about ramu
TRANSCRIPT
RAMU, COX’S BAZAR, CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH.
1.1 Introduction: Ramu is the second biggest upazila of Cox’s Bazar district and Chittagong division in Bangladesh. It is now very known place to world because Sep 30, 2012 - Home event Attacked Buddhist Community and their Temple. Ramu is a typical Buddhists’ excellent village compare with other places of Bangladesh specifically Ramkot Hindu Temple, Ramkot Buddhist Keyang, Lamarpara Buddhist Keyang etc are the Historical Places of Ramu. In a word Ramu(66) is a green peace of paradise. Postal code is 4730.1.2 Historical Traditions: The modern Cox's Bazar derives its name from Captain Cox (died1798) an army officer who served in British India. For historical background we found that according to the district gazetteers, the name of Ramu has been originated from the name of the kingdom of Rame, the country of Magus. When this area was ruled by the Arakanese there was a fort here, commanded by one of the brothers of Raja (king) of Arkan and was stormed by Mughal forces after the capture of Chittagong in 1660AD. According to Historical events Tradition Ramu, Cox's Bazar got its name from the Royal Ramu dynasty of Arakan. At the time of the conquest of Chittagong by the Mughals (1666) a thirteen feet high bronze image of Buddha was found at Ramu. This is the biggest of the Buddha images hitherto discovered in Bangladesh. It is said that Ramachandra met Sita at Ramkot which is another sightseeing attraction since the stone grinder used by Sita while she was in Lanka is preserved here and Rama also met after her abduction by Ravana and that had once been preserved at Ramkot. Administration Ramu became a Police Station in 1908 and turned into an upazila on April 15, 1983. 1.3 Beauties of Ramu: Various Buddhist relics and Burmese handicrafts are available and cheap of comparison. Here the weavers all times busy in their trades in open workshops and craftsmen are engaged in making handmade cigars from their houses which look like pagodas, all these their own creation traditionally. It has an excellent charm of its own which is spread here in the form of monasteries, khyangs and pagodas containing temples and various Buddhist statues and images of Buddha in gold, bronze and various other metals and studded with precious stones which are natural beauties for tourists. The monastery is also famous because of its intricate wood carvings in the monastery. One of the most interesting of these temples enjoying the biggest Buddhist Temple which is the oldest one in Bangladesh is on the bank of the another natural scenario Bakkhali River. Also some other canals have laid down to the river Bakkhali and the Bay of Bengal from India and Mayanmar. Rubber garden and also coconut garden as well.
This is not only interesting relics and Burmese handicrafts but also a large bronze statue of Buddha measuring thirteen feet high and rests on a six feet high pedestal. The best attraction is however it is the biggest among the Buddha statues that are found in whole of Bangladesh.Ramu is about 16 kilometer from Cox’s Bazar and some attractions on the main road to Chittagong.Main attractions are
Ramu Buddhist Temple Rubber Garden Coconut Garden (largest garden in south Asia) Pagoda (chatopa chytta or jodi) Jhogatjhoti child care
Ramu Buddhist Temple:This is the oldest and very popular temple at Ramu. In 308 before the birth of Christ this temple established at Ramu. Now the age of this temple is 2319 years old. For tourist this temple is very attractive and every year lot people come to visit this temple refreshing mind peace and clean.
*Ramu the oldest Buddhist Temple
Ramu Rubber Garden: During 1961 Ramu rubber garden was established with 52,800 plants only in 330 acre of lands. Now the total strength of this garden is near about 1 lakh and 40 thousands and the total area of this garden covered near about 2,682 acre of lands which is very much remarkable. In commercial sense Ramu is the only place in Bangladesh where rubber garden is established and which is very much successful for rubber plantation and also its production can be exported. Now it is very popular and demand full to its clients for rubber tree plantation and the soil is very fertile for rubber plantation. Rubber processing zone is also established here. This rubber garden successfully runs by Bangladesh Forest Industry Development Corporation (BFDC). Traditional trivals are the workers in this garden. Rubber extraction is one of the interesting subject to its tourists which is unbelievable without visit.
*Rubber fluid extraction process *Tribal Females are working at Rubber Garden
Ramu Coconut Garden: Ramu is famous for its large coconut garden, which is located at the 3-4 Km far away from Ramu Sub-district. We are proud that without any doubt it is the largest coconut garden not only in Bangladesh but also in south Asia. It is also the largest Coconut Seed Garden in Bangladesh. The garden was started planting only 34 (thirty four) Coconut plants but now it presents about 1 million (about 10 lacks) with 200 (two hundred) acres of land area. It is an asset of Bangladesh Government which is maintained by Food Crops Wing of Department of Agricultural Extension under Agriculture Ministry.
*Ramu Coconut Garden
Bak-khali River Rubber Dam: The body of the rubber dam as long as 100m is made of rubber reinforced by woven synthetic fabric. These can also be used for small-scale hydropower generation in hilly streams. Bangladesh is a very little rainfall season in winter. So for irrigation urgently needed to ground or surface water. The dam conserves fresh water from upstream and prevents saline water intrusion from downstream. The retained water is used for irrigation of Boro rice and rural water supply by low lift pumps from January to May. Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) of Bangladesh government has constructed two rubber dams a cost effective technology that retains and conserves surface water in the river channel, reservoirs and lakes on a pilot basis in Cox’s Bazar district with the technical assistance of IWHR of China. Construction of one dam is at the tidal Bakkhali river on the Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar highway, about 30 km from Cox’s Bazaar and non-tidal Eidgaon Khal, Eidgaon Bazar
at Jhilwanja union near about 3 km from Cox’s Bazar, was started from February 1995 to May 1995 that would supply irrigation water to 8,000 hectares for rice cultivation.
*Bakkhali River Rubber Dam
Tourism: The best time for enjoying the natural beauties of Ramu, Cox’s Bazar from October to March. Very local indigenous foods and local hotels motels are also available there in which tourists can share for night hold for recreations.
*visitors are available
1.4 Briefing: Educational institutions: college 1, secondary school 38, primary
school 82, kindergarten 6, madrasa 19. Notable Ramu Khijari Model High School (1914).
Archaeological heritage: Mosque 282, Temple 16, Buddhist keyang and pagoda 20. Notable Ramu Jami Mosque, Eidgah Bazar Mosque, Ramkot Hindu Temple, Buddhist Keyang, Shree Shree Ramdevi Purna Mandir, Lamarpara Buddhist.
Hats and bazars are 32, Notable Ramu Bazar, Kauarkhop Bazar, Panirchhara Bazar, Garjania Bazar, Eidgar Bazar, Fakir Hat Bazar, fairs 2 (Ramkot Mela) etc.
Cultural institutions: Rural club 14, public library 1, playground 16. Library 2, women organization 7, tourist spots Ramkot (Hindu and Buddhist sacred place), Rubber Garden etc.
Agricultural Contribution is very much high in this area Communication System: Pucka road 66 km, semi-pucka road 114 km,
mud road 512 km. Extinct or nearly extinct traditional transports are Palanquin, horse carriage, bullock cart, boat.
Manufactories: Rice mill 90, flour mill 52, saw mill, ice factory, welding factory
Cottage industries: Weaving 119, Goldsmith, brass work 24, bamboo and cane work 555, wood work 233, tailoring 12, blacksmith 33, potteries 27 etc.
Main exports: Betel leaf, betel-nut, coconut, banana, papaya, jackfruit, pineapple, shrimp fry rubber.
NGO activities are brac, proshika, asa, CARE, caritas. Health centre: Upazila health complex 2, family planning centre 9,
clinic 2. Natural disasters many people were victims of the cyclone of 1991.
Besides, it also caused heavy damages to settlements, livestock and crops of the upazila.
*References: Cultural survey report of Ramu Upazila 2007.
1.5 Objectives of Appraisal:The broad objective is to consider the overall structural change of Ramu Upazila such as:
Development on many natural beauties, agricultural, fisheries, stock of livestock and poultry farm etc.
Intercommunication can be increased among the population on the both sides of Bakkhali river at which they can be benefited each other. Even at present situation none wants to get marry on the other side of the river.
Help to carry the villagers own hand made products to the market and export.
To develop the transport facilities for higher education, medical, different cases at which cost and time will be saved.
They can develop their socio economic efficiency specifically poor economic growth for poverty reduction.
Creation new more jobs for local people and for women. Gender equation by developing rural urban area. Tourism sector will be developed. Govt. and private sector get the opportunities together for more
investment.So the objectives are to use properly the natural beauty and protect Ramu’s environment from the damage. The ultimate goal is to provide the opportunity among the population of Ramu as multi model integration by financially strongest.
1.6 Area and Location: Ramu, 15.72% covering area out of eight Upazilas over Cox’s Bazar district is situated on the area of 391.71 km (151.24 sq mi) including 145.29 sq.km forest areas. It is located between 21*17’ and 21*36’ north latitudes and between 92*00’ and 92*15’ east longitudes. The upazila is bounded by Chakaria upazila on the north, Naikhongchari upazila of Bandarban Zila on the east, Naikhongchari upazila of Bandarban Zila and Ukhia upazila on the south and Cox’s Bazar upazila and the Bay of Bengal on the west. Main River is Bakkhali.
*Map of Ramu Upazila.
1.7 Geographic Descriptions: The Upazila of Ramu consists of 11 Unions, 39 Mauzas and 102 villages which was 101 villages in 2001. The average populations of each union, mauza and village are 24,240, 6837 and 2614 respectively.A Union consists of one or more Mauzas. Now we’ll see the 11 Unions of Ramu Upazila
1. Chakmarkul Union 2. Faterkharkul Union3. Garjania Union4. Idgar Union 5. Joarianala Union 6. Kachhapia Union7. Khuniapalong Union8. Kaurkhop Union9. RashidNagar Union10. Rajarkul Union11. Dakshin Mithachhari Union.
