7 formerly published dates from site 1 in Iwanowice, site 21 in Kraków-Zesławice (Furholt, Machnik 2006) and 1 date from site 17 in Smroków (Włodarczak 2013)6. The last eight dates de-termine the period between 3330 and 2876 BC (Ox-Cal), which include all the new measurements re-ceived due to the National Science Centre Poland project (12 dates), i.e. 3330–2879 BC (according to OxCal). Only two dates from Kraków-Pleszów 17 (Fig. 6) are a bit older than the ones mentioned: within a common time bracket 3339–2922 BC according to OxCal (Godłowska, Gluza 1989).

All 22 dates are included within the period 4445–4300 BP (3339–2876 BC according to OxCal; 3149–2944 BC according to CalPal) and determine the most probable time of the existence of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. Except for the 5 oldest dates (Pleszów, Mogiła, Zesławice), the remaining 17 measurements form chronologically compact frameworks (Fig. 7) within the period 4415–4300 BP, i.e. 3041–2944 BC (according to CalPal) and — from a wider perspec-tive — 3323–2876 BC (according to OxCal). On ac-count of the appraisal of absolute chronology of the

5 On account of a huge standard error of dating, this analysis does not include 2 dates from site 1 in Iwanowice, published in 1980 (2350±200 bc; 2250±100 bc: Kruk 1980).

6 There are only two older dates from site 17 in Kraków-Pleszów (Godłowska, Gluza 1989).

200

Albert Zastawny

fig. 6. Radiocarbon dates for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland

discussed culture in the upper Vistula river basin, the analysis of dating probability distribution is impor-tant. The majority of curves closes between 3050 and 2900 BC (according to OxCal), forming a narrow chronological time bracket. On this basis we may as-sess that in its main part the Baden culture in Lesser Poland was developing for circa 150 years.

As we have previously mentioned, five measure-ments are older than the period discussed above. It concerns two dates from site 17 in Kraków-Pleszów — 4445±43 BP, 4430±40 BP (Godłowska, Gluza 1989); two dates from site 55 in Kraków-Mogiła — 4435±35 BP, 4430±35 BP (obtained due to the Na-tional Science Centre Poland project); and one date

201


fig. 7. Sequence of all radiocarbon dates for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (after Godłowska, Gluza 1989; Furholt, Machnik 2006; Zastawny 2012; Włodarczak 2013)

202

Albert Zastawny

from site 21 in Kraków-Zesławice — 4420±43 BP (Furholt, Machnik 2006). Taking into consideration the analysis of probability distribution, the chrono-logical frameworks of the above described measure-ments may be referred to period 3100–2900 BC (c.f. also Furholt, Machnik 2006). It should be emphasized herein that these dates were obtained for materials de-riving from the largest settlements of the Baden cul-ture occupied for the longest period of time7. With a great probability we may appraise these sites — mainly Pleszów and Mogiła — as the oldest settle-ments of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. It is also essential that, as the earliest settlements, they were existing for the longest period of time. Their late metrics is proved by stylistic indicators of the epi-Baden ho-rizon, intensified especially in assemblages from Pleszów and Zesławice and by the date from grave no. 217 in Zesławice which still remains one of the youngest radiocarbon measurements within the dis-cussed area, i.e. 4310±40 BP.

Summarizing the above determinations, we may assume that the chronological periods for all 22 dates that we actually have are composed within two groups: older measurements (5 dates) and younger measurements — 7 dates (Fig.7). Each measurement, taking into consideration dating probability distribu-tion, is included in the period circa 3100–2900 BC, whereas the vast majority of measurements corre-sponds to a period between 3050–2900 BC (Fig. 5). On this basis, we may form a general presumption that the Baden culture in Lesser Poland was developing for circa 150–200 years.

In a local, Lesser Poland context of radiocarbon analyses, we should mention several radiocarbon measurements published as Baden that may not be taken into consideration in the scope of research into the absolute chronology of the Baden culture. From site 1 in Zagórze, Wadowice district (previously known as Świnna Poręba 9), there is a TL date from frag-ments of pottery obtained from a feature interpreted as a grave of the Baden culture: 4859±340 BP (Valde-Nowak 2010). Taking into account determinations of the absolute chronology for areas of Lesser Poland, this measurement should be linked with older phases of the Funnel Beaker culture or alternatively with Proto-Baden (Bolerŕz) stage of this culture in Moravia.

