2000. sass b. chapter 12. the small finds. in i. finkelstein, d. ussishkin and b. halpern eds....
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 12
THE SMALL FINDS
Benjamin Sass
1. INTRODUCTION
The research on the small finds of the 1992-1996 seasons was far from·· complete by the submissiondeadline (mid-1998).Rather than delaying the publication of the whole volume by many months, it wasdecided to make these finds available in the form of a catalogue. It is hoped that the results of theresearch will be incorporated in the next Megiddo volume.
The finds are arranged according to the following classes: Vessels (including millstones, pestles,stoppers and lids), Tools, Weapons, Personal Objects, Recreation, Religion and Figurative Art(including glyptic), Inscription and Coin, Furnishings, Objects of Unknown Use,and Raw Materialsand Products. Within each class or sub-class the objects are listed by stratum. However, when the(typological) date of a find class is known, and the stratum in which it was unearthed is positively later,it is arranged by area and locus number. A case in point is the four-footed Chalcolithic basalt bowlswith ring base (Section 2.1.1.1.1).
'PT' designates the pottery bucket with which the artefact is associated (see Chapter 1); 'nd'indicates 'no data'. Each stratigraphic affiliation is accompanied by a letter: (F) designatesoccupational debris, such as floor accumulation, destruction or collapse; (A) designatesarchitectural/stratigraphic affiliation of the locus with the given level; the finds may be earlier or mixed(e.g. finds from bricks in a wall, brick material from a decayed wall, fills, etc.).
Paula Wapnish provided information on the bone objects and Daniella Bar-Yosef Mayer on theshell objects. Baruch Brandl, Edwin van den Brink and Lucas Petit have kindly offered advice onvarious issues. Adi Kafri, to whom I am very grateful, assisted in the work on this chapter.
2. VESSELS
Millstones, pestles, stoppers and lids are included with the vessels. For zoomorphic vessels and abronze cult stand see Religion and Figurative Art; for cosmetic container see Personal Objects: Bodyand Beauty Care.
349
2.1. STONE VESSELS
Items from later or disturbed contexts are also included.
2.1.1. LOCAL VESSELS
All are bowls.
2.1.1.1. Basalt Bowls
Unless indicated otherwise the material is dense basalt.
2.1.1.1.1. Chalcolithic bowls with four legs and a ring
The fragmentary vessels are restored in the drawings with four simple legs; it is possible that some ofthem belong to less common variants, like those with interconnected legs or with three legs. Five of theten examples come from Area J, but none were found in situ in a Chalcolithic context. Most are smallfragments, hence presumably from fills. The five examples from Areas F and K are certainly from fills.
94/J/36/AR3 == PT none. Provenience: Level J-5 (F). Bowl base fragment with three leg stumps. Fig. 12.1: 1.94/J/39/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-5 (F); PT: nd. Leg and ring fragment. Fig. 12.1:2.96/J/6/AR6 == PT13. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBlb few, EBIII main. Leg and ring
fragment. Fig. 12.1 :3.
94/J/7/ARI == PT11. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBI. Ring fragment. Fig. 12.1 :4.96/J/23/ARI == PT8. Provenience: unstratified (topsoil); PT: EBlb. Ring fragment. Fig. 12.1 :5.94/F/79/AR4 == PT8. Provenience: Level F-5 (F);PT: IAI main. Ring fragment. Fig. 12.1 :6.96/F/12/AR2 == PT8. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Leg and ring fragment. Fig. 12.1 :7.96/F/20/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Leg and ring fragment. Fig. 12.1 :8.96/K/25/ARI = PT3. Provenience: Level K-4/K3; PT: EB sole, LB sole, IAI few. Fragment of stem-
shaped base with horizontal grooves and three leg stumps. Fig. 12.1:9.96/K/46/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAII. Ring fragment. Fig. 12.1:10.
2.1.1.1.2. EBI deep basalt bowls with four handles
96/F/30/AR11 == PTII. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Rim fragment of small bowl with handlestump. Fig. 12.2:1.
