297 Records of the Aus tra lia n Mu seu m (1989) Vo l. 4 1: 297-325 . ISSN 0067 1975

A Lapita-associated Skeleton from

Natunuku, Fiji

MI CHA EL PIETR USEW SKY

Dep artm ent of Anth ro po logy , Unive rs ity of Haw aii-M an oa, 2424 Maile Way , Hon olulu , Hawaii 96822, US A

ABSTRACT. T he fragmentary and genera lly poorly preserved remains of an approx ima tely 3,000 year old skeleton fo und in associ ation with Lapita cultura l materi al at Natunuku, Fiji , are described. Th e skeleton, represent ed by diaphyseal fragm ent s of the major limb bones, fragment s of skull and other parts of the ske leton, isolated teeth and a part ially edentulous mandible fragment, is that of an elderly (50 year old ) male. The mandible is the best preser ved bone in these remains. Stature is estimated to be 172 em . The limb ske leton suggests that the individual is of moderately robust d imensions. Onl y minimal expression s of os teoa rthritis are observed in these remains but opp ortunities for obse rva tions are limit ed. Th e teeth exhibi t cons iderable wear and caries are present. Th e cause of death cannot be determ ined . There is no evidence that any of the hum an remains were burn ed or charred. Univariate comparison s of morphological details of the skeleton and associated teeth sugges t Polynesian simi lari ties

~ such as tall stature, limb robu st icity, sma ll tooth crown diameters, and partial rocker jaw. Oth er aspec ts of skeletal morphology, limb prop orti ons and the shapes of the leg bones, however, suggest Melan esian affinities. Mult ivari ate analyses of mand ibular measurement s furth er suggest Melanesian affinities while similar analyses of a lim ited number of non-metri c tra its suggest Polynesian relationships. Until much larger and more representative samp les of Lapit a-associated skeletons become avai lable, the biological origin s of Polynesian s, using the hum an palaeontological record from the Pacific, rema ins obsc ure.

PI ETRUSEWSK Y, M ., 1989. A La pi ta -associated ske le ton from Na tu nuku, F iji. Records of the A us tral ian M use um 4 1(3): 29 7-325 .

Co ntents

Int rodu ct ion 298 Material 299

Cra nium 300 Mandible 300 Tee th 301 Infracrani al ske leton 302

Method s 303 Th e Natunuku Skeleton 303

Age estimation 303 Sex determination 304

298 Record s of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

Cranium 304 Mandible : 304 Dental status of mandible 304 Isolated teeth 304 Infracranial skeleton 305 Stature 30S Pathology 30S

Multiv ariate Comparison s 3CXJ Mandibular mea surements 3CXJ Non-metric traits 308

Discu ssion and Conclusions 310 Acknowledgements 312 References 313 Appendix A 315 e

Appendix B 325

In 1967, Elizabeth Shaw (1967, 1975) excavated a single remains have been dated to 1,590 ± 100 B.C. or 3,240 ± 100 human skeleton at Natunuku VLl/l, a coa stal site located years B.P. (Shaw, 1967 and personal communication, 1984 ). between the villa ge s of Ba and Tavu a on the northwest Gr een (perso nal communication, 1989) how ever, believes coa st of Viti Levu ofthe Fiji Islands (Fig. I). Cultural materi al in the form of pot sherds and shells are scattered throu ghout

that the Natunuku burial, while earl y in the Fijian Lapit a sequence, is probably not as early as the 1,500 B.c. date

the site 's six levels. The upper four contain material of often assigned to it. Spriggs (personal communication, 1988) several origins while the bottom two layers, Levels 5 and 6, has further suggested, based on pottery style, that the have material restricted to the Lapita cultural complex Natunuku site is mor e likely to date to 1,000 B.C. rather than (Green, 1979:33). The skeleton lay undisturbed in a 1,500 B.C. De spite these reservations, the Natunuku crouched position in a sha llow grave in Layer 5, its skull skeleton is the earliest Lapita-associated skeleton thus far facing north. Th e earliest levels of the site and the skeletal de scribed . A complete archaeological report on the

~ ~&Joo .

· to ..',p •• 1'Go •

~ " . ~o .L . lo.eb • • Go..

g

£

"''''c:.'\ ~ " .

H IW~' •

CALI D O N'A

..... .......

~. 4,-: ....~ ... FI J I IS.

~ ~ . '.': .

., .: ~' :., s.... o ..-.

b'" ':.~

'9~ ' : \~ ,,0." '::·'OHO&

'lJl :/ • ./

' ,.;:,;

..... \ t­~ <,

-{ ~

" 0 \. .'

N'W ~ . >

11. CH...' HA. II . tJ ";P¥ • • • 0 "

- . .. "

Fig.I . Map showing the location of the Natunuku site and several of the comparativ e samples.

299 Pietru sew sky: Lapita-associated skeleton

Natunuku site has not been publi shed. The Natunuku skeleton was sent to the University of

Hawaii in 1970 where it was described in an unpubl ished B.A . Honours thesis (Fille r, 1971 ). Given the incompl ete and prelim inary nature of this study and the scarc ity of Lapita skeletal remains in genera l, a re-investigation and re-analysis of the Natunuku ske leta l rema ins was initiated in the early part of 1984 at the Univers ity of Hawaii. Since then , only the mand ible fragment has been described (Pie truse wsky, 1985a, 1985b) . The purpose of the present study is to prov ide a detailed descripti on of the entire Natunuku ske leton, includ ing an assessment of its age, sex and stature and a notation of the metr ic and non-m etr ic features of the sk ull, tee th and infracra nial ske leton. Observation s of pathology and the results of univariate and mult ivari ate comparisons of the Na tunuku skeleton with othe r ske le ta l rem ain s from th e Pacifi c are furthe r

described . Appendix A includes all tables referred to in the text.

Material

The human skeleta l and dental rema ins from Natunuku are fragmentary and incomplete. The major bones and teeth of the Natunuku ske leton are shown in Fig . 2.

Exce pt for a few hand phalanges and carpal bones, none of the bones are co mpletely preserved. Judging from the weathered and brittl e appea rance of these remains, little of the bone ' s organic content has been preserved. Much of the cance llous bone is ei ther erod ed or missing.

Du ring the study of the human remains, fragments of pottery , fish vertebrae, turtle and mamm al bones were

Fig.2. An ove rvie w of the Nat unuku ske leton showi ng the major bones and tee th present.

300 Records of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

identif ied. Some of the turtl e and animal bones have been heated or burn ed . None of the hum an bone fragment s have been burned as or iginally reported by Filler ( 197 1). Whil e some of the latter are dark in co lor, this condition see ms to have been caused by post-depositional staining rather than charrin g.

A pre servative which had been applied at the time of excavation retarded further disintegration of thi s frag ile material. How ever, the preservative, dirt and other foreign particles adh ering to most of these remains was not remov ed prior to Filler's ini tial reco ns truc tion. In the present re- study, ther efore , it was fir st necessar y to rem o ve th e pr e servati ve a nd o the r impuriti e s b y imm ersing the rem ain s, except the mandible fragment, in acetone for 24 hours. While effec tive in removing the preser vative, this treatm ent further dissol ved the adhes ive orig ina lly used to men d the br ok en bon es , the reby necessitat ing that these remai ns be reconstru cted a second time. A two-part epoxy binding age nt was used in this fina l reconstruct ion . Fo llowing this procedure, the majority of the diaph yseal shafts of the major limb bones and other parts of the ske leton were reconstructed.

C ra n iu m

Except for two frag ments of the occipita l bone, a portion of the left zygoma tic bone and a part of the frontal bone, most of the cra nium is missing. The remai ning cra nia l fragm ents are too small to permit furth er identi fication .

Th e occipital fragment , measur ing approximately 7 1mm by 53 mm , prese rves a prominently developed inio n proc ess ex terna lly. Further ident ified arc a porti on of the

ex ternal occi pital crest and a sma ll portion of the super ior nuchal line. Internally, a portion of the groove for the superior sagi ttal sinus, the intern al occi pital cres t and a por tion of the g roove fo r the tran sverse process are visi ble. The right groove is continuous with the groo ve of the superior sag itta l sinus. The frag ment is thick , measurin g approxi ma tely 2 1 mm at the inion and 10 mmjust superior to the externa l occ ipita l protuberance.

The second largest crania l frag ment, a nearly complete le ft zygomati c bon e, pr eserves th e fro nta l pr ocess including the art icul at ion with the frontal bone, the entire orbital bord er and most of the maxillary bord er. Th e temporal process of thi s bone is only partia lly complete . A single zygomatico-facial fora men is visible ex ternally. A zygomatico-orbitial foramen is further visible in the orbital surface of this bone. Both the marginal tubercle (located on the lateral surface of the frontal process). and the malar tub erosit y (a slightly raised area for the origin of the zygoma ticus min or mu scle) are moderately developed . The two cranial frag ments arc show n in Fig. 3.

The third identi fiabl e cra nial bone fragment, measuring 35 mm by 27 mrn, is fro m the fro ntal bone. The frag ment preserves the zygomatic process, a portion of the orbi tal rim and adjoining region s of the squama from the left side of the frontal bone. The interna l surface of this fragment is wea thered revealin g the inner dipl oic structure.

Th e remain in g sma ll frag me nts of sk ull are too fragmentary to perm it further iden tifica tion. Large areas of the vault region and especially the face are missing.

Mandible

The most comp lete bone of the skull is a reconstru cted

F ig.3. Two c rania l fragments from the Na tunuku skeleton. The th ick occ ipita l bon e fragmen t (on left) preserves a we ll-developed inion process. The frag me nt on the righ t is a nearly com plete left zygomatic bo ne .

Piet rusew sky : Lapit a-associated skeleton 30 I

mandible frag ment (see Figs 4-7 ) which preserves in its entirety the right body and a porti on of the adjoining left mandibular bod y. Th e latter ex tends as far as the alveo lus of the C/P3 region. The right ramu s is missing the coronoid process and the artic ular head (cond yle) of the mandible. The ang le of the mandibl e form s a blunted projecti on whi ch rest s sq uare ly on a level surface posteri orl y. Anter iorly, the chin is raised warran ting the designation partial 'rocker jaw ' . The site for the attac hment of the masseter muscle on the ex ternal su rface of the left ramus is we ll develo ped. Exte rna lly, a well dev elop ed mental protu beran ce is prese rved. Internally, the mental spine (ge nia l tubercle ) app ears undamaged and sing le. Given its

relatively complete nature, the perserv ative which was applied at the time of excavation was not removed prior to the pre sent study .

The mandibular fragment is virtually ede ntulous, only the alveoli for the left canine and right lateral inc isor indicate post-mortem tooth loss. The remaining alveo li exhibit complete or fairly advanced states of resorption.

Te eth

Five isol ated teeth (Fig. 8) found in asso cia tion with these

FigA. Supe rio r v iew of the Natunuku mandib le frag men t.