It is informed that there is no need to discuss all the Unions of Ramu, we will try to discuss positively for the villagers of Rajarkul Union, Mithachori Union, Chakmarkul Union, Kuniapalong Union living on both sides of the proposed .175 km Bridge on Bakkhali River by supervising Ramu and investigation by FGD and study more to improve the inter communication between rural and urban people.
Mauza distribution: Mauza is the lowest administrative unit which having the character of a cadastre consists of one or more Villages. The distribution of mauzas by size class of households is shown in table T5.1.
Table T5.2: Distribution of Mauzas by size class of population
Size Class HouseholdNo. of Mauza
Difference2001 1991 RV1 1-50 1 3 (-)2 RV2 5-200 9 7 (+)2 RV3 20-400 7 7 0 RV4 40-600 3 5 (-)2 RV5 601& Above 18 17 (+)1
The above table shows that the compare of 2001 with 1991 the size class is RV1, Household 1-50, the number of Mauza in 2001 is 1 and in 1991 is 3 so the difference is (-)2, when the size class is RV3, Household 201-400, the number of Mauza in 2001 is 7 and in 1991 is 7, the difference is 0 and at
the time of RV5, Household 601 and above the number of Mauza in 2001 is 18 and in 1991 is 17 so the difference is (+)1 which in first stage the difference is decreasing and next it is increasing number. So the modal size class is 601 & above households in 2001.
Village distribution: A village having its families, natural beauties and many others.The distribution of villages by size class of households is shown in table T5.2
Table T5.2: Distribution of villages by size class of population
Size Class PopulationNo. of Village
Difference2001 1991
V1 Up to 250 3 8 (-)5 V2 251- 750 28 33 (-)5 V3 751-1500 22 17 (+)5 V4 1501-2500 20 25 (-)5 V5 2501& Above 28 19 (+)9
The above table shows that the compare of 2001 with 1991 the size class is V1, Population up to 250 the number of Village in 2001 is 3 and in 1991 is 8 so the difference is (-) 5, when the size class is V3, Population 751- 1500 difference is (+)5 and at the time of V5, Population 2501& Above the number of Village in 2001 is 28 and in 1991 is 19, the difference is (+)9 which is increasing manually. The modal size of class is 2501 & above persons and 251- 750 persons in 2001.
Intangible:Now we will try to present this topics by various types of sources such as studies many different books, surveyors go to the field themselves to investigate, they talk to many villagers and make decision how to develop the above 4 Unions population by 5 FGD in 5 places which we will describe step by step.
Not only from studying hard of many books or representing the survey report or collecting data from the villagers but also browsing internet whole night awaken day by day. That means it’s a totally not easy doing matter for a writer. And we all will be thankfully grateful to the decision makers if the population of the Ramu Upazila specifically the villagers of the above
four Unions will be benefited socially, economically and finally with the help of communicating each other among the urban, rural and everywhere by constructing the proposed Bakkhali Bridge. That’s all and welcome everybody to some of the world best scenario at Cox’s Bazar Districts…
1.8 Bangladesh Population Census 2001: Population census is a nationally important program for collecting basic information on all education, health, household population. The policymakers, planners, social scientists, statisticians make the best use of the census dater for formulating, measuring the policies and plans, evaluating the population dynamics, impact of development goal and vision in future.
UpazilaMunicipality Union Mouza Village Population Density
(per sq km)Literacy rate
(%)Urban Rural Urban Rural
- 11 39 101 33334 169349
517 38.84 23.31
Upazila TownArea (sq km) Mouza Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate
(%)22.03 4 33334 1513 38.84
UnionName of union and GO code Area
(acre)Population Literacy rate
(%)Male FemaleIdgar 28 12865 6409 5982 27.40
Kachhapia 47 10770 10430 9847 21.97Kauarkhop 66 6144 10218 10135 21.87
Khuniapalong 57 19018 14054 13566 19.37Garjania 19 15929 8794 8472 21.96
Chakmarkul 06 874 6187 5658 35.73Joarianala 38 12914 8934 8641 25.70
Dakshin Mithachhari 85 10088 10692 10245 21.82Fatekharkul 09 2435 13595 11965 42.03
Rashid Nagar 70 1804 6339 6013 21.77Rajarkul 76 5087 8520 7987 24.55
*References: Bangladesh Population Census 2001, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics;
The four Unions on the both sides of the proposed Bridge of Bakkhali River will be benefited. According to the above census table of 2001, the total area of Rajarkul Union is 5087 acre of land, Population is male 8520, female 7987 and literacy rate is 24.55%. For Mithachori Union those are respectively10088 acres, 10692, females 10245 and literacy rates 21.82%. For Chakmarkul Union are 874 acres, males 6187, females 5658, and literacy rates 35.73%. And for Kuniapalong Union these are 19018, 14054,
13566 and 19.37%. So from the census table we are about to know that those people shall be benefited by constructing the proposed Bakkhali Bridge. We are also being satisfied for their maintaining their cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions, separate from the mainstream or dominant society or culture.
Bangladesh Population Census 2011: Fifth population and housing census 2011, Bangladesh takes 310,000 census and 57,000 supervisors for five day census started on March 15 and completed by 19 Match 2011. The country was divided into 130 census districts where a census coordinator supervised the activities of each of the census district 20-22 zones. Late President Mohammad Zillur Rahman has been enrolled by a population census worker at Bangabhaban in the capital on the first day of the fifth Census.
Now we compare the population of Ramu Upazila in 2011, the latest census with 2001.
Items Zila Upazila2011 2001 2011 2001Population (Enumerated)
Both Sex 22,89,990 17,73,709 2,66,640 2,02,683Male 11,69,604 9,27,196 1,35,000 1,04,172
Female 11,20,386 8,46,513 1,31,640 98,511Urban 2,92,523 1,20,480 0 0
Other Urban 2,06,488 1,51,915 42,072 33,334Rural 17,90,979 15,01,314 2,24,568 1,69,349
Annual growth rate 2.55 2.25 2.74 1.93Sex Ratio
Total 104 110 103 106Urban 119 123 0 0
Other Urban 103 111 103 110Rural 102 108 102 105
Households (HH)Total 4,15,954 2,96,109 47,904 34,536Urban 54,407 20,675 0 0
Other Urban 37,698 25,574 7,673 5,580Rural 3,23,849 2,49,860 40,231 28,956
Average HH SizeTotal 5.45 5.99 5.54 5.88Urban 5.09 5.78 0.00 0.00
Other Urban 5.46 5.98 5.46 5.99Rural 5.51 6.00 5.55 5.86
Area sq. km 2491.85 2491.86 391.71 391.71Area sq. mile 962.10 962.11 151.24 151.24
Density per sq. kmDensity per sq. mile
9192380
7121844
6811763
5171340
Urbanization (%) 21.79 15.36 15.78 16.45Literacy (%)
Both Sex 39.3 30.2 36.6 26.0Male 40.3 34.0 37.8 29.6
Female 38.2 26.0 35.3 22.3
School Attendance (5 to 24 years) (%)
Both Sex 46.5 35.0 46.1 29.3Male 45.6 36.4 45.1 30.8
Female 47.5 33.4 47.1 27.8Population (Adjusted)
Both Sex 23,81,816 18,54,534 2,76,885 2,11,615Male 12,16,641 9,69,487 1,40,187 1,08,760
Female 11,65,175 8,85,047 1,36,698 1,02,855Geographic Unit
Upazila/Thana 8 7 - -Union 71 67 11 11Mauza 177 189 39 39Village 989 984 102 101
Paurashava 4 3 0 0Paura Ward 39 27 0 0
Paura Mahalla 164 59 0 0*References: Bangladesh Population Census 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics
According to the population census 2011 the total Population of Ramu Upazila was 266,640 of which 1, 35,000 are males and 1, 31,640 are females which was in 2001 is respectively 202,683, 104,172 and 98,511. The sex ratio of the upazila is 106 males per 100 females as against 106 males per 100 females in 1991. male 51.41%, female 48.59%; Muslim 91.26%, Hindu 4.44%, Buddhist 4.29%, Christian 0.01%; ethnic nationals: Rakhain 188 families and Marma 142 families (1.2% of the total population). Density of population per sq km is 428.The adjusted total Population of Ramu Upazila was 2,76,885 of which 1,40,187 are males and 1,36,698 are females which was in 2001 is respectively 2,11,615, 1,08,760 and 1,02,855.
1.9 Housing and Household Characteristics: In the upazila there are 47,904 households in 2011of which 40,231 households are in rural and 34,536 in 2001 of which 28,956 households are in rural area. Distribution of households by type shows that there are 98.48% dwelling units, 0.83% institutional and 0.68% other units in the upazila.Household size:The average household size (dwelling) for the upazila is 5.9 persons. For rural area the size is 5.9 and for urban area the size is slightly higher i.e.60.Types of Structure: Percentage distribution of main house of the households by type of structure is presented in table T5.3.
Table T5.3: Main house of the Household by type of Structure
Locality Total Jhupri Kutcha Semi pucka Pucka
Upazila 100.00 34.40 57.36 6.42 1.81
Rural 100.00 37.49 56.70 4.89 0.92Urban 100.00 18.16 60.86 14.50 6.48
It is found in the table that the housing condition of Ramu upazila is dominated by kutcha houses. The table shows 34.40% main house of the households are jhupri, 57.36% are kutcha, 6.42% are semi pucka and the remaining 1.81% are pucka. In urban area the condition is improved. In urban area 6.48% main house of the households are found pucka, 14.50% semi pucka, 60.86% kutcha and the remaining 18.16%are jhupri as against 0.92%, 4.89%, 56.70% and 37.49% are pucka, semi pucka and jhupri respectively in rural area.
Growth Rate: The decadal population growth rate is 21.0% and annual compound growth rate is 1.93%. The decadal growth rates over the last half of century are shown in table T5.4.
