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Index

Abbasid caliphate, 86, 130, 131, 134, 140absolutism, 318–19, 438Abu-Lughod, Janet, 146, 159Aceh: claims legacy of Melaka, 847; and

Dutch, 843, 846, 857; early commercialand territorial expansion of, 807, 839,845; external alliances of, 845–46; femalerulers in, 811, 847; firearms at, 845–46;Malay and Muslim identity of, 847–48;opposes Johor, 848–49; opposesPortuguese, 825–26, 839, 840, 845–46,848; panglimas under, 847; political,commercial, and cultural centralizationat, 846–48; post-1650 shift to lessmercantile, less Malay orientation in,849, 858, 864, 871; urban population of,822

Achaemenid empire, 107, 639, 656Adams, Julia, 841administrative centralization: in China,

504–19, 524, 562; in France, 57–63,169–70, 177–79, 251–56, 323–29, 340–41,353–55; in island Southeast Asianrealms, 832–37, 841–57, 861–63, 875–78,886–87; in Japan, 57–63, 382–85,404–406, 438–48, 467–68, 470–71; inmainland Southeast Asian realms,22–25, 240–41, 269, 274; in Russia, 57–63,224–28, 299–306; in South Asia, 639–55

administrative cycles: 94–95; in Chineseand Southeast Asian historiography, 94,118, 123; defined, 55, 125 n.2; in France,94 n.131, 125, 205, 376; in Japan, 55–56

and n.68, 376–77, 491–92; in mainlandSoutheast Asia, 205, 376; in Russia, 125,205, 376. See also interregna

Adolphson, Mikael, 406Afghanistan, 97, 102, 109, 645, 657, 709,

711, 722, 738, 749Afghans, 637, 646, 673, 701, 710, 733, 749,

754, 761Africa, 49, 97, 116, 188, 207, 684, 838,

842Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 798,

803, 820Age of Division in China, 94, 102, 499–500,

502, 504–509, 538–39, 557, 616, 623Ageng, sultan of Banten, 850–51Agra, 704, 732, 755agrarian expansion and intensification: in

China, 526–30, 550; in France, 156–65,333–34; in Iberia, 828; in islandSoutheast Asia, 780–81, 783, 788–92, 797,824, 851, 870, 885–86; in Japan, 71,381–82, 395, 423–27, 449, 460; inmainland Southeast Asia, 16, 33–35, 42,46–48, 69, 71, 318, 335; in Russia, 69, 71,134, 140–47, 187, 214, 218, 220, 239, 291,294–98, 317–18; in South Asia, 641–42,644, 681–91, 693–94, 702, 708

agrarian tenures: in China, 568, 608,615 n.296, 625; in Europe, 160–61, 165,291, 330; in Japan, 75, 424–25, 452–53; inSouth Asia, 654; in Southeast Asia, 45,75, 423

Agung, sultan of Mataram, 855, 856

909

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Index

Ahmadnagar Sultanate, 657, 724, 727, 730,735

ahmu-dans. See service systems inSoutheast Asia

Ainu, 63, 390 n.43, 437, 440, 470, 485,485–86 n.367, 488, 489

Akbar, Mughal emperor, 648, 651, 674,678, 733, 742, 750, 755, 757, 881

Alam, Muzaffar, 675, 733, 751, 752, 754Alaung-hpaya, Burmese king, 352Albigensian crusade, 170, 180Albin, Roger, 34 n.40Albuquerque, Afonso de, 838Alef, Gustave, 237Alexander I, tsar, 293Alexis, tsar, 307Ali, Daud, 639, 661“All Under Heaven” (tianxia), 525, 660Allen, Robert, 574Alps, 50, 149, 157, 161, 165Altaic School of historiography, 598Amangkurat I, ruler of Mataram, 856–57,

861Ambon, 843, 859, 865, 877Americans, 378, 469, 482, 487, 490, 564,

858, 871Amino Yoshihiko, 391An Lushan, Chinese general, 500, 507–509,

588ancien regime, 297, 344, 353, 367, 368, 469,

699. See also Bourbon FranceAndaya, Barbara Watson, 803, 816, 880Andaya, Leonard, 809, 816, 848Anderson, Benedict, 41, 42 n.49Andhra, Andhra Pradesh, 662, 718, 730,

753Andrade, Tonio, 825Angkor: as charter state, 15–17; compared

to other charter states, 53–57, 82, 84, 135,147, 149–51, 177, 372, 374, 381, 384,392–98, 580, 772, 775, 779–83, 792–93,797; disintegration of, 17–18, 35, 55–56,86, 183–84, 190, 193, 199–200, 203, 691,772, 775, 779–80, 793; formation of, 16,33, 53, 77–78, 80, 548–49, 554, 683, 792;legacies of, 392; as protected zone polity,100; religious institutions at, 23, 34, 150,161, 165–66, 173; Smithian growth at, 8;territories controlled by, 15, 59 Fig. 1.5,275

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, 875–76, 893

Anjou, 168, 169, 201, 251anticentralizing revolts: in China, 499, 500,

529; in France, 200–202, 268, 351–52, 363;in Japan, 440; in mainland SoutheastAsia, 22, 42, 43, 46, 303–305, 363; inRussia, 241, 303–306, 308; in Russia andSoutheast Asia compared, 303–305; inSouth Asia, 647, 652, 724, 733–37

Aoyama, Toru, 795Aquitaine, 153, 168, 178, 182, 200, 250Arabs, Arabia, Arabic, 677, 680, 729, 731,

749, 774, 805, 813, 814, 822, 847–48, 851,853, 869–70, 872

Aragon, 204, 208–209, 828Arakan, 20Arcot, 658Arctic Ocean, 191, 214, 236arid and semi-arid zones in South Asia.

See South AsiaAryavarta (“Land of the Aryans”), 660,

662, 721Aseev, Iu S., 134Ashikaga Japan (1338–1467/1573): and

correlations with other protectedrimlands, 416–30; debility and collapseof, 374, 377, 410–411, 491; departs fromKamakura practices, 408–409; economicand demographic expansion in, 416–30;and founding of Ashikaga shogunate,408; maritime trade in, 418–21; militarygovernors in, 409–411; popularBuddhism and vertical and horizontalacculturation in, 431–36; rise of localmilitary networks in, 377, 409–411;samurai adopt and modify court culturein, 431–32; smallpox domestication in,416–17; war between northern andsouthern courts in, 377, 409, 423

Asoka, Maurya emperor, 640Assam, 20, 93, 100, 272, 657Astrakhan, 214, 217Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic trade, 176, 178,

197, 209, 244, 329, 337, 368, 567, 825–26,837

Atwell, William, 558, 561, 692Augsburg settlement, 210Aurangabad, 646Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor, 638, 652,

674, 696, 699–700, 734, 750–51, 755, 757Austria, 135, 207, 214, 280–82, 288, 322. See

also Habsburgs

910






Index

Austroasiatic languages, 528, 530Ava, 45, 46, 442, 731–32, 818Avadhi language and literature, 731–32,

737Avignon, 322, 358Awadh, 653, 655, 658, 701, 736–37, 755Ayudhya, 17, 20, 28, 29, 43, 45, 46, 56, 59

Fig. 1.5, 96, 190, 250, 286, 295, 327, 392,416, 442, 818

Babur, Mughal emperor, 711Babylonia, 76Bahmani Sultanate, 657, 693, 724, 729–30,

757Balabanlilar, Lisa, 712Bali, 783–85, 812, 814, 862 n.288Balkans, 102, 207Baltic peoples, 64, 130, 236, 313Baltic Sea and coast, 69, 130, 131, 144, 148,

187, 207, 209, 213, 214, 219–220, 239, 244,288, 293, 298–99, 314, 337

Banda islands, 801, 811, 843, 859, 866,878

Bangkok, 20, 29, 45, 46, 375, 492Banjarmasin, 821, 855, 856Bankoff, Greg, 891Banten: 809, 845; centralization at, 847,

850–51; compared to Aceh and Johor,849–51, 892; under Dutch control, 860,861, 864, 875; early history of, 807, 850;Islamic identity of, 851; resists Europeaninroads, 825, 843, 844, 850–51, 857; tradeat, 839, 850–51; urbanization in, 822

Barendse, R. J., 84Barfield, Thomas, 97, 585, 588, 590Bashkirs, 304Basque language, 260, 261, 362, 366Bataks, 848, 850Batang Hari river, 775–77, 779, 794Batavia, 807, 842–43, 849–50, 855–63, 867,

871–72, 875, 878, 880–81, 891Batten, Bruce, 397, 399–400Bavaria, 149, 280Bay of Bengal, 770, 772, 804Bayin-naung, Burmese king, 90 n.125,

439Bayly, C.A., 7, 571–73, 624, 653, 655,

677–79, 697, 704, 734, 736, 751Bayly, Susan, 666Beaune, Colette, 258Beijing, 438, 596, 603, 605, 621, 646

Beik, William, 70Belarus, Belarussians, 292, 306, 313, 314,

316–17Bell, David, 348, 358–59, 362Bellah, Robert, 461–62Benedictow, Ole, 188, 197Bengal: 678, 728–29; agriculture in, 693–94,

702; and British, 658, 701; and DelhiSultanate, 692, 723–24; and maritimetrade, 658, 682, 684, 822; after Mughalcollapse, 652–54, 658, 701, 734, 736, 755;under Mughals, 657, 732–33; inpre-Delhi period, 656–57, 716; pre-Muslim and Muslim identities in,662–63, 665, 671, 676, 731; textileproduction in, 695; from c. 1334 to 1560,647, 714, 724, 727–28, 731

Bengali language and literature, 679, 680,719, 726

Bengkulu, 865, 869Bernhardt, Kathryn, 547Berar Sultanate, 724Berry, Mary Elizabeth, 41 n.46, 42 n.48,

438, 439, 466, 467, 470, 479, 482, 484Bessarabia, 287–88, 313bhakti devotionalism, 96, 659, 663–66, 676,

680, 719, 722, 728, 760, 772Bhutan, 93, 100Bidar Sultanate, 646, 724, 729Bien, David, 347Bihar, 638, 654, 660, 682Bijapur Sultanate, 657, 724, 727, 730, 735,

751Black Death, bubonic plague (?): 79, 83, 86;

and China, 557–58; debates concerning,195–96 and, 195–96nn.173–174; earlyvisitations of, 161–62; in France andwestern Europe, 56–57, 182, 195–97, 330,417, 828–29; and Kipchak khanate, 216;mainland Southeast Asia and Japan’sapparent escape from, 199, 417 n.122;mortality estimates for, 86, 189,189 n.161, 195, 197, 203; origins of,86 n.114, 188, 196–97; in Russia andeastern Europe, 188–90, 204, 217, 237–38;transmission of, 83, 86, 188, 196–97

Black Sea, 132, 134, 190, 191, 288, 298–99,317

Bodin, Jean, 321Bohemia, 134, 139, 204, 207, 212, 281Bois, Guy, 191, 198, 199

911






Index

Bol, Peter, 595Bolitho, Harold, 444Bolotnikov, Russian rebel, 241Bombay, 658, 701Boomgaard, Peter, 790Bordeaux, 197, 260, 268, 351, 360Borisenkov, Ye. P, 144Borneo, 768, 772, 800, 808, 812, 816, 821,

849, 852, 871, 877Borobudur, 781Bosch, Johannes van den, Dutch

governor-general, 877Boserup, Ester, 34 and 34 n.41Bourbon France (1589–1792, 1814–1830):

95, 201; and Bourbon accession, 268–69;competitiveness of vis-a-vis Britain, 350,366–67; cultural, social, and politicalcurrents sympathetic to centralregulation in, 319–21, 355–68; as earlymodern realm, 96–97, 359; economictrends c. 1620–1780 in, 329–39;18th-century centralization andstandardization in, 340–41; expandingarmy size in, 322, 328–29; and theFronde, 324–25; hypertrophic nature ofthe state vis-a-vis the economy in, 329ff.;legal reform in, 328; military stimuli toadministrative reform in, 321–24; newpatronage and fiscal structures in,324–28; reforms as encouragement andimpediment to standardization in,326–29; after restoration of 1814, 353–54;17th-century wars of, 322; social andcultural circulation in, 359–66;socioeconomic change in compared toSoutheast Asia, 341–51; andsocioeconomic change as solvent ofroyal authority, 341–51; standing armyin, 325; state stimuli to economy in,331–32, 334–35; taxation in, 324–28, 330,331, 340–41; territorial conquests by,273–74; Versailles’ role in, 325–26. Seealso French Revolution, Henry IV,Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XIV,Louis XVI

boyars, 172, 174, 191, 218, 226, 230, 231, 241,282, 293, 300

brahmans: disseminate Gupta norms,641–42, 660–61; disseminate moreorthodox notions of caste after c. 1650,666–70; undergird Gupta social and

political order, 636, 640, 659–61; inSoutheast Asia, 771, 772

Brajbhasha language and literature,731–32

Brantas river and basin, 783, 784, 788, 792Braudel, Fernand, 243, 244Brazil, 829, 842Brenner, Robert, 6–7, 330, 568, 570, 574Breton language, 260, 261, 362, 366Brewer, John, 277Britain, British Isles: 143; economic

performance compared to China, 6–8,565–75; economic performancecompared to South Asia, 704–705;medieval prosperity in, 158. See alsoEngland and Great Britain, British

British: create the Raj, 96, 114–17, 632, 638;endorse caste, 660; inspire Indianopposition, 733; introduce new culturaland racial norms to South Asia, 654–55,758–60; profit from global trade,704–705; revive Dutch fortunes inSoutheast Asia, 875–76; trade inSoutheast Asia, 858, 865, 869, 871–76,888–89; weaken Indian regionalidentities, 737. See also country traders,English East India Company

Brittany, 53, 153, 178, 182, 202, 251, 256,260, 268, 351

Broadberry, Stephen, 570Bronson, Bennet, 803bronze, bronze-age civilizations: in North

China, 107, 577–78, 771; in North India,107, 706–708, 771; in Southeast Asia,765, 771; in Southwest Asia and Egypt,107, 109

Brown, Percy, 727Brown, Philip, 424–25, 452Brunei, 795, 802, 808, 839Buddhism: and distinct Theravada

cultural zone in Southeast Asia, 18,19 n.27, 26–28, 31, 35, 37–39, 40, 42–43,45, 181, 264–65, 786, 836; Mahayana inChina, 500, 509, 539; Mahayana inJapan, 63, 66, 132, 375, 383, 387–89,411–12, 432–35, 444–45; Mahayana inInner Asia, 104, 589, 592–93, 602;Mahayana in Southeast Asia, 18, 19, 26,38, 349, 771–72, 777, 781, 786; in SouthAsia, 640

Bug river, 134

912






Index

Bugis, 852, 859, 860, 865, 866, 869–72, 882Bulbeck, David, 820Bulgaria, 132, 139bullion: Chinese production, export, and

import of, 88–89, 188, 335, 418–20, 517,558, 560–61, 564, 564 n.173, 822, 834, 838,841; central European export of, 220,244, 695; Eurasian shortages of, 88, 188,190, 198, 242, 558, 691–92, 695; Europeanimport of, 191, 220, 244, 298, 336–37,420, 826; exchanged for Chinese goodsin Southeast Asia, 88, 419, 821–23, 834,837, 884, 885, 834; global productioncycles of, 88, 188, 198, 420, 561, 695–96;Japanese export of, 35, 88–89, 220, 335,418–20, 453–54, 458–60, 561, 695, 822,841; New World export of, 35, 88, 220,244, 267, 276, 330, 335, 370, 420, 561,695–96, 821–23, 826, 834, 838; post-1470rise in global supplies of, 88–89, 206,220, 244, 335, 419–20, 695–96, 821; SouthAsian import and uses of, 336, 647,691–92, 695–96, 701, 704; SoutheastAsian import and re-export of, 35, 337,420, 821

Burgundy, 53, 135, 153, 158, 179, 180,201–202, 251, 256, 829

Burma: administrative centralization in,23–25; and Anglo-Burmese wars, 272,658, 893; anticentralizing revolts in,303–305; charter era in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43,44, 53–57, 135, 772, 780–81, 792; culturalintegration in, 26–30, 41–43;demography of, 50, 68; dynamics ofintegration in, 31–48 passim;18th-century interregnum in, 20, 206,341–54 passim; 14th–15th centuryinterregnum in, 17–20, 23, 35, 55–57,206; interregnum of 1590 to 1613 in,19–20, 24, 206; literacy in, 27; asprotected zone polity, 49–50; stateinfluences on economics and culture in,44–47; territorial expansion and extentof, 15–22, 50 n.58, 58 Fig. 1.4, 273,286–87; and warfare, 20, 24–25, 43–44,272, 286–87, 341, 349, 352–53. See alsoToungoo Burma, Kon-baung Dynasty,Pagan

Burmans, Burmese language and culture,18–19, 18 n.26, 26–28, 34–35, 37, 40, 48,731–32

Burns, Susan, 484bushi, 403, 404 n.93, 405–407, 432, 435, 438.