7 The appraisal is based on intensity of area occupation and on changes in stylistics of vessel type pottery.

Such an attribution may be confirmed by measure-ments received for a grave with Funnel Beaker-Baden characteristics from neighboring site 2 in Zagórze where two samples collected from burnt wood were analyzed (4790±40 BP, 4770±40 BP with a common period 3653–3381 BC) referring to the Boleráz phase of development of the Funnel Beaker culture in Mora-via (Valde-Nowak 2010, 184; Valde-Nowak et al., in this volume). Regarding it in such a way, discoveries from Zagórze would not be connected with settlement of the Baden culture in the upper Vistula river basin. Most probably they are signs of direct influences of Carpathian communities (Moravia) from a much ear-lier period of time. The other site where radiocarbon dates have been received lately is site 17 in Smroków, Cracow district (Włodarczak 2013, 379). In this case, three features are perceived as linked with the Baden culture, although the radiocarbon date corresponds only in one case to the chronology of the Baden cul-ture, i.e. date from feature no.7 — 4360±40 BP (3020–2910 BC). Regrettably, the material from this pit is not uniform and comprises — apart from potsherds decorated with grooves — pottery with references to the older Funnel Beaker-Baden stage. The remai-ning two measurements are noticeably younger: 4150±40 BP (2870–2630 BC) for feature no. 19 and 4010±40 BP for feature no. 8. In this last feature a mug with Funnel Beaker-Baden characteristics was regis-tered, whereas pit no. 19 comprised very typical and diversified pottery typical of the classic horizon of the Baden culture as well as bone material dated to 4150±40 BP; 2880–2580 BC (95.4%). The results of radiocarbon dating from Smroków are difficult to de-termine unambiguously. It seems that — on account of distinctive features of pottery found in the mentioned features — these dates should be circa 200 years older.

The above-mentioned conclusion regarding the 150–200 year lasting period of development of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland throws new light on a range of issues concerning it:

1. It argues for the lack of proper legitimacy of division of the discussed culture into three chrono-logical phases — early, medium and late. Such a divi-sion was elaborated in the 1970s and 1980s (Godłowska 1979; Kozłowski 1989) and intended the existence of the Baden culture from the close of the classic phase of the Funnel Beaker culture up to the occurrence of the Corded Ware culture — so for more than 400 years.

203


2. It proves earlier observations concerning syn-chronicity (not temporal sequence) of two above-mentioned phases, i.e. medium and late, as simulta-neous stages of development within the Baden culture characterized by dissimilarities of taxonomic — not chronologic — character (two territorial groups — Zesławice-Pleszów and Mogiła; Zastawny 1999, 2000). It is testified by the convergence of dates from site 1 in Iwanowice, site 2 in Gdów, site 8 in Kraków-Bieżanów and site 1 in Modlnica (former medium phase) with dates from site 21 in Kraków-Zesławice (grave), Kraków-Witkowice II, site 5 in Kraków-Wyciąże and site 1 in Zofipole (former late phase).

3. It indicates that the Baden culture in Lesser Po-land should be perceived as an enclave of the Baden settlement — not only territorially but also chrono-logically compact. That is why it argues against its local genesis and for the occurrence of the Baden cul-ture concentration in the upper Vistula river basin as a result of migrations of population from beyond the Carpathian Mountains.

4. It suggests that the inner periodization of the unit in question should not be much developed and that differences noticeable in the stylistics of pottery indicate stages of development characterized by rela-tively fluid boundaries.

Advantages resulting from obtaining new radio-carbon dates may be attributed not only to the Baden culture, but — what is also essential — to other cultures and groups preceding it (groups of the Lengyel-Pol-gár circle and the Funnel Beaker culture), existing contemporarily (Funnel Beaker-Baden assemblages, Złota culture and Globular Amphora culture) as well as following it directly (Corded Ware culture). The Baden culture was genetically, culturally or/and ter-ritorially linked with all the units mentioned above. Therefore, a mutual correlation of their absolute chro-nologies seems to be crucial for reconstructing regu-larities of development of numerous late Neolithic groupings forming a specific mosaic of culture in western Lesser Poland at the turn of 4th and 3rd mil-lennium BC.