Table T5.4 Decade Growth Rate 1951-1961 1961-1974 1974-1981 1981-1991 1991-2001
18.9 48.4 20.9 36.1 21.0
The above table shows that from 1961-1974 decades growth rate is high 48% and this rate is increasing with decreasing rates and last it is decreasing with increasing rates.
1.10 Sex, Residence and Community: Area, Household, Population, Density by Sex, Residence and
Community are shown in table
Area in Acres
Total Household
s
Population Population Density (sq.km.)
Total In Households Floating
96794 47904 266640 266621 19 681From above table we see that total Area in Acres 96794, total Households 47904, total Population is 266,640 at which living in Households are 266,621 and Floating are 19, Density of Population 681 per sq.km.
Distribution of Households and Population by Sex, Sex Ratio are shown in Table
Households Population Sex RatioTotal General Institution
alOthers Both Male Female
47904
47691 38 175 266640 135000 131640 103
From above table we see that total Households 47,904 equal to General 47691 plus Institutional 38 plus Others 175 households. Population Both 266640 equals to male 135000+Female 131640. Sex Ratio is 103.
Percentage Distribution of General Households by Size, Average size are shown in Table
General Househ
olds
Percentage of Household Comprising Average size of Househ
olds1 Person
2 Person
s
3 Person
s
4 Person
s
5 Person
s
6 Person
s
7 Person
s
8+ Person
s
47691 1.4 5.2 12.3 16.9 18.2 16.0 11.9 17.9 5.5
From the Table we see 5 persons in a family lives in 18.2% Households which is large amount and 1 person family lives in 1.4% Households which is small amount. Average Size of Households is 5.5%
Percentage Distribution of Population by Age groups are shown in Table
All aged 0-4 5-9 10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-49
50-59
60-64
65+
266640 13.8 15.6 14.0 10.3 9.1 8.4 18.7 4.8 2.1 3.2
From the Table we see that highest age group is 30-49 in where 18% population and lowest age group are 60-64 in where 2.1% population are living.
Percentage Distribution of Population aged 10 years and above by Sex, Marital status are shown in Table
Total Male
% Male Total Female
%FemaleNever Marrie
d
Married
Widowed
Divorced/Separate
d
Never Marrie
d
Married
Widowed
Divorced/Separate
d9506
547.9 51.6 0.4 0.1 93044 34.3 58.2 6.7 0.9
From the Table we see that Total Male and Female are 95065 and 93044. Never married for male and female are 47.9% and 34.3%, Married for those are 51.6% and 58.2% and Divorced/Separated for those are 0.1% and 0.9%.
Distribution of Ethnic Households, Population by Sex are shown in Table
Ethnic Ethnic Population in Main GroupHousehol
dPopulation
Both Male Female Rakhain Tanchaynga
Chakma Others
220 963 569 494 876 0 45 42
From the Table we see that Ethnic Households are 220, Population 963 in where Rakhain 876, Tanchaynga 0, Chakma 45 and others are 42.
Distribution of Population by Religion are shown in TableTotal Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others
266640 248766 8745 44 8916 169
From the Table we see that Muslim, Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and Others are respectively 248766, 8745, 44, 8916, and 169. Ramu is called a typical Buddhist village.
Percentage Distribution of Population by Type of disability are shown in Table
Total Population
Types of Disability (%)All Speech Vision Hearing Physical Mental Autism
266640 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1
From the Table we see that different types of disabilities of populations like All, Speech, Vision, Hearing, Physical, Mental and Autism are respectively 1.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.1.
3.5.6Literacy and education: Information on literacy and education are furnished below:
Literacy: In Ramu upazila 26.02% population aged 7 years and over is literate. Literacy rates by sex and locality for the last three censuses are shown in Table T5.5.
Table T5.5: Literacy rate by sex and locality, 1981 2001
Locality 2001 1991 1981BothSexes
Male Female
BothSexes
Male Female BothSexes
Male Female
Upazila 26.02 29.64
22.25 21.5 28.3 14.3 11.6 17.3 5.6
Rural 23.31 26.61
19.90 18.6 25.0 11.8 10.0 14.9 4.8
Urban 38.84 43.46
33.74 34.0 41.9 25.2 18.5 27.0 9.1
*Literacy rate in 1981 is calculated for population 5 years & above.
The above Table shows that the literacy rate of Ramu upazila in 2001 is 26.02% for both sexes, 29.64% for males and 22.25% for females, Literacy rate is found much higher in urban area. The rate is 38.84% for both sexes, 43.64% for males and 33.74% for females which are considerably higher as compared to the corresponding rates in rural area of 23.31% for both sexes, 26.61%for males and 19.90% for females.
Education:
Distribution of Population aged 3-14 years by Age groups, School attendance are shown in Table
Population aged 3-5 years Population aged 6-10 years Population aged 11-14 years
Attending School
NotAttending
School
Attending School
NotAttending
School
Attending School
NotAttending
SchoolMale
Female
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
996 962 11801
11579 15690
15506 6294 5409 8824 10041 5322 3514
The above Table shows that Population aged 6-10 years attending School for male and female are 15690 and 15506 which is larger amount of student and Population aged 3-5 years not attending School for male and female are 11801 and 11579 which is also large amount.
Distribution of Population aged 15-29 years by Age groups, School attendance are shown in Table
Population aged 15-19 years Population aged 20-24 years Population aged 25-29 years
Attending School
NotAttending
School
Attending School
NotAttending
School
Attending School
NotAttending
SchoolMale
Female
Male Female
Male
Female
Male Female
Male
Female
Male Female
3751
4074 10445 9319 711 409 10332
12885 125 56 10306
11914
The above Table shows that Population aged 15-19 years attending School for male and female are 3751 and 4074 which is larger amount of student and Population aged 15-19 years not attending School for male is 10445 which is larger amount and female at the aged of 20=24 is 12885 which is also larger.
School attendance of boys and girls between ages 5 to 29 years are presented in Table T5.6.Table5.6: School Attendance by Sex and Locality.
Locality 5=9 years 10=14 years 15=19years 20=24years 25=29yearsMale Femal
eMale Femal
eMale Femal
eMale Femal
eMale Femal
eUpazila 36.9
435.98 40.9
641.21 20.6
518.01 10.1
13.14 30.8
027.81
Rural 35.02
33.80 38.39
37.48 18.11
14.80 8.63 2.23 28.83
25.29
Urban 48.80
49.41 52.83
58.96 30.78
32.17 16.20
7.81 40.23
40.74
*Literacy rate in 1981 is calculated for population 5 years & above.
The above Table shows that School attendance at the age group5 to 24 years for males is 30.80% and for females is 27.81%. In urban area the rate is higher i.e. 40.23% for males and 40.74% for females. For rural area the rate is slightly lower i.e. 28.83% for males and 25.29% for females.
Distribution of Population aged 7 years and above by Literacy are shown in TableLiterate (can write a letter) Literacy Rate (%)
Both Male Female Both Male Femaleyes no yes no yes no
78181 135554 40884 67255 37297 68299
36.6 37.8 35.3
The above Table shows that at seven years of old the literacy rate for male and female are 37.8% and 35.3% in which only can write a letter, literacy for male is higher than female.
Distribution of Population aged 7 years and above not attending school by Employment Status are shown in Table
Population aged 7+ not attending School
Employment status
Employed Looking for work
Household work
Do not work
Both Male Female
Male Female
Male Female Male Female
Male Female
85980
40290
45690 30109
1920 946 218 1774 35486 7461 8066
The above Table shows that population aged over seven not attending School but employed for male and female are 30109(a really large amount) and 1920, looking for work for those are 946 and 218, Household workers are 1774 and 35486(a very large amount) and do not work for male and
female are 7461 and 8066. Table shows here the total population is 85980 where male and female are 40290 and 45690.
Distribution of Population aged 7 years and above not attending school but Employed by Field of Activity are shown in Table
Population aged 7+ not attending School and
employed
Field of ActivityAgriculture Industry Service
Both Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female32029 3010
91920 225
24943 2045 169 554
0808
The above Table shows that Population over seven not attending but work in different field. In agriculture male and female workers are 22524 and 943, in industry are 2045 and 169 and in service are 5540 and 808. So in agriculture sector both workers are more than other service.