Fig.S. Late ral (right) view of the Na tunuk u mand ible . Th e ma ndible is class if ied as a partia l ' rocke r j aw ' .

302 Records of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

I I " ,r-- ' ".

'CJ I v·

Fig.6. Internal late ral view of the Natunuku man dibl e fra gm ent.

Fig.7. In fe rior vi ew of the Nat un uku mandibl e frag me nt.

remains include a second (right?) molar from the upper Infracranial Skeleton dentit ion and both lateral incisors and the canines from the low er den tition . None of the lower teeth , how ev er, Th e infracrani al ske le to n is repre sented by convincingly fit any of the alveolar sockets preserved in reconstructed shaft fragments of the right arm, left forea rm, the mandibl e fragment. portions of both hands, lower limb bones and a few bones

303

Fig.S. Isolat ed teeth found in association with the Natunuku skeleton .

I j.

Pietrusewsky: Lapita-a ssociated skeleton

from the left fool. The bones of the shoulder, thoracic and pelvic regions, except for fragments, are mostly missing. The articular ends of the major limb bones are represented by only a few fragments , none of which can be joined to the diaphyseal shaft fragments of these bones . Hand phalanges and carpal bones are the most complete bones represented in the infracranial skeleton . Skull and infracranial representation of the Natunuku skeleton is shown in Fig. 9. An inventory of the identifable skeletal fragments and teeth is given in Appendix A.

Methods

Age and sex determination follow criteria described in Anderson (1969), Brothwell (1981) , and El- Najjar & McWilliams(1978).

Measurements re corded on the mandible and infracranial bones were made using an osteometric board, mandibulometer and sliding calipers. The measurements, indices and angle s recorded on the mandible are given in Table I . The measurements and indices recorded in the infracranial skeleton are explained in Table 2. Helios dial sliding calipers (pointed tips) were used to record the mesial-distal and bucco-lingual crown diameters of the teeth as defined by Moorrees (1957 :80). Non-metric observations recorded on the mandible and teeth follow the author's previous work (Pietrusewsky, 1969a, 1969b). Estimation of the maximum lengths of limb bones follow methods explained in Steele (1970). Stature was estimated using formulae based on New Zealand Maori material described in Houghton et al. (1975). Where permitted, pathological involvement of bones and teeth were noted . Again, where observations were possible, osteoarthritis of the major articular surfaces of the infracranial skeleton was systematically recorded on an 0, +, ++, +++ basis indicating none , slight, medium and considerable amounts of osteoarthritic lipping , respectively. These categories of osteoarthritic lipping correspond most closely to those described by Brothwell (1981: 146-151) .

The Natunuku Skeleton

Age estimation. Given the relative incompleteness of these remains, including the absence of the symphysis pubis and the ends of the limb bones, age determination is based primarily on dental observations and the general size of the limb bones . The shafts of limb bones are of robust dimensions suggesting the individual is adult. Hand and foot bones further indicate adulthood but the absence of osteoarthritis in the latter suggests that the age may not be advanced. Four of the five isolated teeth, two mandibular lateral incisors and the two canines associated with the skeletal remains reveal advanced states of dental attrition in which the dentin is exposed suggesting this individual lived

Fig.9. Skull and infracranial repre sentation of the to old age (50+ years). The advanced states of alveolar Natunuku skeleton. The darkened areas indicate the parts resorption observed in the mandible fragment support this pre sent. age determination.

304 Record s of the Au str alian Mu seum Vol. 4 1

Sex determination. Determination of sex was based on the size and robusticit y of the infracranial skeleton. Virtu ally none of the pelvi s is present , but the limb bones exhib it strong mus cle markings. The exi stence of strong pila stering of the femur and a strongly developed deltoid tubero sity observed in the right humeru s frag me nt suggest the individual is mal e. Estima ted femur length app roximates male Maori femora (Sc hofield, 1959 ). A prominently developed inion on the occ ipital bone furth er ind icat es these are the remains of a male .

Cranium. Only two measurement s could be record ed in the cranial rema ins from Na tunuku, both on the left zygomatic bone: Inferior Mala r Length = 29 mrn and Chee k Hei ght = 26 mm . The latt er is an es timate g iven the incompleteness of this bon e.

Mandible. The mea surement s and mandibul ar indi ces recorded on the Natunuku mandible are present ed in Table 3. Several of the me asurement s are estimates based on a reconstru ction (traced on gra ph pap er) of the missing port ions of the mand ible using the right side as a templ ate. Using this reconstruction, the mandibular length, maximum bicondyla r width and gonia l breadth were estim ated . Th e ramus height and mandibular notch breadth (measured on the left side) are the best approximations possibl e based on the portions of superior ramus present.

Later in th is rep ort , th e res ults of mult ivari at e comparison s of the Natunuku mand ible with a number of Pacific mandible samples are present ed . Here , univariate co mpar iso ns of me asurem ent s and non-m et r ic observatio ns reco rde d on the Natunuku and se ve ra l Pacific samples are summarised. Co mparative data for three indices are presented in Table 4 .

Mandibular index . As measured by this index , the low er jaw is narrow or dol icho gnath ic . A majorit y of Polynesian mandibles have broad er dimension s. The values recorded for the Gilbert-Marshall Islands, Fiji and Gulf Province (Papua New Guinea) samples are most like the index value recorded for the Na tunuku mandible.

Go nia -condy lar index . Th e rel at iv ely hi gh value obtained for this index indicates that the asce nding rami of the Natunuku mandible are not very divergent. Again , of the values present ed in Table 4 , the Gilbert -M arshall Isl ands sa mple is cl osest to the va lue recorde d for Natunuku. Th e ascending rami of Polynesian mand ibles are generally more divergent.

Ramus index. T his index, which is an approximation of the relative breadth of the ramus to its height , obtains a medium valu e indicating that the Natunuku ramu s is neither es pecially elongat ed nor low . Compared with the oth er Pacific groups, this value is clo sest to those recorded for New Britain and Vanuatu although the obse rved variation in thi s index is not ex treme .

The angle form ed by the ramus relativ e to the horizontal plane is ac ute in the Natunuku mandible. The angle measured at the symphysis is equally low ind icat ing a non-prognathic low er jaw.

Non -me tric fea tures . Non-m etri c fea tures of th e mand ible include a sing le ment al foramen on both sides . No

br idgin g of the mylo-hyoid line is ob served on the right side. The mandibular fo ramen on the right side is single. Th e lower border of the mandible is con vex causing the mandible to ' rock ' when it is defle cted anterio rly from a rest ing position on a level surface . Th e mandible does not ' roc k' when deflected posteriorly. A strong mandible angle and slight gonial evers ion further warrant the designation ' partial rocke r jaw ' . A compar ison of the non-metric traits recorded in the Natunuku mandible with thr ee other Lapita-associat ed mandibles is prese nted in Table 5. The latter show a remarkable similari ty in their non-metric variation.

Bridging of the mylo-hyoid line, multiple mand ibular and mental foramina and mandi bular tori are uniformily absent in all mand ibles. All Lapita-assoc iated mandibles are classified as partial ' rocker jaws ' . The chin usuall y forms a bilateral prominenc e ant eriorl y.

A mult iva riate co mpa riso n o f th e non -m etri c ob servat ion s recorded on the Na tunuku mandible with other Paci fic mandibles is present ed later.

Dental sta tus of mandible. The mand ible fragment exhibits cons ide rable alveo lar resorpt ion , especially in the posterior region . No teeth were found in the mandible at the time of this study . The socket for the right third molar, lost pre-m ortem , exhibits a partially healed abscess. The remaining molars, premolars and the canine tooth from the same side were lost well in advance of the indi vidu al ' s death ; th eir al veola r soc ke ts have been complet el y resorbed. The socke t for the right lateral incisor is still evident suggesting post-mortem loss of this tooth . Th e two central incisors and the left lateral incisor were lost not very long before the death of the ind ividual and their soc kets reveal the first stages of alveo lar resorption . The socket for the left thi rd molar exhibits less resorption . The socket for the left ca nine suggests that this tooth was lost post-mortem . T he remaining portion of the mandible pr eserv es a complete ly resorbed socket for the right first premolar (P3).

Ex cept for th e afore me ntio ne d a lveola r erosio n obse rved in the thi rd molar socket, there is little ev idence of absce ssin g in the mandible fragment. However , give n the resorption of the a lveo lar sockets, oppor tunities for obse rving period ontal disease in the mand ible fragment were few.

Isolated teeth. The root and particul arly the cervical regions of the five iso lated teeth found in asso ciation with th e ske le ta l rem a in s of th is indi vidual e xhibit a reddi sh-brown stain. Sma ll amounts of ca lculus (tartar) form ation at or below the cemento-enamel junction are further observed in these teeth .

As mentioned ea rlie r, the state of alveolar resorption in the mandible sugges ts that the left canine and right late ral inc isor were probably lost post-m ort em . No ne of the iso lated teeth , however , were found to fit co nvincingly any of the ex isting mand ibul ar alveolar soc kets. It is therefore not known for ce rtai n if any of the isol ated teeth belong to th is ske leton. Given that the anteri or teeth are more greatly

305

worn than the single molar tooth , two indi viduals may be represented .

Indi vidual observatio ns of the teeth follow: .zl Th e enamel port ion of this tooth is s lightly worn. Int erprox imal ca ries arc ob served o n the me sial surface of the cro wn ju st superior to the cro wn/roo t junction and at the ce rvix on the lateral (buccal) side of the tooth . The molar cusp patt ern in this tooth is +5.

----:3l Adva nced attrition of this tooth' s distal occlusal surface produces an uneven (oblique) wea r pattern which ex poses the dentin . Such unequ al wear has sometimes been obser ved to occ ur in advanced stages of dental attrition (Brothwell, 1981 :72 ). No caries are observed in th is tooth .

"""21 The occlusal surface of th is tooth is eve nly worn well into the dentin. Th ere is a small interp roxim al cer vical ca ries on the mesial surface . !2 Th e dental attrition see n in this tooth mirrors that obse rved in the incisor from the opposite s ide . Again , sma ll interproximal cer vica l cari es are evide nt on the

f3 As was observed in the ot mesial surface .

her canine, th is tooth ex hibits uneven wear expo sing the dentin. Th e tooth has no car ies.

Measu rem ents recorded on th e isol ated teeth ar e present ed in the Table 6.

Some co mparative data reco rded on Asian and Pac ific samples are pre sented in Tables 7 to 9. Cro wn diameters of the Natunuku teeth are similar to Asian and Polynesian teeth .

Infracranial skeleton. Measurements reco rded on the infracr ani al remains for the Natunuku ske leton arc pre sent ed in Ta ble 10. Infracranial ind ices and es tima tions of stature are pre sent ed in Table I I. Some comparative data record ed on a number of Pacific Island samples are given in Table 12.