96/J/84/AR1 = PTI. Provenience: Level J-6 (F?); PT: EBla sale, EBIb main. Base and wall fragmentwith two handle stumps, the latter not visible in drawing. Fig. 12.2:2.
Object labelled 96/K/85/ARI = PT5 or PT6. Findspot uncertain (could not be identified in excavationrecords), but probably Level K-3 (F?). Handle fragment from a bowl presumably similar in size to96/F/30/AR11, hence similar restored drawing. Fig. 12.2:3.
2.1.1.1.3. Chalcolithic or EBI V-shaped basalt bowls
Smaller fragments may belong to one of the two previous types. See also Lid 94/J/77/AR1 in Section 2.6.2.
96/J/36/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: unstratified (topsoil); PT: EBIb main, IBA, MBI few. Bodyfragment. Not illustrated.
96/J/51/AR1 = PT3. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBIa few, EBlb main, EBIII few. Base fragment.Fig. 12.2:4.
350
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351
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Fig. 12.2. Basalt bowls (Sections 2.1.1.1.2-2.1.1.1.6).
352
94/F/59/AR2 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-4 (A) (pit); PT: LB main, IA sole, later sole. Rim fragment.Fig. 12.2:5.
94/F/78/AR4 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB main, IAJ main. Body fragment. Not
illustrated.
2.1.1.1.4. Basalt bowls with ring base
96/F/69/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: LB. Fragment. Rim apparently reworked afteroriginal was ·broken. Fig. 12.2:6.
96/F/50/AR5 == PT27. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: JAI main, mixed. Fragment. Fig. 12.2:7.
94/F/3/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified (topsoil); PT: mixed. Fragment, ring base(?). Fig. 12.2:8.96/K/116/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: LB sole, IAI main. Fragment. Fig. 12.2:9.
96/K/2/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Leve.l K-3 (F); PT: IA. Fragment. Fig. 12.2:10.
94/H/61/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-2 ? (A); PT: IAII main, Persian few. Fragment. Fig.12.2:11.
2.1.1.1.5. Basalt tripod bowls
See also Section 2.4 for bowl legs reused as pestles.
96/F/64/AR3 == PT11. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: LBI. Fragment with no ring base or disk base,hence perhaps of a tripod bowl, though no leg stump preserved. Fig. 12.2: 13.
94/F/35/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-4 (A) (pit); PT: EB few, LB main, IA few. Fragment. Fig.12.2:12.
2.1.1.1.6. Hemispherical basalt bowls
96/... 1 Joins 98/K/23/AR2 == PT2. Fragment. Same porous basalt variety as in millstones. Fig. 12.2:15.94/F/64/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: JAI few, later few. Fragment. Same porous basalt
variety as in millstones. Fig. 12.2:14.94/J/2/ARl == PT8. Provenience: Level J-3 (A- bricks of Stratum XIX temple wall); PT: EBI.
Fragment. Fig. 12.3:1.96/F/30/AR15 == PT2J. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EB few, MB main. Very small fragment, hence
diameter and stance somewhat conjectural. Medium-grained basalt. Fig. 12.3 :2.96/J/59/AR3 == PT9. Provenience: Level J-4 (F - floor of open space beneath altar); PT: EBla sole,
EBJb main. Very small rim fragment, hence diameter and stance somewhat conjectural. Fig. 12.3:3.
96/K/56/AR2 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: nd. Rim fragment. Fig. 12.3:4.
2. 1. 1. 1.7. Miniature basalt bowls
96/F/71/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IA main, later sole. Figs. 12.3:5, 12.9:2.96/K/4/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: EB sole, IAII main. Figs. 12.3:6, 12.9: 1.
This fragment, marked 96/J/92/AR3, was certainly found in the 1996 season, but the number written on it is wrong, forthis number belongs to another basalt object, listed below under Tools of Unknown Use. Like the· conjoinable piece,98/K/23/AR2, the present fragment probably comes from Area K. Continuing this line it was· ascertained that a lowermillstone of the 1996 season, marked 96/K/l11/AR3, was designated 'fragment of basalt bowl' in the excavation records.Locus 96/K/l11 indeed overlies locus 98/KJ23. The mistake could not be followed further.