Aquaculture management: Bangladesh agriculture has grown at 3.2 percent annually during 1991-2005 and the total food grains production, according to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS): Population of Small, Medium and Large Holdings are based on total farm Holdings.At Ramu Upazila, the biggest sources of incomes are agriculture and some of them are traditionally family matters. Main crops are Paddy, potato, pulse, onion, garlic, ginger, betel leaf, betel-nut, rubber, spices and vegetables. Extinct or nearly extinct crops Sugarcane, sesame, linseed, mustard, cotton and jute. Main fruits are Mango, jackfruit, pineapple, banana, papaya, coconut, betel nut. Also Fisheries, Domestic animals, Poultry and hatchery are available here.Now we will describe the agricultural situation at Ramu Upazila in the following tables
Agriculture Census: Comparison of 2008 with 1996 Agriculture Census
(Area in Acres)Items 1996 2008
All Holding
s
Non-Farm
Holdings
Farm Holdings All Holdings Non-Farm
Holdings
Farm HoldingsTotal Small Medium Larg
eTotal Small Medium Large
1.Number of HoldingsPercentage
2. Tenure ship (a) Owner Holdings Percentage Percent of All Holdings
(b) Owner-Cum-Tenant Holdings Percentage Percent of All Holdings
(c) Tenant Holdings Percentage Percent of All Holdings
3. Agri. Labor Households Percentage Percent of All Holdings
4. Owned Area Percentage Percent of Operated Area Area Per Holding
5. Operated Area Percentage Area per Holding
6. Homestead Area Percentage Percent of Operated Area Area Per Holding
7. Net Cultivated Area Percentage Percent of Operated Area Area Per Holding
8. Gross Cropped Area Percentage
28470 11008 17462 13712 3374 376100 38.67 61.33 78.52 19.32 2.15
16779 8816 7963 6805 991 167100 52.54 47.46 85.46 12.45 2.1058.94 80.09 45.60 49.63 29.37 44.41
7946 94 7852 5413 2233 206100 2.14 97.86 68.94 28.44 2.6227.91 0.85 44.97 39.48 66.18 54.79
3745 2098 1647 1494 150 3100 56.02 43.98 90.71 9.11 0.1813.15 19.06 9.43 10.90 4.45 0.80
12180 5802 6377 5709 640 28100 47.64 52.36 89.52 10.04 0.4442.78 52.71 36.52 41.64 18.97 7.45
25029 2616 22412 10086 8798 3528100 10.45 89.54 45.00 39.26 15.7479.12 176.52 74.33 80.12 65.13 86.960.88 0.24 1.28 0.74 2.61 9.38
31636 1482 30154 12588 13509 4067100 4.68 95.32 41.75 44.80 13.451.11 0.13 1.73 0.92 4.00 10.79
3744 1200 2544 1650 771 122100 32.05 67.95 64.86 30.31 4.8011.83 80.97 8.44 13.11 5.71 3.010.13 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.23 0.32
26716 18 26698 10653 12269 3777100 0.07 99.93 39.90 45.95 14.1584.45 1.21 88.54 84.63 90.82 93.100.94 0.00 1.53 0.78 3.64 10.05
37784 15127 17566 5091
40801 18204 22597 19294 2996 307100 44.62 55.38 85.38 13.26 1.36
24181 13995 10186 8905 1124 157100 57.88 42.12 87.42 11.03 1.5459.27 76.88 45.08 46.15 37.52 51.14
10293 233 10060 8235 1682 143100 2.26 97.74 81.86 16.72 1.4225.23 1.28 44.52 42.68 56.14 46.58
6327 3976 2351 2154 190 7100 62.84 37.16 91.62 8.08 0.3015.51 21.84 10.40 11.16 6.34 2.28
16169 4492 11677 10045 1494 138100 27.78 72.22 86.02 12.79 1.1839.63 24.68 51.68 52.06 49.87 44.95
27568 3641 23927 12718 8394 2815100 13.21 86.79 53.15 35.08 11.7680.67 161.97 74.95 75.71 72.17 80.570.68 0.20 1.06 0.66 2.80 9.17
34172 2248 31924 16799 11631 3494100 6.58 93.42 52.62 36.43 10.940.84 0.12 1.41 0.87 3.88 11.38
4664 1786 2878 2172 619 86100 38.29 61.71 75.47 21.51 2.9913.65 79.45 9.02 12.93 5.32 2.460.11 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.21 0.28
26940 28 26912 13827 10265 2820100 0.10 99.90 51.38 38.14 10.4878.84 1.25 84.30 82.31 88.26 80.710.66 0.00 1.19 0.72 3.43 9.19
34596 17980
100 40.04 46.49 13.47
13234 3382 100 48.88 39.08 12.04
* (BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 33)
(Area in Acres)Items 1996 2008
All Holding
s
Non-Farm Holdings
Farm Holdings All Holdings
Non-Farm Holdings
Farm HoldingsTotal Small Medium Larg
eTotal Small Medium Large
9. Intensity of Cropping (%)
10. Irrigation Holding Reporting Percentage of Farm Holdings Net Irrigated Area Percent of Cultivated Area
11. Livestock and Poultry(a) Cattle Holding Reporting Percent of All Holdings Number of Cattle Percentage Number of cattle per Holding
(b) Goat Holding Reporting Percent of All Holdings Number of Cattle Percentage Number of cattle per Holding
(c) Fowls Holding Reporting Percent of All Holdings Number of Goats Percentage Number of Goats per Holding
(d) Ducks Holding Reporting Percent of All Holdings Number of Ducks Percentage Number of Ducks per Holding
156 163 152 147
12147 8972 2853 322 69.56 65.43 84.56 85.64 15096 6306 6803 1587 56.54 59.19 55.45 42.02
11402 1606 9796 6638 2840 31840.05 14.59 56.10 48.41 84.17 84.5739656 3854 35802 19988 13333 2481100 9.72 90.28 55.83 37.24 6.931.39 0.35 2.05 1.46 3.95 6.60
4481 1116 3365 2354 882 12915.74 10.14 19.27 17.17 26.14 34.3112777 2761 10016 6160 3240 616100 21.61 78.39 61.50 32.35 6.150.45 0.25 0.57 0.45 0.96 1.64
22946 7866 15080 11645 3087 34880.60 71.46 86.36 84.93 91.49 92.55239086 63622 175464 121281 46551 7632
144 150 142 130
13833 11390 2225 218 61.22 59.03 74.27 71.01 14888 8063 5492 1332 55.32 58.31 53.50 47.23
13840 2703 11137 8628 2272 23733.92 14.85 49.29 44.72 75.83 77.2040986 6117 34869 24290 9263 1316100 14.92 85.08 69.66 26.57 3.771.00 0.34 1.54 1.26 3.09 4.29
4865 1328 3537 2697 734 10611.92 7.30 15.65 13.98 24.50 34.5314751 3372 11379 8248 2682 449100 22.86 77.14 72.48 23.57 3.950.36 0.19 0.50 0.43 0.90 1.46
26164 9843 16321 13628 2439 25464.13 54.07 72.23 70.63 81.41 82.74208340 193752 14588 10386 3772 430
100 26.61 73.39 69.12 26.53 4.358.40 5.78 10.05 8.84 13.80 20.30
3084 684 2400 1614 662 12410.83 6.21 13.74 11.77 19.62 32.9815861 3433 12428 7717 3726 985100 21.64 78.36 62.09 29.98 7.930.56 0.31 0.71 0.56 1.10 2.62
100 93.00 7.00 71.20 25.86 2.955.11 10.64 0.65 0.54 1.26 1.40
2786 975 1811 1295 443 736.83 5.36 8.01 6.71 14.79 23.7812552 3853 8699 5620 2650 429100 30.70 69.30 64.61 30.46 4.930.31 0.21 0.38 0.29 0.88 1.40
* (BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 33)The above Table shows the area of total agriculture sector about their domestically products and holding percentage and different size of farm labor situation, about cropping, cultivation; land area and all are represented in agriculture census which we will discuss step by step with small categories.
Selected Agriculture Statistics of Ramu Upazila: (Area in Acres)
Owned Area
Operated Area
Homestead Area
Net Cultivated
Area
Temporary Crops Net
Area
Irrigated Area
Temporary Crops Gross
Area
Intensity of Cropping (%)
27568 34172 4664 26940 23949 14889 34597 144* BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 43
The above Table shows the area of ownership of agricultural land at Ramu Upazila. Her operated area is dominated by the sector and intensity y of cropping is 144%.
Agriculture Statistics for crops at Ramu(Area in Acres)
Local Aus
HYV Aus
Local Ama
n
HYV Ama
n
Local Boro
Hybrid Boro
HYV Boro
Wheat
Maize
Jute Pulses
Oil Seed
s
Sugar
Cane
Potato
840 110 7822 7349 6953 690 5915 55 11 42 88 30 55 667
* BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 44The Table shows that Total Aus 840+110= 950Acres; Aman 7822+7349=15171 Acres; Total Boro 6953+690+5915=13558 Acres of land.
Crop Area of farm Holdings classified by Area size at Ramu(Area in Acres)
Total Item Total Farm Holdings
Farm Holdings by Area Size
Small Medium Large
0.05-0.49
0.50-0.99
1.00-1.49
1.50-2.49
Total Small
2.50-4.99
5.00-7.49
7.50+
Aus 950 12 76 106 203 397 269 151 133Aman 15171 380 1561 2051 3434 7426 4338 1783 162
4Boro 13558 518 1836 2162 3031 7547 3395 1404 121
2Wheat 55 0 1 4 4 9 6 16 24Cereals 16 1 2 4 7 14 2 0 -Pulses 88 6 8 14 19 47 23 16 2
Oil Seeds 30 1 3 5 7 16 9 4 1Cash Crop 858 11 34 81 182 308 294 144 112Vegetable
s1509 98 193 226 343 860 384 172 93
Fruits 168 5 19 26 45 95 42 17 14Spices 1172 82 153 194 270 698 288 113 73
Seed Bed 1021 40 124 163 236 563 254 110 94*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 104
The above Table shows that many agricultural crops are produced at Ramu Upazila in where Aman ,Boro and vegetables production are available here which are very much needed and all are full of protein for their sound health.Small Ares are 0.05-0.49; 0.50-0.99, 1.00-1.49 and 1.50-2.49 in Acres. Medium Areas are 2.50-4.99 and 5.00-7.49 in Acres and Large Area is 7.50+ in Acres
Population in Dwelling Units and Population at Ramu engaged in Agricultural work by Sex and Age Group:
Age Group(years
)
Total Population Population Engaged in Agriculture Work
Percent
Total Male Female Total Male Female Col.’5/2
Col.’6/3
Col.’7/4
0- 10 77500 39422 38078 1701 1009 692 2.19 2.56 1.8210-14 30633 15481 15152 2705 1906 799 8.83 12.31 5.27
15 & Over 131927 68696 63231 42798 31249 11549 32.44 45.49 18.26Total 240060 12359
911646
147204 34164 13040 19.66 27.64 11.20
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 116The above Table shows that over 15 years of aged are dominated by agricultural work at where total populations are 131927, males are 68696 and females are 63231. Among them 15& over aged are engaged in agricultural work at which are 42798, 31249 and 11549 respectively and percentage for this situation is 32.44, 45.49 and 18.26 respectively.
Population engaged in Agricultural work by Area Size of Holdings at Ramu
Holdings Total Population Population Engaged in Agriculture Work
Percent
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Col.’5/2
Col.’6/3
Col.’7/4
All 240060
123599
116461
47204 34164
13040 19.66 27.64 11.20
Non-farm 95005 47728 47277 9734 7107 2627 10.25 14.89 5.56
Farm 145055
75871 69184 37470 27057
10413 25.83 35.66 15.05
Area Size
Small Farm (0.05-2.49acre)
118866
61671 57195 29235 20910
8325 24.59 33.91 14.56
Medium Farm (2.50-7.49acres)
23387 12670 10717 7344 5515 1829 31.40 43.53 17.07
Large Farm (7.50 acres &
above)
2802 1530 1272 891 632 259 31.80 41.31 20.36
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 121.