Pietrusewsky: Lapita-associated skeleton

Hum eru s , T he ri ght hum eru s fr agm ent extend s approxim ately from the region of the deltoid tubero sity to the supratrochlea r region , its closest approximation is Stee le's humerus shaft seg me nt -2 (Stee le, 1970 ). Th e frag me nt is of robu st dim ensions, an obse rvation that is supported by the high value obtained for the index of robustness . The di aph ysis displays little or no flattening.

The hum eral-fem oral inde x is low indicatin g that arm length is proportionately shor ter than leg length . In this instance , the Natunuku ske leton approac hes the me an valu es recorded for Ne bira and Ton ga .

Radius and ulna. These bone s are represent ed by shaft frag me nts from bo th fo re a rms. T he bon es are too incomplete and frag me ntary, however , for ma ximum length s to be determ ined. Th e shaft d iameters of thes e bones sugges t an indi vidual of robust proportions.

Femur. Extens ive reco nstruc tion yielded the major shaft fragment s of both fem ora , they approxima te Steele ' s shaft fragment -3. The mid-shaft region of both fem ora display s tro ng p ilast ric devel opm ent , indi catin g a s trong ly developed linea aspera. Th e values of this index exceed all values present ed in Table 12 except the one reco rded for F iji . Furthe r, there is no flattening (platyrneria) in the subtroc hanteric region of the Na tunuku femora as is typical of Polynesian thigh bon es. The shapes of the Natunuku femo ra are most like those in the Nebira samp le. Natunuku femur robustness is most like that reco rded for the Fij i, Nebira and the Marquesas samples . Whil e the femoral shafts appear bowed (see Fig . 10), low values were obta ined for the bowing inde x.

Stro ng pila stric de velopment and missing extremi ties are at least partiall y respon sibl e for the results obt ained her e.

Tibia. Th e tibial shafts displa y little or no flattening (platymeri a) at the level of the nutri ent foramin a. Ta ble 12 indi cat es that the Natunuku tibiae are the least flattened of all the samples compared and that they are most like the Nebira tibi ae. The tibi a (lower leg) length expressed as a

Fig.IO . Femora l shaft fragments (right and left) from Natunuku.

306 Records of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

percentage of the femur (thigh) length (Crural index) is proportionately greater in the Natunuku skeleton than in any of the othe r Pacific gro ups compared. This proportion is again closest to tho se reported for Fiji and Nebira.

Non-metric f eatures. Given the highly fragment ary and incomplete condition of the infracr an ial ske leto n, nO observation s of the non-metric cha rac terist ics are possibl e.

Sta ture. Usi ng formulae dev ised by Houghton et al. ( 1975), livin g stature is es timated to be approxim ately 172.4 cm or 5 feet 8 inches . Th e formulae used are given in Table I I . Compared with othe r male Pacific gro ups, the skeleton from Natunuku is clo sest to the stature estimated for a number of Po lyne sian groups.

Pathology. Descriptions of dental pathol ogy were presented in the sec tion on dentition. Given the incomplete and fragmentary nature of the se remains, sys te matic recording of pathological involvement in the infracran ia l skeleton is limited. Almost none of the ex tremities of the major limb bones are preserved. Evide nce of osteoarthri tis in the carpal and metacarpal bones, some of the best preserved bones , is m inimal or none xis ten t. Other abnormalities, such as bow ing of the lower limb bones, is discu ssed in the sec tion deal ing wit h the infracranial ske leton. Th e cause of death ca nnot be determined.

M u lt iva ria te Com par isons

In this sec tion the results of multivariate compar ison s using metri c and non -metri c traits recorded on mandibles

are pre sented.

Mand ibu la r measurem ents. The det ailed result s of two se parate multivari ate compar ison s, whi ch utili se measurements recorded on the Na tunuku mandible frag ment, a Lapit a-associated mandible from Lakeba in the Fiji Isl and s, a nd se ve ra l other prehi st oric and near-contempor ary mandible samples from Pol ynesia, Micronesia , and Melanesia are presented in an earlier paper (Pietruse wsky, 1985b ). The results of this ea rlier inves tig a t io n are br iefl y rev iewed here to a llow comparison s with the result s obtained through univari ate and multivariate co mpariso ns of oth er as pec ts of the Natunuku skeleton.

Multivari ate pro cedures [Maha lanobis ' Genera lised Distance (Ma ha lanobis, 1936) and stepwise discriminant function analy sis (Dixo n & Brown, 1979 )] applied to seven mandible measurements recorded on seven male samples are disc ussed first. The means of the seven mea surem en ts for these samples and their provenance are pre sented in Ta ble 13.

The d iagram of relationship which results from a clu ster analysis of the d-squared results is show n in Fig . II . The two Lapita-asso ciated mandibles from Natunuku and Lakeba form a loose association. Additionally, very close ass ociations betw een prehi storic Wairau Bar and near­contemporar y New Zeal an d Maori and between the preh istoric Tongan and Namu samples is indica ted in this diagram . Further clar ificat ion of these relati onships is present ed in the next diagram , Fig. 12, which summarises the results of stepwise discriminant function ana lys is. Natunuku and Lakeba are closest to the Namu and Tongan sa mples, all of which are well separated from the samples in

.- TONGA

i

II

l-NAMU

/1 I

r-r- WAIRAU

L- NEWZEA

LAKEBA

1/1L......-.....-_--­ LAPITA

CHATHAM

Fig. I I. Dia gr am of rel ation ship of d- squ ared resu lts for 7 male sa mp les using 7 man dib le measur em ent s.

307 Pietrusewsky: Lapita- associated skeleton

CV2(-,+)

eChatham

eNamu , ElTongaI ~VI

LapitaeWairaue e

LakebaeNewzea

(+ , - )

Fi g.12. P lot of 7 ma le me an s on th e fi rs t and sec ond ca non ic a l vari ab les us in g 7 m andi b le measu rem ents (s tepwise d iscr iminant func tion ana lysi s).

GULF

Fig . 13. Diagram of re l a t io ns hip of d-s q uare d res ult s fo r 18 mal e sam ples usi ng 5 ma ndi b le me asurements .

NEWIRE

NEW BRIT

VANUATU

NAMU

F I J I

MARQUE

LAPI TA

TONGA

HAWAII

NEWCAL

LOYA LTY

GUAMAR

NEWZEA

SOCIETY

GILMRSH

EASTER

CHATHAM

308 Record s of the Au stralian Museum Vol. 41

(-,+) CV2

HAW a lSOCTOGa FIJ LAP a aGUL GUAaNZ a ~RQ VAN

a ee a NIR aCHT EAS NAM

LOY a

NCLa

Fig.14. Plot of 18 mal e mean s on the fir st and second (s te pw ise d iscriminant func tio n an al ysis).

western Polynesia. In the second analysis the same multivariate procedures

are applied to five mandibular measurements recorded on eighteen male samples. With the exception of Natunuku, Tonga and Namu , the sa mples are not well dated, the majority represent near-contemporary specime ns found in museums located in Europe, Australia, New Ze aland and Hawai i. Th e sample sizes and means for the five mandible measurem ent s recorded for the se groups are presented in Table 14.

A clu ster analysis of Mahal anobi s ' d- squ ared values is pre sented in Fig. 13. The main separation in this diagram is between a basically Pol ynesian-Micronesian co nstellation and a Melanesian clu ster. Natunuku , wh ile so mewhat peripheral , associates with the Mel ane sian subdivision. Multiple discriminant fun ct ion analys is (Fig. 14) reiterates this separation and und erscores Natunuku ' s proximity to the Mel anesian gro up ing . T wo sam ples fro m eastern Melanesia , the Loyalty Island s and New Ca ledo nia, form a separate iso late unrelated to any of oth er samples inc luded in the analysis.

Non-metric traits. In this sect ion , mult ivariate procedures are appli ed to three non-metric mandibul ar trait s. The non-metric obse rva tions whi ch were recorded on the Lapita-associated mand ible s and a number of Pacific and Asian gro ups are present ed in Tabl e 15. With the

NBR CV1

aGIL

(+,-)

ca no nica l var iabl es usin g 5 mandible meas ure ments

exceptions given in Tabl e 15, these data are taken from Pietrusew sky (1984). Using a computer program writt en by Molto (1980), the Mean Measure of Div ergence stati stic, or MMD, (Green & Suchey, 1976 ) is applied to non-met ric tr a it s as an alternative mean s fo r assess ing g ro up rel at ion ships . Si x se pa ra te applicati on s, representing various partitions of the larger data se t, were mad e. Usi ng an unweighted pa ir-group clu sterin g technique, diagrams of relat ion ship based on the MMD res ults are construc ted using a computer program written by Dr Jim Archie of the Universi ty of Hawaii . The result s of each distance analys is are present ed separately.

Seve n mal e samples . three non-m etric trait s. This analys is , wh ich applies the MMD sta tis t ic to three non-metri c trait s record ed on seven male samples , most nearly approximates the samples used in the multivariate analysi s of se ve n mandible measurem ents presented ea rlie r. The dia gram of relation ship of the se results (a cluster ana lys is of the MMD Scores) is show n in Fig. 15.

The two Lapit a-a ssociated samples from Natunuku and Lakeb a form a sepa rate clu ster in this dia gram. Namu and To ng a occupy th e most peripheral po sitions. Th e relatively high incidence of non-rocker jaw in the Namu sample is chiefly respon sible for the isolat ion of this sam ple. The Wairau Bar sample similarly occ upies a marginal position in this diagram.

Eighteen male samples. three non-metric traits. Thi s

309 Pietrusew sky : Lapita- associated skeleton

TONGA

,..-­ N EW Z EALAND

CHA T HAM I S .

.---- NATUNU KU

L-..- LAKEBA

W AI R AU BA R

NAM U

Fig. IS . Dia gram of rel ati o nship of Mean Measure of Divergen ce (MMD) results for 7 mal e sa mples based on 3 mandibular non -metric traits.

TONGA

I

I I

r­

-r-1

I I

NEW CALEDON IA

NEW ZEALAND

EASTER

N . MAR IAN AS

NEW IRE LAND

SOC IETY

MARQUESAS

LAPITA

HAWAII

CHAT HAM

NEW BR I TA IN

F I J I

G ILBER T

GULF

VANUATU

LOYALTY

Fig. I6. Diagr am of relation ship of Mean Measure based on 3 mandibul ar non -met ric tra its .

compari son mo st nearly approximates the samples analysed in the larger metri c ana lys is. Th e diagram of relation ship is given in Fig. 16. The Lapita sample fa lls within a cluster contain ing samples from eastern Polynesia and is clo sest to the prehi storic Hane Dune (MU H- l) sample from Uahua, Marquesas. The groups which are next clo sest to this cluster, containing the Natunuku mandible , are New Britain , Fiji , Gilbert -Marshall and Gul f. No recognisab le patterning among the remaining sa mples is evident. Samples from eastern Mela nesia (Vanuatu, Loyalty, Namu and New Ca ledo nia) occupy iso la ted positions in the diagram . Inspecting the origin al MMD values (no t show n)

NAMU

of Divergence (MM D) res ults for 18 male samples

identi fies the Gilbert-M arshall sample as the one closest to the Lapit a sample.