See also samuraiBushkovitch, Paul, 292Butler, Lee, 405, 436Byzantium, 53, 101, 131–32, 141, 142, 207,

214, 229

Cairo, 800, 848Caitanya, Indian religious leader, 664–65cakkavatti (World-Ruler) ideology, 40, 228Calais, 197Calcutta, 658, 701Calvinism, 71, 263, 264, 267, 281, 284–85,

879–80Cambodia, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 44, 53, 272,

286, 792. See also Angkor; Khmers,Khmer culture and polities

Campbell, Peter, 327Candragupta I, Gupta ruler, 636Candragupta II, Gupta ruler, 656Cape of Good Hope, 823, 839, 843, 876Capetian France (987–1328): apanages in,

178–79, 201; Capetian biological goodfortune in, 177 n.136; and Capetiandynastic accession, 168; compared tocharter realms, 156, 161, 162, 170, 171,176–77, 183–84, 372; cultural integrationin, 179–82; economic and cultural spursto centralization under, 166–70; fiveadministrative zones of, 177–79, 201;and 14th-century crisis, 183–84, 193ff.;as heir to Carolingians, 54, 150, 168, 169,176; protopatriotic themes in, 179,181–82; royal administration in, 169–70,177–79; royal revenues in, 170; royalsuccession in, 177; as second phase ofFrench consolidation, 54, 125, 147;struggles with Plantagenets, 168, 169,182, 200; territorial consolidation in, 62Fig. 1.8, 169–70

Carey, Peter, 882Caribbean, 209, 322, 337Carolingian Dynasty. See Charlemagne,

Frankish/Carolingian kingdomcartography, maps, 61, 92, 95, 248, 300,

301, 320, 437, 470, 487, 524, 654Caspian Sea, 214, 236, 707caste: and bhakti, 664; as distinctive

South Asian feature, 681; influencesMuslims, 677; and literacy, 679;

913






Index

caste: (cont.)post-1650 dissemination of brahmanicnotions of, 96, 666–70, 680; as putativebarrier to state power, 633, 659, 715, 743;in Sanskrit cosmopolis, 660–63; varnasand jatis in, 661, 666–68, 708, 743, 786

castellans, 154–55, 164, 166, 168, 169, 210Castile, 203, 208–209, 828Catalonia, 149, 153, 182, 203, 204, 212, 279Cathars, 75Catherine II, the Great, Russian empress,

106, 293, 301–303, 305, 310, 314–17, 752,754

Catholic church, Catholicism: andsecularism in 18th/19th-century France,347–49; in 16th-century Wars ofReligion, 267–69; and Spanish identity,209; in support of feudaltransformation, 155. See alsoChristianity, Counter-Reformation,Latin Christianity

Caucasus, 287–88, 313, 316–17cavalry: 84–85; in France, 242, 246, 248;

and Inner Asian power, 98, 100, 106,111, 584, 685; in Japan, 84–85, 421; inRussia, 91, 190, 215, 221–23, 227, 282–85,289; in South Asia, 102, 115–16, 645–46,682, 685, 690; in Southeast Asia, 84

Cebu, 831, 888Celtic languages, 721censuses and cadastres, 24, 61, 226,

290–91, 354, 413, 424, 441, 470, 613–14,647, 648, 651, 652, 856

cereal yields: in China, 87, 550, 566, 568; inEngland, 568; in France, 148, 157,164–65, 177, 329–30; in Japan, 87,378 n.12, 386, 396, 449, 460 n.272; inRussia, 145, 177, 218, 296; in SoutheastAsia, 33, 378 n.12, 460 n.272, 792

Chaghatai, Mongol leader, 712Chakri Dynasty of Siam, 20, 31, 306 n.93Chamberlain, Michael, 84Champa, Chams, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27, 29, 32,

35, 42, 44, 53, 57, 75, 177, 274, 359, 398,603, 748, 785, 812

Champagne, 158, 164, 198Chandra, Satish, 750Chang, Michael, 597Chang’an, 500Chaophraya river and basin, 14, 21, 28, 29,

48, 372, 549

Charbonnier, Pierre, 193charity elementary schools, in China, 529,

534, 543Charlemagne, 76, 129, 150–52Charles the Fat, Carolingian king, 152

Charles VII, of France, 241charter polities/cultures: 896; in China,

498–99; in France, 49, 53–58, 126–30,147–54; in Japan, 49, 53–58; in islandSoutheast Asia, 115, 765, 770–797; inmainland Southeast Asia, 16–17, 23, 26,43, 44, 53–57, 135, 149; in protectedzone, 49, 53–58, 91, 110; in Russia, 49,53–58, 125–47, 170–75; in South Asia,635–36, 639–40

Chartier, Roger, 345Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, 641Cherniavsky, Michael, 221Chernigov, 172–73Chiang Mai, 53China: administrative ideals in, 499;

administrative integration in, 504–19;charter state in, 498–99; climaticinfluences on the economy of, 554–58,560, 561, 563; cultural instruments ofimperial integration in, 534–37, 604, 629;demography of, 79, 95, 501–502, 512,518, 527–28; 532, 540, 549, 557, 559,559 n.159; diseases in, 553–54, 557–58;differs from protected zone, 576–630;early modern elite consciousness in,575; “early modern/late imperial” ashistoriographic category in, 512–14, 562,575–76; and economic cycles correlatedwith those in the protected zone, 96,548–65, 627; economic performancecompared to Europe, 6–8, 563, 565–76;equal male inheritance and itsimplications in, 506, 513, 536; ethnictensions between Inner Asians andChinese in, 525, 591–601; evolvingprovincial administration in, 517; firstcommercial revolution/medievaleconomic revolution in, 512, 540, 551;frontier settlement/Sinicization in,526–31; gentry in, 512–15; horizontalcultural integration in, 95, 524–37; andInner Asians as agents of Chineseimperial expansion, 522; limitedpressures to military innovation and

914






Index

fiscal maximization in, 112–13, 518,613–22, 625–26, 629–30; lineageorganizations in, 541; literacy in, 94, 512,531, 533, 538–39, 542–44, 563; long-termSkinnerian devolutionary pressures in,112, 518, 605–15; mildly centripetalgeography in, 537, 604–605; as part ofexposed zone, 85, 93–114, 495, 497;princes in, 516; progressively shorterinterregna in, 497–504; resemblesprotected zone, 495, 497–576 passim,esp., 497, 519, 526–27, 526 n.71, 548–65,575–76; rising social mobility in, 537–42;second commercial revolution in, 532,562–63, 822; and Sinicization vs. AltaicSchools of interpretation, 598;Sino-foreign regimes in, 103, 508,520–21, 591, 584; as site of primarycivilization/state, 576–81, 628;southward shift of economic center ofgravity in, 525–28, 549; and strongerelite-mass and capital-local linkagesafter c. 1500, 512–15; technological andeconomic implications of imperial sizein, 622–25; territorial expansion in,519–24; unifying features in, comparedto Europe and South Asia, 534–37;urbanization in, 550–551, 559–60,563 n.171; vertical cultural exchange in,537–47; warlordism in, 516–17. See alsocivil service examinations; taxation;Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and QingChina

Chinese cash coins, 87, 418–19, 335, 548,550, 558, 562, 564, 776, 788, 791, 799, 802,821

Chinese cultural influence: on Japan, 53,78, 91, 107, 372, 374, 382–83, 387–89, 392,579; on Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 15,18–19, 25–28, 30, 31, 38–40, 42, 44, 46, 48,65, 91, 265, 421. See also Neo-Confucianism/Confucianism

Chinese trade: 87–89, 276, 338, 419–20;with Europe, 89, 335–39 passim; withInner Asia, 523–24, 585–86; with islandSoutheast Asia to 1511, 773–819 passim;with island Southeast Asia, 1511 to c.1660, 821–22, 849, 850–52; with islandSoutheast Asia c. 1660 to 1830, 868–74,882, 885, 888–89; with mainlandSoutheast Asia, 25, 29, 32–33, 35, 37, 298,

355; with Japan, 87, 89, 397, 418–21,453–54, 458, 548

Chinggis Khan, Chingissid rulers, 184,602, 712

Chishti sufi order, 723chonin (urban commoners) in Japan,

447–48, 473–77, 482Christianity: in Frankish/Carolingian

kingdom, 76, 110, 148, 150, 160; inmedieval and early modern France, 160,179–81, 263, 347–49, 355–59; in islandSoutheast Asia outside the Philippines,840–41, 843–44, 879–80; in Japan, 75,359, 444, 453, 470; in Kiev, 110, 132, 133,135; in Muscovy and post-1700 Russia,228–36; in Philippines, 117, 764–65, 813,833–37, 888–90; in Roman and post-Roman Gaul, 129, 150; and secularizingtrends in, 18th–century France, 347–49,59. See also Catholic church,Catholicism; Counter-Reformation;Protestants/Protestantism

Church Slavonic, 132, 309, 720Cirebon, 807, 812, 862cities. See urbanizationcivil service examinations: in China, 95,

111, 502, 507, 510–511, 534–35, 595, 604,607; in Korea, 534; rising intake from inChina, 510–12;607; in Vietnam, 38, 46

civilite (politeness), 362, 364civilization: defined, 107 n.152; genesis in

exposed and protected zones, 107–108.See also primary states/civilizations,secondary states/civilizations

climate: as agency of Eurasiancoordination, 79–84, 144–46, 162–64,182–84, 205, 240, 276, 334, 417–18,554–58, 687–91; in China, 81–84, 146,554–58, 560, 561, 563; effects of maskedand modified by human action, 82–83,146; in Europe, 80–84, 162–64, 195, 240,276, 330; forcing mechanismsgoverning, 79–80; in France 56, 162–64,195, 243, 267, 276, 329–30, 334; interactswith disease, 143–44, 189–90; in islandSoutheast Asia, 792, 795–96, 797, 864; inJapan, 82, 378, 381–82, 394–95, 417–18,453, 459; in mainland Southeast Asia,33, 80–84, 146, 162, 240, 243, 276, 330,334, 417–18, 792; as possible spur toMongol expansion, 185–86 n.150;

915






Index

climate: (cont.)in Russia and Siberia, 56, 81, 83, 143–47,162, 163, 189–90, 217, 243, 294–96; inSouth Asia, 81, 146, 687–93, 703. See alsoLittle Ice Age, Medieval ClimateAnomaly, Sporer Minimum

clove, nutmeg, and mace (fine spices),800–802, 809, 820, 843, 852–54. See alsospice cultivation and trade

Clovis, Frankish king, 148, 150Clunas, Craig, 545coal, 6, 459, 567, 570Coedes, George, 773coffee, 332, 337, 860, 862, 872, 877, 886Cohen, Paul, 262coins, coinage: Chinese, 87, 418–19, 335,

548, 550, 558, 562, 564, 776, 788, 791, 799,802, 821; in France, 152, 166, 194, 201,245; in island Southeast Asia, 788, 791,799, 802, 815, 821, 853; in Japan, 386,418–20, 423, 428, 430, 442, 452, 454, 456;in Russia, 131, 188, 220, 298; in SouthAsia, 647, 650, 684, 691–93, 695–97. Seealso Chinese cash coins

Colas, 636, 664, 716, 718, 730, 775, 791Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, French minister, 74,

331, 332 n.173Collins, James, 337commercialization/monetization: in

China, 87, 512, 523–24, 528, 532, 540–42,550–51, 559–65, 607, 627; coordinatedbetween Europe and Southeast Asia,334–39; in France, 51, 67–71, 74–75,165–66, 198, 244–48, 332–34, 354–55; inisland Southeast Asia, 788–89, 796,798–802, 802–819 passim, 820–24, 837–57passim, 866–67, 870, 885–89; in Japan,67–71, 74–75, 423, 427–29, 450–56, 465;in mainland Southeast Asia, 35–37,44–47, 67–71; in Russia, 67–71, 74–75,219–22, 296–99; in South Asia, 6, 641,682–85, 691, 694–96, 700–705

community compacts in China, 513, 518,541

commutation. See taxationcomparative history, 8–9 n.16compass, 89concentric ring systems, 58, 368, 443, 862connective history, 8–9 n.16Constantinople, 131–34, 139, 141, 148, 197,

207, 229

consumer revolution/industriousrevolution, 68, 331–333, 334, 337–38,344, 360, 462, 465, 545, 563, 572, 705

Cook, Michael, 109Cornwallis, Charles, British administrator,

654Coromandel coast, 658, 682, 684, 822, 849Cossacks, 240, 241, 291, 304–305, 308cotton: in China and Japan, 87, 418,

428–29, 449, 460, 550, 557, 559; grown inand disseminated from India, 35, 87,362, 682, 684, 694–95, 734, 822, 838, 841,869; in Korea, 418, 427, 559; from NewWorld, 567; in Southeast Asia, 35, 87,559, 862, 869

Counter-Reformation: 63, 66, 72, 91, 207,233, 264–65, 280, 321, 348–49, 355–59,364; compared to Russian and SoutheastAsian religious reforms, 359, 445

country traders, 701, 869–74, 883, 885courtoisie (refinement), 167, 181Crimea, 188, 196–97, 217–18, 288, 313crisis: defined, 55 n.67Crusades, 180, 181culture: defined, 26cultural integration, horizontal: 899; in

China, 95, 524–37; in diverse Eurasianrealms, 10, 65–66, 75, 274, 369, 431; inFrance, 64, 179–82, 258–66, 356–68passim; in island Southeast Asia, 777–78,812–19, 845–56; in Japan, 63–64, 74, 375,390–91, 436–38, 470–73, 479–82; inmainland Southeast Asian realms,26–30 passim, 36–47 passim, 274; inRussia, 64–65, 235–36, 303–305, 313–18;in Russia and France compared, 364–65;in South Asia, 631, 658–81

cultural integration, vertical: 899; inChina, 537–47; in diverse Eurasianrealms, 10, 65–66, 75, 274, 369, 431; inFrance, 64, 180, 262–63, 356–68 passim;in island Southeast Asia, 777–78,812–19, 845–56; in Japan, 63–64, 375,377, 431–36, 473–82, 491; in mainlandSoutheast Asian realms, 26–30 passim,36–47 passim, 150, 309–310, 431; inRussia, 64, 228–32, 235–36, 306–312; inRussia and Vietnam compared, 309–310;in South Asia, 658–81 passim

cultuurstelsel (“cultivation system”), inJava, 877, 886, 889

916






Index

da Gama, Vasco, 829Dai Viet, 15–19, 23, 26, 35, 43, 53, 56, 77–78,

83, 86, 100, 183–84, 203, 216, 239, 264,275, 372, 374, 381, 384, 392–98 passim,548, 580. See also Vietnam

daimyo: economic policies of, 423–25; in,16th-century, 53, 60 n.72, 372, 374–75,377, 409–25 passim, 427, 429–30, 437, 489;under Tokugawa, 52, 438–57 passim,462–71 passim, 480–81, 485, 488

Dakani language and literature, 677, 680,729–30

Dali kingdom, 521–22, 531Daniilovich Dynasty in Russia, 213, 215,

224, 229, 236, 237, 240, 318Daoism, 500, 509, 539, 547Daoxue (Learning of the Way)

Neo-Confucianism, 501, 502, 509, 541,544, 609. See also Neo-Confucianism/Confucianism

Dardess, John, 522Dauphine, 256Day, Tony, 119de Tocqueville, Alexis, 361de Vries, Jan, 74, 333, 337, 563, 572Deccan: between c. 550 and, 1346, 642, 657,

662–63, 681, 682, 684–85, 687, 690,691–92, 716, 720–21, 723–24; between1346 and c. 1600, 643–44, 657, 714,724–33; and British, 638, 654–55, 693;and Delhi Sultanate, 637, 647; as hometo Dakani patois, 677; linked to Persia,709; and material inferiority to NorthIndia, 635; and Mauryas, 656; andMughals, 652, 657, 699–700, 745, 750–51;trade and migration corridors in, 644,670, 682–85, 739

Deccanis, 724, 747, 757, 805Delhi, 645, 670, 672, 677, 683, 704, 714,

731–32, 756Delhi Sultanate: 96; administrative and

cultural legacies of, 723–24, 726;administrative innovations under,645–47; anticipates Mughal empire, 637,657, 761, 828; compared to YuanDynasty in China, 710–711, 758, 761;conquests by, 657–58, 723–24, 729, 731;decline of, 112, 638, 647, 691–92, 753;destroys regional states, 723–24; ethnicprofile of ruling elite in, 749; foundingof, 86, 102, 637–38, 710; Inner Asian

origins of, 645–46, 710–711; andlong-distance trade, 645–46, 682;Mideastern influences on, 645–46; asnew phase in South Asian stateformation, 645, 657; patronizesindigenous culture, 673; privilegesPerso-Islamic culture, 671–72, 723–24,827–28; revives partially after c. 1450,637, 647; taxation under, 646–47, 684,697, 723

Demak, 796, 807–809, 811, 850, 854, 855demography: in China, 79, 95, 501–502,

512, 518, 527–28; 532, 540, 549, 557, 559,559 n.159, 702–703, 739; in Europe andChina compared, 5, 604, 702–703; inFrance, 50, 68, 137, 147, 165, 177, 197,243–44, 329–30, 334, 379–80, 380 Fig. 4.2,604, 702–703; in island Southeast Asia,764, 768, 788, 802, 824, 851–52, 856, 870,880; in Japan, 50, 68, 378–80, 380 Fig. 4.2,382, 382, 387, 396, 425, 449–50, 461, 604;in mainland Southeast Asia, 16, 34, 35,50, 68, 604, 764; in Russia, 50, 68, 113,217–18, 275, 286, 295, 306–318, 604; inSouth Asia, 111, 690, 694, 702, 739

Denmark, Danes, 139, 851, 852Devagiri, 646Devanagari script, 676, 680Dewald, Jonathan, 360Di Cosmo, Nicola, 97, 99, 585, 587, 589,

598, 828Dipanagara, Javanese prince, 876, 882direct-taxation Inner Asian empires, 99,

589, 828Directory, in France, 351, 353disciplinary revolutions: 39; in China, 95,

513, 541–42, 607; in diverse Eurasianrealms compared, 89–90, 359; in Europe,71–72, 167, 284–85, 359; in Japan,445–46; in South Asia, 743 n.306; inSoutheast Asia, 39, 284–85, 59

disease: in China, 79, 79 n.96, 553–554,557–58; in Eurasia, 78–79, 83, 146, 205,554; in France, 56–57, 182, 195–97, 331;interacts with climate, 143–44, 189–90,196, 395; in Japan, 79, 378, 380, 382,385–86, 394–95, 416–17; in Russia, 79,143–44, 188–90, 295; in South Asia, 79,687, 690, 692, 707; in Southeast Asia, 16,33–34, 79, 199–200, 791. See also BlackDeath, measles, smallpox, typhus

917






Index

Dnieper river basin, 126, 130, 131, 134, 143,144, 186, 190

Dniester river basin, 134, 142Dong Kinh, 310, 342, 703, 768Don river basin, 65, 227, 295, 304Dravidian languages, 680, 718, 721Duby, George, 156, 160, 510Dunbabin, Jean, 153Dunstan, Helen, 622Duplessis, Robert, 244Dutch in Asia: compared to British in

India, 860, 863, 867, 879, 883; comparedto Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820,826–29, 878–79, 880–81, 893–94; extendcontrol in island Southeast Asia afterVOC demise, 874–78; geographic reachof, 843, 863, 877; in Japan, 421, 454, 843;and Java War, 876–77; lay foundationfor Indonesia, 877–78; “plural society”elements under, 844, 883; in Taiwan,824. See also Dutch United East IndiaCompany

Dutch United East India Company (VOC):826–92 passim; advantages over Asiancompetitors, 825–26, 865–68;advantages over European competitors,841–42, 865–67; and adverse economicimpact on Indonesians, 863; Batavia’srole in, 861, 863; in, 18th-century crisiscompared to other Eurasian states, 874;commercial and military strategies of toc.1660, 842–44, 852–54; compared toEnglish East India Company, 860, 863,865, 867; deforms archipelagicdevelopment, 862–63; 18th-centurydecline and dissolution of, 857, 868,872–74; ethnic, cultural, and religiouspolicies of, 843–44, 878–81; and17th-century crisis, 864; territorialadvances by from c. 1660 to 1784,858–64; unwittingly spurs centralizationof archipelagic kingdoms to c. 1660,848–57. See also Batavia, Dutch in Asia

Dutch War, in Philippines, 831–33, 836,884

Dvina rivers, 227

early modernity: in China, 562, 575–76;chronological limits and definition of,76–77, 206–207, 375, 895, 897; debatesconcerning, 76–77; across Eurasia, 10,

76–77, 206–207, 375, 897; in France,Russia, and Europe, 70, 72, 77 n.93, 125and, 125 n.3, 206–208, 256; Inner Asiansas agents of, 102, 114, 597; in Japan,206–207, 375, 377; in South Asia, 10 n.19,96, 648, 698–99, 706, 760; in SoutheastAsia, 10 n.19, 77 n.93, 206–207; Spanishand Dutch as agents of in islandSoutheast Asia, 769–70

early 17th-century administrative reforms:in France, 269, 274; in Japan, 438–48; inRussia, 240–41, 269, 274, 282–86,301–302; in Southeast Asia, 24, 240–41,269, 274, 845–57