The above Table shows that the large number of population engaged in small farm (0.05-2.49acre) that is 29235 at which males are 20910 and females are 8325.
Population of Agriculture Labour Households and Number Engaged in Agricultural Work Classified by Age Group and Area Size at Ramu.
Households Population of Agri. Labor Households (years)
Number Engaged in Agri. Work (years)
Percent
Total 0-10 10-14
15+ Total 0-10 10-14
15+ Col.’4/3
Col.’5/4
Col.’6/4
Col.’7/4
All 99402
32788 13157
53457
29730
1028
1727 26975
29.91 3.14 13.13 50.46
Non-Farm 23392
8614 2627 12151
5767 212 262 5293 24.65 2.46 9.97 43.56
Farm 76010
24174 10530
41306
23963
816 1465 21682
31.53 3.38 13.91 52.49
Area Size (Acres)
Small Farm (0.05-2.49acre)
62961
20745 8796 33420
19397
641 1226 17530
30.81 3.09 13.94 52.45
Medium Farm (2.50-
7.49acres)
11778
3104 1600 7074 4101 153 203 3745 34.82 4.93 12.69 52.94
Large Farm (7.50 acres &
above)
1271 325 134 812 465 22 36 407 36.59 6.77 26.87 50.12
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 127
The above Table shows that Small Farms (0.05-2.49acre) are dominated in whole agriculture sector that is over 15 years of age engaged in work are 17530 where total populations are 33420; 10-14years of age engaged in work are 1226 where total population are 8796 and 0-10 years of age engaged in work are 641 where total population are 20745.
Tenancy Status and Practices of Holdings Classified by Farm Size at Ramu
(Area in Acres)Holding
sTotal Owner Tenant Owner-Cum-Tenant
Number Operated Area
Number
Rented out Area
Operated
Area
Number Operated Area
Number
Operated Area
Owned
Area
Rented Out Area
Rented in Area
All 40801 34172 24181 6405 14567 6327 2965 10293 16641 6595 877 10923
Non-Farm
18204 2249 13995 1751 1689 3976 445 233 115 201 173 88
Farm 22597 31924 10186 4654 12878 2351 2520 10060 16526 6395 704 10835
Farm Size
(acres)Small(0.05-2.49acres)
19294 16799 8905 3249 6494 2154 1754 8235 8550 2976 327 5902
Medium (2.50-
7.49acres)
2996 11631 1124 1174 4485 190 686 1682 6459 2735 286 4011
Large (7.50acr
s & above)
307 3494 157 232 1899 7 79 143 1516 684 90 922
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 150.This Table shows that the Tenancy status of Holdings by comparing farm sizes. Here also small size of farms are dominated at which Number, Rented out Area for Owner are 8905, 3249 and 6494; those are for Tenant in Number is 2154 and Operated area is 1754. And for Owner-Cum-Tenant Numbers are 8235, Operated Area 8550 Owned Area 2976, Rented out Area 327 and Rented in Area 5902.
Agricultural Census: We can see the census of Irrigation, Livestock and Poultry as Cattle, Goat, Fowls and Ducks etc.
Area Irrigated Under Different Sources by Farm Size Classification ofHoldings at Ramu Upazila:
(Area in Acres)
Holding Reporting
Net Cultivate
d Area
Total Irrigated
Area
Area Irrigated Under Percent
Electricit Diesel Manual Col.’4/ Col.’5/ Col.’6/ Col.’7/
Irrigation
y Power 3 4 4 4
All 13856 19583 14889 5655 6071 3163 76.03 37.98 40.78 21.24
Non-Farm 23 1 1 0 0 0 95.31 21.31 65.57 13.11
Farm 13833 19682 14888 5655 6071 3163 76.03 37.98 40.78 21.24
Farm Size (acres)
Small(0.05-
2.49acres)
11390 9788 8063 3423 2987 1653 82.38 42.45 37.04 20.51
Medium(2.50-
7.49acres)
2225 7753 5492 1835 2453 1205 70.84 33.40 44.67 21.93
Large(7.50acre&ab
ove)
218 2041 1332 397 631 304 65.28 29.83 47.3322.84
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 158.This Table shows that for irrigation Households are using electricity, diesel and manual power in small size of farms which are large number of total areas are 3423, 2987 and 1653 where Reporting irrigations are 11390, Net Cultivated Areas are 9788 and Total irrigated Areas are 8063.
Area Irrigated Under Different Sources Classified by Tenancy Holdings:
HoldingsReportin
g Irrigation
Net Cultivate
d Area
Total Irrigated
Area
Area Irrigated Under Percent
Electricity
Diesel Manual Power
Col.’4/3
Col.’5/4
Col.’6/4
Col.’7/4
Owner 4706 6946 5414 1915 2446 1052 77.95 35.38 45.19 19.43
Owner-Cum-Tenant
7812 11278 8403 3456 3259 1687 74.50 41.14 38.79 20.08
Tenant 1338 1360 1072 283 366 423 78.85 26.39 34.11 39.50
Total 13856 19583 14889 5655 6071 3163 76.03 37.98 40.78 21.24
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 161.This table shows that for irrigation under Tenancy Holdings are using electricity, diesel and manual power in Owner-Cum-Tenant which are large number of total areas are 3456, 3259 and 1052 where Reporting irrigations are 7812, Net Cultivated Areas are 11278 and Total irrigated Areas are 8403.
Livestock and Poultry Population of Holdings by Type and Size:
Holdings Reporting
Non-Farm Holdings (Area)Farm Holdings by Size
Small (Acres) Medium
02.50-07.49 Acres
Large
7.5+
Acres
TotalAll Total
With no
Operated
With no Cultivat
ed
With 0.01-0.04
Cultivated
0.05-0.49acre
0.50-0.99 acres
1.00-
1.49 acre
s
1.50-2.49 acres
Total
All Holdings
40801 210 16829 1165 6565 5488 3800
3441 19294
2996 307 22597
Cattle 13840 30 2547 126 1787 2369 2114
2358 8628 2272 237 11137
Buffalo 147 - 20 - 13 11 21 24 69 44 14 127
Goat 4865 11 1286 31 656 722 620 699 2697 734 106 3537
Sheep 60 - 10 1 15 8 9 7 39 10 - 49
Fowl 26164 89 9164 590 4070 3961 2879
2718 13628
2439 254 16321
Duck 2786 1 907 67 301 344 337 313 1295 443 73 1811
Pigeon 1395 - 315 22 118 178 172 208 676 332 50 158
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 174.
Above Table shows the Livestock and Poultry where small size of farm holdings bear the credit as Cattle 8628, Buffalo 69, Goat 2697, Sheep 39, Fowl 13628, Duck1595 and Pigeon 676. Which goes to Non-farm Holdings area whose have no cultivated area that’s the amount is 2547, 20, 1286, 10, 9164, 907 and 315 respectively.
Livestock and Poultry and Agriculture Equipment of Holdings by Land Ownership Status:
Reporting Holdings
Land Ownership Status
No Homestead
Land
Homestead Land>0 but no Cultivated Land
Homestead Land>0 and
Cultivated Land up to 0.50 acre
Homestead Land>0 and
Cultivated Land 0.51-1.00 acre
Homestead Land>0 and
Cultivated Land 1.01 acres & above
Total Holdings 760 16720 10349 5325 7647Reporting
Cattle264 2549 2997 2671 5379
Cattles Per Holding
3.14 2.27 2.26 2.81 3.74
Reporting Buffalo
4 20 20 23 80
Buffalos per Holding
5.00 3.40 5.40 4.87 5.40
Reporting Goat
73 1279 168 801 1644
Goats per Holding
2.64 2.55 3.10 2.88 3.46
Reporting Sheep
- 10 20 10 20
Sheep’s per Holding
- 3.30 7.85 5.40 6.90
Reporting Fowls
457 9126 6526 3926 6129
Fowls per Holding
8.91 6.37 7.15 8.09 11.05
Reporting Ducks
47 906 522 391 920
Ducks per Holding
5.70 3.94 4.06 4.26 5.36
Reporting Pigeon
11 314 224 217 629
Pigeons per Holding
6.09 4.20 5.60 4.59 5.85
Reporting Irrigation
equipment
4 33 33 54 206
Irrigated Area per
Holding(acre)
1 - 0 0 3
Reporting mechanized
tilling equipment
6 3 4 9 67
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 228.The above Table shows that credit goes to that households who have no cultivated land where total holdings are 16720, Reporting Cattle, Cattles Per Holding, Reporting Buffalo, Buffalos per Holding, Reporting Goat, Goats per Holding, Reporting Sheep, Sheep’s per Holding, Reporting Fowls, Fowls per Holding, Reporting Ducks, Ducks per Holding, Reporting Pigeon, Pigeons per Holding are respectively 2549, 2.27%, 20, 3.40%, 1279, 2.55%, 10, 3.30%, 9126, 6.37%, 906,3.94%, 314, 4.20%, 33, (-) and 3 in where Cattle and Fowls are in better position.
Holding Reporting Deaths of Livestock and Poultry by Causes:
Livestock and Poultry Causes of Deaths
Flood Cyclone Epidemic
Disease
Snake bite
Others Total
Cattle:Holdings Reporting Deaths
No. of Deaths19
24
11
23
50
136
317
1035
5
7
66
96
468
1321Buffalo:
Holdings Reporting DeathsNo. of Deaths
-
-
-
-
3
8
9
21
1
1
1
2
14
32Goat:
Holdings Reporting DeathsNo. of Deaths
13
33
4
12
37
76
167
460
2
5
25
69
248
655Sheep:
Holdings Reporting Deaths
No. of Deaths2
21
-
-
1
5
13
99
-
-
3
15
19
140Fowls:
Holdings Reporting DeathsNo. of Deaths
186
1419
95
516
566
3809
4667
40175
29
106
492
2720
6032
48745Ducks:
Holdings Reporting DeathsNo. of Deaths
6
11
8
31
22
95
184
818
3
15
62
181
285
1151Pigeons:
Holdings Reporting DeathsNo. of Deaths
4
20
7
37
10
29
78
284
2
3
38
146
139
519*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 237.