Eight male samples, three non-metric traits. The result s of appl ying the MMD statistic to non-metric trait s recorded on eight ma le samples is given in Fig. 17.

The Lapi ta and Marquesas (Hane Dune ) sample form a clo se association whic h, in turn , attracts samples from eastern and mar ginal Polynesia. Ton ga and Fiji represent a western divi sion .

Ten male samples , three non-m etric traits. In this analysis, Lap ita mand ibles are compare d with Melanesian samples.

310 Records of the Australian Muse um Vol. 41

TONGA

I F I J I

SOCIETY

I I MARQUESAS

LA PI T A

HAWA II

NEW ZEALAND

I EAS TER

Fi g.17 . Diag ram of re lationship of Mean Meas ure of Divergence (MMD) resu lts for 8 Po lynesian ma le samples based on 3 mandibu lar non -metric traits .

VANUATU

1 LAP ITA

I

I I

I I

Fig. I S. Diagram of re lationship of Mean Measure samples based on 3 mandibular non -metric tra its .

The diagram of relat ionship is presented in Fig. 18. The Lapita sample falls with in a clus ter which contains, with the exception of Vanuatu, samples fro m wes tern Mela nesia . Inspection of the MMD results (not show n) further reveals that the samp les nearest to the Lapita sample are So lomon, Gulf, Sepik , New Ireland and Admiral ty. The samples from eastern Me lanesia are the most removed from the Lapita sample.

Ten male samples, three non-metric traits . The results of app lying the Mean Mea sure of Divergence statistic to three non-metric traits recorded on the Lapita mandibles and nine corresponding samples from South-eas t Asia and East Asia are presented in Fig. 19. Lapita mandibles are found to cluster with samp les which are largely of island South-east Asia n origi n. The gro ups closest to the Lapita sample are the Philippines, Borneo and Su lu.

Twenty six male samples , three non-metric trai ts.Finally , including all the samples used in the previous three ana lyses, the MMD statistic is applied to 26 male samples. The diagram of re lationship based on the MMD scores is presented in Fig. 20. In this represe ntation, the Lapi ta and Hane Dune (Marquesas) samples form a close connect ion.

NEW IRELAND

S E PI K

SOLOMON

ADMIRALITY

NEW BRITAIN

F I J I

G U L F

NEW C A L E D O N IA

of Divergence (MMD) resu lt s for 10 male Melane sian

Other samp les which demonstrate an affinity to the Lapita samp le, as interpre ted by this diagram and inspect ion of the MMD values (not show n) include the Society Islands, Hawaii, Sepik and Gulf. Wit h the exception of New Ca ledonia, New Britain and Fiji, the remaining samples form three gro upings which are equidis tant from the cluster containing the Lap ita-associated mandibles.

Discu ssion a nd Co ncl us ions

Despite the incompleteness and varia ble preservation of the 3,000 -3,500 year old Lapita-associated skeleton from Natu nuku and the limitatio ns of using a single spec imen, comparing thi s mate rial wi th other pre historic and near-contemporary inhabitants of the Pacific allows some tentative concl usion s regarding biological relationship and Polynesian ances try.

The relatively tall (172 em or 5 feet 8 inches) stature and the robus tness of the Natunuku appendicular skele ton is consistent with a Polynesian physical pattern (Houg hton,

Pietrusewsky: Lapita-associated skeleton 311

...- C HI N A

I LAPITA

, S U L U

I S . MOLU C C AS

S . E . A SIA

,..-­

I J A P A N

r , I

L . SUN DA S

-­ l-I P H I LI P P I N E S

LI B 0 R N E 0

I JAPAN

Fig.19. Diagram of re latio nship of Mean Measure of Diverge nce (MM D) result s for 10 male samples based on 3 mandib ular no n-metr ic trait s.

TO NG A

~ N. MA R IAN AS

- A D M I R ALI T Y

I NEW ZE ALAND

E AS T E R

VAN U A TU

.--­

~ N EW I R E L A N D

S U LU

S M O LUCC AS

C HI N A

JA PA N

,--­ -1 I I

I I

S . E . AS I A

JAVA

L . S U N DAS

PH ILIPPINE S

B ORNEO

SOC I E TY

MARQUE SA S

.-­ ~ LAPITA

SO L O MO N

H AWAII

S EPI K

GULF

I NEW CA L ED ON I A

NEW BRITA IN

- - - ---- - - - --- - - - - - - - - --- --F IJ I

Fi g.20. Diagram of rela tionship of Mea n Measure of Divergence (MMD) result s for 26 mal e samples based on 3 mandi bular non- metri c tra its.

1980: 67-7 8). Other aspects of the Polynesian physical form and Nebira. Of the Polynesian groups comp ared in Tabl e such as relatively short legs and bowing of the limb bones 12, the Marquesas is most like Natunuku. Much of our are not observed in the Natunuku skeleton. In fact, the knowledge of the Polynesian limb skeleton is based on size, shape and relative proport ions of the Natunuku lower New Zealand Maori mater ial (Schofield, 1959 ; Houghton, limb bones are closest to Melanesian samples such as Fiji 1980) which, as the comparative data used in the present

3 12 Records of the Au stralian Muse um Vol. 41

study indicate , may not be entirely typi cal of Polynesians. Thi s seems to be parti cul arl y true for the shape (platymeric index) of the femur ' s shaft which is co nside rably flattened in the New Zealand Polynesian femur but is of more rounded proport ion s in other part s of Polynesia. Th is is also true of the Natunuku femur shaft which is mo st like Tongan and Ne w Guinea fem ora .

Further, the strong pilaster development observed in the Natunuku femo ra is not co ns istent with the Polyn esian patt ern . In this respec t, Na tunuku is aga in closest to Fij i. Fem ur robustness in the Na tunuku ske leto n is most like that recorded for Fiji, Ne bira and the Marquesas. While the fem oral shafts of the Natunuku ske leto n appear to be bow ed , this is not reflected in the va lues obtained for the bowing index. The sha pes of the tibi al shafts in the Natunuku ske leton again are most like the value s obtained for Nebira, a sample from coastal Papua New Guinea.

T he crown diameters of the five isolated teeth found in association with the Natunuku ske leton are most like those record ed for Polynesian and Eas t Asian gro ups (Brace & Hinton , 1981). Unfo rtuna tely, the ma rked attr ition found in the teeth preve nts co mment on the non-met ric features of the dent ition .

Finall y, there is the mand ibu lar fragm ent , one of the mo st co mplete bon es of the Na tunuku ske leto n. Univariate co mpariso ns of metric and non -met ric fea tures of this bone indicate that the Natunuku mand ible is most like the Lapita-associated mandibles fro m To nga and Lakeba and to Polynesians, in gene ral. There is a uniform absence of multiple ment al foramina and bridging of the mylo-hyoid line in all Lapita-associated man dibl es examined. Th e presen ce of a part ial rocker jaw co nditio n is furthe r represe ntative of these mandibles .

Unlike Polynesian mandibles, however , the Natunuku mandibl e is ofsmall dim en sions and univari ate comparison s place it with mand ible s from the Marshall- Gilbert and Fiji Isl ands. Th e ede ntulo us co nd itio n of the spec ime n undoubtedl y accounts for so me of its sma llness , parti cul arl y the height of the mand ible body .

Th e most ex tens ive co mpariso ns, whi ch involve the ap plicatio n of multiv ariate procedu res to metric and non -metri c trait s rec orded in mand ible s, aga in sugges t that there is a basic uniformi ty amo ng the Lapita mandibles from Fiji and wes tern Polyne sia. However , sligh tly different patt erns of re latio ns hip are found whe n multi variate procedu res are app lied to met ric and non -metri c varia tion recorded in the La pira-associated mandibles and a larger number of Paci fic and circ um- Pacific samples. Me trica lly, Lapita mandibles are most like those fro m Melanesia, especially Gul f, Ne w Ireland, Vanuatu and Fiji, whi le the res ults based on mult ivar iate analyses of a limited number of non-metri c trait s suggest Polynesian affinities . Both se ts of results, how e ver, do allow for so me interme diate placem ent of the Lapita mand ibles with respec t to both Melanesia and Polynesia. Eor example, the Marquesas, Ton ga and Hawaii samples are members of a larger clus ter whic h furthe r contains the Na tunuku mandible in Fig. 13 (the result s based on measurem ent s). Likew ise, despite the

overall affini ty with Polynesian gro ups in the non-metric ana lys is, these same res ults further ind icate that G ulf and New Ireland are abo ut as close to Lapit a mand ibles as New Zealand and Eas ter Island.

Earlie r co ncl usio ns (Pie trusewsky, 1985b ), which were based so lely on the applica tion of multi var iate procedu res to mandibular measurem ent s, may warrant recon siderat ion . In this ea rlier study, because of the great attrac tion of the Natunuku mandibl e to Mel an esian sa mples and its dissi mi larity with Polynesian mandi ble samples, it was argued that it was impossible to derive Polynesians fro m Melanesians. This vie w runs co unter to the ev ide nce from archaeology which now suggests that the Lapita culture deve loped indi gen ou sly in the Bismarck Archipe lago region in north- western Me lanes ia (e.g. Spriggs, 1984). It is, ho wever , s up po rte d by a we alth of ev ide nce fro m previou s stud ies in phys ica l anthro po logy (e.g. Howell s, 1970, 1973, 1979; Pietrusewsky, 1983, 1984; Serjeantson, 1984; Kat ich & Turner , 1974; T urne r, 1982; Brace & Hinton , 1981) and, more rece ntly, by papers prese nted at th e Mi cronesian Archaeo log ical Co nference held on Gu am in 1987 (Brace, n.d.; How ell s, n.d .; Turne r, n.d.; Pietrusew sk y , n.d. ). T hese latter include studies of anth ropom et ric data , crania l var iation, ge netic data and den tition s of Paci fic peoples, all of whi ch ide ntify Polynesians as bein g ge netica lly uniform and unrelated to Melanesians.

The prese nt study, which examines a sing le skeleto n, ca nnot co mple tely rule out the poss iblity that Polynesians could have de veloped out of Melanesians. Multivariate ana lyses of mandible measurem en ts and features of the lower limb skele ton argue against such a derivation , while other aspe cts of the Natunuku ske leton's morphology, notabl y stature, ske letal robustness , tooth size, and the non -metric features of the mandible suggest a Polynesian likeness. The Na tunuku ske leton, the oldest and most co mplete ske leton associated with the Lapita culture thus far discovered , ca nno t, by itsel f, se ttle the question of Po lynesi an origin s. As this study clearly de monstra tes , add itional Lapita -assoc iated ske letons fro m the Pacifi c are required fo r und e rst anding o f Pol yn esi an biol ogi cal origin s.