353
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Fig. 12.3. Basalt and limestone bowls, Egyptian or Egyptianized vessels (Sections 2.1.1.1.6-2.1.2).
354
2.1.1.1.8. Other basalt bowls
96/J/69/AR7 == PT7. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EBla sole, EBlb main. Base fragment; reworked
as stopper? Fig. 12.3:9.94/H/91/AR1 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-l (A); PT: EB sole, IAII main. Fragment of shallow bowl
or concave grinding stone. The restored drawing is conjectural; the diameter is unknown; it is not
even certain that the original object was round. F'ig.12.3:12.96/K/I01/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: EB few, IAI main. Stem of bowl, perhaps
reused. Fig. 12.3: 11.
2.1.1.2. Limestone Bowls
94/F/78/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB main, IAI main. Ad hoc miniature bowl. Fig.
12.3:8.94/H/57/AR2 == PTI3. Provenience: Level H-J (F); PT: IAII main. Ad hoc bowl. Fig. 12.3:7.
2.1.2. EGYPTIAN OR EGYPTIANIZED VESSELS
2.1.2.1. Alabaster Vessels
94/F/96/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB main. Jug handle fragment. Fig. 12.3:14.
96/F/52/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level F-4 (A) (pit); PT: LB, IAII. Body fragment of large closed
vessel. Fig. 12.3: 13.
96/F/72/AR2 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT:. IAI. Alabastron body fragment. Fig. 12.3:15.96/K/8/ARI == PT7. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: LB sole, IAII main. Strap handle fragment,
preserved length 37 mm., width 13-15 mm., thickness averages 6 mm. Not illustrated.
2.1.2.2. Vessel ofOther Stone
94/H/58/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: main IAII, Persian few. Fragment of bowl orcomposite vessel; rim cut straight. Brown-purple stone. Fig. 12.3:10.
2.2. GLAZED POTTERY BOTTLE
For 94/F/70/AR1, see Chapter 13.
2.3. MILLSTONES
Except 94/H/75/AR3, 96/K/62/AR3 and 96/K/96/ARI, which are made of pumice or tufa, all are madeof basalt. Most of the millstones are made of the porous variety, those of MB-LB date generally less so
than the Iron Age ones. The upper millstones are usually of the type utilized with two hands. Pairs ofupper and lower millstones from the same locus, such as those from 96/K/2, are uncommon.
96/J/28/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level J-6 (A); PT: EBlb main, EBII-III few. Lower; ca. 60%
preserved. Not illustrated.96/J/90/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: EBII sole, EBIII main. Lower; in fragments. Fig. 12.4: 1.
96/J/93/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-6/J-5; PT: EBII few, EBIII main. Lower; underside also
worked. Fig. 12.4:2.
355
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Fig. 12.4. Millstones (Section 2.3).
356
7
96/J/93/AR4 = PT3. Provenience: Level J-6/J-5; PT: EBII few, EBIII main. Lower(?) fragment;polished mainly along edge; rather compact basalt. Not illustrated.
94/F/89/AR1 = PT4. Provenience: Level F-10 (F); PT: EBI sole, LB main. Lower fragment; mediumporous basalt; 12 em. long. Not illustrated.
96/F/65/AR2 = PT2. Provenience: Level F-7 (F?); PT: EB sole, LB main. Upper. Figs. 12.4:3, 12.9:5.94/F/35/AR2 = PTI. Provenience: Level F-4 (A) (pit); PT: EB few, LB main, IA few. Lower fragment;
porous basalt. Fig. 12.4:4.96/F/48/AR6 = PTl1. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI main, mixed. Upper. Figs. 12.4:5, 12.9:3.96/F/72/AR1 = PT2. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI. Lower fragment; 'stepped'. Fig. 12.4:7.96/F/72/AR3 = PT4. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB main, IAI sole. Lower fragment; 'stepped'.