East Francia, 151Eaton, Richard, 657, 723, 726, 748Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 538Edict of Nantes, 323, 357Edo (Tokyo), 75, 372, 375, 441–42, 450–52,

460, 471, 474, 480–81Edo dialect, 471–72, 474, 680, 756education: in China, 538, 542–44; in

France, 64, 72, 167, 182, 249–50, 261, 263,265, 356–58, 361–62, 366; in Japan, 63,431, 476–77; in Russia, 292–94, 306,308–309; in Southeast Asia, 27, 28, 37,38, 265. See also literacy, numeracy

Edward III, of England, 200Egypt, 87, 107–108, 791, 824Eight Banners system in China, 516, 589,

597, 757El Nino Southern Oscillation, 33, 80, 238,

687, 792Elliott, Mark, 97, 103, 593, 596–98, 757Elvin, Mark, 550, 551, 557, 568, 623, 624emishi “barbarians” in Japan, 390, 437“engine science,” 3, 76, 573–74England and Great Britain: 49, 181, 210,

211, 212; in competition/at war withFrance, 66, 184, 200–202, 258, 259, 322,346, 349–51, 366, 702; culturalintegration in, 277–78; economicperformance compared to China, 6–8,563, 565–75; economic performancecompared to France and the continent,333–34 n.177, 574–75; feudalism in, 154;14th/15th century upheavals in,203–204; military and institutionalstrength between c. 1650 and 1815,277–78; as New Monarchy, 208; andPlantagenet empire, 168, 182, 200;

918






Index

religious toleration in, 748. See alsoBritain, British Isles; British

English East India Company (EIC):compared to VOC, 860, 865, 867;conquests by, 638, 655, 658; 18th-centuryadvantages in South Asia, 701–705; asheir to Indian and Mughal traditions,114, 638, 653–54, 758; as novel force inSouth Asia, 115, 654–55, 701–702,758–60; in Southeast Asia, 850, 865, 869

Enlightenment, 92, 281, 310, 315–16, 348,353, 365, 367, 476, 573, 875, 881

Enryakuji temple in Japan, 394, 401 n.86Epstein, S.R., 70, 194, 220, 244, 245, 430equal-field system in China, 551,

616Estado da India, 839, 842Estates-General, 343–44, 347“ethnic sovereignty,” 103, 597, 757ethnicity, politicized ethnicity: and

anti-centralizing revolts, 303–305; inChina, 103–104, 525–31, 581–91;compared to nationalism, 39–43, 488–90,897–98; fluidity of, 120–21; in France,151, 179–80, 241–43, 258–63; in Japan,52, 389, 390, 437; Latin Christianity asequivalent to, 181; in mainlandSoutheast Asia, 26–29, 31, 39–43, 52, 151,303–304, 313; in Russia, 64–65, 104–106,234–36, 274, 303–306, 311, 312–18; inRussia and Southeast Asia compared,313; weakness of in South Asia, 714–15

Eurasia: as interactive ecumene, 11, 122,895, 906–908; parallel consolidationsacross, 1, 9–11, 49, 52–67, 76–77, 96, 121,895–908. See also synchronization ofpolitical, economic, and culturalchanges

Europe: accelerating political andeconomic construction across c. 1650 to1830, 276–81; demographic regimes in,5; disorders across c.1240 to 1450,203–204; economic and politicaldynamism across c. 900 to 1250, 11,135–39; economic and political revivalin c. 1450 to 1560, 207–212; late 16th-and 17th-century disorders in, 212;limited utility of as unit of comparativeanalysis, 51–52, 907; as part of protectedzone, 85; territorial consolidation in,352–53. See also European

exceptionalism and idiosyncrasy, andindividual countries

European exceptionalism andidiosyncrasy, 2, 3–8, 11, 49–52, 119–20,896, 907–908; in naval and globalstrategy, 825–26

exposed zone: xxi–xxii; contrasted withprotected zone, 85, 97–114 passim, 495,497, 576–632, 706–762, 901–904; definingfeatures of, 85, 93, 97–114, 900–904;extent of, 85, 93, 106 n.151, 108, 495;similarities to protected zone, 93–97,494, 497–576, 635–706, 900–903. See alsoChina, South Asia

extensive growth, 8Ezo, 440, 486

Farris, William Wayne, 379, 394, 396, 399,400, 416, 425, 428

Fatimid Egypt, 87, 791female roles: 359; in France, 72, 344, 357,

359; in Japan, 385, 396, 425, 434, 479; inSoutheast Asia, 37–38, 121, 764, 815

Fennell, John, 171feudalism: as basis for analogies between

Tokugawa Japan and post- CarolingianFrance, 415, n.119; 257; benefits Europeeconomically, 160–61, 163; debatesconcerning, 4, 154–55 n.69; decaysunder Valois Dynasty, 246–47, 257; andfeudal transformation (revolution) inmedieval France and western Europe,154–56, 163, 552; and French royalclaims, 156, 168–69; in Germany, 210; inKiev, 185; and law in Europe, 256; inSouth Asia, 641, 681

Fichtenau, Heinrich, 151Finland, 287–88, 313–14Finnic peoples, 130, 132, 141, 236, 304, 313firearms: as agency of Eurasian

coordination, 90–91, 206, 249, 270, 276,422, 430, 898–99; artillery, 90, 91, 115,223, 248–49; 289, 291, 421–22, 524, 87,653, 697–98, 865; in China, 524, 87,625–26; flintlocks, 33, 91, 289, 291, 305,653, 700, 865; in Japan, 90–91, 374,421–22; matchlocks, 33, 223, 289, 421,698; and the “military revolution,” 73,n.88, 90–91, 249, 653, 700; in Russia, 206,220, 222–24, 237, 285, 289–91; in SouthAsia, 96, 652–53, 697–98, 700–701, 760;

919






Index

firearms: (cont.)in Southeast Asia, 19, 24, 31, 33, 43, 44,46–47, 90–91, 223, 276, 288–89, 422, 700,811, 820, 845–46, 851, 853, 855, 865, 869,871, 883; in western Europe, 90–91, 206,248–49, 272, 276, 335

five-family unit in Japan, 447Flanders, 87, 135, 153, 168, 178, 203–204Flemish, 260, 362Florence, 203, 211Flores, 812, 844, 852Flier, Michael, 235Flynn, Dennis, 88, 420Fossier, Robert, 156, 159, 160Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 873France: administrative centralization in,

57–63; administrative cycles in, 54–56,125; advantageous geography of, 50,210; charter era in, 49, 53–58, 126–30,147–54; climate in, 56, 162–64, 195, 243,267, 276, 329–30, 334; commercialdensities in, 51, 123–24, 129–30; culturalintegration in, 63–67, 179–81, 257–66,275, 355–68; demography of, 50, 68, 137,147, 165, 177, 197, 243–44, 329–30, 334;and developmental similarities toVietnam, 129–30, 177, 203, 205, 255–56,349; disciplinary revolution in, 72; andearly emergence of Frenchpolitical/cultural identity, 151, 168–70,179–80; and 18th-century dislocationscompared to Southeast Asia, 275,341–51; and 18th-century globaleconomy, 329–39; 14th/15th- centuryinterregnum in, 183–84, 193–205; as heirto Frankish/Carolingian kingdom, 151,153, 269; large number of administrativecycles in, 54–55, 125–26; late16th-century interregnum in, 266–69;law codes in, 167, 176, 253, 256–57;linguistic unification in, 64, 179–81,259–64, 361–64, 366–67, 431, 680, 720,731, 756; literacy in, 54, 63, 71, 167, 177,180, 182; medieval prosperity in, 137–38,156–66; as New Monarchy, 208; 9th-10thcentury interregnum in, 152–54;political and cultural trajectories incompared to Russia and mainlandSoutheast Asia, 123–26, 269–70, 271–76,368–70; as protected zone realm, 49–50;royal domain in, 176, 251; “royal

religion” and ideologies tap provincialloyalties in, 179, 242, 258–59, 264, 431;“social centralization,” in, 319, 355–56;tension between universal and nationalideals in, 349, 358, 365, 367; territorialexpansion and extent of, 50 n.58, 57, 62Fig. 1.8, 153, 169–70, 211, 249–51,273–74, 321–22, 352, 604; urbanizationin, 67, 129, 165, 176–77, 245–46, 296, 332.See also Bourbon France, CapetianFrance, Frankish/Carolingiankingdom, French Revolution,Napoleon, taxation, Valois France

Franche Comte, 209, 322, 356, 357Francis I, of France, 249, 256, 261Franco-Provencal language, 260Franke, Herbert, 595Frankish/Carolingian kingdom (c. 500–

890): 147–54; administrative system in,151–54, 156; at apogee underCharlemagne, 149; Carolingian Dynastysupplants Merovingian Dynasty in,148–49; as charter polity, 53–56, 125,147–54; Christianity in, 76, 110, 148, 150;compared to other charter states,125–26, 129, 149–51, 176–77, 372, 381,384–85, 580; dynastic succession in,148–49; ethnic/territorial legacies tolater generations, 151; externalchallenges to, 153; fragmentation of,54–56, 125, 152–54, 184; as home tonorthern Europe’s first trans-Alpinecivilization, 150; poverty of, 148, 157;Roman influences on, 129, 147–50;territorial conquests and consolidationin, 62 Fig. 1.8, 149. See also charterpolities/cultures, Charlemagne,Clovis, Merovingian Dynasty

Franklin, Simon, 134, 142, 171, 173, 175Franks, 129, 148–51, 176, 180, 269, 599Freeze, Gregory, 303, 310French, R.A., 218French East India Company, 638, 653,

701French languages and dialects, 179–80,

259–64, 362–68. See also Parisian FrenchFrench Revolution: centralizing thrust of,

353–54, 445; compared to statebreakdowns in 18th-century SoutheastAsia, 69, 275, 341–55 passim; comparedto earlier French interregna, 351–52;

920






Index

demographic and commercial tensionsleading to, 342–49; discursive andinstitutional novelty of, 351, 353;international context of, 349–51;political and cultural legacies of, 353–55,366–68; secularization and, 347–49, 445;as spur to cultural integration, 366–67;wars issuing from, 275, 352–53

French “royal religion,” 179, 242, 258–59,264, 431

Friday, Karl, 404Fronde rebellion in France, 321, 324–25,

327–28fubing militia in China, 508–509, 616Fujian, 87, 526, 559, 773, 799, 868Fujiwara family in Japan, 398–401Fujufuse sect in Japan, 470Furet, Francois, 363Fuzhou, 548

Gajapatis, Indian dynasty, 644Galich/Galicia, 172, 184Gallicanism, 179, 259, 358, 365Ganges river and basin. See

Indo-Gangetic plain/North IndiaGansu, 517, 520, 534, 535, 577, 710Gantoli, 774Gascony, 153Gaul, 129, 147–48, 153, 179, 269Gellner, Ernest, 41general crisis of the 17th-century in

Europe, 212Genoa, 197Genpei War in Japan, 55 n.68, 377 n.10,

404, 409, 412Georgia, Georgians, 315German/Germanic languages, 151, 260,

721, 744Germanic tribes, 105, 147, 148Germany, 168, 188, 203–204, 210–212,

280–81, 352, 367. See also Austria, HolyRoman Empire, Prussia

Ghaznavid Dynasty in Afghanistan, 645,690, 710, 722

ghost acreage, 6, 273, 337, 458, 567,571–72

Ghurid Dynasty in Afghanistan/India,645, 690, 710

Giraldez, Arturo, 88, 420Goa, 839Go-Daigo, Japanese emperor, 408, 409

gold, 188, 209, 272, 418, 420, 452, 454, 458,684, 695–96, 775–76, 793, 801–802,845–46, 858, 868, 871

Goldsmith, James, 194Goldstone, Jack, 3, 9, 76, 164, 342–43, 468,

573–74Golkonda Sultanate, 646, 657, 724, 727,

729, 737, 846Gommans, Jos, 697Gondwana, 657Gorski, Philip, 39, 71–72, 167, 278, 359,

445, 462, 513, 541, 627. See alsodisciplinary revolutions

Grand Canal in China, 95, 500, 549, 605,625, 739

Grand Princes: of Kiev, 133, 172–73,185–86, 190; of Vladimir and Moscow,173, 186, 192, 213, 215, 224–27, 229

Great Russian ethnicity and Russificationof border peoples, 64–65, 105–106,235–36, 274, 306, 311, 313, 316–18

Great Wall of China, 522–23, 589, 620Greeks, Greek influence, 131, 132, 174Gresik, Giri, 808, 812, 854Guangdong, 504, 526, 528, 535, 554, 559,

799, 868Guangxi, 504, 526, 528, 554Guangzhou (Canton), 548, 869Guizhou, 528, 559Gujarat, 637, 657, 665, 667, 682, 684, 714,

719, 723–24, 728, 732–33, 805, 822,846

Gujarati language and culture, 680,719

Gupta, Bishnupriya, 570Gupta empire (c. 320–550 c.e.), 96,

107–108, 636–45, 656, 658–62, 664,681–82, 696, 710, 713, 715, 716, 721, 726,740, 760

Gurjara Pratiharas, Indian dynasty, 636,716

Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, 276, 279Guyenne, 256

Habermas, Jurgen, 4, 483Habib, Irfan, 745Habsburgs: and Austria, 207, 280–81, 599;

and Holy Roman Empire, 280; andNetherlands, 829–30; and Spain, 209; atwar with France, 249, 266, 322, 324

Hajnal, John, 5

921






Index

Hakata, 397, 412Hall, John W., 398, 411, 422Han China (202 b.c.e. – 220 c.e.): 95, 110,

710; administration and centralizingprecedents under, 504–506; as charterrealm, 498–99, 580; decline of, 499;ethnic assimilation under, 526; frontiersettlement under, 526; and growingaristocratic dominance in late Han,504–505; Inner Asians and, 102, 581;socioeconomic trends in, 499, 537–38;territorial extent of, 499, 520; asuniversal empire and model foradjacent realms, 107–108; verticalcultural integration and fissures in,537–58

han domains. See daimyoHan people. See ethnicity/politicized

ethnicity, in ChinaHanley, Susan, 475Hansen, Valerie, 499, 545, 623Harappan civilization, (c. 3200–1750/1250

b.c.e.) 107, 109, 706–709Harding, Robert, 319Hardy, Peter, 672Harootunian, H. D., 483Hayami, Akira, 452–53Heian/Kyoto, 55, 56, 75, 372, 383–414

passim, 418, 419, 423, 427–44 passim, 450,454, 471–74

Heian period (794–1185), 389. See ritsuryoJapan and post-ritsuryo Japan

Hellie, Richard, 217, 223, 291, 301Henan, 559, 577Henley, David, 34 n.41, 791, 802, 824,

835Henry II, of France, 249Henry III, of France, 253, 268Henry IV, of France, 269, 323, 416Hephthalites, 710Higounet-Nadal, Arlette, 159Hilton, R. H., 187Himalayas, 108, 622, 656–58, 689, 713Hindi, Hindavi languages and literature,

677, 680, 719, 726, 731–33, 754–56Hindu-Buddhism in Southeast Asia, 781,

786, 796, 803, 807, 808, 812–15, 818, 848,855, 893

Hinduism: as anachronistic construct,n.16, 747; in relation to Islam, 672–78,680; and Maratha identity, 734–35;

origin of term, 642 n.16; post-Guptaprecursors to and emergence of, 642,664

“Hindus,” 672–74, 677–79, 726, 730, 750Hindustan, 678Hittle, J. Michael, 311Hodges, Richard, 160Hodgson, Marshall, 675, 697Hoffman, Philip, 244, 330, 574–75Hokkaido, 372, 390, 437, 440, 450, 459, 485,

489Holland, 212, 322, 365, 829–30, 865,

872–75, 878–80. See also NetherlandsHoly Roman Empire, 151, 168, 179, 201,

210–211, 269, 276, 280, 352, 721Honshu, 372, 381–82, 385, 390, 396, 428–29,

432, 435, 440–41, 450, 471Hormuz, 805, 825, 839horses: in China and adjacent steppe, 520,

523, 578, 584, 586; in Eurasia and InnerAsia generally, 84–85, 98, 102, 128; inSouth Asia, 644, 652, 682, 684, 690; inwestern Europe and Russia, 126, 140,157, 164, 166, 222, 295; in SoutheastAsia, 84. See also cavalry

Howell, David, 445, 480, 485, 489Hoysalas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682, 685,

716–19, 724, 730Huai river, 605Huang Chao, Chinese rebel, 504Huang, Philip, 6–7, 568–70Huang, Ray, 619–20Hudson, Mark, 484Hue, 45, 46Huguenots, 75, 265, 267–68, 291, 323, 359,

748Hunan, 528Hundred Years War: administrative

legacies of, 242–44, 613; burdens of,197–99; compared to contemporarydisorders in other protected zonerealms, 202–204, 243; compared toearlier and later French interregna, 266,268, 351; contradictions generating, 184,200–202; course of fighting during, 202;emotional/political legacies of, 204, 209,224, 241–43, 251, 258, 325; firearms in,248; as part of, 14th/15th-centurygeneral French crisis, 55, 56, 73, 200–205;and shift from dynastic to protopatrioticrationales, 241–42, 258

922






Index

Hungary, 134, 139, 181, 207, 280, 684Hunt, Edwin, 198Hunt, Robert, 790Hyderabad, 653, 655, 677, 701, 736–37,

755

Iaroslav the Wise of Kiev, 173Iberians. See Portugal, Portuguese; Spain,

SpanishIkegami, Eiko, 482Ile de France, 164, 169, 178–80, 182,

260India: derivation of term, 660–61. See

South AsiaIndian cultural influences: in mainland

Southeast Asia, 15, 26, 34, 37, 51, 53, 579,643; in island Southeast Asia, 771–72,778, 781, 786–87

Indian Ocean, 32, 670, 684, 769, 772, 776,778, 793, 800–806 and 820–29 passim,839, 841–42, 846, 848, 850–51, 857

indigo, 670, 682, 860, 862, 877, 885, 886Indo-Aryan languages, 677, 680, 721,

727Indo-Gangetic plain/North India: 638;

agrarian expansion in, 693–94;compared to North China plain, 635,660, 707–709, 738–39; as center of majorempires, 635, 639–40, 645–46, 656–58,681, 713, 721, 723; compared to SouthIndia, 635; as home to anddissemination point for Perso-Islamicculture and Urdu, 670–78, 730, 731–32;as home to and dissemination point forSanskritic culture, 659–63; as InnerAsian gateway, 632, 637, 645, 709; as siteof “North Indian ecumene,” 678–80; assite of primary civilization and charterstates, 108, 631, 635–36, 639–40, 706–709;smallpox in, 687

Indo-Islamic culture. See Perso-Islamicculture

Indonesia, 43, 117, 770, 774, 776, 793, 803,830, 843, 859, 863, 866, 877–80. See alsoisland Southeast Asia and individualislands and kingdoms

Indrapura, 845, 850Indus basin, 107, 109, 576, 578, 579, 707. See

also Indo-Gangetic plain/North IndiaIndus civilization. See Harappan

civilization

industrialization: in England and Europe,5, 334, 567, 569–70, 573–75; in Japan, 5–6