4.2. General context of the research

Despite noticeable development of research into the absolute chronology of the Baden complex in Eu-rope and publications of all series of radiocarbon measurements for individual settlements and even

cemeteries (Stadler et al. 2001; Wild et al. 2001; Furholt, Machnik 2006; Horváth et al. 2008; Furholt 2009; Siklósi 2009), the arrangement and dating of separate stages of development meets with difficul-ties. On the one hand, such a situation is linked with the results of the analyses themselves — commis-sioned to various laboratories (also without AMS ap-paratus); on the other hand, it results from the com-plexity of the Baden circle and its inner territorial and chronological diversity. Recent studies by M. Furholt that collected new data from areas of the northern zone of the Baden complex — including Poland — indicate that the most plausible chronological period for the Baden in Central Europe is a period between 3650 and 2950 BC (Furholt 2009). The older part of this period (circa 3650–3100 BC) concerns cultural phenomena only to a small degree referring to Lesser Poland and connected with Trans-Carpathian influen-ces present in the Funnel Beaker culture (Bronocice, Szarbia) and with the late-Polgár Wyciąże group (Kraków-Wyciąże). The younger chronological period (circa 3100–2900 BC) corresponds to Lesser Poland settlement of the Baden culture in its classic phase (Iwanowice, Kraków-Zesławice, Kraków-Pleszów: Godłowska, Gluza 1989; Furholt, Machnik 2006).

The results of radiocarbon analyses, carried out in the scope of the National Science Centre project (12 new radiocarbon measurements for the Baden cul-ture), set well in the above-mentioned period 3100–2900 BC, forming a collection of dates with the hu-gest probability, 3100–2870 BC (according to Ox-Cal), with additional narrowing to 3050–2900 BC (Fig. 4, 5). It proves and supplements theses on dating the latest period of development of the Baden culture in peripheral areas of its extent to the north of the Carpathian Mountains.

When appraising the obtained results of age mea-surements for Lesser Poland sites, we should empha-size that they constitute a new and important source of data, not only on the subject of the chronometry of the Baden circle in Europe but also on its territorial development. The settlement enclave in the upper Vistula river basin, territorially and chronologically compact, may constitute a very interesting and impor-tant point of reference in research into other regions of the Baden settlement. The character of this settle-ment and the image of Lesser Poland settlement as a cluster of sites developing within a small area and in a relatively short period of time, with a well-developed

204

Albert Zastawny

settlement network (more than 190 sites) and usage of the most economically convenient zones, consti-tutes a significant value as a comparative material.

An additional aspect, connected with a role and position of the Lesser Poland enclave of the Baden culture within all the discussed cultural complex, is an issue of its genesis — with a reference to its course and character as well as to provenience of external influences. In such a context, we should note very in-teresting results of radiocarbon dating carried out as a part of the National Science Centre project for site Prešov-Solivar Chmeľove in eastern Slovakia — so for a very important area in the research into the gen-esis of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. There were two measurements obtained from this fortified settlement that have been researched recently (the re-sults have not been yet published comprehensively; Horváthová in this volume8), both samples derived from burnt wood: the first one — from a settlement pit, the second one — from a defensive ditch. Both dates (4550±35, 4410±35 BP) are the first radiocar-bon measurements for the Baden culture in this re-gion and they indicate an earlier chronology of the eastern Slovakian cluster of the discussed culture. Such results match to a hypothesis on a leading role of the Slovakian part of the Tisza river basin in the genesis of the Baden culture in the upper Vistula river basin, based until now only on similarities of charac-teristics noticeable in pottery assemblages, sometimes surprisingly coincident.

5. Summary

The results of radiocarbon analyses obtained in 2012 within the scope of the National Science Centre project are 12 new radiocarbon dates for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (Zastawny 2012). Altogether, with measurements published up until that time, we currently have 22 radiocarbon dates. They enable verification and confirmation of former assumptions, mainly with reference to conceptions of a short period of existence of the discussed culture in the upper Vis-tula river basin. The chronological compactness of the Baden culture goes hand in hand with its territorial

8 Excavations conducted by Eva Horváthová from the Slo-vakian Academy of Sciences — the author would like to thank herein for the possibility of usage materials and the results of the research.

compactness and uncomplicated development, de-spite noticeable stylistic diversification of materials (divided into three stages of development) and taxo-nomic differences (existence of two territorial groups: Zesławice-Pleszów and Mogiła). All mentioned char-acteristics may weigh in favour of the Baden culture appearance in Lesser Poland as a result of an influx of population from the Danube river basin.