Not illustrated.94/F/85/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level F-2 (A); PT: LB main, later sole. Upper; compact basalt.
Included despite equivocal locus, because it is so different from the other Iron Age millstones. Fig.12.4:6.
94/F/66/AR1 = PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: Chal. sole, EB, LB, lA, later few. Included despiteequivocal locus, because it is so different from the other Iron Age millstones. Figs. 12.5':2, 12.9:4.
94/F/21/AR2 = PT4. Provenience: unstratified; PT: IAII few. Upper fragment; grooved (for woodenhandle?). Fig. 12.5: 1.
94/H/8/AR9 = PT27. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Upper. Fig. 12~5:3.
94/H/8/AR10 = PT27.Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Upper; 40(!) em. long. Fig. 12.5:4.94/H/48/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Small upper fragment (max. 8.5 em.)
of porous basalt. Not illustrated.94/H/75/AR3 = PT5. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: main IAII, sole EB, sole IAL Worked lump of
tufa; roughly rectangular; probably grinding stone. Fig. 12.6:1.94/H/76/ARI = PT2. Provenience: Level H-3 (F?); PT: IAII main. Upper fragment. Fig. 12.6:2.96/H/26/AR2 = PT10. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Small upper fragment; loaf-shaped.
Polished also on side (secondary use after break?). Not illustrated.96/H/27/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Lower; exceptionally large. Figs. 12.6:4,
12.9:11.96/H/48/AR3 = PT8. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Upper. Figs. 12.6:3, 12.9:6.94/H/100/AR3 = PTI. Provenience: Level H-2 (F?); PT: EB few, IAII, later sole. Lower; 'stepped'.
Fig. 12.7:1.94/H/100/AR4 = PT4. Provenience: Level H-2 (F?); PT: EB sole, IAII main. Upper; fine porous basalt.
Fig. 12.7:3.94/H/100/AR5 = PT4. Provenience: Level H-2 (F?); PT: EB sole, IAII main. Lower; 'stepped'. Fig.
12.7:2.96/K/40/AR1 = PT4. Provenience: Level ·K-4/K-3 (top of brick debris); PT: IAI. Upper fragment;
intended for use with one ,hand. Not illustrated.96/K/54/AR3 = PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Upper. Figs. 12.7:5, 12.9:10.96/K/92/AR4 = PT6. Provenience: Level K-4 (F?); PT: MB, LB few, IAI main. Upper fragment. Not
illustrated.96/K/96/ARI = PT2. Provenience: Level K-4 ? (F?); PT: MB, LB few, IA main. Upper fragment;
pumice. Not illustrated.
357
2
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Fig. 12.5. Millstones (Section 2.3).
358
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10cm.I
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359
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360
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361
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Fig. 12.9. Miniature basalt bowls, millstones (Sections 2.1.1.1.7, 2.3).
96/K/101/AR5 = PT4.Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAL Upper fragment; unexplained depression attop. Not illustrated.
96/K/101/AR11 = PT11. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: artificial locus, no pottery. Middle section ofupper fragment. Not illustrated.
96/K/101/AR13 = PTI1. Provenience: LevelK-4 (F); PT: artificial locus, no pottery. Upper fragment.Not illustrated.
96/K/2/AR3 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-3 (F - on floor); PT: IAIL Upper. Fig. 12.8:2.96/K/2/AR8 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-3(F - on floor); PT: IAIL Lower. Figs. 12.8:1, 12.9:7.96/K/18/ARl = PTI. Provenience: Level K-3 ? (F);PT: IAIL Upper. Figs. 12.7:6, 12.9:9.96/K/27/ARl = PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Upper. Fig. 12.7:4.96/K/62/AR3 = PT1. 'Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IA. Upper(?); worked pumice lump; flattened
rubbing surface. Not illustrated.96/K/105/AR5= PT9. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAL Upper fragment. Not illustrated.96/K/I09/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (A); PT: IAIL Upper; intended for use with one hand.