Inland Sea, 50, 69, 372, 410, 412Inner Asia: defined, 97–98Inner Asians: as agents of early modern

integration, 102, 114, 597; as agents ofEurasian coordination, 85–87; asbeneficiaries of Chinese economy,technology, administration, andideology, 585–91; as catalysts of Chinesestate formation prior to the Song, 102,109, 581–82; cavalry/martial superiorityof, 98, 521–23, 584, 645–46, 722–23;changing ratios to Chinese subjects, 583;chronologies in China and South Asiacompared, 709–711; as conquest elites inSouth Asia, 86, 102, 632, 637, 645–46,671, 674, 685–86, 692, 698; creativecultural and political role ofsteppe-sown and dry zone- arableinterface among, 585, 588, 590–91,628–29, 645–46; disconnect Confucianculture from Chinese ethnicity, 589–90;distinguished from protected zonerulers, 599–603, 629, 748–54; dominateSouth Asia from 13th to 18th centuries,710–757; “dual and plural systems”under, 595–96; four-stage administrativeevolution of, 99, 587–89; initiate newphase in South Asian political history,645ff.; minor role in protected zone, 582;as nonpareil agents of Chinese imperialconquest and reintegration, 522, 537,581–82, 597–98, 605, 628; overwhelmSong and Ming China, 521–22; pressureTang China, 508–509; resembleEuropeans in India and Southeast Asia,114–17, 582; segmentation ofChina-based empire under, 601–603;and Sinicization vs. Altaic Schools ofhistory, 598; and tension with Chinesesubjects, 591–601 passim; transformativerole of in exposed zone, 85–87, 93,97–110, 581–603, 628; weaken Indianregionalism, 722–38. See also Jurchens,Khitans, Manchus, Mongols,Mongol-Tatars, Turkic peoples

Innes, Robert, 456intendants, 324, 327–28, 340, 357interest rates, 67, 165, 198, 272

923






Index

interregna: 900; in China, 94, 497–504;defined, 10; in France, 54–57, 55 n.67, 94,193–205, 206, 266–70, 341–55; in Japan,55–56, 376–77; in mainland SoutheastAsia, 17–20, 23, 24, 35, 48, 55–57, 94, 206,275, 305, 341–55 passim; in Russia, 55–57,94, 183–93, 206, 238–41; in South Asia,96; synchronized across Eurasia, 1, 10,55–57, 58–62 Figs. 1.4 to, 1.9, 70, 121,182–84, 206, 266, 269–70, 275, 341–55,369; synchronized across Europe,203–212, 275

involutionary growth, 8 n.14, 569iqtas in South Asia, 643, 646–47, 723iron: and cannon, 223; in China, 107, 498,

538, 550, 578, 579, 771; in Europe,158 n.75, 164, 579; in island SoutheastAsia, 765, 771, 780, 791, 801, 803, 809; inJapan, 381–82, 394, 579–80; in SouthAsia, 107, 579, 708, 771; in SouthwestAsia, 107, 579; Swedish exports of, 209

Irrawaddy river and basin, 12, 20, 21, 48,295, 372, 549, 553

Isett, Christopher, 6–7, 568, 570,574

Iskandar Muda, ruler of Aceh, 847,849

Islam: appeals and early progress of inSoutheast Asia, 769, 797–98, 803–19passim; gains official patronage in India,671–74, 729–33, 750–57; andhistoriography of Indian communalism,746–48; linked to sedentarization inPunjab and Bengal, 671, 819; Muslims aspercentage of Indian population, 671; inPhilippines, 808–809, 830–31; andpost-charter ruptures in island world,769, 773, 786, 817, 893; in post-Mughalsuccessor states, 735–37; in post-1200interaction with non-Muslim faiths inSouth Asia, 670–78, 750–51; in Russianempire, 313; social and cultural impactin Southeast Asia, 764–65, 814–19,871–72 n.315; in Southeast Asia andIndia compared, 818–19; and SoutheastAsian state identities c. 1500–1830,840–41, 845–55 passim; symbolizes andspurs pasisir independence, 796, 861;synthesized with non-Muslim Indiancultures, 672–81; in tension with

non-Muslim South Asian cultures,671–72, 728–37, 750–57; Turkicconversion to, 686, 710. See alsoPerso-Islamic culture; sufis, sufism

“Islamicate culture,” 675island Southeast Asia: charter polities in,

115, 765, 770–797; charter polities inislands and other Eurasian regionscompared, 772, 775, 779, 780–83, 792–93,797, 891–92; climate in, 792, 795–96, 797,864; demography of, 764, 768, 788, 802,824, 851–52, 856, 870, 880; differs frommainland Southeast Asia, 115–17,768–70, 857, 867–68, 874, 893–94;discontinuities in, 768–69, 862–63, 893;Europeans in, 1511 to c. 1670, 115–17,820, 824–44; Europeans in, c.1670 to1830, 857–91 passim; firearms in, 811,820, 845–46, 851, 853, 855, 865, 869, 871,883, 892; geography of, 764, 768–69;Islam in, 769, 773, 786, 797–98, 803–19and, 845–57 passim; law codes in, 813,815, 816, 836, 862 n.286, 887; literacy in,786, 813, 871–72 n.315; major indigenousstates in 1511 to c.1660, 45–57;Malayo-Muslim acculturation in,compared to other acculturationprocesses, 798, 817–19; and maritimetrade to 1511, 772–80, 783–89, 791,793–819 passim; and maritime trade 1511to c. 1660, 820–23, 837–57 passim; andmaritime trade c. 1660 to 1830, 864,868–76, 882, 884–89; as part of protectedzone, 765, 768, 784, 788, 819; resemblesmainland Southeast Asia, 115, 764–68,793, 797, 798, 845–57, 874, 878, 891–93;shifts from protected to exposed zone,769–70, 862–63, 894, 905; urbanizationin, 803, 805, 821–22, 843, 845–52, 860,861, 863, 892. See alsocommercialization/monetization,Dutch United East India Company,Hindu-Buddhism, Islam, negeri,pasisir, Portugal, Spain, taxation,territorial consolidation, and individualislands and kingdoms

Israel, Jonathan, 874Italy: and Carolingians, 149; consolidation

of local polities in, 210–212, 280; andHabsburgs/Holy Roman Empire,209–211; in medieval period, 158–59,

924






Index

210; and Napoleon, 352, 367; underSpanish control, 211–12

Ivan III, of Muscovy, 73, 213–14, 227, 444Ivan IV, of Muscovy, 226, 230, 232, 239,

240, 303Iwahashi, Masaru, 452Iwai Shikegi, 585

Jackson, Peter, 638Jacobins, 353, 366Jacquerie, 203jagirs, jagir-holders in South Asia, 648, 650,

652, 697, 741, 744–45Jahangir, Mughal emperor, 674, 675Jains, 640, 662, 673, 708Jambi. See Malayu-JambiJansen, Marius, 482, 484Jansenism, Jansenists, 346, 348Japan: administrative integration in,

57–63; charter civilization in, 372, 374,381–91; climate in, 378, 380, 381–82,394–95; collective identities in, 378, 389,436–38; corporate villages (so) in, 72,411, 425, 435; cultural integration in,63–67, 375, 431–38, 469–81, 492;distinctive economic and demographicrhythms in, 376, 378–81, 395–97, 439,448–49, 457–61, 491–93; early modernityin, 206–207, 375, 377; firearms in, 374;European contacts with, 421, 436–37,440, 453–54, 458, 466, 469, 484–85,487–90; foreign trade in, 397, 418–21,453–55; geography of, 50, 69, 372;gradual transitions in, 376, 491; imperialcourt in, 376, 387, 393, 398, 400–409, 411,414, 438, 444, 480, 486, 490; literacy in,54, 58, 71, 389–91, 431–33; livingstandards in, 396, 428, 449, 456, 461;population of, 50, 68, 378–80, 380 Fig.4.2, 382, 387, 396, 425, 449–50, 461;post-1500 unification synchronized withother rimlands, 416–30; problems ofperiodization in, 376, 376 n.8, 392,392 n.52; as protected zone polity, 49–50,85, 372, 375, 493; relative isolation of,375–76, 397–98; religious heterogeneityin, 378 n.11, 431, 481; smallpox andother diseases in, 78–86 passim, 378, 380,385–86, 394–95, 400, 416–17, 491; stemfamilies (ie) in, 425, 452; territorialextent of, 50 n.58, 62 Fig. 1.9, 604; total

arable in, 396, 426; unique pattern ofincreasingly severe interregna in, 55–56,377, 491–92; urbanization in, 67, 296,428, 450, 450, 451, 460, 471; weakmilitary pressures in, 377–78, 444,457–58, 467. See also Ashikaga Japan,Chinese cultural influence, Kamakurashogunate, post-ritsuryo Japan, ritsuryoJapan, taxation, Tokugawa Japan,Warring States period in Japan

Jats, 735, 736, 754Jaunpur, 714, 724, 737Java: agricultural superiority of Central

and East over West Java, 768, 772–73,780–81, 783; classical/charter era in,781–97; climate in, 792, 795–96, 797; dualagrarian-mercantile strengths of,772–73, 780, 783, 789, 892; geography of,768, 781; growing Chinese insularity in,881–82; Hindu-Buddhism in, 781, 796,803, 807, 814, 855; Islam in, 796, 814, 819,848, 851, 861, 871–72 n.315, 882; late18th/early 19th-century crisis in, 874,876; and maritime trade, 83–86, 788–89,791, 793–97, 850–51, 854–56;19th-century Dutch reorganization of,874–77; and pan-Javanese ethnicconsciousness, 882–83; population of,788, 802, 856, 861 n.285, 870, 880;regionalism in, compared to Vietnam,868; and relations with Sumatra, 775,783, 785, 793–95, 804; and 16th-centuryshift from interior to pasisir, 796;vernacular revolution in, 720–21,786–87; VOC conquest andreorganization of, 860–63. See also JavaWar, Majapahit, Mataram, pasisir, andindividual port-cities

Java Sea, 804, 896Java War, 875–76, 882Javanese language and literative 720,

786–87, 795, 849, 855, 880, 882Jayakerta, 807, 843Jepara, 809Jesuits, 292, 306, 358, 416, 524, 625–26, 841Jews, 179, 181, 209, 232, 313, 805, 842Jin Dynasty/state in China (1115–1234),

502, 521–22, 588, 590–91, 595–96, 617,626

Joan of Arc, 259Johns, A. H., 813–14

925






Index

Johnson, David, 505, 540, 547Johor, Johor-Riau: 875, 892; Bugis alliance

and prosperity in 18th century, 858–59,870–72; and China trade, 839; as VOCally, 844, 858–59, 866; falls to Dutch1784, 859; as heir to Melaka and rival toAceh, 848–49

Jones, E.L., 2, 4, 5Jones, Russell, 819Jordan, William Chester, 193, 195Jurchens, 99, 111, 501–502, 521–22, 583–89

passim, 592–600 passim, 685, 691, 710,756–58, 761, 828

Kabir, Indian poet-saint, 663–65Kaffa, 188Kahan, Arcadius, 295Kaiser, Daniel, 175, 232Kakatiyas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682,

716–19, 723, 724, 729, 737Kalmyks, 314, 316Kalyana Calukyas, Indian rulers, 636, 716,

718–20, 729–30Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333):

Buddhism under, 389, 433–34; andcontinuities with post-ritsuryo order,374, 377, 392, 405–406, 491; ascourtier-warrior dyarchy, 405, 491;founding of, 377, 405; innovativepolitical features of, 405; militarygovernors and military land stewardsin, 405–406; and Mongols, 86, 376, 407;power blocs in, 405; samuraiacculturation under, 431; shogun in, 405;strains leading to collapse of, 407–408

kana script in Japan, 63, 375, 387, 432–33,478, 720

Kanauj, 645Kangxi, Qing emperor, 596, 614, 881Kannada language and culture, 663, 680,

693, 718–20, 729–31, 737, 747Kanto plain, 50, 56, 69, 372, 390, 403, 404,

406, 415, 427, 429–30, 440, 468Karakhanid empire of Turkestan, 685Karamzin, Nikolai, 315Karnataka, 719, 737Kashmir, 658, 671, 675, 728, 732Kaveri river, 635, 675Kazakhstan, Kazakhs, 288, 304, 313, 314,

645, 709Kazan, 214, 217, 223, 232

Kedah, 772, 774, 775, 793, 802, 820, 845, 871Kediri, 795, 796Keenan, Edward, 230Kerala, 100, 713Kettering, Sharon, 70, 325Khaljis, 646, 749Khanua, 698Khazar kingdom, 131, 132Khitans, 99, 111, 521–22, 583, 585–89

passim, 592–93, 599, 600, 618, 691, 710,756–57, 761

Khmers, Khmer culture and polities, 16,25, 27–29, 35, 40, 42, 48, 75, 274, 359, 553,603, 685, 748, 752. See also Cambodia

Khodarkovsky, Michael, 316Khubilai Khan, 602Khurasan, 672Kiev, 288. See Kievan RusKievan Rus (c. 930–1240): centrifugal

tendencies in, 55–56, 133–35, 176;Christianity in, 132–33, 135, 174–75;compared to other charter realms, 125,126ff., 140, 173–77, 182–84, 372, 381, 384,392–98, 580; cultural cohesion in, 171,173–75; economy of, 132–34, 140–48,775; geography of and territories under,126, 131–34; Golden Age of, 131–32;Grand Princes in, 133, 173, 185, 186, 190;historiography of, 171–72, 184–85, 392;low levels of literacy in, 173–174;Metropolitan in, 133, 171, 172;Mongol-Tatar conquest of, 101, 183–86;monumental construction in, 133–34,137; origins of, 53, 77–78, 126, 128–31;prosperity and population of, 132–33,140–41, 177; and Rus/Vikings, 130–31;shifting regional alignments within,133–35; spurs to charter florescence in,140–47, 683; and ties to Byzantium, 101,131–32, 141, 142; towns in, 134–35; weakpolitical integration in, 172–76

Kinai basin: along Japan’s chief east-westaxis, 372, 468; commercialization andeconomic precocity of, 407, 424–29, 460,468; as home to ritsuryo culture andpreeminent cultural site, 381ff., 396, 403,431–32; yields preeminence to Edo, 375,430, 460, 471

kingdom- and empire-specific pantheons:265, 533–34; in Burma, 40, 258–59; inChina, 533; in France, 179, 242, 258;

926






Index

in Russia, 234, 258–59; in Vietnam, 40,258–59

Kipchak khanate, 101, 184–90 passim;213–17, 229

Kivelson, Valerie, 51–52 n.61, 70, 283, 292,301

Kliuchevsky, V.O., 140kogi (public interest) in Japan, 413,

448kokugaku (nativist learning) in Japan, 66,

347, 378, 484, 486, 488, 489Kollmann, Nancy Shields, 213, 238, 292Kon-baung Dynasty in Burma, 20, 31, 58

Fig. 1.4, 66, 118Korea: as conduit for Chinese culture and

model for Japan, 53, 372, 375, 381–84,387–88; Hideyoshi’s invasion of, 438,439, 489, 625; internal evolution of, 49,49–50 n.57; as protected zone realm, 93,108; and relations with China, 520, 548,605, 620; trades with Japan, 418, 427

Koziol, Geoffrey, 168kraton (capital) in Java, 783, 785, 787, 789,

795, 797Krause, Keith, 626Krisna (deity), 664–65, 728, 731–32Krisna river, 723, 724ksatriyas, 661, 668, 747Kulke, Hermann, 15, 641, 645, 660, 772,

779, 782, 784Kumar, Ann, 882Kumar, Sunil, 749Kurile islands, 440Kusanas, in South Asia, 656, 710, 756Kutai, 817Kwass, Michael, 326, 340Kyoto, see Heian/KyotoKyrgyzstan, 97Kyushu, 381–82, 385, 397, 403, 404, 408,

419, 421, 432, 440–41

Lahore, 670, 683LaMarre, Thomas, 388Lampung, 802, 850Landes, David, 2, 4Langer, Lawrence, 189, 237langue d’oc, 260, 261, 362langue d’oil, 179, 182, 362Languedoc region, 170, 180, 182, 203, 256,

263, 356–57Laos/Lan Sang, 11, 19, 20, 21, 25, 272

Latin: 853; continued prestige of in16th-century France, 260; as universal,elite charter language comparable toSanskrit or Chinese, 28, 149, 181, 372,760; yields to French and other localvernacular languages, 64, 261–62, 265,478, 536, 543, 717, 720–21

Latin Christianity, 181, 191. See Catholicchurch/Catholicism; Christianity

laws, legal codification. See individualcountries and regions

Le Dynasty in Vietnam, 21, 60 Fig. 1.6Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 193, 243, 329LeDonne, 287, 301Lee, James, 5, 566, 615Legalist-Confucian thought, 499Leong, Sow-theng, 39Lesser Sundas, 840Levine, David, 193Lewis, Diane, 859Lhasa, 603Li, Bozhong, 502–503, 557, 574Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel, 583Liao state in North China/steppe

(907–1125), 521–22, 583, 588, 590, 595,617

lineage organizations in China, 541, 547,628

Lingayats, bhakti sect, 663, 719Lingnan, 420literacy, numeracy: 63, 71, 76–77, 89, 122,

206; in charter era polities, 53–54, 57–58,91, 129–30; in China, 94, 512, 531, 533,538–39, 542–44, 560, 563, 607, 679; inFrance, 71, 167, 177, 180, 182, 263, 345,359–62, 365, 368, 678; in island SoutheastAsia, 786, 813, 871–72 n.315; in Japan,63, 71, 389–91, 431–33, 435, 476–77, 483,677; in mainland Southeast Asia, 26–28,37, 46, 177, 309, 362, 543–44, 678; inRussia, 71, 173–74, 176, 226, 228, 231,233, 266, 293–94, 309, 312, 365; in SouthAsia, 94, 659, 669, 678–79, 708, 742, 761

Lithuania, Lithuanians, 53, 186, 190–93,213–14, 219–20, 230, 313–17. See alsoPoland, Poles

Little Ice Age, 80, 83, 84, 267, 330, 688Livesey, James, 367Livonia, 239Lodi Dynasty in South Asia, 637, 647, 648,

724, 727, 732

927






Index

Loire river and region, 151, 157, 179, 202,261, 268

Lombard, Denys, 795long-distance trade (overland and

maritime): as agency of Eurasiancoordination, 69, 87–90, 142–43 n.40,146, 206, 335–39; with China, 335–39,548–50, 556, 560–61, 564; with France,158–60, 244, 330, 335–39, 418–21; withisland Southeast Asia, 769, 772–80,783–86, 788–89, 791, 793–819, 820–23,837–57 passim, 864, 868–76, 882, 884–89;with Japan, 397, 418–21, 453–56, 458;with mainland Southeast Asia, 16,32–33, 35, 46–47, 68, 338–39, 548, 691;with Russia, 134, 140–42, 219–20,297–98; with South Asia, 635, 683–85,691, 694–96, 701–705; as spur to charterstate growth, 32, 87, 140–42, 205, 773–83;uniquely profitable for AtlanticEuropeans, 273, 567, 570, 572. See alsocommercialization/monetization