By analysing data on the absolute chronology re-sults of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. The current source basis for the research on ab-solute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Po-land is composed of 22 radiocarbon dates for 12 sites (20 settlement pits and 1 grave).

2. Radiocarbon dates indicate a relatively short period of existence of the Baden culture settlement in Lesser Poland (150–200 years), i.e. 4445–4300 BP (3100–2900 BC OxCal, considering dating proba-bility distribution).

3. The 5 earliest radiocarbon dates from the period 4445–4420 BP deriving from 3 settlements (Kraków-Pleszów 17, Kraków-Mogiła 55, Kraków-Zesławice 21) indicate the oldest stage of the Baden culture set-tlement in the upper Vistula river basin and territorial centre of its development.

4. Such dating confirms the hypothesis on tempo-ral convergence of materials of the Baden culture (see: Zastawny 1999; 2000) that were formerly counted among two different chronologic phases — so-called: medium and late (according to a schema worked out in 1980s).

5. The plausibility of correctness of these dates is enhanced by achieving similar results for:

— samples dated in different laboratories: Gronin-gen, Utrecht and Poznań,

— samples selected out of various categories of materials such as: animal bones, human bones and burnt wood,

— samples collected during excavations of vari-ous types conducted between the years 1926 (Modl-nica, site 1) and 2007 (Kraków-Bieżanów, site 8),

— samples deriving from sites representing all types of settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Po-land.

6. The chronological compactness of the Baden settlement corresponds to its territorial compactness which argues for a theory that the Baden culture came into existence in Lesser Poland not as the result of

205


some local genesis but in consequence of migrations of population from behind the Carpathian moun-tains.

7. The achieved results of the radiocarbon dating emphasize more the existence of two currents of in-fluences of the Baden complex in Lesser Poland — i.e. cultural influences (Boleráz, Bošáca) and the proper settlement (the Baden culture in its classic pe-riod).

Furthermore, several new radiocarbon measure-ments obtained due to the National Science Centre in Poland are noteworthy:

1. The first date in Lesser Poland for a burial of the Baden culture — from site 21 in Kraków-Zesławice (grave 217): 4310±40 BP (Plate 8),

2. The first age measurements for settlements from the area of Kraków Jura and its direct vicinity (site 1 in Modlnica, site II in Kraków-Witkowice) forming a flint raw material base for the population of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (4415±35 BP; 4405±35 BP; 4330±35 BP),

3. The first dates for sites located in saliferous areas of the Wieliczka Foothills — site 2 in Gdów (4340±35 BP) and site 8 in Kraków-Bieżanów (4390 ±35 BP),

4. Age measurement for two sites from the settle-ment in Kraków-Mogiła 55 (4435±35, 4430±35 BP) — an eponymous site for the Mogiła group of the Baden culture; until now this site had not been dated with the use of radiocarbon method,

5. Two dates received for comparative purposes from a fortified settlement at site Prešov-Solivar in eastern Slovakia. Both dates (4550±35, 4410±35 BP) are the first radiocarbon measurements for the Baden culture in this region and indicate an earlier chro-nology of a cluster of the Baden culture in eastern Slovakia. It matches conjectures about a leading role of a Slovakian part of the Tisza river basin in the ge-nesis of the Baden culture in the upper Vistula river basin based formerly only on similarities within ce-ramic assemblages9.

9 Translated by Aleksandra Sabat-Maj.

References

Baldia M., Fink D., Boulanger M.

2008 Problems in the Archaeological Legacy: TRB/Lengyel-

Baden Conundurum, In: M. Furholt, M. Szmyt, A. Za-

stawny, The Baden Complex and the Outside World,

SAO/SPEŚ 4, 25–48, Bonn.

Bober J.

1993 Osada kultury ceramiki promienistej w Krakowie-No-

wej Hucie-Mogile w rejonie Kopca Wandy. Część I —

Materiały, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty 16,

7–53.

1994 Osada kultury ceramiki promienistej w Krakówie-No-

wej Hucie-Mogile w rejonie Kopca Wandy. Część II

— Analiza, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty 17,

13–40.

1998 Najnowsze materiały kultury ceramiki promienistej ze

stanowiska 5, 5A, 5B w Krakowie-Nowej Hucie (Wy-

ciąże), Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty 21, 7–

26.