A CKNOWL EDGEME NTS . Mic he le Too may Dou gl as , wi th th e ass is ta nce o f Ro na Ik eh a ra , p ain s ta k ingl y reconstru cted and recorded much of the informa tio n on the Na tunuk u ske leton . W ith out th e ir assis tance, th e descripti on of th is ma te ria l wo uld not have bee n possi ble. The fig ures and ma ps were drawn by Os ter K.W . Won g, Rona Ikehara and Lou Jane (B utchie) Lee. The tables we re typed by E lai ne Nakahashi and staff of the Anthro po logy D ep art m ent , U nive rs ity of H a w a ii . G ig Greenwood is res po ns ib le fo r th e pho tograp hic work . Part ial fi na ncia l ass istance for co llect ing much of the co mpa rative da ta used in the mult ivariate ana lysis was provid ed by the We nner­G re n Fo undat io n, Gra nt No . 4564 , w hich funded m y research in Ne w Zealan d in 1984.

Reference s

A nders on, J .E . , 1969 . The hum an ske le ton : a manu al for a rc haeologis ts . Na tio na l M'useum of M an , O tta wa. v + 165 pp .

Best , S . , 1977 . A rc haeo log ic a l invest ig at ion s o n Lakeba, L au Group , Fiji . N ew Z e a land Archa e o logical Associati on Ne wsle tter 20: 28 -38 .

B race, C .L. & R .l. Hint on , 19 8 1. O c e ani c tooth- si ze var ia t io n as a refl e cti on of bi ol og ical a nd c u lt u ra l m ix ing . C urren t Anth rop ology 22 : 549-5 69.

B rac e , C.L. , M .L. Bra c e , Y . Dodo, W .R . Le onard , L. Yongi , S . Xiangqing , S. Sangvichien & Z . Z hc nbiao, in press . M icron e sian s , As ia ns, Th ai s a nd re la t io ns : an odo n to meric perspecti ve. Mi crone si ca .

Brothwell, D.R ., 1981. Di gg ing up bon es. The excavation , tre atmen t and stud y o f human ske leta l rem ain s . Cornell Unive rs ity Press, Ith aca . iv + 20 8 pp .

B rown , P .l. , 1982 . Cooboo I C reek : A preh istori c A us tra lia n hominid popu lation. Ph .D . the si s , Au strali an Na tiona l Un ive rs ity , Ca nbe rra . 328 pp .

Da vid son , J. , 1969 . A rchaeologi cal e xc av a tio ns in two bur ial m ounds at ' A te le , Ton g atapu . Re cord s of the Au ckland In stitute an d Museum 6: 25 1-286 .

Denni son , K.J ., 19 79. T ooth s ize and sex ua l d imo rphis m in prehi st or ic Ne w Z ealand Pol yne s ian teeth . A rc haeo log y and Ph y s ic al Anthro po logy in O c e ania 14 : 123 -12 8.

Di xo n , W .l. & M .B . Brown (e d s ) , 1979. BMDP-7 9 B iomedic al co m p ute r program s P- se rie s . Un ive rs ity o f Californ ia P re ss , Berkel ey. xiii + 88 0 pp.

E l-N aj ja r , M .Y & K .R . M cW illiam s, 1978 . Fo rensic anthropo logy . e. C . Thom as. Springfi eld, II.. x iv + 190 pp .

Fill e r , J .A ., 1971 . The Na tu n uk u s ke le to n : an anal ys is. B.A . hon ours the si s . Uni vers ity of Hawaii , Hon o lul u. ii i + 10 pp .

G ree n, R .e.. 19 79 . Lap ita . pp . 27-60 . In (T .D . S tew a rt, ed .) . The Prehi story o f Po lyn esia . Harv ard U nive rs ity Pre s s . Ca m b ridge .

Gre en , R .C ., Pe rson a l co m m u n ica t io n . Letter dated Janu ary 4, 1989 .

Green , R.F. & J.M. Suchey, 1976. The use of inverse sine tra n sform ati on s in th e a na lys is o f non -metri c c ra n ia l d ata . Arnerjc an Journal o f Phy s ic a l A nthropol o gy 45 : 61 - 6 8 .

Hou ghton , P ., 1980. The fi rs t New Ze al anders. Hodder & Sto ug hto n, Au ckl and. 156 pp.

Hought on , P., B.F . Leach & D.G . Sutton , 1975. Es tima tion o f s ta tu re of preh istori c Po lyne si an s in New Z ea la nd . Journal o f the Pol ynesian Society 84 : 325-336 .

Howell s , W .W.. 19 70 . Anthrop ometri c g ro up ing an al y si s of Pa cific pe op le s. A rc ha e o lo gy a nd Ph y si cal A nthro po logy in O ceani a 5 : 192-21 7 .

Howells . W .W .. 197 3 . Th e Pac ifi c Is lan ders. Weidenfeld & Nicol son, London . xvi + 299 pp .

How ell s , W .W . , 197 9 . Ph y s ic al a n th ro po logy . pp . 27 1­2 85 . In (J .D. Jenning s , e d . ) . Th e Prehi st ory o f Pol yn esia . H arvard U n ive rs ity Pre ss , Cam bridge .

H owell s , W .W.. in pre ss . Micronesia to Macromong oli a . Micro -Po lyn e si an craniometric s and th e Mongol oid Popu lation Co m p lex . Mi c ron e s ica .

Kati ch , J .F . & e.G. Turner II, 1974. Peoples of the Paci fic II. T he d entit ion o f p reh ist o ric H aw a iian s a nd t he qu e sti on o f New World orig ins of Poly ne si an s . Pap er

Pietrusew sky : Lapita-associated ske leton 3 13

pre sented a t th e XLI Int ernat ion al Congre s s of Arn e r icani st s, M e xico City .

Mahal an obi s , P. e., 1936. On th e ge nera lized di stance in s ta tis t ics . Pro c e eding s o f the Na t io na l In s t itut e o f Sci en ces of Indi a 2 : 49-55 .

Martin. R . & K. Sall er , 195 7. Lehrbuch der anthropo log ie . Gu stav Fisher, Jen a. v iii + 66 1 pp .

Molto, l. E . , 19 80. Bi olog ical rel ation ships o f so u the rn Onta ri o Woodland Pe opl e s : th e e v ide nce o f di sc ontinuou s cra n ia l m orpho lo g y . Ph.D . th e si s . Unive rs ity of Toronto , Toronto . vii + 376 pp .

Moorrees, C .A. 1957 . The Al eut dentiti on . Harv ar d University Press , Ca mbridge . x + 196 pp .

Murri ll , R .I. . 19 6 8 . C ra n ia l and post c rani al s ke le ta l re m a ins fr om East er Isl an d . U nive rs ity o f Minnesot a Pre ss , Minneap ol is . 105 pp.

Olivie r, G .. 1969 . Pr actical Anthropology . e.C . Thomas, Springfi eld , Ill. xii + 330 pp.

Pi etru sews ky . M. , 196 9a . The ph y si c al anthropol ogy o f ea rly Tonga n p opulations : a s tudy of bon es a nd teeth and an assessm ent o f their biol ogical affinities based on crani al c o m pa r iso ns with eig h t othe r Pacifi c popul ati ons . Ph .D . the s is , U n ive rs i ty o f To ront o , Toronto . xv + 54 2 pp .

Pietru scwsk y, M .. 1969 b. An osteo log ica l study of cranial and in frac rani al remains from Tonga . Reco rd s of th e Auckl an d Inst itute and Museum 6: 28 7-402 .

P ietru scw sky , M ., 1971. H uman rema ins at An aehoom alu . Department of Ant hr opology Rep ort 71 -7 . B.P . Bi shop Mu seum , Hono lulu . vii + 77 .

Pi etr usew s k y, M ., 1976. Prehi storic hum an ske le ta l rem ain s from Papu a Ne w Guine a and th e M arquesa s . A s ian a nd Pacifi c A rch aeol og y Ser ie s . No . 7. Social Sc iences and Linguisti cs In s titute . Un ive rs ity o f Hawaii at M an oa. Hono lulu . xv i + 191 pp .

P ietrusew sky, M. , 1977 . E tude de s relati ons e n tre le s popu lati on s du Pa cifique par le s m ethode s d ' an al y se m ul ti va r ie e ap p l iqu e e s a ux va r ia t ions c rfin ic nnes . L ' A nthropol ogie 8 1: 67-97 .

Pietrusew s k y , M . , 19 8 3 . Mul t iva ri ate a na lysis o f Ne w G u ine a a nd Melanes ian sk u lls: a review . Journal of Human E vo lut io n 12 : 6 1-76 .

P iet ru se ws ky , M ., 19 84 . Metric and n on-metri c c ra n ia l va r ia t io n in Au stra lian Abo ri g in al population s co m pare d with popul ati on s from the Pacific and Asia. Oc casional Papers in Hu man Bi ology N o.3, Au strali an In st itute o f Aboriginal S tudi es . Ca nbe rra . xi + 113 pp .

Pi e t ruse w sk y , M ., 19 8 5 a . The ea rl ies t L ap it a human remains fr om th e Pa cific : a m andible f ragment from N atunuku , Fiji. American Journ al of Phy sical Anthropology 66 : 214 .

Pi c t ru sew sk y, M .• 1985b . Th e ea r l ies t L apit a sk e le to n from the Pacific: a multivari ate ana lys is of a mandible f rag m e n t fr om Nat u nu k u , F iji . Journal o f the Polynesi an Soc ie ty 94: 38 9-4 14 .

Pi etruse wk s y , M ., in pre s s . Crani om etri c v a r ia t io n in Mi crone si a a nd th e Pa cifi c : a multivari at e s t ud y . M icrone s ic a .

Schofi eld , G ., 195 9 . Metri c and morphol ogica l fe atures of the femur of the New Zealand Maori . The Journal o f the Roy al Anthropologic al In stitute 89 : 89 - 105 .

Serj eantson, S .W .. 1984 . Mi gration and adm ix ture in the Pacific : ins ig hts pro vide d by human leukocyte ant igen s. Th e Journal o f Pacific Hi st ory 19 : 160-171.

Sh aw , E . , 1967 . A re-analysi s of pottery from Natunuk u a nd Vuda , Fij i. M .A . the si s . U nive rs ity of Auckland ,

314 Records of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

Auckland . Shaw, E., 1975 . The dec orative system of Natunuku, Fiji .

pp. 44-58 . In (S.M. Mead , L. Birks, H. Birks & E. Shaw , eds) . Th e Lapita Pottery Style of Fiji and its Associations. Th e Pol yne sian Society Memoir No . 38. The Polynesian Society, Wellington.

Snow , C.E., 1974. Early Hawaiians. An initial study of skele ta l remain s from Mokapu , Oahu . University of Kentucky Press , Lexin gton . xii + 179 pp.

Spennemann, D.H .R. , 1985 . Report on a re-an aly sis and re-ass essment of the human remains from a Lapi ta­Burial in the shell-midden To-Pe-l , at Pea , Tongatapu. Osteological Report DRS21 . Dep artment of Prehistory , Resea rch School of Pacific Studies, Australian National Univ ersity , Canbe rra. 44 pp.