Lopez, Robert, 159Lorraine, 179, 322Lotus sect in Japan, 412, 434Louis VI, of France, 169Louis IX (Saint), of France, 179Louis XI, of France, 246, 247, 444Louis XIII, of France, 323–24Louis XIV, of France, 66, 73, 318–27 passim;

350, 355, 357, 363, 367, 471, 546, 603Louis XV, of France, 351Louis XVI, of France, 351Low Countries. See NetherlandsLucknow, 732Ludden, David, 640, 641, 643, 645, 640,

682, 684, 714Lutherans, 210, 232, 313Luzon, 808, 831, 833, 838, 883, 885–90Lyon, 197, 203, 261, 263, 360, 361, 360, 361

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Englishwriter, 759

Madhya Pradesh, 656, 689Madhyadeshiya language, 726Madras, 654, 658, 701Madura, 785, 856, 861, 862Madurai, 723, 724Magyars, 100, 139, 153Mahanadi river, 644Maharashtra, 719, 734–35, 745

Maine, 169, 251mainland Southeast Asia: administrative

centralization in, 22–25; administrativecycles and interregna in, 17–20, 23, 24,35, 48, 55–57, 94, 205–206, 275, 305;agrarian expansion and developmentin, 16, 33–35, 42, 46–48, 69, 71, 318, 335;anticentralizing revolts in, 22, 42, 43, 46;charter states in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43, 44,53–57, 135, 765; compared to otherprotected zone realms, 49–77, 85;compared to maritime Southeast Asia,115–17, 764–70, 780–81, 786, 793, 797–98,817–18, 847, 867–68, 874, 878, 891–94,904; climate in, 33, 80–84, 146, 162, 240,243, 276, 330, 334; cultural integration invarious realms of, 26–30, 309–310;diseases in, 16, 33–34, 78–79, 199–200;dynamics of integration in, 31–48;firearms in, 19, 24, 31, 33, 43, 44, 46–47,90–91, 223, 276, 288–89; Indic-Sinicdivide in, 15, 73; military stimuli to stateformation in, 31–33, 39–40, 43–44,287–89; multistate system in, 19–22, 272;social mobility in, 20, 25, 36, 70;territorial consolidation in, 12–22; urbanlevels in, 67. See also Burma, Cambodia,Laos/Lan Sang, Siam, Vietnam

Mair, Victor, 102, 109, 536, 581maize, 35, 89, 298, 337–38, 528, 695Majapahit, 773, 784–97 passim, 804,

807–808, 814, 819, 854–55, 857, 882, 892,893

Makasar: 845; accepts Islam, 652;agriculture in, 768, 802, 824, 851;cultural receptivity of, 853; early growthand conquests by, 851–52; falls to VOC,859; population of, 852; resists VOC,844, 852–53, 857; urbanization at, 822,853, 863

Malay ethnicity: and Aceh-Johor rivalryfor Malay leadership, 847–49;boundaries of in late 1600s, 849; asembodied in concepts of “Malay world”and “land of the Malays,” 847–49;expansion of under Melaka, 815–18;origins of, 777–78, 815–16; related toAcehnese, Batak, and Minangkabauidentities, 817 n.163

Malay language and Malayo-Muslimculture: in areas subject to Siam, 20, 28;

928






Index

as commercial and regional linguafranca, 777, 798, 816, 847, 849;dissemination of, 798, 816–19;dissemination compared to otheracculturation movements, 818–19, 892,904; early development of, 774, 777–78,780, 817; and fusion of Malay culturewith Islam, 798, 815–18; Melaka’spatronage of, 798, 807, 816–18; politicalimplications of, 810, 816–18, 847–49

Malay peninsula: 768, 772–74, 777, 779,802, 805, 816–17, 821, 840, 845, 848–49,876; in relation to island world, 763 n.1.See also Johor, Kedah, Melaka,Pahang, Pattani, Perak, Trengganu

Malays. See Malay language and Malayo-Muslim culture; Malay ethnicity; andindividual Malay kingdoms

Malayu-Jambi, known later as Jambi,775–79, 793–94, 804, 811, 856, 858, 877

Malthus, Thomas/Malthusian, 5, 193, 196,197, 206, 266–67, 566, 570, 574

Maluku (Spice Islands): development ofspice trade in, 800–809 passim, 819, 820,850, 852–54; and Dutch, 843–44, 854,863, 879; Islam in, 801, 812, 814, 853–54;and Iberians, 831–32, 837–38, 840, 853;in pre-Islamic period, 785, 791, 795

Malwa Sultanate, 724, 732, 749Mamluks, 87, 97Manchuria, 97, 103, 501, 523, 530, 531, 571,

577, 618, 739Manchus: as agents of early modern

integration, 597; 901; assimilate toChinese culture, 595; benefit fromChinese expertise and trade, 585–89;compared to Mughals, 755–58; conquerMing, 503, 522, 583, 586–87, 620; distinctfrom protected zone elites, 599–603;early ecology of, 589; in Eight Bannerssystem, 589, 597, 757; embrace andpatronize Neo-Confucian and Chineseculture, 518–19, 544–45, 590, 594–95;esprit de corps among, 598; ethnicsovereignty under and tensions withChinese, 103, 593–601, 757; formation of,586; as heirs to earlier Inner Asianpolities, 522; Manchurian homeland of,530, 597 n.251; martial traditions of, 584;quasi-fortuitous nature of conquest by,583; and ratio to Chinese subjects, 583;

unique territorial conquests by, 523–24,589; wed Inner Asian and Chinesefeatures, 99, 503, 522–23. See also ethnicsovereignty, Qing China

Mandarin language, 531, 546, 680Manguin, Pierre-Yves, 777, 810Manila, 561, 811, 821, 823, 831–32, 834, 836,

837, 884–88, 891, 893Manipur, Manipuris, 20, 42, 272, 304, 305,

341Mann, Susan, 513mansab system, mansabdars in Mughal

empire, 650, 732, 742, 745, 749–51Marathas, 648, 652, 655, 658, 700–701,

729–30, 733–36, 740, 753, 754, 757Marathi language and culture, 663, 680,

719–20, 727, 730, 734–36maritime power as aid to European

ascendancy, 7, 115–16, 273, 658, 701–702,704–705, 824–44passim, 857–65 passim,884, 907

Marco Polo, 531, 593, 812Mardijkers, 843, 879market mobility in conflict with social

ascription: 899; in China, 539–40, 667;and contrast between growing castesolidity in South Asia and risingmobility elsewhere in Eurasia, 667; inFrance, 70, 344–45, 347, 667; in Japan, 70,347, 375, 465–66, 493, 667; in Russia, 70,311–12, 667; in Southeast Asia, 20, 25,36, 70, 344–45, 667, 892

Marseilles, 197, 351Martin, Janet, 171, 185, 187Massif Central, 64, 260Mataram charter polity (c. 700–930),

780–85, 783 n.50Mataram polity from c. 1575 to 1755:

coastal ties in, 854–55; competes withVOC, 844; dismembered by VOC andsplits, 860–62; firearms at, 855; forsakesnaval power, 825; as heir to Majapahit,773, 855; Islam in, 855, 861; maximumpower of, 855–56; urban population in,822; weak cultural integration in, 856,882

Matossian, Mary, 164Matsumae daimyo, 440, 485Maurya empire (c. 320–180 b.c.e.), 96,

107–108, 635–36, 639–40, 643, 656, 658,708, 715

929






Index

Mazarin, Cardinal, Italian/Frenchstatesman, 325

Mazumdar, Sucheta, 695McCormick, Michael, 159McKnight, Brian, 608McNeill, J. R., 109McNeill, William, 109, 162, 188, 196–97measles, 79, 143–44, 146, 162, 163, 385, 416,

554Mecca, 848, 851, 855Medieval Climate Anomaly: empirical

and theoretical links between Europeanand South/Southeast Asian climatechange during, 80–82, 146, 369;mechanisms governing, 79–82, 195;negative economic effects deriving fromcessation of, 17, 83–84, 182–83, 189–90,195, 556–58, 692; and possible benefitsto Javanese agriculture, 792; andpossible links to altered disease patternsand commercial expansion, 83, 143–44;and potential boost to Chineseagriculture through enhanced monsoonflows and longer growing seasons,554–56; and potential boost to Frenchand West European agriculture byextending growing season and dryingbottomlands, 80, 162–63, 243; andpotential boost to mainland SoutheastAsian agriculture by improvingmonsoon flows, 16, 33; and potentialboost to Russian agriculture byextending growing season, 80, 144–46;and potential boost to South Asianagriculture and economies byimproving monsoon flows, 687–91, 706,760

Mediterranean, 107, 147, 153, 157, 161, 178,198, 260, 553, 681, 707

Meiji era, 419, 469, 480Mekong river and basin, 14, 19, 295, 549Melaka: Aceh and Johor Seek to supplant,

846–49; and British, 876; commerce andpolitics at in heyday to 1511, 797–98,800, 804–807, 823; and Dutch, 844, 846,849; as heir to Srivijaya, 773, 780, 804,806; helps to generate Malayo-Muslimidentity, 798, 807, 816–18; population of,805, 837; Portuguese control of and post-1511 commercial fragmentation at, 769,807, 810, 821, 837, 839–40, 845–49, 852

Merovingian Dynasty in Frankishkingdom, 148–50

Mesopotamia, 98, 107, 108, 109, 576, 578,579, 685, 706–707, 709

mestnichestvo status system in Russia, 225,235, 300

Metropolitans of Russia, 133, 192, 193,228–30, 233

Miao-Yao languages, 528, 530Michels, Georg, 307middle service class in Russia, 227. See also

pomest’eMideast, 109, 139, 644–46, 684, 687, 691,

711, 727, 730, 800, 805military revolution, 73 n.88, 90–91, 249,

272. See also firearmsmilitary spurs to state/culture formation:

across Eurasia, 72–74, 90–91, 206, 270,899–900; in France and western Europe,73 n.88, 166, 202, 211, 242–43, 248–49,252, 321–23, 366–67, 825–26; in islandSoutheast Asia, 845–57, 873–78, 884, 886;in Japan, 74, 90, 411–15; in mainlandSoutheast Asia, 31–33, 39–40, 43–44,287–89; in Russia, 222–24, 237, 285–91;in South Asia, 642–55, 700–702, 716;why such spurs were more insistent inEurope than in Southeast Asia, 73, 272,288–89, 825–26

Miller, David B., 133, 142, 187millet, 528, 549, 682Milner, A. C., 819Minamoto clan in Japan, 404Minamoto no Yoritomo, founder of

Kamakura shogunate, 404–405Minangkabau, 775, 821, 858, 869, 870, 872,

877Mindanao, 808–809, 831, 871, 883Ming China (1368–1644): administration

in compared to Song, 514–16;commercial intensification andurbanization in later Ming, 559–61;compared to protected zone realms, 576;continues Yuan legacies, 502; andeconomic contraction in early Ming,557, 794; ethnic/racial hostility to InnerAsians in, 592; falls to Manchus, 503,522, 583, 586–87, 620; firearms in, 586,625; fiscal disarray in, 613–14, 619–20;frontier settlement and Sinicization in,528–29; gentry tax evasion in, 610;

930






Index

historiography of decline in, 561, n.164;horizontal cultural integration in,532–34; imports Japanese and NewWorld silver, 418, 517, 561; literacy in,542–43, 560; Neo-Confucianism in, 534,541, 544; occupies Dai Viet, 19, 183, 216,224; and policies on Southeast Asianand Indian Ocean trade, 794–95, 798–99,824; printing in, 533, 543, 560; relativelyisolated rom steppe, 523; secondcommercial revolution starts in, 562–65;Single-Whip tax reform in, 517–18, 561;Smithian growth in, 573; social mobilityin, 540; territorial extent of, 103, 521–22;vertical cultural exchange in, 539–47;and vulnerability to Inner Asian power,521–23, 583, 620

modern growth, 8 n.14, 573–74modernization theory, 117–18monasteries, monks: in France, 164, 169; in

Japan, 389, 434–35; in Russia, 54 n.66, 64,132, 134, 173, 187, 189, 218, 220–21, 229,233, 282; in Southeast Asia, 23, 27,37–38, 71, 233, 284

Mongolia, 94, 97, 98, 103, 517, 523, 530,602, 618, 710, 739

Mongols: as agents of Black Deathtransmission, 83, 86, 184, 188, 196–97,370; as agents of 13th–14th centuryEurasian coordination, 85–87, 183–84,557–58, 627, 794, 896–97; attackChampa, 586; attack Japan, 86, 100, 376,407–408, 586; attack Java, 586, 784; andcritical role of cavalry, 523; and isolationfrom Chinese culture as source ofweakness, 591, 618; long-distance tradeunder, 685; in mainland Southeast Asia,17–18, 86, 100, 183, 370, 391; possibleeffects of climate on, 185, n.150; inpre-Qing China, 86, 99, 501–502, 521–23,527, 557–58, 583–86, 685, 691, 710–11,756, 761, 828; in Qing empire, 530, 597,602–603; in Russia, 86, 101, 183–93,215–17 passim; in South Asia, 646, 749; inSouthwest Asia, 86, 97; stages inimperial evolution of, 588–89. See alsoMongol-Tatars, Yuan China

Mongol-Tatars: as conquerors andoverlords of Rus, 184–92, 212–17 passim,582; decline to settle in Rus lands, 101,215–16; as military and administrative

model for Moscow, 212–17; Moscow’soverthrow of, 101, 213–14, 216–17; andpolitical and demographic relationsbetween Mongols and Tatars, 186,186 n.151, 216. See also Mongols, Tatars

Mons, Mon culture, 18, 27, 28, 29, 35, 42,48, 75, 303–305, 748, 752

monsoons. See climateMontpellier, 263Moore, R. I., 159, 160, 165, 552–53, 683Moriya, Katsuhisa, 482, 488Morris, Dana, 394Moscow/Muscovite Russia in

pre-Romanov period (c. 1300–1613): 75;administrative creativity in, 224–28;administrative personnel in, 228;climatic influences on, 189–90, 217–18,240 economic and demographic trendsin, 217–22; factors promoting 15th/16thcentury rise of, 212–38; 15th-centurycivil war as watershed in, 220, 224, 237;firearms and military spurs in, 222–24;as heir to Kiev and Byzantium andhistory to c. 1453, 187, 190, 191, 213–17,220; horizontal cultural integration in,235–36; influence of Black Death on,188–89, 217, 237–38; law codes in,220–21, 228, 235; peasant religiousconversion in, compared to SoutheastAsia and France, 233–35; as proponentof anti-Tatar, anti-Catholic ideology,229–32, 236, 241; and relations withMongol-Tatars, 215–17; as rival toPoland-Lithuania, 186, 213, 221, 236;synergies between state action andeconomic growth in, 220–222; territorialacquisitions and cultural extension of,61 Fig. 1.7, 213–14, 236; Time of Troublesand xenophobia in, 238–41; trade in,219–20; vertical acculturation in, 231–36.See also Daniilovich Dynasty;Mongol-Tatars; Poland, Poles; RussianOrthodoxy; Tatars

Mstislav, Grand Prince of Kiev, 173Mughal empire (c. 1560–1707): 96;

administration and revenues in, 648–52,696–97, 744–46; aids economy, 696–97;ambivalent attitudes to regionallanguages and cultures in, 104, 673–75,732–33; benefits from economicgrowth, 697;comparedtoDelhi

931






Index

Mughal empire (cont.)Sultanate, 636–37, 648–50, 697, 738;compared to protected zone realms,494–95, 497, 631, 637, 650–51, 751–55;compared to Qing, Safavid, Uzbek, andOttoman states, 711–12, 738, 744–46,755–57; conquests by, 638, 657–58;cultural and genealogical origins inInner Asia, 711–12; disintegration of,112, 113, 638, 651–53, 699–700; as earlymodern formation, 96, 648, 698–99, 706,760; elite ethnic/religious profile in,749–50; firearms in, 652, 697–98;endorses caste, 668; founding of, 102,637–38; as heir to Indo-Muslimadministrative experiment, 647–48;imports bullion, 695–96; limitedprovincial acculturation to imperialnorms in, 733–37, 752–57; militarysystem and firearms under, 650, 697–98;privileges Islam and Perso-Islamicculture, 104, 672, 732–33, 750–57,827–28; successor states to, 638, 653–55,658, 700–704, 733–37; taxation under,649–50; territory and population of, 111,739; zamindars under, 649, 734

multistate systems: in Europe, 72–73, 102,272, 276, 572–73, 629; relativeinfrequency in China, 103, 616–17, 622,629; in South Asia, 102, 632, 633, 653–55,715–37, 762; in Southeast Asia, 19–22,272, 629, 820, 857

Muromachi Optimum, 416Muromachi shogunate. See Ashikaga

JapanMurray, James, 198Muscovy. See Moscow/Muscovite Russia

in pre-Romanov periodMusi river, 773, 775–77, 779Myers, Ramon, 513, 571, 573Mysore, 653, 655, 658, 701, 736–37

Nadir Shah of Persia, 638Nagasaki, 420, 441, 450, 453–54, 456, 458,

843namestniki governors in Russia: 225, 285;

compared to French and SoutheastAsian governors, 225, 252

Nan-yang (the Southern Ocean), 548, 554,564, 799, 822

Naples, 204, 212

Napoleon, 76, 273–74, 281, 288, 309, 310,351, 368

Napoleonic Wars: 57, 73, 275, 278, 290,352–54, 655, 758, 874–76, 884; comparedto contemporary wars in SoutheastAsia, 352–54, 874

Naqshbandi sufi order, 712Naquin, Susan, 594, 621, 628Nara, 372, 383, 386Narbonne, 263Narmada river, 635, 656nations/nationalism: compared to

politicized ethnicity, 40–43, 488–89,n.378; in Europe, 40–43, 119; as heir toreligious sensibilities in France, 348–49,358–59; in Japan, 42 n.48, 63–64, 347,484, 488–89, 489 n.378, 490; in mainlandSoutheast Asia, 43; in Malaya andIndonesia, 43; in, 19th-century Russia,311; non-essentialist character of, 120–21

Nayakas in South India, 668negeri (port polities), 802–19, 840Neo-Confucianism/Confucianism: 181; in

China, 104, 111, 499, 500, 501, 509,512–13, 518, 534, 537, 541, 543–47, 584,590–95 passim, 608, 615–16, 627, 742,756–57; in Korea, 49–50 n.57; in Japan,66, 91, 387, 432, 445, 468, 470, 474–77,481, 484; in Vietnam, 25, 27–28, 31, 38–46passim, 91, 264–65, 346, 349, 786

Nepal, 93, 94, 100–101 n.144, 636Nessel’rode, K. V., Russian minister, 315nested sovereignties in South and