Figs. 12.7:7, 12.9:8.96/K/109/AR2 = PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (A); PT: IAIL Originally probably a fragment of a
lower, 'stepped' millstone; reworked as shallow mortar. Fig. 12.8:5.96/K/lll/AR3 = PT6. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAI maine!). Lower (see note 1). Fig. 12.8:4.96!K/28/ARI = PT2. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Upper; worn by use with a narrow lower
millstone. Fig. 12.8:3.96/K/46/AR4 = PTIO. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IA. Upper fragment. Not illustrated.
362
2.4. PESTLES
All examples are made of dense basalt. Nearly all stone bowls (i.e., mortars) are fragments, so none ofthe pestles can be shown positively to match a certain mortar. Pestles not of a distinct (conical) shapemay be confused with polishers (Section 3.3), scale weights (Section 0) or slingstones (Section 4.1).
See Brandl 1993 :245, for the possibility that pestles, in the shape of a truncated cones, served as scale
weights.
2.4.1. TRUNCATED CONE
96/F/29/AR7 == PT13. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: EB few, MBI-II main. Fig. 12.10:1.
96/F/64/AR4 == PT11. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: LBI. Fig. 12.10:2.96/F/64/AR5 == PT11. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: LBI. Fig. 12.10:3.94/H/55/AR1 == PT none. Provenience: unstratified (topsoil). Fig. 12.10:9.96/K/54/AR2 .== PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Working surface not smooth; rough low
depression in centre (used also as hammer?). Cf. more detailed drawing of 94/H/55/AR1. Fig.
12.10:5.94/J surface. Fig. 12.10:4.
2.4.2. OTHER SHAPES
96/K/76/AR5 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: IA. Truncated pyramid. Rough low depression
in centre (used also as hammer?), though working surface otherwise smooth. In this respect cf. themore detailed drawing of 94/H/55/AR1 (Section 2.4.1). Fig. 12.10:7.
94/H/48/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. not conical. Fig. 12.10:8.94/H/26/AR5 == PT4. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Naturally rough, one of its long faces
smoothed. Fig. 12.10:10.94/F/54/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-7 (F?); PT: LB few. Pyramidal; probably recycled leg of
tripod bowl. Fig. 12.10:6.96/F/52/AR3 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-4 (A - pit); PT: LB, IAIL Recycled vessel base. Fig.
12.10:11.
2.5. STOPPERS
Most stoppers presumably closed pottery vessels. Matches may therefore be sought with the material in
Chapter 12. See also 96/J/69/AR7 in Section 0 and weights in Section O.
2.5.1. UNBAKED CLAY
Fabricated (vs. recycled); sometimes slightly baked.
94/H/8/AR2 == PT14. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT:main IAII. Fig. 12.11: 1.
94/H/8/AR3 == PTI6. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: main IAII. Fig. 12.11:2.94/H/8/AR8 =PT23. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: main IAII. Fig. 12.11 :3.
96/H/13/AR2 == PT5. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Fig. 12.11:5.
96/H/13/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Fig. 12.11 :6.96/H/18/AR1 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Fig. 12.11 :7.
363
5
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12
Fig. 12.10. Pestles (Section 2.4).
364
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98o Jcm."""'--ee -----'
6
Fig. 12.11. Stoppers, lids (Sections 2.5, 2.6).
2.5.2. RECYCLED SHERD
96/H/62/ARI = PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (A); PT: LB sole, IAII main. Base of jar. Fig. 12.11 :4.
2.6. LIDS
On possible matches with vessels see remark to Stoppers, Section 2.5.
2.6.1. RECYCLED SHERDS
96/J/69/AR2 = PT3. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EBlb. Incisions. Fig. 12.11 :8.
94/H/19/AR4 = PTI0. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: LB few, IAI few, IAII main. Fig. 12.11:12.96/K/92/AR3/1 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-4 (F?); PT: IAI. Fig. 12.11: 11.