Sp ennemann, D.H .R., 1987 . Reanalysi s of the human remains at To.l. pp . 289 -30 3 . In J. Poul sen . Early Tongan Pr ehistory . Vol. 1. Terra Au stralis Vol. 12. Department of Prehi story, Research School of Pacific Studies, Th e Australian National University , Canbe rra.

Spri ggs, M., 1984 . The Lap ita cultura l complex. Ori gins , distribution , contemporaries and successor s. Journal of

Pacific History 19: 202-223. Spriggs, M., Per sonal co mmunicatio n. Letter written in

December, 198 8. Steele , D.G., 1970. Estimation of stature from fragments of

long limb bones . pp . 85-97 . In (T .D . Stewart , ed. ). Personal Identification in Ma ss Di sast er s . Nati onal Mu seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wa shington , D.C.

T rink aus, E., 1978 . Human ske letal measurements . MS. , Department of Anthropology, Peabody Mu seum , Harv ard University , Ca mbridg e . 24 pp .

Turner, C.G. II , 1982. On Oceanic prehistory and physical anthropology. Current Anthropology 23: 112-113 .

Turn er, e.G. II., in press. Origin and affinity of the People of Guam : a dental anthropo log ica l assessm ent. Micrones ica .

Weber , E., 1934 . Studien an skeletten aus dem inneren Viti Levus . Ein Beitrag zur Rassenkunde der Viti -In seln . Verl ag dcr Werkgemeinschaft , Le ipzig. 89 pp .

Accepted August 14, 1989

315 Pietruse wsky : Lapita-associated skeleton

Appendix A

Table I . Li st of mandibular measur em ent s, ind ices & ang les.

Abbrev M ea surement Referenc e

I. M A NDL NTH Mand ibul ar len gth (s uperior) O li vier, 1969 2 . I NFMA NDL In fer ior len gth Martin -68 3 . ALV EOL G T Al veol ar len gth T rinkau s , 197 8-B CAB 4 . BI CONDWD Bicondy lar w idt h (max. breadth) Martin -65 5 . MIDCONDW Bicondy lar articul ar br eadth Tri nk au s , 1978- BCA B 6 . C O R O N B T H Bico ron o id breadth Mart in -65(1 ) 7 . BI GONIAL Bigonia l bre ad th Martin -66 8. BI C A NBTH Bicanine ex te rnal br eadth Tr inka us , 197 8-CEB 9. F R M O L B T H Bimolar-I exte rnal b readth T r inkaus , 1978-M I EB 10. TH MOLB TH Bim ol a r-3 ex te rna l br eadth Tri nk au s , 1978-M3EB II. S Y M P H Y H T Sy m physeal he ight Ma rtin -69 12. MENFORHT Mental foramen hei ght Martin -69( I ) 13 . C A N I N E H T Can ine hei ght : at C/ P3 Tr inkaus , 1978 -CH C 14 . M OLARH GT Mol ar height : at M I/ M2 Mart in -69(2) 15 . S Y M P H Y BT Sy mphysea l bre adth T rinkau s , 1978-CB S 16 . MENF O R B H Mental for am en br eadth Martin -69(3) 17 . CA N INE B H Cani ne breadth: at C/P3 T rinkau s , 1978 -CB C 18 . MOLARBTH Mol ar breadth : at M I/M2 T rinkaus, 1978- CBM 19 . RAMUSHGT Ramus he ight Martin -70 20 . RAM USBTH Ramus breadt h Ma rt in -71 2 1. M AN DN O T B Mandi bula r notch br eadth Martin -71 ( I) 22 . C ON D Y L G T Co ndy le len gth Br own, 1982-11 00 2 3 . C ON D Y B T H Co ndy le br eadth Br own , 198 2-1101 24 . P M M O L A R L P3-M I length Brown, 1982 -1103 25 . M OLARLGT M I-M 2 len gth Br own, 1982-1 I 04

Ind ex or An gl e Source

M andibul ar = total len g th/bi condyl ar breadth O livier, 1969 G onio-co ndy la r = bi gon ial br eadth/bicondylar breadth Oliv ier , 1969 Ramus = ramu s br eadth/ramu s he ight Ol ivi er , 1969 Mand ibul ar ang le = gon ia l ang le for me d by ramus on hori zontal pl ane Olivier , 1969 Symphyseal angle = most acut e angl e between the hori zontal plane

and chi n O liv ie r, 1969 Ind ex of robu stn ess = maximum thi ckness/b ody he ight at ment al

fora me n Ol iv ier, 1969

Table 2. List of infr acranial measurem ent s and ind ices.

S o u rce Hum e rus

Maximum len gth M-I * Maximum d iam et e r at mid-sh aft M - 5 Minimum diame te r at m id -sh aft M-6 Maxi mum di am et er at delt oid M -6a Sha f t c ir cumfer en ce M-7 a

R ad iu s Pr oxim al sag itt a l di am ete r M-5 Proxim al tran sverse diam et er M -4 S haft ci rc umfe re nce M- 5(5)

U lna Dorsoventral d ia me te r M-Il T ra ns ve rse d iam et e r M -1 2

F emu r Maxi m um leng th M- I A nteri or -pos ter ior di arn et c r-su bt roch . M-IO M ed io-I at eral diame te r-s ubtroc h. M -9

3 I6 Record s of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

Table 2 (cont'd) . Source

F emur Ante rior-posterior diameter-midshaft M-6 Medic -late ral diameter-midshaft M-7 Bowin g Scho field (1 959 :95 )

Tib ia Maximum len gth M- l a Anterior-p osterior diameter-nut. for. M-8 a Med ic-l at er al diameter-nut. fo r. M- 9 a Anterior-post erior -m id shaft M- 8 Medio -Iar e ral diameter-midshaft M-9

Patell a Thi ckn ess M- 3

Lun at e Ma ximum len gth M-I M aximum br eadth M-2 Maximum hei ght M - 3

Trap e zium Maximum th ickness T - I ** MC-I articul ar breadth M-4 MC -I art icul ar hei ght M-5

Trap e zoid Ma ximum len gth M-I Maximum br eadth M -2 Ma ximum hei ght M- 3

Ham at e Maximum hei ght M-3 Articular len gth M- I MC-4/5 arti cular breadth M -8

Ca pi ta te Art icular len gth M -4 Maximum breadth M -2 M aximum hei gh t M - 3

Hand Ph alange s Length M-l Hei ght M- 2 Bre adth M -3

Hum eral index of robustness = ci rcum./max length x 100 Ol iv ier , 1969 :227 Hum eral di aphyseal index = min/max diam. x 100 Oliv ier, 1969 :227 C rura l index = tibi a/ femur x 100 Olivier , 1969 :269 Humeral-fem oral = hum erus/ femur x 100 Oli vi er , 1969 :2 62 Femoral index of robustness = tran s + A- P midshaft diam ./len gth x 100 Olivie r, 1969 :2 62 Platymeric index = A-P/trans. d iam . x 100 (subtroc h.) Oli vi er , 1969 :263 Pilast ric index = A-P /tr ans. diam . x 100 (mids ha ft) O li v ier , 1969 :2 63 Ti bial thickness ind ex = tran s./A -P di am . (mids haft) O liv ier, 1969 :272 Platycn em ic index = tran s./A- P di am . (nut. for.) Ol ivi er , 1969 :271

* Martin & Sa lle r ( 1957) number ** Trink au s (19 78)

317 Pietrusewsky: Lapita-associated skeleton

Table 3. Measurem ent s and indices recorded in Lapita mandible fragment s (in mm .).

Me a surem ent Natunuku To nga Lakeba #1 Lak e ba #2

M A NDL N TH 10 8 * I NFM A NDL 6 8 - 64 A LVE O L G T 7 I 54.8* BI CO NDWD 11 4 * 124 M I DC ON D W C O R ON BT H 10 0 * BIGO N IA L 10 0 * 10 9 * BI CA NBTH 37 31.8 FRMOLB TH 54 .9 THMOLBTH 68 * SY MPH YHT 26 27. 5 * 28 30 M E N F ORHT 19 24 .6 ** 28 32 C AN INE HT 22 29 . 1 2 9 32 MOL ARH GT 27 .2 28 29 SYMPHYBT 14 14 13 M E N FORBH II - II II CANIN EBH 12 10 9 MOLARBTH 13 13 13 RAMUSHGT 60 * RAMUSBTH 33 4 1 3 I MA NDNO TB 37 * CONDYLGT CONDYB TH PMMOL ARL - 15 14 MOLARLGT - 18

Ind ex, An gle

Mandibu lar 94.7 Goni c -c ond y la r 87.7 R amu s 55 Mand ibul ar ang le 97 ° 89 ° Sym ph yseal angle 72 ° Robu stn ess 63

* es tima ted measu rem ents. ** Spennemann (1985 :14) reports a value of 15.2 mm for this measurement while the value given here is his prem olar height.

318 Record s of the Austral ian Mu seum Vol. 41

Ta ble 4. Ma ndibular indices for a number of Paci fic gro ups .

M and ibul ar Go nio -Condy lar R am u s Gro up Inde x Inde x In de x

Na t un uk u 94 .7 87 .7 55 .0 Tonga 87 .3 80 . 1 56.4 Na m u 82 .6 80 .6 52 .3 W ai rau Bar 90 .6 70 .8 56 .0 Ne w Zea la nd 82 .0 83.4 53.0 Chatha m Is . 83 .0 88 .5 52 .9 Society Is. 89 .2 81.3 58 .9 M a rqu e s as 91.8 83 .8 57.2 Easter Is . 86 . I 79 .2 63.8 Ha wai i 85 .7 82 .7 54 .0 F iji 94 .0 83 .9 57 .6 G ilbert/ Mars ha ll 94 .7 87 .0 57 .5 G ua m 88 .7 85 . I 58.2 G ulf , PNG 93.8 82.4 50 .9 New B ritai n 90 .6 83 .0 54 .8 New Irel and 92 .0 8 1.5 53 .0 New Ca ledonia - 82 .6 60 .2 Loya lty - 85.0 60.6 Van ua t u - 80.4 54 .9 C h ina - 83 .6 55.9 So uth-eas t As ia 82 .9 55 .9 Th a il and - 82.7 53.4 M on g oli a - 85.4 55.4 J av a 83 .0 82 .7 54 .0 Su lu - 83 .2 54 .6 West e rn A us tra lia 94 .5 83.4 53 .5

Ta ble 5. A compariso n of non-metric tra its recorded in Lapita-associ ated mand ibles .