Southeast Asia, 640, 740–41, 761Netherlands: disciplinary revolution in,

71–72; early modern politicalconsolidation in, 278, 830; 18th-centuryeconomic woes of, 874; and HabsburgSpain, 209, 278, 830, 841; medievaleconomic vigor of, 158–59, 210, 829; asmodel for Russia, 291; 17th-centuryprosperity of, 830, 842; two-phaseexpansion of, likened to that of InnerAsians, 828, 829–30. See also Dutch inAsia, Dutch United East IndiaCompany

new formation regiments in Russia, 285,289

New Monarchies of western Europe,208–209, 211, 214

New Russia, 317

932






Index

New World: bullion from, 35, 88–89, 220,244, 267, 276, 330, 335, 370, 420, 561,695–96, 821–23, 834, 838; crops from, 35,89, 95, 276, 297–98, 337–39, 454, 472, 528,695; French acquisitions in, 57, 322;Spanish holdings in, 209, 828; wealthand raw materials from as spur toEuropean growth, 2, 68, 209, 273, 567,570, 826

Newton, Isaac/Newtonian, 3, 273, 574Nguyen seigneury/Dynasty of Vietnam,

21, 25, 31, 33, 60 Fig. 1.6 and n.72, 273,274 n.10, 281, 289, 313, 353, 368–69,438 n.197, 603, 748

Nice, 322Nihon, as term for Japan, 389Nikon, Russian Patriarch, 307Nile valley, 108–109, 578Nizhnii Novgorod, 187Nobi basin, 372, 468nom scripts in Vietnam, 28, 63, 433Noonan, Thomas, 142Noorduyn, J., 795Normandy, 135, 168, 169, 179, 198, 199,

250, 262, 268, 329Normans, 105, 599North, Douglass C., 45North China, North China plain, 196,

499–501, 512, 520–21, 525–28, 531, 549,553, 576–78, 685, 707, 738–39. See alsoYellow River and basin

North India. See Indo-Gangeticplain/North India

North Sea, 130, 146, 176, 198northeast Rus, as component of Kiev and

heir to Kiev, 134, 137, 140, 141, 186, 187,190–93

Northern War in Russia, 288–89Northern Wei Dynasty in China, 509, 587,

590, 616Northern Zhou Dynasty in China, 508, 616Norway, 139Novgorod, 126, 132, 134, 140–41, 173, 174,

184, 187, 191–93, 213

O’Brien, Patrick, 7Occitan language (langue d’oc) and

literature, 180, 260, 261, 473Oda Nobunaga, 414, 421, 429–30, 448O’Hanlon, Rosalind, 700oieryu calligraphy in Japan, 473, 536

Old Believers in Russia, 307–308, 310, 312,359

Old Malay, 774, 777Olivares, Count of, in Spain, 279Oman, 824, 825Onin War in Japan, 411opium, 564, 801, 869, 872, 874Opium War, 593, 619, 626oprichnina terrorist regime, 239orang asli (forest people), 816orang kaya (port-polity elites), 809–11, 840,

846–47, 851, 858orang laut (sea-people), 777–78, 780, 806,

816Orissa, 643, 656, 724Oriya language and literature, 680, 719,

726Orleans, 201Osaka, 429, 441, 450, 452, 454, 456, 471–74Ostrowski, Donald, 186, 215Ottoman empire: 216, 219, 824; compared

to Qing, Mughal, Russian, and Austrianempires, 9, 102, 106 n.151, 605, 712; ondefensive vis-a-vis Russia, 286, 288, 316,350; expansion of c. 1450–1600, 207, 214;as exposed zone realm and Inner Asianconquest state, 97, 102, 207, 495; andfirearms, 697; Indian Ocean andSoutheast Asian interests of, 823, 824,825, 845–46; as stage in Inner Asianevolution, 99, 589; territory andpopulation of, 111 n.161

Ottonian empire, 151, 662Ouzouf, Jacques, 363oxen, 35, 164, 295, 538, 644, 682, 690

Padri movement in Sumatra, 872, n.315,877

Pagan: as charter state, 15–17; comparedto other charter states, 53–57, 82, 84,135–39, 147, 149–51, 177, 372, 374, 381,384, 392–98 passim, 580, 772, 785, 781,783, 792–93, 797; disintegration of,17–18, 35, 55–56, 86, 184, 190, 193,199–200, 203, 691, 793; ethnicity at, 151;legacies of, 391–92; as protected zonepolity, 100; religious institutions at, 23,34, 150, 161, 165–66, 173; spurs toformation of, 16, 33, 53, 77–78, 80,548–49, 554, 683, 792; territoriescontrolled by, 15, 58 Fig. 1.4, 275

933






Index

Pahang, 802, 812, 820, 845, 849, 871Pajajaran, 807, 850Pakistan, 636, 645, 656, 688, 709, 747Palas, 636, 716Palembang, 773, 775–79, 793–95, 804, 811,

816, 856, 858, 865, 866, 877Pali, 26–28, 64, 265, 372, 543Pallavas, 636Panipat, 698, 711Pantiyas, 716, 730–31papacy, 150, 167–68, 179, 210paper, “paper revolution”: in China, 507,

538, 550, 607; in France, 167, 244, 248; inJapan, 456, 460; in Russia, 226, 293, 298;in South Asia, 647, 650, 684

paper money, 517, 550, 558, 560, 562pariahs, 391, 445–46, 448, 539Paris, Paris basin, 56 n.70, 69, 75, 169, 178,

179, 181, 197, 202–203, 261, 319, 322, 325,329, 332, 356, 360–61

Parisian French, 64, 179–81, 259–64,361–64, 366–67, 431, 680, 720, 731, 756

Parker, Geoffrey, 73 n.88, 249parlements, 178, 253, 256, 260, 324–25, 328,

347Parrott, David, 73 n.88, 321–22 n.139, 323Pasai, 803–805, 811, 813, 845pasisir (north coast Java), 796, 797, 807,

810, 811, 852, 854–56, 861, 863, 866, 870patois, 262, 363, 364, 366Pattani, 802, 811, 820, 839, 849Pattingalloang, chancellor of Makasar, 853paulette system of officeholding in France,

323pays d’elections, 59, 256–57, 324, 443pays d’etats, 59, 256, 324, 443Pegu, 17, 818Penang, 858People’s Republic of China, 94, 103pepper cultivation and trade, 769, 784,

791, 799–807, 820–23, 838–50 passim, 858,860–72 passim, 893

Peppin III, of Frankish/Carolingiankingdom, 152

Perak, 845Perdue, Peter, 523, 563, 618, 624Perry, Matthew, 469Persia/Iran, 97, 98, 102, 107, 109, 219,

287–88, 670, 672, 690, 697, 709, 711–12,749, 761, 822

Persian Gulf, 823, 824

Persian language, script, and literature,672, 675–80, 729–34, 751–55, 759, 815,844, 847–48. See also Perso-Islamicculture

Persians, 646, 672, 674, 749, 753, 761, 772Perso-Islamic culture: as aid to imperial

unification in South Asia, 96, 104, 633,672, 723, 752; under Delhi Sultanate,104, 671–72, 723–24, 752; in dialoguewith non-Muslim Indian cultures,672–81; embraced by non-Muslim elites,675–76, 726; horizontal and verticaldiffusion of across South Asia, 631,670–78, 680, 723, 726, 760; limitedprovincial penetration of, 733–37,752–57; under Mughals, 104, 117, 672,750–57; under regional Muslim regimes,672–74; as second charter dispensation,104, 670, 726, 751, 762, 903; Turko-Persian origins of, 672. See also Islam

Peter the Great, tsar, 73, 74, 226, 276, 94,298–99, 301, 303, 307, 308, 315, 599

Philip Augustus, of France, 169–70, 200Philip the Fair, of France, 170Philip of Valois, of France, 200Philippines: 770, 777; Chinese mestizos in,

887–91; and Chinese-New Worldexchanges via the galleon trade, 88, 419,821, 823, 834, 837, 884, 885; in DutchWar, 831–33, 836, 884; impact ofEuropean wars on, 884; Islam in,808–809, 830–31, 883; Latin Americanbackground to Spanish efforts in,831–34, 837, 884; political, social, andeconomic Hispanization in, 832–35; andpost-1750 effects of rising exportproduction, 884–89; pre-Hispaniceconomy and society in, 797, 808–809,816; religious Hispanization in, 833–37,888–90; Spanish in compared to InnerAsians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–30, 837,893–94; self-Hispanization in, 888–89;Spanish racial barriers in, 836–37,890–91; Spanish regime compared toBurma and Siam, 832, 892; Spanishcompared to Dutch in Indies, 883–84,886, 889–91

Phnom Penh, 17, 18, 19, 190, 392phrai luang. See service systems in

Southeast AsiaPicardy, 164, 363

934






Index

Piggott, Joan, 383Pinker, Steven, 70, 320Pintner, Walter, 301Pires, Tome, 801, 805, 810–12, 814, 831,

845plague, 161, 295, 331, 459. See also Black

DeathPlantagenet kings and empire, 168, 169,

200Plavsic, Borivoj, 301plows, 157–58, 161 n.88, 164, 187“plural society,” 844, 883, 890Poland, Poles: as Catholic power, 191, 241;

country dismembered and occupied inlate 18th, early 19th centuries, 280,287–88, 305–306, 313, 316, 350; growingweakness of vis-a-vis Russia, 286–88;and history to c. 1600, 134, 139, 190, 204,207, 214, 239; as Kingdom of Polandunder Russian control, 288, 314; andMedieval Climate Anomaly, 146; inTime of Troubles, 66, 207, 239–41; inunion with Lithuania, 191, 207, 213. Seealso Lithuania, Lithuanians

Poland-Lithuania. See Poland, Poles,Pollock, Sheldon, 661–62, 714, 716–17, 722,

729, 753, 772, 786Polotsk, 132, 172–73Pomeranz, Kenneth, 6–7, 563, 565–71, 574,

624pomest’e land grants and servitors in

Russia: 218, 227, 228, 234, 237, 239, 241,282–83, 303, 613; compared to Burmeseservice system, 227, 613

population. See demographyporcelain, ceramics, 337, 360, 418–19, 427,

775–76, 791, 799, 804, 806, 822portfolio capitalists, 695Portugal, Portuguese: 421; advantages

over Asians, 825–26; commercial impactof, 838–39; compared to Inner Asians,115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–29; comparedto Spanish, 837–38; eclipsed by VOC,844; and military, economic, andproselytizing activities in Asia, 769,822–23, 825–26, 837–41, 853–54; politicaland cultural consolidation of withinEurope, 49, 209, 210, 212, 279–80; andReconquest as prelude to globalexpansion, 828–29; unintentionallystrengthen Southeast Asia Islam and

Muslim states, 838–41; weak Europeanresource base of, 825

Possehl, Gregory, 109, 707Post, J.D., 164post-charter peripheralization, 526–27post-ritsuryo Japan (c. 900–1280): Buddhist

popularization and cultural integrationin, 431–35; early Fujiwara dominance in,400–401; “gates of power” (kenmon) in,402; founding and early history ofKamakura shogunate in, 404–406;growth of shoen in, 399–407; problems ofperiodization in, 376; privatization ofritsuryo functions in, 400–402; religiousinstitutions in, 401–402; rising influenceof warriors in, 403–406; theories ofpost-900 devolution in, 398–400. See alsoKamakura shogunate

Potter, David, 250, 251Pounds, N. J. G., 142Powers, Martin, 537Prambanan temples in Java, 781predictable moral universe, 813Price, Barbara, 54, 108price movements: 87; in China, 558, 563,

611, 620; in France, 193, 198, 199, 267,350; and inflation, 70, 238–39, 267; inJapan, 450, 457, 463–64, 468; in Russia,239, 290 n.40, 296, 299; of silver, 88; inSouth Asia, 649–50 n.40; in SoutheastAsia, 238, 341

primary states/civilizations, 54, 54 n.63,108–109, 576, 576 n.205, 579, 707

primogeniture: in China, 536 n.95; inFrance among nobility and royalty,154–55, 177, 224; in Germany amongroyalty, 211; in Russia among royalty,224, 226, 237, 299–300

principales class in Philippines, 835,888

printing/publishing: absent in India andIndic Southeast Asia, 679; in China(woodblock), 89, 95, 507, 512, 533, 535,543, 560; contrasted in China andEurope, 535; in France, Russia, andEurope (movable type), 71, 89, 206, 248,261, 264–67, 270, 292–93, 306, 312, 320,361–62; in Japan (woodblock), 71, 248,375, 378, 435, 477–79; spurs religiousferment in Europe, 248, 267; in Vietnam(woodblock), 248, 265

935






Index

protected zone: xxi–xxii; also termed“protected rimlands,” 85; contrastedwith exposed zone, 85, 97–114 passim,495, 497, 576–632, 706–762, 901–904;defining features of, 92–93, 370, 494,895–900; extent of, 49–50, 85, 92–93, 108;similarities to exposed zone, 93–97, 105,494, 497–576, 635–705, 900–903

Protestants/Protestantism, 209, 264–69,277, 278, 292, 323, 357, 363, 370, 462. Seealso Calvinism, Huguenots, Lutherans

Provence, 179, 251, 256, 260, 356Prussia, 71–72, 280–81, 288, 349–50, 353,

369public sphere/civil society: in China, 4,

346; in Europe, 4, 272–72, 345–47, 573; inIndia, 4, 346; in Japan, 346–47, 483–84; inSoutheast Asia, 346

Pugachev, Emelyan, Russian rebel,304–305, 308, 599

Punjab, 647, 658, 662–63, 665, 671, 676, 678,682, 693, 710, 734, 735, 745, 747

Punjabi language and literature, 680, 726Pyrenees, 50, 149, 153, 176, 260, 828

Qianlong, Qing emperor, 618Qin Dynasty and empire, 102, 110, 498–99,

526, 581, 708Qing China (1644-c. 1860): administrative

and social strains in, 611–13; civil serviceexaminations and patronage of Chineseculture in, 518–19, 544–45, 590, 594–95;compared to protected zone realms,494–95, 497, 519, 545–46, 575–76, 609–12;Court of Colonial Affairs (Lifan Yuan)in, 516, 603; Daoxue Neo-Confucianismin, 541, 544, 546–47, 594–95, 608;economic policy in, 564–65; economy of,compared to England, 565–74; ethnicsovereignty and ethnic tensions in,103–106, 117, 346, 522, 593–601, 613, 621,626–27; firearms in, 586–87, 625; frontiersettlement and Sinicization in, 524,528–32, 600; Grand Council in, 516, 524,607; and historiography of the highQing economy, 565–75; and horizontalcultural integration in China proper,532–37; improves on Ming governance,515–16, 524, 607; law codes in, 545, 547;literacy in, 543–44, 563, 607; livingstandards in, compared to England, 563,

566, 574; and Ming-Qing transition, 503,504; 19th-century revolts in, 612; aspinnacle of Sinic and Inner Asianstatecraft, 95, 103, 515–16, 519, 524, 524,589, 607; population of, 111, 562, 563,604, 739; and relations with Russia, 519,523–24, 618–19; social mobility andcross-class acculturation in, 539–47, 562;second commercial revolution in,562–65; segmented imperial structureof, 601–603; Smithian growth in, 8, 573;state granaries in, 523–24, 565, 571, 611;territorial conquests and extent of, 94,95, 103, 111, 519, 522–24, 589, 603–604,739; weak pressure for fiscalmaximization in, 518, 614–22 passim;weds steppe to Chinese traditions,523–24, 586–87

Qinghai, 103, 501, 517, 523, 602Quanzhou, 548

Rabb, Theodore, 274Raeff, Marc, 292, 312Rafael, Vicente, 889Raja Sulayman, in Philippines, 831Rajasthan, 644, 656, 657, 681, 688, 690, 710,

723, 736, 755Rajputs, 648, 655, 668, 673, 674, 701, 724,

737, 748–49, 754–55, 757, 758Rama (deity), 665, 732, 737, 753Ramanuja, Indian theologian, 665Ranjit Singh, Sikh leader, 735Rastrakutas, Indian dynasty, 636, 716, 718ratio of officials to subjects and/or to

territory: in Burma and mainlandSoutheast Asia, 52, 254–56, 300, 354, 609;in China, 609, 629, 741; in France, 52,254–56, 354, 609; in Japan, 442; inRussia, 300, 609; in South Asia, 741; inVietnam, 609

Ratnagar, Shereen, 707Rawski, Evelyn, 518, 594, 621, 628Reconquest in Iberia, 209Red Sea, 823, 845–46Reed, Bradly, 608Reid, Anthony, 764, 768, 794, 798, 803, 809,

811, 813, 820, 834, 864regional patriotisms in 18th-century India,

734–37religious institutions: in France, 54, 57, 61,

155, 161, 166, 179–81, 247, 267, 327, 444;

936






Index

in Japan, 54, 57, 61, 394, 401–402, 413,444–45; in mainland Southeast Asia, 23,24, 26, 34, 37–39, 61, 303, 445; in Russia,54, 61, 66, 64, 132–34, 173–74, 187, 189,192–93, 218, 220–21, 228–30, 233, 303,307, 445

Renaissance humanism and Italiancultural influence: 205, 249–50, 257,261–62; compared to culturalmovements elsewhere, 249–50

Rhine river and valley, 153, 157, 162, 287,605

Rhone river, 178, 260, 351Riau-Lingga archipelago, 777, 805, 859rice: Champa variety of, 87, 419–20, 427,

550; in China, 87, 527–28, 549–50, 559; inJapan, 69, 381, 383, 386, 391, 394, 396,420, 426–28, 438, 449, 455, 460, 463, 491;compared to other cereals, 378 n.12; andnew agrarian technologies, 394, 427,449, 550, 553; in Southeast Asia, 29, 35,36, 80, 89, 378 n.12, 776, 780, 783, 788–92,807, 851, 854, 885–86; in South Asia, 671,687, 693, 708. See also cereal yields

Richards, John F., 8, 649Richelieu, Cardinal, French statesman,

323–25, 651Ricklefs, M. C., 814, 856, 860, 870, 881,

882ritsuryo Japan (c. 600–900): administration

in, 57–58, 374, 383–85; Chinese andKorean cultural influence in, 381–84,387–89, 490; climate in, 378, 381–82,394–95; collective identities in, 389;compared to other charter states, 381,383, 388–98 passim, 490–91, 580; culturaland social elitism of, 372, 388–94;dispersed settlement in, 386, 396;gradual decay of, 376; legacies of, 374;limited foreign trade in, 397; literacy in,389–91; low economic productivity in,386–87, 394–97; origins of, 53, 77–78,372, 381–83; produces Japan’s firstgenuine state, 383; regional,occupational, and ethnic diversity in,390–91; religious systems in, 387–89;smallpox in, 78–79, 378, 380, 382, 385–86,394–95, 400; stability and longevity of,391–98; taxes in, 386, 387 n.32, 455, 491