Dobrzańska H., Zastawny A.

in print Osada kultury badeńskiej na stan. 1 w Zofipolu, pow.

krakowski (badania w 1986 r.), Sprawozdania Archeo-logiczne, in print.

Fábián S.

2013 A Preliminary Analysis of Intrasite Patterns at Bala-

tonkeresztúr-Réti-dűlő, a Late Copper Age Site on the

Southern Shore of Lake Balaton in Hungary, In: A. An-

ders, G. Kulcsár (eds.), Moments in Time. Papers Pre-

sented to Pál Raczky on His 60th Birthday, Prehistoric Studies I, Budapest, 613–626.

Furholt M.

2009 Die nördlichen Badener Keramikstile im Kontext des

mitteleuropäischen Spätneolithikums /3650–2900 v.Chr./,

SAO/SPEŚ 3, Bonn.

Furholt M., Machnik J.

2006 Iwanowice Babia Góra I and the settlements with Baden

ceramics in Little Poland. Questions concerning their

duration, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 58, 325–354.

Furholt M., Szmyt M., Zastawny A. (eds.)

2008 The Baden Complex and the Outside World, SAO/SPEŚ

4, Bonn.

Godłowska M.

1976 Próba rekonstrukcji rozwoju osadnictwa neolitycznego

w rejonie Nowej Huty, Materiały Archeologiczne No-wej Huty 5, 1976, 7–181.

1979 Plemiona kultury ceramiki promienistej, In: W. Hensel,

T. Wiślański (eds.), Prahistoria Ziem Polskich II. Neolit.

206

Albert Zastawny

Wrocław — Warszawa — Kraków — Gdańsk, 302–

317.

1986 Nowe daty 14C dla kultury ceramiki promienistej z Kra-

kowa Nowej Huty na stanowisku w Pleszowie 17, Ma-teriały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty 10, 49–58.

Godłowska M, Gluza I.

1989 Radial Ware Culture classical chase. Cracow — Nowa

Huta, site 17 (Pleszów), settlement, Przegląd Archeolo-giczny 36, 251–253

Horváth T., Svingor S.É., Molnár M.

2008 New radiocarbon dates for the Baden culture, Radiocar-bon 50, Nr 3, 447–458.

Horváthová E.

in this volume New data to the cognition of the Baden Culture set-

tlement in Prešov (north-eastern Slovakia, Šariš), In:

M. Nowak, A. Zastawny (eds.), The Baden culture

around the Western Carpathians, Via Archaeologica. Źró-dła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce, Kraków.

Jarosz P., Włodarczak P.

2007 Chronologia absolutna kultury ceramiki sznurowej w Pol-

sce południowo-wschodniej i na Ukrainie, Przegląd Ar-cheologiczny 58, 71–108.

Kaflińska M., Wójcik I., Stefański D.

in this volume New settlement of the Baden culture at site 8 in

Kraków-Bieżanów, Lesser Poland, In: M. Nowak, A. Za-

stawny (eds.), The Baden culture around the Western Car-

pathians, Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopalisko-wych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce, Kraków.

Kondracki J.

1994 Mezoregiony fizycznogeograficzne, Warszawa

Kowalewska-Marszałek H.

2008 The Most Distant Outskirts. The Baden Elements in the

Złota Culture (Little Poland), In: M. Furholt, M. Szmyt,

A. Zastawny (eds.), The Baden Complex and the Out-

side World, SAO/SPEŚ 4, 233–246, Bonn.

Kozłowski J.K.

1968 Materiały neolityczne i eneolityczne odkryte na stanowi-

sku Nowa Huta — Wyciąże I (badania w latach 1950–

1952). Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty 1, 13–90.

1971 Niektóre aspekty genezy kultury ceramiki promienistej

w Polsce, Światowit 32, 27–60.

1989 Kultura ceramiki promienistej (badeńska), In: J. Kmie-

ciński (ed.), Pradzieje Ziem Polskich I, cz. 1, Warszawa

— Łódź, 203–216.

Kruk J.

1980 Gospodarka w Polsce południowo-wschodniej w V–II

tysiącleciu p.n.e., Wrocław — Warszawa — Kraków

— Gdańsk.

Krumpel J.

2012 Four graves of the Baden Culture from Ratzersdorf an

der Traisen, Lower Austria, Studia Archaeologica Bru-nensia R 2012 M17, 211–231.