96/K/92/AR3/2 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-4 (F?); PT: IAI. Fig. 12.11 :10.
96/K/92/AR3/3 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-4 (F?); PT: IAI. Fig. 12.11 :9.
96/K/111/AR2 = PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Fig. 12.11: 13.
2.6.2. RECYCLED STONE-VESSEL FRAGMENT
94/J/77/ARI = PTI. Provenience: Level J-1 (F?); PT: Chal. main, EBI few. Basalt; vessel body
fragment (of V-shaped bowl?). Fig. 12.11 :14.
365
3. TOOLS
3.1. STILTS(?)
Baked-clay spheroids.
96/F/40/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-4 (A - pit); PT: LB. Diameter 15-18 mm. Not illustrated.
96/H/55/AR1 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Diameter 15-17 mm. Not illustrated.
3.2. BURNISHERS
Recycled sherds.
94/J/64/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: EBI main, EBII-III few. Two edges worn. Fig. 12.12:1.
94/J/64/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Fragment. Fig. 12.12:2.94/F/76/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level F-10 (F); PT: main LBII, later sole. Fig. 12.12:3.
96/F/59/AR1 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: EB few, LB main. Two edges worn. Fig. 12.12:4.96/K/27/AR2== PT2. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT:IAIL Edges worn. Fig. 12.12:5.
3.3. POLISHER
See also scale weights, Section O.
96/K/76/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3 (stone collapse); PT: IAIL Broken ochre-red pebble;part of surface polished. Not a weight. Not illustrated.
3.4. WHETSTONES(?) , RUBBING-STONES(?)
96/H/1/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT:nd. Fragment of worked pumice; 53 x (now) 43 x 32 mm.; wide diagonal hole. Original shapeunknown. Not illustrated.
96/K/2/AR6 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAIL Top fragment of pumice rubbing(?) stone orwhetstone; stringing hole. Fig. 12.12:6.
96/H/74/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: Level H-3 (A); PT: IAIL Compact black stone; stringing groove.Possibly whetstone, though rather fine grained and smooth. Fig. 12.12:7.
3.5. HAMMERSTONES
96/K/60/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAI.Brown flint pebble; wear marks; 48 mm. indiameter. ·Not illustrated.
96/K/92/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4 (F?); PT: IAJ. Dark grey flint pebble with wear marks.Fig. 12.12:8.
96/K/101/AR14 == PT11. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: nd. Dark grey flint pebble; roughened. Fig.12.12:9.
3.6. HAMMER-HEAD
See 96/K/89/AR2 in Section O.
366
2 3
4
5 6
8
9
10cm.I
o 10cm.---...J
Fig. 12.12. Burnishers, whetstones, hammerstones (Sections 3.2, 3.4, 3.5).
367
3.7. SCALE WEIGHTS
Many could alternatively be polishers, if not pestles, stoppers, slingstones, gaming pieces, etc., orsimply natural pebbles.
3.7.1. STONE SCALE WEIGHTS
94/F/30/AR2 == PT3. Prov~nience: Level F-12/F-l1?; PT: Chal. sole, EB few, MB main. Slightly oblate'spheroid' of grey stone (limestone? flint? probably former); 110.4 g. Fig. 12.13: 1.
. 96/F/26/ARI == PT8. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: EB main, MB few, IA sole. Oblate, rough lumpof off-white limestone; 13.61 g. Not illustrated.
94/F/65/AR2 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-ll/F-I0?; PT: LB main. Flat pebble of limestone or flintwith 'shaved' edge; 91 x 79 x 26 mm., 276 g. Weight? Not illustrated.
94/F/88/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level F-IIIF-I0; PT: LBII sole, MBI-II sole, EB sole. Barrel-shaped, haematite weight; 92.73 g. Fig. 12.13:2.
96/F/18/AR4 == PT27. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: IAIL Asymmetrical lump of compact basalt;worked but not polished; flat bottom; 42 x 35 x 33 mID., 77.9 g. Not illustrated.