Riurikid Dynasty in Russia: in pre-Kievanand Kievan eras, 131–33, 135, 141, 143,

170–73, 185; in post-Kievan era, 186,190, 192, 213, 215, 220, 224, 229

roads, 299, 332, 450robe nobility in France, 248Roberts, Michael, 73 n.88, 249Romance languages, 721, 744Romanov, Mikhail, tsar, 241Romanov Russia (1613-c. 1850): changing

size and ethos of officialdom in,300–302; church organization in, 303;coherent geography of, 50–51, 286, 288;control, ideology, and Russification ofimperial periphery in, 313–18; andcorrelations with other protectedrimlands, 282–89, 303–306, 416; as earlymodern state, 96–97; early 19th-centuryapogee of, 287; early andmid-17th-century political revival in,282–85; economic and demographictrends in, 294–99; economy compared toFrance and Southeast Asia, 297;elite-mass cultural splits in corecompared to Southeast Asia, 306–310;ethnicity and religion in, 313–18, 599;European cultural models in, 276,289–94, 301–302, 306–310; Europeantechnology in, 276, 285, 289–91; foreignand governmental spurs to economy in,297–99; gentry in, 283–85; militaryfinance in, 290; military incentives tosocial reorganization in, 282–85, 291;military reforms in, 285, 288–91; nobilityin, 302, 306–309, 317; Petrine Revolutionin, 277, 289–94, 303, 308; population of,604; provincial governance in, 302; andrelations with China, 523–24; royalsuccession in, 241; and shift of capital toSt. Petersburg, 293; steppe colonizationin, 291, 294–98, 317–18; territorialexpansion and extent of, 286–88, 604;and trade with Europe, 98; verticalcultural integration in core of, 310–312.See also Catherine II, Peter the Great

Rome, Roman legacies, 53, 76, 107–108,129, 147–53, 167, 176, 205, 256, 257, 269,384–85, 579

Root, Hilton, 330Rouen, 197Roussillon, 356Rowe, William, 551, 562, 564–65, 619, 622Rowney, Don, 301

937






Index

Rozman, Gilbert, 67, 128–29, 176, 219, 246,296–97, 428, 450, 484, 550–51, 560, 694,822

Ruch, Barbara, 63, 431, 435–36Rus. See Vikings: in RussiaRussia: administrative

centralization/reform in, 57–63, 113–14,224–28; apanage period in, 192; charterera in, 49, 53–58, 125–47, 170–75;Christianity develops peasant base in,232–36; class-based cultural cleavages inafter c. 1650, 105–106, 230–31, 306–12;climate in, 56, 81, 83, 143–47, 162, 163,189–90, 217, 243, 294–96; demographyin, 50, 68, 113, 217–18, 275, 286, 295,306–318, 604; ethnicity in, 64–65,105–106, 228–36, 313–18; Europeancultural and technical models replaceInner Asian models in, 276, 285, 289–94,301, 306–310; as European power,123–24 n.1, 276–277, 349–50; 15th–16thcentury prosperity and centralizationin, correlated with other realms, 212–38;foreign trade in, 131–32, 134, 140, 214,219–20; interregnum and economicdifficulties of 14th–15th centuries in,correlated with Southeast Asia andFrance, 182–93; interregnum of1560–1613 in, correlated with SoutheastAsia and France, 238–41, 266; law codesin, 220–21, 228, 235, 282; literacy in, 54,63, 71, 173–74, 176, 226, 228, 231, 233,266, 293–94, 309, 312; Mongol- Tatars in,101, 183–92, 212–17, 223–24, 228–30;Orthodox, tsarist ideology as aid topolitical cohesion in, 228–36, 241, 310; asprotected zone polity, 49–50, 215–16;surprisingly centripetal politicalgeography and demography in, 50–51,227–28; territorial conquests and extentof empire in, 50 n.58, 61 Fig. 1.7, 113,213–14, 236, 286–88, 604; urbanizationin, 67, 128–29, 134, 176–77, 219, 246,294–97. See also Daniilovich Dynasty,Kievan Rus, Moscow/Muscovite Russiain pre-Romanov period, RiurikidDynasty, Romanov Russia, taxation

Russian Orthodoxy, 51, 64, 66, 132, 171,174–75, 181, 191, 228–36, 241, 274,292–93, 307, 310, 313, 315–17

Russo-Turkish wars, 286–88, 303–306

Rybakov, B., 142Ryukyu, Ryukyuans, 390, 419, 436, 440,

440 n.199, 485, 799, 804, 822

Safavid state in Persia, 99, 102, 104 n.150,110–111 n.160, 111 n.161, 495, 672, 697,712, 750, 753

Saivas, 662–63, 730, 747, 772, 786–87Sakai, 412, 419, 429, 756Sakas in South Asia, 709–710Sakhalin, 440Sala river and basin, 783, 788salt, salt monopolies, 290, 299, 391, 508,

518, 550, 571, 577, 791, 803samantas (Indian tributary rulers), 641,

643, 657Samarkand, 712samurai: compared to European nobles,

446–47; compared to Inner Asianconquest elites, 600; culture activities ofunder Tokugawa, 63–64, 474–77, 481;defined, 404 n.93; family systems of, 410,425; income of, 69; rising importance ofin post-ritsuryo era, 403–406; social andpolitical role in Tokugawa era, 446–47,457, 464–66, 489; and transformation ofelite culture, c. 1200–1600, 431–32

Sankara, Indian theologian, 665sankin-kotai (alternate attendance) system

in Japan, 442, 451–52, 471Sanskrit language and culture: 680; as

charter forms comparable to Latin, Pali,and Chinese, 26, 372, 662, 717;reinvented in early c.e., 659; andSanskrit cosmopolis, 661, 664, 670, 680,710, 716, 717, 721, 731, 760, 772, 786;spread from North to South India andSoutheast Asia, 26, 96, 631, 660–63, 770,772, 786; yield to local vernaculars, 28,64, 265, 543, 633, 643, 679, 717–22,726–27, 786–87.

Sanskrit cosmopolis. See Sanskritlanguage and culture

Sansom, George, 398Sants, South Asian poet-saints, 665, 735Sarai, 215, 216Satsuma, 440, 453Savoy, 135, 179, 322sawah (wet rice) cultivation, 790, 790 n.79Saxony, 135, 149, 280Scandinavia, Scandinavians, 143, 158, 599

938






Index

Schism (raskol), in Russia, 307Schneider, Robert, 360scientific revolution, 7, 273scripts: alphabetic, 130, 744; in China,

535–36, 604; in Indic Southeast Asia,130, 815; in Japan, 63, 375, 387, 432–33,478; political implications of alphabeticvs. nonalphabetic, 95, 111, 535–37, 604,744, 761; in South Asia, 633, 744; inVietnam, 28, 63, 433

secondary states/civilizations, 54, 54 n.63,78, 93, 576, 576 n.205, 579, 707

Sejarah Malayu chronicle, 816Selangor, 870, 871Seljuk empire in Southwest Asia, 86, 97,

102, 685Semarang, 878, 881Senapati Ingalaga, Javanese ruler, 855Senas, Indian dynasty, 716, 731serfdom: in Austria and Prussia, 281, 353;

in France, 51, 160–61, 165, 246; in Russia,63, 276–77, 282, 305, 311, 613, 651; inSpain, 203

service systems in Southeast Asia: 24, 43,613; compared to Russian serfdom, 51,63, 227, 282, 287

Seven Years War, 276, 350, 366, 884Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor, 674, 675,

750shaikhzadas, Indian warriors, 750Shandong, 559, 577sharia law, 673, 676, 748, 751, 848, 851Shang Dynasty and civilization

(c. 1600–1050 b.c.e.), 102, 577, 580,581, 706

Sheehan, Jonathan, 345Shepard, Jonathan, 134, 142, 171, 173Sher Shah Sur, Indian ruler, 637, 647, 648,

697, 711, 727, 732, 756Shiites, 679, 736–37, 747, 750shiki revenue rights in Japan, 402Shikoku, 381, 440–41Shinto, 66, 91, 387, 389, 413, 445, 481,

486ships, shipbuilding, shipping: 87, 88; in

China, 548, 550, 586, 604, 623, 739; inEurope, 153, 197, 277, 290, 295, 323, 340;in Japan, 419, 450, 454; in South Asia,658, 696, 702, 703; in Southeast Asia,338, 770, 774, 874

Shively, Donald, 474, 482

shoen estates in Japan, 399–407 passimshogun, shogunate: Ashikaga, 374 n.7,

408–11, 413, 418; Kamakura, 405–408;Tokugawa, 438, 448–71 passim, 481, 485,487, 490

Siak, 845, 871Siam: administrative centralization in,

23–25, 43–44; cultural integration in,26–30, 41–43; commercial pressures inlikened to France, 355; demography of,50, 68; disorders in c. 1560–1600, 19–20,24, 206; dynamics of integration in,31–48 passim; early modern era in, 375;18th-century disorders in, 20, 206;European encroachments on, 272;literacy in, 27; as protected zone polity,49–50; and regional disorders in,14th–15th centuries, 17–20, 23, 35, 55–57,206; state influences on economics andculture in, 44–47; territorial expansionand extent of, 15–22, 48, 50 n.58, 59 Fig.1.5, 273, 286–87; and warfare, 20, 24–25,43–44, 286–87, 341, 349, 352–53. See alsoAyudhya, Buddhism, Chakri Dynasty

Siamese, Siamese culture, 27–29, 34–35, 40,42, 42 n.48

Siberia, 50, 65, 68, 95, 113, 217, 219, 224,288, 313, 314, 317

Sichuan, 499, 501, 527–28, 531Sicily, 203, 204, 211, 212Sikhs, 658, 701, 735–36, 754silk, 89, 336–38, 418–21, 454, 458, 527, 550,

559–60, 694–95, 791, 799, 822, 834, 838,841

silver: Chinese production and import of,88–89, 188, 335, 418–20, 550, 558, 560–61,564; in European economy, 130–31, 140,220, 244, 298, 336–39, 420; Japaneseproduction, use, and export of, 35,88–89, 220, 335, 418–20, 453–54, 695;New world production and export of,35, 88, 220, 244, 267, 335, 370, 420, 695; inSouth Asia, 684, 695–97; in SoutheastAsian economies, 35, 337, 420. See alsobullion

sima grants in Java, 782, 788Sind, 657, 658, 671Singapore, 875–76, 893Singhasari, 784–85Single-Whip reform in China, 517–18,

561

939






Index

Sinicization School of historiography, 598,628

Sino-Burmese Wars, 626Siva, 642, 643, 659, 663–64Skinner, G. William, 518, 605–609, 615, 621,

624, 738, 742Slavic peoples, 130–32, 141, 142, 175, 304,

599Small, Graeme, 201smallpox: in China, 554; in France, Russia,

and Europe, 143–44, 162, 163, 295, 331;general features of across Eurasia, 16,34 n.40, 78–79, 83, 146; in Japan, 378,380, 385–86, 394–95, 400, 416–17, 491; inSouth Asia, 687, 690; in Southeast Asia,791

Smith, Paul Jakov, 519, 544, 608–609Smith, R. E. F., 187, 222Smithian growth, 8, 35, 68, 90, 95, 194, 270,

276, 331, 370, 566, 573, 691, 898Smolensk, 223, 287So, Billy K. L, 773, 776, 778–79solar polities, 22, 25, 52, 152, 764, 775Sommer, Matthew, 547Song China (960–1276): 95, 500; and

administrative comparisons toprotected zone realms, 510; civil serviceexaminations in, 510–513, 623;compared to late imperial China,512–15; disconnect between economicstrength and military weakness of, 501,583; divided into Northern Song(960–1127) and Southern Song(1127–1276), 511; as era of technologicaland cultural ferment, 623–24; ethnichostility to Inner Asians in, 592–93;firearms in, 625; first commercialrevolution in, 87, 512, 550–51, 623;frontier settlement and Sinicization in,527; growing social mobility andcross-class acculturation in, 540;horizontal cultural integration in, 532,534; and maritime trade, 548, 550–51,776, 778, 791, 793; military preparationsunder, 617; Neo-Confucianism in,501–502, 509, 511–13, 534, 584, 591–92,623; new national and local elites in,511–15; novel social and culturalpractices under, 511–13; overview of,501; participates in competitivemultistate system, 617; printing in, 533;

and relative isolation from steppe-sownfrontier as source of weakness, 591;Smithian growth in, 8, 573; state spursto economic growth in, 551–552;taxation in, 517; urbanization in, 550–51;vulnerability to Inner Asian power,521–22

sorobun prose style in Japan, 473, 536South Asia: administrative culture in,

compared to China, 740–43; arid- arableinterface in, compared to steppe-arableinterface in China, 645; arid andsemi-arid zones in, 642, 644–46,644–45 n.23, 682, 690–1, 739–40; chartercivilization/states in, 108, 631, 635–36,706–709; climate in, 687–93, 703;commercialization in, 6, 641, 682–85,691, 694–96, 700–705; contrasted withprotected zone, 706–61; as culturaldonor to Southeast Asia and Tibet, 15,107, 579, 643; cultural integration across,96, 631, 633, 658–81; demography in,111, 690, 694, 702; as distinctive Asiancultural region, 681; early modernity in,10 n.19, 96, 648, 698–99; economic anddemographic rhythms in synchronizedwith other parts of Eurasia, 633,681–701; 18th-century crisis in, 638,651–53, 699–704; eras of polycentrismin, 631–33, 635–38, 640–43, 653–54,656–58, 715–37; fragility of empire incompared to China, 738–57; geographyof compared to Europe, Southeast Asia,and China, 713, 738–40; Inner Asiandominance in, 86, 102, 632, 637, 645–46,671, 674, 685–86, 692, 698, 709–57;literacy and urban communications in,94, 659, 669, 678–79, 742; andlong-distance trade, 635, 683–85, 691,694–96, 701–705, 800–801, 803, 805,822–23, 845–49 passim, 864; and long-term improvements in administrativeefficiency, 96, 633, 639–55; long-termterritorial consolidation in, 633, 656–58;military revolution in, 653, 700; nestedsovereignties in, 640, 740–41; as part ofexposed zone, 85, 97–114; and patternsintermediate between China and theprotected zone, 631–32; and politicalrhythms synchronized with othersectors of Eurasia, 96–97, 631, 635–681

940






Index

passim (esp. 637–39, 643, 651), 698–99;second urbanization in, 707–708;13th–15th-century disorders in, 691–93;urbanization in, 635, 669, 681, 694,707–708; vernacular revolution in,771–22; vertical cultural integration in,664–70 passim; weak ethnicities in,714–15, 728–37. See also bhaktidevotionalism, caste, English EastIndia Company, Gupta empire, DelhiSultanate, Maurya empire, Mughalempire, Perso-Islamic culture, taxation

South China, 185, 505, 520–21, 530–32, 540,549, 553–54, 556, 560, 579, 598, 604,611–12, 776

South China Sea, 35, 146, 769, 770, 772,776, 804, 839

South India: diffusion of bhakti from, 659;North Indian political and culturalinfluence over, 631, 635, 657, 707;relation to other regions, 747;Vijayanagara as premier state in historyof, 644. See also Deccan, Kannada,Marathi, Telugu, Tamil cultures andlanguages

Southwest Asia, 85, 86, 93, 97, 101, 102,107, 110, 219, 686, 707, 710, 761, 904 n.3

Souyri, Pierre, 412sovereign territorial state, triumph of,

276Spain, Spanish: 14, 49, 268; compared to

Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820,826–29, 837, 893–94; empire of, 209, 279,828–29; and global trade, 336–37, 421;history to 1492, 158, 203–204; in Italy,211; as New Monarchy, 208–209; andReconquest as prelude to globalexpansion, 828–29; in 17th and 18thcenturies, 209, 279–80; andtransformation of Philippines, 115–16,769–70, 830–37. See also Philippines

spice cultivation and trade, 769, 785, 789,800–809, 822–24, 830, 838–46 passim, 850,852–54, 857, 859–60, 863, 867, 872,893

Sporer Minimum of solar radiation,217

Spring and Autumn period in China, 498,708

Sri Lanka, 37, 53, 101 n.144, 116 n.167, 658,713, 714 n.224, 774, 876, 877

Srivijaya, 773–83, 789–97, 804–807, 815,817, 819, 874, 892–93

St. Francis Xavier, 840St. Petersburg, 75, 293, 313, 316, 365,

442state: defined, 9 n.17steam engine, 573–74Stein, Burton, 682steppe: and analogies to South Asian

drylands, 585, 588, 590–91, 645; andcreative role of steppe-sown interface inChina, 585–86, 590–91; divided betweenRomanovs and Qing, 313–14; east-westcultural transmission across, 109; asideal equine environment, 584; andInner Asian military power, 85–86,97–101, 109–110, 141, 216–17; joined toChina proper, 103; limited value offirearms on, 626; protected zoneshielded against, 97, 100; and Qingunion of agrarian with steppe tradition,523–24; in relation to Black Death, 86,188, 197, 216; Russian administration of,313–14; Russian conquest andsettlement of, 187, 214, 220, 239, 291,294–98, 317–18; as site ofanticentralizing revolts, 240, 304–305

Straits of Melaka, 769, 772–77, 780, 784,793–99, 804–807, 819, 840, 846, 849–50,858–59, 870, 875

Strathern, Alan, 714 n.224Strayer, Joseph, 153–54strel’tsy musketeers in Russia, 223Stroganov family, 228Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 92, 693, 820,

841subsidiary alliance system in South Asia,

654sufis, sufism: in South Asia, 676, 712, 723,

726–28, 751; in Southeast Asia, 813–14,817, 818, 848, 855

sugar, sugarcane, 332, 336–38, 454, 458,550, 559, 560, 564, 567, 682, 791, 860–62,868, 872, 877, 885–87

Sugiyama Kiyohiko, 598Sui Dynasty and empire in China, 103,

500, 503, 507, 508, 520, 528Sulawesi, 768, 785, 791, 802, 812, 824,

851–52, 854, 859–60, 863–66, 869, 877–78,893. See also Bugis, Makasar

Sulu, 795, 808–809, 812, 830–31, 871, 883

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Index

Sumatra: Acehnese empire in, 845;geography of, 772, 776–77; extension ofDutch control over, 858, 877; andmaritime trade, 773–80, 793–95, 797,802–804, 845–48, 858; northern ports in,775–76, 793, 797, 803–804, 845; produceof, 774–76, 802, 803, 820–21, 839–40,845–46; and relations with Java, 775,783, 785, 793–95, 804. See also Aceh,Lampung, Malayu-Jambi,Minangkabau, Palembang, Pasai,Srivijaya

Sumbawa, 802, 852sumptuary distinctions, 66, 344, 446, 464Sunda Kalapa, 807Sunda Straits, 840, 846, 850Sunnis, 679, 736, 747, 750Surabaya, 812Surakarta, 861–62, 866, 871, 875–76Surat, 704Sweden, Swedes, 49, 66, 139, 146, 209, 210,