Nowak M.

2009 Drugi etap neolityzacji ziem polskich, Kraków.

Przybył A.

2008 Badenization of the Late Neolithic Funnel Beaker Cul-

ture Societies between Oder and Vistula basins in the

Light of 14C-Datings, In: M. Furholt, M. Szmyt, A. Za-

stawny (eds.), The Baden Complex and the Outside

World, SAO/SPEŚ 4, 189–204, Bonn.

Reguła K.

1973 Wyniki badań osady wielokulturowej w Gdowie, pow.

Myślenice, na stanowisku II, Badania archeologiczne

prowadzone przez Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wielicz-

ka w roku 1973, 10–16.

Rydlewski J., Valde-Nowak P.

1980 Neolityczne i eneolityczne stanowisko Kraków-Witko-

wice II w świetle badań w 1976 r., Sprawozdania Ar-cheologiczne 32, 103–113.

Siklósi Z.

2009 Absolute and internal chronology of the Late Cooper

Age cemetery at Budakalász, In: M. Bondár, P. Raczky

(eds.), The Cooper Age cemetery of Budakalász, 457–

474, Budapest.

Stadler P., Draxler S., Friesinger H., Kutschera W., Priller W., Rom

W., Steier P., Wild E.M.

2001 Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria

and Central Europe using 14C-Dating with Accelerator

Mass Spectrometry with special Results for Absolute

Chronology of the Baden Culture, In: P. Roman, S. Dia-

mandi (eds.), Cernavoda III — Boleráz (Symposium

Mangalia/Neptun 1999). Studia Danubiana. Seria Sym-

posia 2, 541–562, Bucuresti.

Tunia K, Włodarczak P.

2002 Radiocarbon Results for the Corded Ware Culture

from Southern Poland, Przegląd Archeologiczny 50,

45–55.

Valde-Nowak P.

2010 Pucharowy, badeński i mierzanowicki epizod w beskidz-

kim przełomie Skawy, In: S. Czopek, S. Kadrow (eds.),

Myślą i łopatą. Studia archeologiczne dedykowane wy-

bitnemu uczonemu Janowi Machnikowi w osiemdziesią-

tą rocznicę urodzin przez przyjaciół, kolegów i uczniów,

181–189, Rzeszów.

Walanus A., Goslar T.

2004 Wyznaczanie wieku metodą 14C dla archeologów, Rze-

szów.


Wild E.M., Stadle P., Bodnar M., Draxler S., Friesinger H., Ku-

tschera W., Priller A., Rom. W., Ruttkay E., Steier P.

2001 New chronological frame for the young Neolithic Baden

culture in Central Europe (4th Millenium BC), Radio-carbon 43, 1957–1064.

Włodarczak P.

2006 Chronologia grupy południowo-wschodniej kultury pu-

charów lejkowatych w świetle dat radiowęglowych, In:

Libera J., Tunia K. (eds.), Idea megalityczna w obrząd-

ku pogrzebowym kultury pucharów lejkowatych, 27–

66, Lublin — Kraków.

2013 Projekt badań chronologii absolutnej eneolitu i począt-

ków epoki brązu w Małopolsce, In: I. Cheben, M. Soják

(eds.), Otázky neolitu a eneolitu našich krajín — 2010,

373–387, Nitra.

Zastawny A.

1999 Uwagi na temat chronologii osadnictwa kultury badeń-

skiej w zachodniej części Małopolski, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 51, 9–55.

2000 Kultura badeńska w regionie wielicko-bocheńskim —

stan i problematyka badań. Sprawozdania Archeolo-giczne 52, 9–42.

2006 Osadnictwo społeczności badeńskiego kręgu kulturo-

wego w Jurze Ojcowskiej na tle regionów sąsiednich,

In: J. Lech, J. Partyka (eds.), Jura Ojcowska w pradzie-

jach i początkach państwa polskiego, 439–458, Ojców.

2008 The Baden and the Funnel Beaker-Baden Settlement in

Lesser Poland, In: M. Furholt, M. Szmyt, A. Zastawny

(eds.), The Baden Complex and the Outside World,

SAO/SPEŚ 4, 177–188, Bonn.