Nat unu ku L a keb a I T'ong a? #1 #2

Ma ndi bula r to ru s abse nt abse n t a bse n t M yloh yo id groove -R no bri dge no br id ge - no bridge M yl ohy o id groove- L M an d ibul a r fora men- R s ing le s ing le - s ing le M and ibul a r fo ram en -L Me ntal fo rame n-R si ng le si ng le - s ing le Me nta l fora me n-L - - si ng le si ng le Rocker jaw an ter io r a n terior an te rior anterior* C hi n for m M BA * * B A * * * B A

'Observatio ns recorde d by the author on two Lap ita- associat ed ma ndib les from Lakeba of the Lau Gr oup, Fiji Islands (# 1 = cas t of rig ht ma ndi ble frag ment, #2 = left mandible frag me nt). 20 bse rvat ions recorded by Spennema nn (1985) on Burial A K f ro m She ll Mi dd en To . l , Pea , Tongata pu.

* According to Spennemann (1985:19) the lower jaw is 'rocker' but not of the ex treme ca tegory. ** med ian -bil at er al- an gl e . *** bi latera l-a ng le .

3 19 Pietru sewsky: Lapita-associated ske leton

Ta ble 6. Na tunuk u tooth measurem ent s (in mrn ).

Me s ial Mesi al -di stal Bu cc al-lingu al

Ma x ill a ry R ight M 2 10 .1 12 .3 M andibul ar Right C 6 .5 7 .7 M and ibul ar Ri ght 12 5 .5 6 .2 M andibu la r Le ft 12 5 .7 6.2 Ma ndi b u la r Left C 7 .3 7 .9

T abl e 7 . Mesiodis ta l and bu ccol in gu al crow n diam e ter s of pe rman ent mand ibular ca nine tee th fo r ma les (in mm ).

Samp le/size Si de Mes io dista l B ucco ling ua l So urce

Nat u n u ku R 6.5 0 7 .7 0 (prese nt study) (n= I ) L 7.30 7 .9 5

Ha wa i i 7 .15 8.32 (S now, 1974 :93) (n=24)

C h i na 7 .3 1 7. 89 (Mo or rees , 1957) (n=209)

J ap an 7 .00 7 .70 (Moorrees , 195 7) (n= 146)

T able 8 . Mesiod ist al and buc col ingu al crown diam et e rs of perm an ent ma nd ibular lat e ral inc isor s fo r males (in mrn ),

Sa mp le/size Side Me s iod istal Bu c colin gu al So urce

Natunu ku R 5 .55 6 . 15 (present study) (n= I ) L 5 .70 6 . 15

Haw ai i 6 . 1 1 6 .82 (S no w, 1974 ) (n=23 )

C h i na 6. 15 - (Moorr ees, 1957 ) (n= 187)

J ap a n 6 .00 (Moorrees, 1957) (n= 136)

Tab le 9. Mesiodist al and buccol ingu al crow n di am eter s of pe rmanent maxill ar y second mola r teet h for males (in rnrn) .

Sam ple/size Mesiodi st al Buc colin gual So u rce

Na t u n uk u 10 .1 0 12 .30 (present study) (n= I )

T on g an Lapit a* 12 .30 10 .90 (S pe nnema nn, 19 85 :2 8) (n= I )

Ne w Zea la nd Maor i 10 .1 9 11. 98 (De nniso n, 1979 :125) (n= 2 1)

Ha wai i 10. 69 12 .0 9 (Snow, 197 4: 93) (n=2 5 )

J ap an 9.8 0 I 1.60 (Moorrees, 1957 ) (n= 14 2)

C hi na 9 .36 11.00 (Moorrees , 195 7) (n=76)

* the two measurements as rep orted by Spennemann wo uld appea r to be reve rsed .

320 Record s of the Australi an Museum Vol. 41

Table 10. Infracranial measurements recorded in the

Humeru s Shaft segment-2 length (Steele, 1970) Max. length (M- I)' Ma x. diameter mid -shaft (M-5) Min . diameter mid -shaft (M-6) Max . di am eter delto id (M-6a) Shaft c ircumfe rence (M-7a)

Radiu s Pro x. sag itta l diam. (M-5) Pro x. trans. diam . (M-4) Shaft c ircumference (M-5(5»

U l n a Dorsoventral di ameter (M- I I) Transverse diamet er (M- 12)

F emur Shaft segment-2 length (Steele, 1970 ) Ma x. len gth (M- I) Ant eri or po sterior di am. -subtroch . (M- IO) Medio-Iateral diam .-subtroch (M-9 ) Anterior-posterior di am .-m idsha ft (M-6) Medi o-Iateral diam .-midshaft (M-7) Bowing (Sch ofield , 1959:95)

Tibi a Shaft segm ent -3 length (Steele, 1970) Max imum len gth (M- I a) Anterior-posterior di am .-nut. for. (M- 8a) Medio-Iateral diam.-nut. for. (M-9a) Ante rio r-pos te rior -m idsh aft (M-8 ) Medio-Iater al di am .-midshaft (M-9)

Patella Thickness (M-3)

Lunate Max imum length (M- I ) Maximum br eadth (M-2) Ma ximum he ight (M-3)

Trape z ium Ma ximum thickn ess (T_ I) J MC -I articula r breadth (M-4 ) MC-I articular height (M-5)

Trape zoid Maximum len gth (M- I) Maximum br eadth (M-2) Maximum hei ght (M- 3)

Hamate Ma ximum height (M- 3) Arti cular len gth (M- I) MC-4/5 articular breadth (M-8)

C ap i ta te Articular length (M-4) Maximum br eadth (M -2) Maximum height (M-3)

Natunuku ske le ton.

Ri ght Left 215 (29 0 .7) 2 22 20 2 6 .5 7 3

15 13 45

12.5 19 .0

250 253 .0 (444 .0) (446 .6) 2 6 2 6 32 32 3 2 3 I 2 5 25 9 7

187 (393. 9) 36 34 23 23 33 3 I 22 20

19

I. 9 6 I. 95 1. 35 1.35 2 .01 2. 05

1. 23 1.75 2 .4 7

1. 35 1. 62 I. 9 8

2 .65 2 .0 1 1.31

2.3 3 1. 39 1.77

Pietrusewsky: Lapi ta-associated ske leton 321

Tabl e 10 (cont'd) , Han d Ph al an ges

Len gth (M- I) He ight (M-3) Breadth (M-2)

Len gth (M- I) Hei ght (M-3) Breadth (M-2)

Len gth (M- I) Hei ght (M- 3) Breadth (M-2)

r Meas ureme nts de fin ed

Le ft thumb 3 . 15 0 .67 0 .99

# I 2 .79 0. 5 1 0.83

# I 1. 91 0 .39 0 .54

in Mart in & Sall er

P ro xima l

# 1 4 .2 5 0 .6 7 1. 04

#2 4.3 4 0.66 1. 0 I

M iddl e #2 2 .8 7 0.66 0 .88

#3 2. 56 0 .55 0 .86

# 4 1.89 0.41 0 .72

Di sta l #2 1. 9 5 0 .36 0 .5 0

#3 1.83 0 .36 0.4 1

(19 57). 2Yalues within parentheses indica te measur em ent s we re es timated from shaft fragment s- see text. 3Measure me nt de scrib ed in T rinka us ( 1978).

Ta ble II . Infracr an ial indi ces* and stature ** for the Natunuku ske leton.

Hum eral index of rob ustness (at delt oid ) Humer al di aphyseal ind ex Cr ura l (tibia-fe m ur) ind ex Fe m ur- h ume ra l ind e x Fem oral index of ro bus tness Pilastric ind ex Plat ym eric index Bow ing (fe mur) ind ex T ibia l thick ness index Pla tyc ne mic ind ex

*See Ta ble 2 for exp lana tion.

**S tatu re Estima tion using Hought on et al. (1)2. 137(444.0) - 5.184(10) + 830 .7 ± 3 1.4 (2)2 .2 10(393 .9) - 5.247( I0) + 978.6 ± 9.4 (4)1.782(290.7) - 7.339 (10) + 1226.4 ± 56 .8

Ri ght Le ft 25 . 1 9 0 .9 88.7 65 .5 13 .3 12 .8 128 .0 124.0 81.2 81.2 1.5 2 .0 66. 7 6 4 .5 63.9 67 .6

(19 75:333) equatio ns: rnm = 1727.7 ± 3 1.4 mm. or approx . 5'8"

mm = 1796.6 ± 9.4 mrn. or approx. 5 ' 10" mm = 1671.0 ± 56.8 mm. or approx . 5' 6"

322 Records of the Australian Museum Vol. 4 1

Table 12. A com parison of infracran ial indices and stature for a number of Pac ific gro ups .

Natunuku Fiji(1) New G uinea( 2) Tonga (3) Marq uesas (4) Hawaii (5) Hawaii (6) New Zealand (7) Easter Island(8) Neb ira Anae hooma lu Mokapu

Cr ura l ind e x 88 .7 84 .2 84 .0 83 .5 82 .0 84 .0 82 . 1 82.4 83 .7

P ilastric index 128 .0 133 .7 121.0 116 .9 122 .2 115 .0 119 .2 116 .7 115 .8

Plat ym eric ind ex 81.2 94 .5 82 .0 84 .8 76 .5 71.0 7 1.6 65 .0 72 .7

Fe mo ra l index 13 .3 13 . 1 13.5 12 .6 13 .3 14.6 12 .4 12.4 12.0 of robust ness

Plat ycn em ic index 63 .9 66 .7 65 .0 66 . 1 69.4 66.0 66 .8 7 1.8

Hum e ral- femu r index65 .5 72 .5 70 .0 70 .3 72 .9 72 .0 72 .5 71.8 71.2

S tat ure 172 .7 169 .0 16 7 .0 176 .0 174. 0 172 .7 172. 0 171.0 173 .0

[(I ) Webe r (1934) ; (2) Pietrusewsky (1976); (3) Pietrusewsky (1969a); (4)pietrusewsky (1976); (5) Pietrusewsky (197 1); (6) Snow (1974 ); (7) Hought on (1980); Schofield (1959 ); (8) Murri ll (1968)]

*for the purposes of this table stature esti mates were standa rdise d using formula no. I in Houghton et al. (1975) .

Table 13. Means and standa rd de via tions for se ven ma ndib ular measure ments recorded in seven male samp les (mm) .

IN FM A NDL SY M P H Y HT SY M PH Y BH MENFO RB H

Gro up * (n) M e an S.D. M e a n S.D. M e an S. D. Mean S.D.