Above Table shows that how Livestock’s and Poultices are died of so many causes. We see here Cattles and Fowls are more affected by disease such as Holdings Reporting Deaths and No. of Deaths for cattle’s are 317 and 1025. For Fowls these are 4667 and 40175 respectively. Total Holdings reporting deaths for Cattles are 464 and Total number of Deaths is 1321. For Fowls these are 6032 and 48745 respectively.
Borrower Holdings and their average Loan amount (Tk) from institutional and non-institutional Sources classified by category of Loan:
Loan Type
Non-Farm Holdings Farm HoldingsInstitutional Non-Institutional Institutional Non-Institutional
No. of Holdings
Av. Amount TK
No. of Holding
s
Av. Amount
TK
No. of Holdings
Av. Amount TK
No. of Holdings
Av. Amount TK
Crop 978 11852 601 10357 3218 12011 1568 16664
Fisheries 7 23286 2 12500 29 80190 8 21625
Livestock 36 11261 16 11063 104 20822 24 12792
Forestry 4 7500 7 10357 24 9583 7 15714
Nursery 4 7500 4 10000 3 13667 4 19500
Others 2565 11413 1607 12640 1848 17086 2044 18034
*BBS Census of Agriculture 2008, page- 241.We see from the above Table how population collects their money? We see that they make loan from institutional and non-institutional for their different agriculture sectors. We can see that they make large average amount of loan for fisheries as 21625 Tk. But here households are only 7. Also we see that for crop number of Holdings are 978 and the average
amount is 16664Tk. So it is clear that for cropping the households are more benefited.
Ownership of Agricultural land: In Ramu upazila, 33.41% of the dwelling households own and 66.59% do not own agricultural land. Percentage of ownership of agricultural land is 37.46%in urban area as against 32.64% in rural area.
Agricultural Contribution: Main crops: Paddy, potato, pulse, onion, garlic, ginger, betel leaf, betel-nut, rubber, spices and vegetables. Extinct or nearly extinct crops Sugarcane, sesame, linseed, mustard, cotton and jute.
Fruits: Main fruits Mango, jackfruit, pineapple, banana, papaya, coconut, betel nut.
. Fishery 15, dairy 2, poultry 8, hatchery 10.
Source of Drinking Water: In Ramu the Sources of drinking water are 89.02%, at which 87.7% dwelling households are using Tube-well water and 1.32% use deep tube well, 0.6% use tap water, the remaining 10.38% is water from other sources.
Access to Electricity: All the eleven unions of the upazila have been brought under rural electrification programmed. However, a total of 26.3% of the dwelling households reported to have electricity connection in the entire upazila.
Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status are shown in table
Number of Households
Sources of Drinking Water (%)
Electricity Connection
(%)
Housing Tenancy (%)
Tap Tube-well Others Owned
Rented
Rent Free
47691 0.6 89.02 10.38 26.3 88.2 2.9 8.8
The above table shows that total number of Households are 47691 where sources of drinking water from Tap, Tube well and others are 0.6%, 89.02%, and 10.38%. Connection of electricity area is 26.3% where owned 88.2%, Rented 2.9% and Rent Free are 8.8% tenancy.
Sanitation: In the upazila 20.88% dwelling households have sanitary latrines with 16.09% in rural area and 46.07% in urban area. A total of 54.12% of the households have non sanitary latrines with 57.45% in rural area and 36.58% in urban area. In this upazila 38.95%of the households have no toilet facility.
Percentage Distribution of General Households by Type of Structure, Toilet Facility are shown in table
Number of
Household
Type of Structure (%) Toilet Facility (%)
Pucka
Semi-Pucka
Kutcha
Jhupri
Sanitary(water sealed)
Sanitary(non water sealed)
Non Sanitar
y
None
47691 4.0 11.1 74.5 10.4 14.5 36.9 31.4 17.2
The above table shows that among 47691 Households 74.5% are using Kutcha which is bigger and only 4% are using Pucka Toilets. Also 36.9% Households are using sanitary non water sealed Toilets.
Economic Situation: The economic situation of Ramu depends on various types of agricultural crops, Trades for their own and Burmese productions, tourism like natural charms. Predominantly agriculture as farmers produce their varieties of crops specially coconut garden the biggest in south Asia, they make their own hand for a great business, domestic animals like own made beef and poultry firm, fish hatcheries are available some of this area, different types of fishes have abundantly caught from the rivers. And also tourism is a big probable sector for increasing income.
Economics activity: In Ramu upazila, 33.05% of the below 10 years of age. Among population of age 10 years and over 29.90% are not working, 2.23% are looking for work, 34.18% are engaged in household work and the remaining 33.69% are working. The distribution of working people shows agriculture 15.15%, industry .53%, business 4.60%, services .39%, construction 0.67%, transport and communication 1.26% and others 11.08%.
3.5.7Urbanization: Urbanization means more industrial revolution, more job creation, best place for the best medical treatment, best journey for higher education, people can migrate themselves for their improving life style, a very good place for social and economical efficiencies. So at per hours and per day people are switching from rural to urban. The main features of Ramu upazila headquarters are shown in table T5.7
Table5.7: Main features of Ramu upazila headquarterMauza name
with Geo code
Area(sq.km.)
Household Population SexRati
o
Density(per
sq.km)
Literacy
(7+yrs)
Both Sexe
s
Male Female
229=Fatekharkul 5.18 2252 13469 7083 6386 111
2600 39.06714=Merangola 2.95 1439 8642 4570 4072 112
2929 43.73357=Joarianala 13.42 1370 8546 4298 4248 101
637 29.14892=Sreekul 0.48 519 2677 1516 1161 131
5577 49.98Total 22.03 5580 33334 17467 15867 110
1513 38.84The above table shows that Ramu Upazila(Town) headquarter is the urban area of upazilas. It consists of four mauzas.. The area of the town is 22.03 sq km. which is spreaded in Joarianala; Household 5580; The town has a population of 33334 which is more in Fatekharkul Union male 52.61%(17467), female 47.39%(15867); Sex ratio 110% ,density of population per sq km is 1513.. Literacy rate among town people is about 39%. Sex ratio, Density of Population, Literacy rates are dominated by Sreekul Union.
Main source of Household Income: In the upazila 47.01% of the dwelling households depend on agriculture as the main source of household income with 24.27% cultivation, livestock, forestry and fishery and 22.74% as agricultural labor. Other sources of household income are non agricultural labor 12.52%, business 13.06% employment 5.10%, construction 1.10%, religious service o.25%, rent and remittance 0.75%, industry 0.82%, transport and communication 2.99% and others 15.80%. In urban area the main source of household income are business25.94%, employment 11.02%, rent and remittance 1.31%, religious service 0.33%,n construction 1.80%, industry 0.66%, non agricultural labor 4.93%, transport and communication 5.80%, and others 20.13%. In rural area the main source of household incomes are agriculture 50.95% of which cultivation, forestry, livestock and fishery26.90% and agricultural labour 24.05%, other sources are non agricultural labor 13.97%, business 10.61%, transport and communication 2.46%, employment 3.97%, construction 0.96% and others 14.98%.
Importance of proposed Bridge: Ramu upazila is bounded by Chakaria upazila on the north, on the east by Naikhongchari upazila of Bandarban Zila, on the south by Naikhongchari upazila of Bandarban Zila and Ukhia upazila and on the west by Cox’s Bazar upazila and the Bay of Bengal. There are different communities live in this area like Muslim, Buddhists Hindu and Raliain and the relationships between them are very good. So for the inter relationships as business, study, medical and any other purpose both the sides of the proposed bridge are very essential. We have to know about the Unions both sides of the bridge. We have known earlier that Ramu Upazila has 11 unionsAlthough there is an alternative way to go for interactions by another bridge which is so far and very cost and time spending matter. Suppose for
higher education they have to go to Chittagong and for this reason they have to pass by boat which is very tough for the villagers. And if the proposed bridge is to be ready for the villagers they can easily take the services like medical, study, business and many other facilities.
Why the Bridge is needed? There is a road from kallghar bazaar to the proposed .175km. Ramu Upazila 822663012no. Bridge on Bakkhali River via Rajarkul, Chakmarkul and Miajipara . The population of the other side of the proposed bridge can communicate with Miajipara by crossing the Chikolghat flying bridge via Matborpara and Mistripara which is far more than 6km. So Mithachori and west villagers from the proposed Bakkhali Bridge spend more times to reach the Cox’s Bazar district for their trading or any urgent needed even for police case or agricultural equipments or medical treatment or well education Via Miajipara.Historical or Tourist Places: School College: Al Fuad Academy, Garjania High School, Al-Haj Fazal Ambia High School, Ramu Girls High School etc famous educational institution of Ramu.Hotel Motel: There are very attractive residential hotels in Ramu. People from outside Ramu if come to visit they can use these hostel for live. These hotels are cheap to live.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): 3.1 Introduction:
Feasibility study in terms of Hydrological and Morphological study, Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including Topographical Survey and Structural Design of Important 05 Large Bridge in Narail, Gaibandha, Magura and Chittagong Districts introduced the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as part of the process or determining the feasibility of the process pre stressed Girder Bridge. It has been specially undertaken to determine the social and environmental viability of the proposed Bridge.