2009 Obrządek pogrzebowy kultury badeńskiej, In: A. Czekaj-

Zastawny (ed.), Obrządek pogrzebowy kultur pocho-

dzenia naddunajskiego w neolicie Polski południowo-

wschodniej (5600/5500–2900 BC). The funerary rite of

the Danubian cultures in the Neolithic of southeastern

Poland (5600/5500–2900 BC), 159–170, Kraków.

2011 Chronologia i formy oddziaływań kompleksu badeń-

skiego w Małopolsce. Chronologie a formy vlivů ba-

denského komplexu v Malopolsku, In: M. Popelka,

R. Šmidtová (eds.), Otázky neolitu a eneolitu našich

zemí — 2009, Praehistorica 29, Praha, 431–449.

2012 Absolute chronology of the Baden Culture in the Late

Neolithic in Lesser Poland /3100–2900 BC/ (unpub-

lished report on implementation of the project in Na-

tional Science Centre in Poland: N N109 181940),

Kraków.

Zastawny A., Bober J., Valde-Nowak P.

2009 Kultura badeńska — katalog źródeł, In: A. Czekaj-Za-

stawny (ed.), Obrządek pogrzebowy kultur pochodze-

nia naddunajskiego w neolicie Polski południowo-

wschodniej (5600/5500–2900 BC). The funerary rite of

the Danubian cultures in the Neolithic of southeastern

Poland (5600/5500–2900 BC), 453–469, Kraków.

Zemełka S.

1959 Groby kultury ceramiki promienistej i sznurowej w Ze-

sławicach, pow. Kraków, Materiały Archeologiczne 1,

81–96.

Żurowski J.

1933 Problem kultury ceramiki promienistej w Polsce, Wia-domości Archeologiczne 12, 159.

207

208

Albert Zastawny

Plate 1. Gdów site 2, Wieliczka district, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of burnt wood and characteristic artefacts from feature no. 7/73. Drawn by A. Zastawny (from the collection of Kraków Saltworks Museum Wieliczka)

209


Plate 2. Kraków-Bieżanów site 8, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of burnt wood and vertical and horizontal cross-sections of feature no. 511. Drawn by P. Zubrzycki, see: Kaflińska et al., in this volume/ (from the collection of The Cracow Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Construction)

-

210

Albert Zastawny

Plate 3. Kraków-Mogiła site 55, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of an animal bone, characteristic artefacts and a vertical cross-section of feature no. 175. Drawn by A. Zastawny after: Godłowska 1976 (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

-

211


Plate 4. Kraków-Mogiła site 55, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of an animal bone, characteristic artefacts from feature no. 35. Drawn by A. Zastawny after: Bober 1993 (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

-

212

Albert Zastawny

Plate 5. Kraków-Witkowice site II, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of animal bones and location of samples within feature no. 6. Drawn by A. Zastawny after: Rydlewski, Valde-Nowak 1980 (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

-

213


Plate 6. Kraków-Witkowice site II, Lesser Poland. Selection of pottery materials from feature no. 6. Drawn by A. Zastawny (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

-

214

Albert Zastawny

Plate 7. Kraków-Wyciąże site 5, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of an animal bone, characteristic artefacts from feature no. 195. Drawn by A. Zastawny after: Kozłowski 1968 (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

-

215


Plate 8. Kraków-Zesławice site 21, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of a human bone deriving from the inhumation grave of the Baden culture: feature no. 217 /Zemełka 1959, Zastawny et al. 2009/ (from the collection of the Archaeological Mu-seum in Kraków)

-

216

Albert Zastawny

Plate 9. Modlnica site 1, Kraków district, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of burnt wood and characteristic artefacts from feature no. 47. Drawn by A. Zastawny (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

217


Plate 10. Stręgoborzyce site 4, Kraków district, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of burnt wood and characteristic artefacts from feature no. 3. Drawn by A. Zastawny (from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków)

218

Albert Zastawny

Plate 11. Zofipole site 1, Kraków district, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of burnt wood and characteristic artefacts from feature no. 13a. Drawn by A. Zastawny (from the collection of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Aca-demy of Sciences, Kraków)

219


Plate 12. Zofipole site 1, Kraków district, Lesser Poland. The result of age measurement of an animal bone, characteristic arte-facts from feature no. 18. Drawn by A. Zastawny, photo by W. Morawski (from the collection of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków)

absolute chronology of the baden culture in lesser poland - new radiocarbon dates

Documents