TONGA 13 65.00 6 .28 30 .00 2.48 14 .0 8 1.75 11.62 0 .77 W AIR A U 7 64.71 4 .92 34 . 14 2 .73 14.5 7 0 .98 12.42 1.1 3 C HAT HA M 6 65.33 4 .84 37 .67 1.86 16 .50 1.22 12.83 0 .75 LA KE BA I 64.00 28.00 14. 00 11.00 NA MU 14 64.21 4 .06 30.14 2 .25 14 .2 1 1.89 / 0. 7 1 1.86 NATUNU KU I 68.00 26.00 [ 4 .00 11.00 NE WZEA 23 64.39 5.43 33 .74 2.68 14 .22 1.93 12 .35 1.67

n = num ber of mandibles

* TONGA = 'Atele Mound Burials ( 1200 B.P. - 390 ± 110 yrs. B.P.) excavated by Davidson (1969) on Tongatap u, Tongan Islands; WAIRAU = Wairau Bar, South Island, New Zea land (1 150 A.D. - 1450 A.D.); CHATHAM = Moriori man dibles from the Chatha m Is. preserved in Dunedi n; LAKEBA = cas t of right Lapita-associated mandibl e fragment (500 B.C.) from Lakeba, Lau Gro up, Fiji Is. excavated by Best (1977) ; NAMU = ske leta l remains dated between 1000 and 1600 yrs A.D . from Tau mako Is. , Duff Is. excavated by F. Leac h; NEWZEA = Maori material preserved in Dun ed in .

CAN INE B H M OL ARBH R A M U S BT H

G ro up (n) Mea n S.D . Mea n S .D . M e an S.D.

T ONGA 13 1 1.85 0 .69 13 .31 1. 65 36 .92 4 .57 WA IRAU 7 12 .57 1. 5 1 14 .7 1 0 .76 38 .57 1.72 C HAT HAM 6 12.33 1.21 13 .67 1.7 5 38 .00 2.6 1 LAK EB A I 10 .00 13 .00 31.00 NA MU 14 11.43 1.65 12. 50 2 .24 35 . 14 3.78 NATUNU KU I 12 .00 13. 00 33 .00 NE WZEA 23 12 .1 3 1.58 14 .4 3 1.75 36 .6 5 3 .70

n = numbe r of mandibles

323 Pietrusewsky: Lapita-associated skeleton

Table 14. Mea ns and standard deviations for five mandibular mea suremen ts recorded in 18 male samples .

B IGONIAL SYM PHYHT RAMUSHGT R A M U S BT H B ICONDWD

Gro up * (n) Mean S .D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D . Mean S .D. Mean S.D .

GULF 12 94 .0 3.4 29 .6 4 .5 62 . I 7.6 31.6 2.4 114 . 1 5.4 NEWBRIT 37 98 .5 5 .7 3 I. I 3 .8 67 .0 5 .8 36 .7 3.2 I 18.7 5 .7 NEWIRE 9 93.4 7 .8 29 .7 3 .8 62 .8 5 .9 33 .3 3 .5 114.6 4 .9 NEWCAL 30 99.0 8 .2 33.3 3 .5 69 . I 5 .2 41.6 3 .0 119 .8 5 .5 VANUATU 35 95 .2 4 .9 29 .9 3 .3 63 .6 4 .6 34.9 2 .7 I 18.4 5 .3 LOYALTY 2 I 101. I 6 .1 33.4 2 .6 67 .5 5 .3 40 .9 3 .5 118 .9 4.5 F IJI 8 99 .5 6 .6 31.6 1.8 60.9 2.7 35 . I 2 .3 118 .6 4 .8 NAM U 9 96.8 4 .7 29.4 2 .0 66.9 7 . I 35 .0 4 .1 120 . I 3.7 GUAMAR 24 106 .5 7 .2 32 .8 4.4 65.0 6 .0 37 .8 3 .3 125 .2 8 .2 TONGA 16 100.5 7 .6 30.4 2 .3 64.4 7 .3 36. 3 3 .6 125.4 9 .2 SOCIETY 14 99 .0 5 .2 32 .5 2.0 60.4 7 .7 35 .6 3 . I 121. 7 6 . I MA RQUE 9 100 .0 4.7 32.4 2.5 6 I. 7 3 .9 35.3 4.2 I 19 .4 6 .7 EASTE R 14 96 .9 4.8 31.6 4.0 60 .3 6 .0 38.5 4.3 122.4 4.4 NEWZEA 33 103 . I 5 .7 34. I 2 .7 68 .3 6.5 36 .2 3.5 123 .6 8.0 CHATHAM 10 110 .7 6 .0 36 .6 2.3 72 .5 2 .5 38.0 2.4 126 .7 5 . I HA W A II 30 10 3 .3 5 .5 33 .0 3 .3 64 .9 5 .8 37 .9 3 .9 128 .8 7 .2 NATUNUKU I 100 .0 - 26 .0 - 60 .0 - 33 .0 - 114.0 G ILMARS H 7 96 .0 7. 7 30 .9 2 .5 64 .4 4 .6 37 .0 2 .9 110.4 2 .5

n = sample size

* GULF = Gulf District , Papua New Guinea; NEWB RIT = New Brita in; NEW IRE = New Ireland; NEWCAL = New Caledonia; VANUATU = Vanuat u (New Hebrides); LOYALTY = Loyalty Is.; FIJI = Fiji Is.; NAMU = Namu, Ta umak o Is., Duff Gro up; GUAMAR = Guam , Saipan and Tinian Is.; TONGA - ' Atele prehi storic buria l mo unds on Tongatapu, Tongan Is.; SOC IETY = Tahi ti and Tuamotu Is.; MA RQUE = Marq uesas Is. ; EASTER = Easter Is. ; NEWZEA = New Zealand Maori; CHATHAM = Chatham Is., Moriori; HAW All = Mokapu, Oa hu, Hawaiian Islands; GILMARSH = Gi lber t and Mar shall Is.

324 Records of the Australian Museum Vol. 41

Tab le IS . Fre que ncy of occ urre nce of thr ee non-metric mand ibul ar trai ts for 31 male sa mples '.

Myl o-h yoid Multipl e mental Rock er jaw b r id g ing fo ra m ina

n / N n /N n / N

L ap ita ? 0 /3 .00 0 /5 .00 4/4 1.00 To n g a ' 5 /3 6 . 14 3/36 .0 8 11 /1 8 .6 1 Society 2 /4 6 .04 3/46 .07 2 1/23 .9 1 New Zea la nd 3/27 . 1 1 5 /28 . 18 12/1 4 .86 Cha tha m Is.3 2 /1 6 . 12 2 /1 6 .1 2 8/8 1.00 Eas ter Is. 3/32 .0 9 7/3 4 .21 14 / I 7 .82 M a rqu c sa s" 3/23 . 13 1/25 .0 4 12 / 12 1.00 Wairau Bar' 0/1 9 .00 0 / 25 .0 0 11 /1 2 .8 7 Ha w ai i 5 / 90 .0 6 2 / 92 .0 2 4 0/46 .8 7 Tini an- Saipan 2/22 .0 9 4 / 24 . 17 7 /1 0 .7 0 G ilb e rt -M ar s h all ' 0 /12 .0 0 0 /1 2 .0 0 6/6 1.0 0 Na rnu ' 0 / 20 .0 0 1/ 20 .0 5 4/10 .4 0

Van ua tu 0 /1 6 .00 1/3 4 .0 3 I 1/1 7 .65 Ne w Ca ledo nia 7/59 . 12 II /5 9 . 19 15 /30 .5 0 Loyalty" 1/5 6 .0 2 6 /56 . 1 1 8 /28 .29 Sol om on Is . 2 / 4 2 .0 5 4 /4 2 . 10 18 /1 9 .9 5 Ad mi ra lty 2/29 .0 7 4 / 3 0 . 13 9/13 .6 9 Ne w Ireland 1/4 3 .0 2 5 /4 4 . 1 1 14 /1 8 .78 New Britai n 16 /1 29 .12 25 /1 3 0 . 19 35/65 .5 4 G ulf District 1/13 2 .0 1 10 /12 6 .0 8 59 / 61 .97 Se p ik 0/33 .00 3/34 .0 9 15 /1 7 .8 8 F ij iS 8/26 .3 1 0 /1 3 .00 10 /1 3 .77

C hi na 2/37 .05 5 /7 4 .0 7 27/3 7 .7 3 J ap an 0 /1 04 .00 12/1 0 4 .12 35/52 .6 7 S.E. Asia 4 /11 2 .04 9/1 14 .0 8 42 / 6 7 .6 3 Philippine s 2/2 4 .0 8 1/ 24 .0 4 10/1 2 .8 3 Sulu 2/32 .0 6 2 /3 4 .0 6 13/1 7 .76 S. Mo luccas 0 / 26 .00 4/26 .1 5 8/12 .6 7 Lesser Sundas 0/3 0 .00 4/3 4 . 12 12 /1 7 .7 1 Borne o- Cel ebe s 10/ 90 . 1 1 7/92 .08 4 0/45 .8 9 Ja va 5 /14 8 .0 3 13/14 8 .09 55 /74 .7 4

I Except for those cases ind icated below, these data are taken fro m Pietru sewsky ( 1984). 2 Thi s samp le combines data on the Lap ita-associated mandibles presen ted in Ta ble 5. 3 Th ese sa mp les correspond to those used in the multivariate analysis of man dibu lar measurement s

(Pie truse ws ky , 1985b). 4 Thi s sample consists so lely of mandibles from the prehi stori c Hane Dune site described by the author

(Pietrusews ky, 1976 ). 5 Data record ed on Fij ian mand ibles a re from Pie tru sewsky (I 969a) . 6 These samples are taken from Pietrusew sky ( 1977).

325 Pietrusewsky: Lapita-associat ed skeleton

Appendix B

Inventory of maj or human bon e frag me nts identi fied in the Natunuku mater ial.

Sk u ll Ri ght m andibul ar frag me nt Right zygomatic bo ne fragm en t Front al frag me nt (left side) Occipit al bon e frag me nt

Denti t ion 5 isolated teeth (upper right M2, lowe r right and left C, right and left 12)

T ho rax t Frag me nt o f left scapula (g leno id cavity)

Ri b f ragme nts Vertebrae fr ag ment s

Ri ght a rm Hume rus shaft Radius: pro xim al e nd o f sha ft Ulna shaft frag me nt

Ri ght han d Carpa ls : ham ate , lun ate , t riq ue tru m Metacarpal s : MC -3 (prox ima l end mi ss ing ) Phalanges: 2 proxim al (fo r MC-2 and 3); 2 middle (fo r MC-3 and 4)

Left a rm Humeru s: sma ll frag me nt from head reg io n Radius: di stal sha ft Ulna : d ista l shaft

Le ft hand Ca rpa ls: capit at e , trap e zium, lun at e Met acarpal s : MC-l (d ista l fragm ent ); MC -2 (ex tremi ties missin g ); MC- 3 (d istal ex tre m ity mi ssin g) Phal anges: proxim a l and d ista l ph alanges fo r thumb; one pro xim al frag me nt (for MC- 3); 4 m iddl e phalanges (for MC 2-5) ; 2 distal pha langes (fo r MC 3 and 4).

Pe lv is sma ll frag m ents

R ight le g Fe m ur: sha ft fragm ent Ti bia : sha ft frag me nt Fibula : sha ft fragme nt

Left leg Fe mur: major sha ft fragment a nd sma ll head frag me nt Tibi a : m ajor shaft frag me nt Fibula : maj or shaft frag me nt Pat ell a : fragme nt