211, 239–40, 279, 287, 291, 350sweet potatoes, 35, 89, 338, 454, 472, 528,

564swidden cultivation, 264, 790, 790 n.79,

851sword nobility in France, 247syahbandar (port-master), 809, 812synchronization of political, economic,

and cultural changes: across Eurasia, 1,9–11, 49–67, 76–77, 96–97, 121, 124, 214,275, 369–70, 701, 705–706; acrossEurope, 135–39, 203–212, 275–81,297–98, 369; across mainland SoutheastAsia, 11–48 passim, 275–76; betweenChina and the protected zone, 497, 519,548ff., 575–76, 627–28; between Europeand Southeast Asia, 124, 135–39, 147,156–64, 182–84, 205–207, 214, 238–45,266–70, 273, 275, 282–89, 303–306,334–55 passim, 369–70, 416; betweenexposed zone and protected zonerealms, 580–81; between France andRussia, 126, 130, 147, 182–84, 205–207,274–75, 319–21, 581, 581 n.210; betweenJapan and other protected rimlands,416–31; between South Asia, protectedzone realms, and China, 96–97, 631,637–39, 643, 651, 681–701, 705–706;Eurasian-wide factors promoting,77–92, 276, 285–89, 295–99, 334–55

passim, 369–70, 416–30, 548–59, 683–701passim

Taaffe, Robert, 97Taiping Rebellion in China, 593–94, 601,

611, 612, 621Taira clan in Japan, 404Tais: assimilate to Indic culture, 752;

compared to Inner Asians c. 1000–1300,100 n.141, 586, 686, 690–91; cultural andpolitical geography of, 26–29; enterlowland Southeast Asia, 17–18, 26, 86,105, 183, 203, 370, 375, 586, 599; andvernacular revolution, 28, 720–21, 744

Taiwan, 454, 523, 528, 605, 824, 825Tajikistan, Tajiks, 645, 646, 709, 710,

761Takeda Sachiko, 388Taksin, Siamese king, 352Talbot, Cynthia, 641, 662, 753Tallon, Alain, 259Tamil country, culture, language, and

people, 643, 656, 660, 663–65, 667, 680,693, 718, 720, 729, 730–31, 737

Tang China (618–907): 95; aristocraticpower in, 504–505; Buddhist institutionsand influence in, 500, 509; centralizingadministrative reforms in, 507–509;Chinese vs. barbarian typologies in, 589;cities in, 550; civil service examinationsin, 507; cosmopolitan orientation ofelites in, 500, 509, 592; decline of, 500,503–504; financial commissions in,507–508; and Inner Asian power, 102,508–509, 588, 617–18; as inspiration forJapan, 107, 382–84, 387–88, 579; militarysystem of, 508–509; overview of, 500;and Sino- foreign origins of TangDynasty as aid to success, 520–21, 584,591; territorial extent of, 520–21; two-taxreform in, 517; waning economicregulation in, 551, 624

Tanguts, 521–22, 585, 588, 592–93tanistry, 598, 712Tanjore, 669, 717Tarim basin, 587Tatars, 51, 64, 66, 184, 184 n.148, 186–88,

186 n.51, 213–16, 223–24, 228–30, 237,294, 304, 315

tax farms, 36, 254, 324, 325, 328, 399, 613,653, 785, 796, 867

942






Index

taxation: 61, 65, 69–70; in Britain, 614; inChina, 112–13, 517–18, 561, 613–22;commutation of, 32, 69, 75, 246, 254, 300,561; in France to c. 1350, 60, 148, 152,154, 160, 166, 170, 177–78; in France c.1350 to 1450, 197, 199, 242; in France, c.1450 to 1790, 246–47, 252–53, 324–28,330, 331, 340–41, 614; in islandSoutheast Asia, 785, 847, 850, 856,861–63, 866–67, 876–77, 886; in Japan,383, 385, 396, 399, 401–403, 406, 409, 413,418; 423–24, 455–56, 462–65; and lowpercentage of GNP captured by taxes inChina compared to other realms,614–15; in mainland Southeast Asia,20–25 passim, 32, 33, 36–37, 45; in Russiato c. 1400, 99, 172, 186, 187; in Russia, c.1400 to 1830, 219, 221–22, 282, 299, 300,614; in South Asia, 113, 115, 221, 646–51,653–55, 684, 696–97, 744–46

Tayson revolt in Vietnam, 60 Fig. 1.6,303–305, 352

tea, 336–38, 508, 527, 550, 564, 869, 872Telugu culture, language, and people, 648,

680, 693, 718–20, 726–27, 729–30, 747,753

Ternate and Tidore, 801, 809, 811, 815, 840,843, 853–54, 859. See also Maluku

territorial consolidation: across Eurasia,9–10, 57, 58–62 Figs. 1.4 to 1.9, 897; inChina, 519–24; in France, 57, 62 Fig. 1.8,169–70, 250–51, 273–74, 321–22, 352; inisland Southeast Asia, 774–75, 781–86,805–808, 830–63 passim, 876–78; in Japan,53, 57, 62 Fig. 1.9, 251; in mainlandSoutheast Asia, 12–22 incl. Figs. 1.1 and1.2, 53–54, 58–60 Figs. 1.4 to 1.6, 273,287; in Russia, 57, 61 Fig. 1.7, 213–14,236, 286–88; in South Asia, 656–58

textiles: production and export fromChina, 69, 89, 276, 336–37, 548, 550, 559,564, 567, 569, 586, 804, 834, 838;production and export from South Asia,35, 69, 89, 276, 336–37, 658, 684, 695, 701,704, 791, 801, 807, 808, 821, 823, 838, 846,849–52, 864, 869, 872, 874; production inEurope and import to Europe, 158, 165,244, 291, 297–98, 332, 336–37, 350;production in Southeast Asia andimport to Southeast Asia, 35, 69, 788,791, 801, 803, 804, 807, 808, 821–23, 834,

838, 849, 852, 860, 864, 885. See alsocotton, silk

Tha-lun, Burmese king, 651Thang Long (Hanoi), 45, 818Thirteen Years War in Russia, 287Thirty Years War in Europe, 276, 280three-field system of crop rotation and

prototypes: in France, 126, 157, 158, 164,164 n.96, 218; in Russia, 126, 218–20,295

Tibet, 100–101 n.144, 103, 501, 517, 523,602, 618, 684

Tikhomirov, M., 134, 140, 142Tilly, Charles, 51, 123, 124, 255, 277, 284Time of Troubles in Russia, 66, 206, 238–41,

268, 282–87 passim, 294, 304, 306, 308Timor, 812, 837, 852, 859Timur (Tamerlane), Inner Asian

conqueror, 216, 522 n.58, 583, 637, 647,712

Timurid state, 99, 102, 712tin, 780, 821, 822, 842, 845, 848, 858, 866,

868–71tobacco, 35, 332, 337, 884–87Toby, Ronald, 488Tohoku region of Honshu, 390, 403, 404,

408Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of Tokugawa

shogunate, 414–15, 439–40, 444, 651Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868):

administrative and territorial structuresof, 438–35; attitudes to China in, 486–88;“boundaries” of, 439–40; changingintellectual/aesthetic perspectives in,482–84; cities in, 450, 451, 460, 471,473–75; compared to other earlymodern states, 96–97, 375–77, 438–39,443–45, 456–58, 463, 467–69, 490, 492–93;compared to post-Carolingian andBourbon France, 415 n.119; continuedgovernmental vitality in after 1720,467–68; demographic trends in, Fig. 4.2,449–50, 461; Edo’s cultural role in,471–473; economic and ecologicalstrains in, c. 1720–1840, 457–64, 492–93;economic vitality in to c. 1720 in, 8,448–57; education, publishing, andliteracy in, 476–79, 483; erosion of estatedivisions in, 465–67; Europeans and,440, 453–54, 458, 466, 469, 484–85,487–90; and foreign trade, 453–56, 458;

943






Index

Tokugawa Japan (cont.)and founding of Tokugawa shogunate,377, 415; horizontal cultural integrationin, 63–64, 470–73, 479–825; livingstandards in, 449, 456, 471; manufactureand handicrafts in, 460; mercantilistschemes in, 464; and mounting politicaldifficulties after 1720, 457–58, 462–69;politicized ethnicity and collectiveself-images in, 378, 437, 484–90;religious institutions in, 444–45; socialestates in, 445–48; state revenues,compared to earlier periods, 455–56,462–65; ukiyo culture in, 473–74; verticalcultural integration in, 63–64, 473–82;village disturbances in, 466–67; weakmilitary pressures in, 444, 457–58, 467,492

Totman, Conrad, 410–411, 426–27,454

Toubert, Pierre, 160Toulouse, 168, 260, 261, 360, 361Toungoo Burma (1486–1752), 19, 20, 43, 48,

58 Fig. 1.4, 96, 118, 192, 239, 241, 250,255, 375, 416, 468

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 414–15, 429, 436–38,439, 446, 448, 489, 651

trade. See commercialization/monetization, long-distance trade(overland and maritime)

Transoxania, 97, 102, 670, 672, 685,709–712, 722, 744, 749

Trautmann, Thomas, 758–59Treaty of Zaragoza, 838Trengganu, 812, 871Trigger, Bruce, 108Trinh seigneury, 21, 60 Fig. 1.6, 274 n.10True Pure Land sect, 411–12, 434tsars, 64, 229, 230 n.255, See also individual

rulersTsushima, 440, 453Tuban, 796, 808Tudor Dynasty in England, 208–209Tulsidas, Indian religious poet, 732

Turkic peoples: and Byzantium, 133, 207;in China, 99, 520–21, 587–88, 602; andIslam, 686, 710; military advantages of,722–23; in Russia, 101, 133 n.18, 141, 184,184 n.148, 185 n.150; in South Asia, 86,102, 632, 637, 646, 671, 674, 686, 710–711,

722–23, 749; in Southwest Asia, 102, 207,685–86, 710. See also Tatars

Turkmenistan, 98, 109Turko-Mongols, 85–86, 102, 637, 712, 753.

See also Mongols, Turkic peoplesTver, 53, 191, 213Twitchett, Denis, 539types of growth. See extensive growth,

involutionary growth, modern growth,Smithian growth

typhus, 188, 189, 196, 331, 459

Ueda Akinari, 487Uighurs, 587–88, 618ukiyo (“floating world”) culture in Japan,

473–74, 476Ukraine, Ukrainians, 65, 212, 288, 292, 295,

303, 306, 312–17ulama (Muslim clerics), 750–51Ulozhenie law code of 1649 in Russia,

282–83Uniates, 316Upton, A. F., 279urbanization: in England, 296; in France,

67, 129, 176–77, 245–46, 296, 332; GilbertRozman’s schema of, 67 and 67 n.78; inJapan, 67, 296, 428, 450, 451, 460, 471,478; in Russia, 67, 128–29, 134, 176–77,219, 246, 294–97; in South Asia, 635, 669,681, 694, 707–708; in Southeast Asia, 67,803, 805, 821–22, 843, 845–52, 860, 861,863, 892

Ural river basin, 65, 304Ural mountains, 191, 228, 287Urdu, 677–80, 755–56Urga, 603Uzbek state, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 99, 102,

637, 645, 712, 757

Vaisnavas, 662–63, 665, 669, 676, 731, 747,772, 777, 786

Valois France (1328–1589): 95, 118, 184,650; centralized nature ofadministration in, compared toSoutheast Asia, 254–56; commercial andtechnological spurs to integration in,246–48; compagnies d’ordonnances in, 242,254; cultural integration in, compared toSoutheast Asia, 249–50, 257–66, 355;decentralized nature of Renaissancemonarchy in, compared to 19th-century

944






Index

France, 256–57; as early modern state,96–97, 256; economic and demographicrevival in, 243–47; executive and judicialagencies in, 252–53; foreign trade in,244; French “royal religion” andideologies in, 241–42, 257–59, 264; inHundred Years War, 200–202, 242; legalcodification in, 256–57; low point ofdynastic fortunes in, 202; provincialgovernors in, compared to Russia andSoutheast Asia, 251–52, 257; parlementsand provincial estates in, 256; royalincome in, 244, 252–53; spread of Frenchlanguage and ethnicity in, 259–64;taxation in, 242, 246–47, 252–52;territorial consolidation and extensionof royal authority in, 247–48, 250–53,255; urbanization in, 246; and Valoisaccession, 200; venality in, 247, 252–53,257; at war with Habsburgs, 249, 266;and Wars of Religion, 266–69

Vaporis, Constantine, 472Varley, Paul, 421Vasa Dynasty in Sweden, 209vassalage, 154, 156, 169, 200, 227, 246, 249Vedas (sacred Sanskrit texts), 639, 639 n.10,

659, 665venality, 247, 252–53, 257, 327Vendee, 351, 363Venice, 197, 253, 259, 805, 839Verhulst, Adrian, 159vernacular languages, literatures, and

scripts: across Eurasia, 64, 71; in China,543; in Japan, 63, 375, 387, 432–33, 478,720; replace Latin and universallanguages in Europe and France, 64,179–81, 259–65, 361–64, 366–67, 719–20;in Southeast Asia, 27–28, 37, 265, 719–20;and vernacular revolution in South andSoutheast Asia, 677–79, 717–22, 786–87

vernacular revolution. See vernacularlanguages, literatures, and scripts.

Vernadsky, George, 171Versailles, 75, 319, 325–28, 356, 442Verschuer, Charlotte von, 386Vietnam: administrative centralization in,

25, 44; anticentralizing revolts in,303–305; charter era in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43,44, 53–57, 135, 149; cultural integrationin, 26–30, 41–43; demography of, 50, 68;and developmental similarities to

France, 129–30, 177, 203, 205; anddisorders of 14th–15th centuries, 17–20,35, 55–57; and disorders of 18th century,20–21, 206; divided authority in,compared to Japan, 438 n.197; dynamicsof integration in, 31–48 passim; elite-mass cultural splits in, compared toRussia, 309–310; escapes Chinesecontrol, 16, 521; French conquest of, 272;literacy in, 27–28; military stimuli in,compared to Russia, 288–89;north-south division in, 20–21, 25, 48,52, 206; as protected zone polity, 49–50;regionalism in, compared to Java, 868;reunification of, 21–22, 48, 273; stateinfluences on economics and culture in,44–47; territorial expansion and extentof, 15–22 passim, 35, 50 n.58, 60 Fig. 1.6,273, 287; and warfare, 21, 44, 286–87,341, 349, 352–53. See also Chinesecultural influence, Dai Viet, Neo-Confucianism/Confucianism, Nguyenseignury/Dynasty, Tayson revolt

Vietnamese, Vietnamese culture, 27–30,34–35, 37, 40

Vijayanagara, 643–44, 646, 657, 675, 693,724–25, 727, 729–31, 735

Vikings: in Russia, 130–32, 149–50, 599; inwestern Europe, 105, 153, 154, 158, 375,398, 599

villages, village organization: in France,160, 161, 165, 180; in Japan, 72, 411, 425,435, 447, 462–63; in Russia, 283–84, 302

Vilna, 190Visayas, Visayans, 808, 831, 833, 837, 838,

883, 885, 886, 889, 890Visnu, 642, 643, 659, 663–64, 786Vithoba (deity), 663, 719Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev, 132, 173Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Prince of

Kiev, 173Vladimir-Suzdal principality, 172–73,

191–92Vlasov, V. G., 233voevody governors in Russia, 225, 285;

compared to Southeast Asiangovernors, 285

Volga river and basin, 64–65, 130–31, 134,187, 188, 219, 227, 236, 295, 304, 316

Volga-Oka interfluve, 64, 69, 191, 218, 372Volynia, 184, 186

945






Index

Vos, Reinout, 873, 874Vries, P. H. H., 9

Wake, C. H. H., 820Wakita, Osamu, 429Wallerstein, Immanuel, 90, 244Walthall, Anne, 481Wang Anshi, Song statesman, 617Wang Yang-ming, Ming philosopher, 529Wang, Yeh-chien, 571Warangal, 646warhorse revolution, 84–85Warring States period in China, 498–499,

708Warring States period in Japan

(1467–1568): administrative innovationduring, 411–15; changing army size andcomposition during, 413–14; comparedto Genpei War and north-south war of14th century, 412; compared to unifyingeras in other protected rimlands c.1450–1600, 416–30 passim; economicgrowth and its implications during,416–30; firearms in, 421–22; growth ofdaimyo power during, 72, 74, 377,412–15; village, religious, and urbanorganizations during, 411–12. See alsoAshikaga Japan, daimyo

Wars of Religion in France, 73, 76, 206,266–69, 321, 323, 325, 351

Wars of the Roses in England, 204Washbrook, D. A., 702, 704watek apanages in Java, 782, 784watermills, 157Weber, Max, 462Weberian bureaucracy, 51–52, 52 n.62West Frankish kingdom, 151, 153, 156, 168,

170, 173West river, 605Western Ghat mountains, 635, 657wheat, 528, 549, 578, 671, 682, 708White, James, 467“white Inner Asians,” 769–70, 824–30, 894,

904White Lotus sect in Japan, 546, 547, 593,

612Wigen, Karen, 458Wills, John, Jr., 535Wink, Andre, 645, 671, 684, 690, 741Wisseman Christie, Jan, 782, 783, 789, 791Wolters, O.W., 764, 772–74

Wong, R. Bin, 539Woodside, Alexander, 543Wortman, Richard, 230

Xi Xia state in northwest China, 521–22,588, 617

Xianbei, Inner Asian tribal confederation,584, 587, 591, 756, 758

Xining, 603Xinjiang, 97–98, 103, 517, 520, 523–24, 530,

534, 565, 578, 602, 612, 618, 685, 709, 739Xiongnu, Inner Asian tribal confederation,

99, 520, 587, 617, 710

Yadavas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682, 685,716–17, 719, 723, 730, 735

Yamamura, Kozo, 424–25, 451Yamato polity in Honshu, 382, 580Yangzi delta: compared to England, 6–8,

563, 565–75; and 14th-century crisis,502–503, 557; as gentry heartland, 512;handicraft manufacture in, 563; landand labor productivity in, 566, 568, 574

Yangzi river and basin: 499; and efficientwater transport, 95, 604–605, 739;growing economic importance ofvis-a-vis North China, 526–28, 549, 681;as Ming base, 523; as site of latercivilization than in North China, 577–79

Yellow river and basin: 107; and efficientwater transport, 95, 604–605, 739; ashome to early civilization, 107, 576–80.See also North China,North China plain

Yemen, 825, 848Yogyakarta, 780, 861–62, 866, 871, 875–76Yong Xue, 571Yongzheng, Qing emperor, 594Yuan China (1276–1368): 501;

administration in, 514 n.39; compared toDelhi Sultanate, 710–711; conquests of,103, 521–22; Daoxue Neo-Confucianismin, 544; ethnic/racial tensions andsegregation in, 593, 595–96, 601, 626;demographic and economic lossesduring, 501; epidemics in, 557–58;founding of, 86; monetary disorders in,558; as stage in Inner Asian evolution,99, 588; weakness of, 591, 618

Yueh peoples of South China, 526Yun, Bartolome, 244Yunnan, 503, 528, 531–32, 534, 684, 812

946






Index

zabt revenue system in Mughal India, 648,697

zamindars, local landed authorities inIndia, 649, 651–54, 658, 697, 699, 733,742, 745, 751

Zealots of Piety in Russia, 307Zelin, Madeleine, 621Zen Buddhism, 432, 434

Zhang, Pingzhong, 555Zheng He, Chinese admiral, 795, 798, 802,

825Zhou Dynasty and state, 109, 498, 525, 581Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucian philosopher, 509Zungharia, Zunghar Mongols, 523–24,

618–19, 625Zlotnik, Marc, 222

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