The main aims of PRA team were to find out the various stakeholders groups in the proposed Bridges, obtaining their views and opinions about available water resources, problems and constraints they face and their proposed solutions and recommendations to their identified problem/constraints. The project proposition also envisages quantification of the support of the stakeholders as against those who do not support the suggested interventional measures. The ultimate goal is to determine the viability of the bridge and the extent of overall benefits accruing from it. Specific objective as stipulated in the pre set guideline includes:* Inventory of Local road and water resources and their present use
* Perceptions of local stakeholders groups on communication related constraints, there to domestic, agricultural, fisheries, transport, environmental and other uses; and*Recommended solutions of various stockholders’ groups identified constraints, including the positive and negative impacts of the proposed bridge.
Under the process of implementation of the initial work order soon commenced and a letter for that was issued by the concerned authority (PD of LBC, LGED) which was received on 15 April 2013 to conduct 5 feasibility studies with PRAs. The team left for project area in Cox’s Bazaar on 14 April 2014.
Mithachori Union (8No.)(FGD): West Owmkhali station.Population 40,000, Voter 13,000, High School=1, School=2, Primary School=6, Brac= 1, Community Clinic=2, Union Hospital=1, Private mother children care=1, Dakhil Madrasa=1, Kawmi Madrasha=6, Community center=2, Agriculture 80%, Service 5%, Business 15%.Agriculture: = Fisheries 5%+ agriculture 50%+others 25%, Saw mill= 4.We saw that here is an agricultural location here. So if the proposed bridge is complete then the villagers will be benefitedAgricultural cost will be decreased
Hatcheries will be increased Villagers will carry their product in a low cost and easily Businessmen will make their transactions perfectly Medical treatment will be very easy and in a hand They can go here and there easily And many other facilities are available.
So we find that the population will be more benefited than harmful.
Station Bazaar 07 (FGD) West owmkhali station bazaar Medium owmkhali station bazaar East owmkhali station bazaar Panerchora Station Bazaar Kather Matha Notun Bazaar Chainda Station bazaar Chador para kalarsona bazaar Cyclone Centre= 4.
Rajarkul Palpara Bazaar (FGD): There are many institutions different some
Rajarkul Govt. Primary School Munsur Ali High School Shikderpara Govt. Primary School
Halderkul Govt. Primary School Amir Mortuza School and College Asmaa Siddika Girls Madrasa Amarafia Madrasa Masumia Govt. Madrasa Pahartoli Madrasa Azizi Ulom Kawmi Madrasa Chokidarpara Madrasa Rajarkul Family Planning Centre. Rice Mill= 5 Saw Mill 10 Cyclone Centre 3 BGB Camp 2 Rajarkul Buddhist temple Tourist area Sikolghata Bridge is 6 km. far from here Historical fort here 40=50 boat in rainy season More women labor
Agriculture: Paddy, Potato, Piper Cucumber, Bangi, tormuj, Karola, Sugarcane, Price of land 40%= 1380000tk and after bridge it will be 5000000tkFrom FGD we learn that the affected people are Abdul Jalil, Md. Hashem, Fazal Karim, Abul Hossain, Amir Mohammad, Hafez Ahmed.The villagers informed that the proposed bridge is in right position. Palpara bazaar, owmkhali bazaar, Rajarkul bazaar, Panerchora bazaar, Halderkul bazaar, Sikderpara bazaar, Rajarkul Chokiderpara bazaar will be benefited. Because Chikolghat Bridge is 10 km. far from them is the proposed bridge is complete they have to go only 4 km.So we saw that the population of the villages will be benefited in different ways so that they can communicate each other.
The villagers can use medical treatment easily Farmers can use properly their needs They can make intercommunications each other in a very short time The villagers of both sides will be benefited by business transactions We have to remember that it is a famous tourist area and after completion the proposed bridge it will be freely moving zone for boys girls and many visitors tourism industry will be benefited and business in tourism sector will be helpful for new job station Business under domestic animal will be increased Specially for women study, medical, freely moving, communicate with Chittagong and Cox’s Bazaar and new service station will be increased
And many others facilities will be increased There is a historical fort here which is very essential for the villagers and tourism sector
so it is very profitable than loses.
26 No. Purba Owmkhali Bazaar (FGD) Abu Bakar Siddique Girls School Tazbidul Quran Kawmi Madrasa Jiner Ghona Nurani Madrasa
Agricultural ProductsPaddy, piper, Supari, pan, all vegetables
Fish Hatchery, Rice Mills, Saw Mills Very different cottages here such as cap, mat, nokshi katha, and
many smallIndustries are famous.Here we can found that the villagers expressed their word the proposed bridge is in right position. If the bridge is complete the population from Rajarkul to Teknaf will be benefited socially and economically especially helpful for women. The present cost for communication from Owmkhali bazaar is 300tk and after completion the bridge it will be 130tk.Even the very shocked and touchy matter of these villagers is many of them have died for not being a good communication because they cannot go for better treatment.So we can easily think the merit of this area if the proposed bridge is complete
It will be benefited for higher education to commute with Teknaf and Mayanmar production Business will be increased Medical treatment will be available Cottage industries will be developed New investment will also be increased And many others will be developed.
Miajipara (FGD) South Chakmarkul Govt. Primary School Chakmarkul High School Matborpara Hilful Fazlu Madrasa Ramu Degree College Ramu Technical College Kalghar Chakmarkul High School Abu Bakar Siddique Girls High School Kallghar Bazaar (This Bazaar is called for 122000000tk) Community Clinic
Agriculture Crops:
Rice, wheat, Potato, Piper, Onion, Dhonia, Ada, Rosun, Pan, Supari, Coconut, Sugarcane, Tormuj, Bangi, Murgi farm 5, Rice mill 5
By aggregation FGD with Anwer Ahmed, Mir Kashem, Elias, Mahbub, Sobhan, Saber Ahmed, Kabir Ahmed, Nasir Ahmed, Zahirul Islam. Some affected people are Abu Taher, Mohibullah, Kashem, Abul Hossain, Md. Shah. Even farmers carry their products by own hands at the amount of 5 lakh taka daily. So we can found that the villagers are in very miserable situation and if they want to use the alternative way to carry the products they have to take turn more than 15 km path for another bridge which name is Chikolghata Bridge.So the villagers will be benefited by construction the proposed bridge
The Villagers path will be decreased 15=20 km. Medical improvement Development in study Decrease in product cost Improvement in Business transaction Improvement in highway communication Developed in Agriculture Development in Socio economics Time saving increases Intercommunication will be friendly Pregnant women can reach the medical for their better treatment Income will be increased Women labor will be moving easily The family will be more eager to get marry of both sides of the
proposed bridge which is an interesting matter. In a word the villagers will be happy by socially and economically
after construction of the bridge is completed. Even when we went to the projected area the villagers were very much happy whether they want and they need it.
New working place will be created.
3.2 Engineering Aspects
3.2.1Description of the Projected Area: The proposed bridge is to be located on the Bakkhali River including Miajipara, Purbapalpara, kalghar bazaar, Rajarkul Halder Schoolpara, Chakmarkul Union, Mithaichori Union. Rajarkul palpara has primary School and Cyclone centre,The proposed Bridge is about 4 km. from Ramu UpazilaPurbohomkhali station bazaar .75km., Mithachori station bazaar 2.5km., Halderkul Station bazaar 1.5km., Hindupara station bazaar .50km. Primary School 4, Brac School 1, High School 3, Madrasas 4, no college, Bazaar 10.
The upazila is bounded by Chakaria upazila on the north, on the east by Naikhongchari upazila of Bandarban Zila, on the south by Naikhongchari upazila of Bandarban Zila and Ukhia upazila and on the west by Cox’s Bazar upazila and the Bay of Bengal.
3.2.2History of Development Activities: (River, Khal, Road and Structure)
The proposed bridge will be on the River of Bakkhali River which has related some canals (khal) in where boats are available in rainy season...
Bakkhali Khal Duchori Khal Jamchori Khal Shonachori Khal Jalalachori Khal Techori Khal
Also some other canals have laid down to the river Bakkhali and the Bay of Bengal from India and Mayanmar.There is a historical fort here. For crossing the river by boat needed 3Tk per person and 10=20Tk in rainy season and 40=50 boats are available here.Otherwise they use another bridge which is far from Ramu Upazila about 10 km. That means people have taken more times to reach the conducted area and also very costly and time spending matter. So the population will be more benefited in inter communication systems if the proposed bridge will be completed.
3.2.3Present Problems Cost for crossing river by boat each time each person needed 3Tk in
other season and 10=20Tk in rainy season so they can’t move anytime anywhere
Time wasting is a very big problems here for the villagers, suppose one has to wait for the boat regularly and it takes time to cross the river
For tidal reflection there may be an accident, so many of them fear risk of life to cross
Accident cost is much more in crossing the river by local boat in both monsoons, post monsoon and dry season
Children, females and older people don’t know how to swim which become more risky throughout the year
Students can’t reach to the School or college for higher education even their guardians don’t give the permission by boat in fear so most of them has to low educated
Thinking the biggest problems for the pregnant women to go to the special care unit because of their better treatment
Agricultural productions are carried by boat is a big problems
Businessmen transact either by boat or turn more distance their product to reach the market so the price of the product is high.
Can’t go for service by boat To communicate with the district for better future There are more women labor here and they can’t move easily by boat The other big problems here for visitors by boat because there are
some historical fort and temple and natural beauty here and many others.
Expected impacts of benefited four Unions: We have done this work for ultimate goal of four Unions on the both sides of the Proposed Bakkhali Bridge which is represented in the following Table
Union Area(sq. km.)
Households Population Literacy Rate (%)Male Female Tot
alRajarkul 20.60 3750 10382 9771 201
5337.0
Mithachori 40.84 4466 13166 12832 25998
36.0
Chakmarkul 7.30 2611 8686 7752 16438
46.1
Kuniapalong 77.00 6466 18497 17818 36315
28.1
Total 145.74 17293 50731 48173 98904
147.2
*Source: BBs Community series 2012.
From the above Table we see that total areas of four Unions are 145.74, Households are 17293, Populations are 98904 and Literacy rates are 147.2% in where all are directly benefited if the construction of the Proposed Bridge is completed.
3.2.4R&H, LGED and BWDB Intervention
3.2.5Description of Proposed Project Development Plan 3.2.6Expected Impact of the Proposed Bridge
3.3 Agricultural Aspects
3.3.1Land Utilization, Topography and Crop productionThe south side of Bakkhali River has Mithachori Union, Owmkhali Bazaar Agriculture 80%, Service 5% and Business 15%. Agriculture= Fisheries 5%+ agriculture 50%+Others 25% , Palpara Bazaar Agricultural Area, Rajarkul Union Residential and Agricultural Area produces Paddy, Potato, Piper Cucumber, Bangi, tormuj, Karola, Sugarcane, Price of land 40%=
1380000tk and after bridge it will be 5000000tk, Panerchora Bazaar, Kuniapalong Union Agricultural and Forest Area, The north side of Bakkhali River has Chakmarkul Union Agricultural Area, Miajipara, Kallghar Bazaar and also Ramu, Cox’s Bazar road. For not having the bridge they have to carry their products by local boat which is a very risky transport system and there is a bridge named Chikolghata flying bridge which is far more than 6km. We can see now the Land Utilization, Topography and Crop production in table T3.1, T3.2 and T3.3.Land use: Cultivable land 11129 hectares, fallow land 3072 hectares; single crop 35%, double crop 45% and triple crop land 20%. Cultivable land under irrigation is 80%. Land control Among the peasants, 66% are landless, 18% small peasant, 10% intermediate, 6% rich; cultivable land per head 0.066 hectare
Table3.1: Land Utilization
SL No.
Category of Land Utilization
Area(ha)
% of Utilization
1. Net Cropped Area 26722 70.082. Homestead Area 20037 30.003. Road, Khal, Beel, Ponds,
etc 30,000 20.00
Total 150,000 100.00
Table3.2: Land Topography of NBA
SL No.
Category of Land Area(ha)
% of category
1. Medium High Land 105,000 70.002. Medium Low Land 45,000 30.00
Total 150,000 100.00
Table3.3: Crop ProductionSL.No.
Name of Crop Area(in hector)
Production(in metric ton)
1. Aus 9502. Amam 151713. Boro 135584. Wheat 555. Cereals 166. Pulses 887. Oil Seeds 308. Cash Crops 8589. Vegetables 150910. Fruits 168
11. Spices 117212. Others 1021
Expected Impact of Bridge on Cropping Land Use:The south side of Bakkhali River has Mithachori Union, Owmkhali Bazaar, Palpara Bazaar Agricultural Area, Rajarkul Union Residential and Agricultural Area produces, Panerchora Bazaar, Kuniapalong Union Agricultural and Forest Area. Price of land 40%= 1380000tk and after bridge construction it will be 5000000tkThe north side of Bakkhali River has Chakmarkul Union Agricultural Area, Miajipara, Kallghar Bazaar and also Ramu, Cox’s Bazar road. More than 6km distance Chikolghata Flying Bridge go to the Urban. So if the Bridge construction is completed some of area will be newly under Urbanization. Land will be more valuable.
3.3.2 Expected Impact on Crop-farming Households: Total 145.74 sq. km. area and 17293 Households will be benefited directly
3.3.3Expected Impact on Use of Agriculture Equipments
3.3.4Expected Impact for increasing in Modern/HYV Boro
3.3.5Expected Impact on Diversified Crop Production
3.3.6Expected Impact on Changing Cropping Pattern
3.3.7Overall Positive and Negative Impact
3.4 Fisheries Aspects: Cox’s Bazar is one of the fishing ports of Bangladesh. For Economic Sustainable management of living marine resources and maintenance of clean and productive oceans is an important part of this succeeds, as well as a prerequisite for future growth. These resources are based on unbiased, non-political scientific advice from Bangladesh authorities. The act of this fisheries dream of Ramu Upazila will safeguard that our living resources will manage also for the benefit of future generations.
3.4.1 Impact on Fisheries Resource Base
3.4.2 Impact on Fish-farming Households
3.4.3Adverse Impact and Mitigation Measures
3.4.4Overall Positive Impact
3.5 Environmental Aspects: Environmental surroundings in which an organization
Operates including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation. Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s environmental aspects.
3.5.1Historical site, Conserved Wetland and Forestry may be Threatened
3.5.2Water Bodies that may be Affected
3.5.3Land Acquisition Issue
3.5.4Description of Navigation
3.5.5 Vulnerable Settlements: In its broadest sense, social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values
Impact of Proposed Bridge: Various impacts on constructing Ramu Bakkhali Bridge such as Economic impact: Economic activities will be wide spread; this economic loss has the potential to cost the state jobs throughout the economy. Actual job losses will depend on how effectively road-users mitigate the economic losses and employer reaction to a possible temporary decline in sales. Structural change may continue micro and macro economical senses.
Transportation Costs: It will be saved for direct Crossing River.
Time consuming: Now a person needs at least 3.5 hours to reach the urban area but after completing only half an hour will be needed.Investment: Bridges Ventures is keen to play a role in promoting the wider sector of investment for social and environmental impact. This is a nascent sector but we believe it will attract ever-increasing interest from investors, policy-makers and other stakeholders.
Education: That’s a great impact for higher degree. Easily they can go to the University in urban area.
Trading: Provided direct access of production for well business.
Tourism: A number of hotels, guest houses, and motels have been built in the city and coastal region and the hospitality industry is a major employer in the area.
Agriculture: Agricultural sector will be more affected because Bangladesh is a agricultural country.
Urbanization: Urbanization means more industrial revolution, more job creation, best place for the best medical treatment, best journey for higher education, people can migrate themselves for their improving life style, a very good place for social and economical efficiencies. So at per hours and per day people are switching from rural to urban
3.5.6People’s Opinion on Demand Proposed Bridge: About 1 lac people of four Unions at Ramu Upazila will be benefited by completion the Bakkhali Bridge. Our researcher and surveyors went there for the data coollection and they did 5 FGD in 5 different places for positive and negative impacts of the area. And from all the documentation it is clear that the villagers will be more benefited than loses and they need it very much for their transport in all sector such as higher education, medication, job sector specially for women etc.
3.5.7Project Affected People and Mitigation Measures
Social Aspects: Traditional focuses have included social relations, social stratification, social interaction, culture and deviance, and its approaches have included both qualitative research techniques, such as comparing social structures across nations and time periods, and quantitative techniques. Understanding and responding appropriately to the social and economic contexts within which women engage in livestock and aquaculture production, processing and/or sales are central to achieving the goals of poverty reduction and food and Nutrition security’s gender strategy includes approaches that start from a careful Understanding of these contexts.
3.5.8Stakeholders Group in Bridge Area
3.5.9General Problems and Proposed Solution
3.5.10 General Problems Ranking and Proposed Solutions
3.5.11 Reactions/ Recommendation to the Proposed Bridge
3.5.12 Expected Impact of Bridge on various Social Classes
3.5.13 Project Affected People and Mitigation Measures
3.5.14 History of Cooperation and Social Conflict
3.5.15 Description of existing Organizations
Indigenous Peoples: The adjective indigenous is derived from the19th century Latin etymology meaning "native" or "born within". According to its meaning in English, any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as indigenous in reference to some particular region or location that they see as their traditional tribal land claim. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines as "a body of persons that are united by a common culture, tradition, or sense of kinship, which typically have common language, institutions, and beliefs, and often constitute a politically organized group. Indigenous populations are communities that live within attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group, descended from groups present in the area before modern states were created and current borders defined. They generally maintain cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions, separate from the mainstream or dominant society or culture.
the voluntary perpetuation of cultural distinctiveness an experience of subjugation, marginalization and dispossession, and Self-identification.
However, during the late twentieth century the term Indigenous people evolved into a legal category, which refers to culturally distinct groups that had been affected by the processes of colonization. Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are: aboriginal, native, original, first, and hereditary owners in indigenous law.
Gender Aspects: Increased consumption of milk, meat, fish and eggs by the poor, and particularly by children, is a means of preventing under nutrition and achieving nutritional security, with concomitant benefits to consumers ‘Health and productivity. Increased smallholder production of fish and livestock products to fulfill increasing demand is a means through
which to improve the income and livelihoods security of smallholder Producers and other actors along the value chain.
Food Security: For Food and Nutrition security gender strategy including matter is must. Society has to assure how women will be included in work, how to remove the inequality from the social and institutional environments, how to enhance the range and quality of choices and outcomes poor women and men have within them, how to operate along a continum of gender integration approaches, from the accommodating to the transformative, and will contribute to understanding under what conditions each approach has the potential to advance chain performance and the outcomes of poor women and other marginalized groups, justification for the development of gender responsive indicators, technical approach and methodology used, gender responsive indicators by sector.
Health sector: First we have to work out Gender issues in the health sector, Public service sector, Gender issues in the public service sector, Local government sector, Gender issues in the local government sector, Environment and natural resources sector, Gender issues in the environment and natural resources sector, Education and sports sector, Gender equaty in the health education sector then we can reach in a solution and for that it is very much needed to help public and government together.
Poverty Reduction: By increasing production, the Productivity, equity and inclusiveness of within which women engage in livestock and aquaculture production, processing or sales value chains need to improve, informed by careful analysis of bottlenecks at micro and macro levels and research and action to address these constraints. Men and women both existing levels of participation in these chains and the constraints under which they participate, understanding and responding appropriately to the social and economic contexts are central to achieving the goals of poverty reduction.
3.4.2Demographic Data
3.4.3Without Bridge Related Problems and Needs
3.4.4Bridge and River related Problems and Needs
3.4.5Activities and Workload and Sources of Livelihood
3.4.6Mobility Status
3.5 PRA Teams Overall conclusions
How bravely we fought how fiercely we loved…Troy
Confusion in Reality…ksd
Thank You All…