94/F/79/AR6 == PTI0. Provenience: Level F-5; PT: IAI main, LB few, EB few. White quartz pebble;possibly weight; 7.09 g. Fig. 12.13:3.
96/F/2/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB-IAL Dome-shaped, off-white porous stone(limestone?); 173.29 g. Fig. 12.13:4.
96/F/34/AR2 == PT21. Provenience: Level F-5 (A); PT: EB sole, LB main. Oblate beige flint(?) pebble;25 x 12 mm~, 11.14 g.; possibly polished on flat sides. Weight? Polisher? Fig. 12.13 :6.
96/F/48/AR4 == PT7. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI main, mixed. Oblate, off-white and grey,unworked(?) flint(?) pebble; 22 x 20 x 12 mm., 7.41g. Possibly weight. Not illustrated.
96/F/50/AR3 == PT6. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAL Unworked, grey, oblate flint pebble; 20 x 17x 12 mm., 6.26 g. Possibly weight. Not illustrated.
96/F/72/AR4 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-5 (A); PT: LB main, IAI few, later sole. Basalt weight? Ifso, the depression would represent an adjustment, and the worn edge around it the result of repeatedcontact with the scale pan. 3915 g. Fig. 12.13:5.
96JH:/80/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level H-4 (A); PT: IAIL Unworked brown flint(?) pebble withnaturally flat 'base'; 13.79g. Possibly weight. Fig. 12.13:10.
94JH:/8/AR6 == PTIO. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Natural pebble of greyish flint,flattened (worked?) underside; 109 x 82 x 68 mm., 878 g. Weight? Not illustrated.
94!H/26/AR7 == PT9. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Pebble of black stone; worked edge;500 g. Fig. 12.13:14.
94/H/75/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Truncated cone; not a pestle; hardlimestone; 108.21 g. Fig. 12.13:13.
94JH:/75/AR2 == PT5. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Echinus fossil; 5.28 g. Weight? Lid? Fig.12.13:8.
94/H/74/ARI == PT4. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: main IAIL Hard limestone pebble with smooth
(but not polished), worked, flat base; weight(?). Not grinding stone or polisher because of thematerial. Fig. 12.13:12.
96!H/44/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: JAIL Cylinder of dqrk brown stone, which lookslike petrified wood; 4.26 g. Fig. 12.13:7.
368
11
9
~e~
•
-0-
•
10
7
3
8
2
4
, './' .
. r•.
12
Fig. 12.13. Scale weights (Section 3.7).
369
96/H/44/AR2 == PTI. Provenience:, Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Oblate, brown-grey, flint p.ebble;unworked(?); 11.01 g. Possibly weight. Fig. 12.13:9.
96/H/44/ARI9 == PT3. Provenience: LevelH-3 (F); PT: IAII. Weight of brown stone (haematite?), withnaturally cracked surface; 13.14 g. Fig. 12.13: 11.
96/H/76/ARI == PT5. Provenience: Level H-3 (A); PT: IAII. 'Unworked pebble of hard, compact greystone (flint?); 17 x 15 x 11 mm., 4.35 g. Not illustrated.
96/K/73/AR4 == PT14. Pr~venience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Limestone(?); dome-shaped, undersidesmoothed but not polished; 224 g. More likely a weight than a pestle. Fig. 12.14:2.
96/K/77/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IA. Oval flat pebble of compact grey stone(flint?); 34 x 30 x 10 mm., 18.59 g. Weight, if not a polisher. The two flat faces are smoother thanthe edge, though not highly polished. Not illustrated.
96/K/89/AR2 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: IAI. Brown stone (flint?), flattened andsmoothed on all six faces, with th'e possible exception of the smallest face; 37.28 g. Weight, or head
.of small hammer (though no visible signs of hafting), or polisher. Fig. 12.14:6.
96/K/101/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: EB few, IAI main. Oblate basalt weight; 392 g.Or pestle? Fig. 12.14:3.
96/K/101/AR8 == PT8. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: LB few, IAI main. Basalt; polished on both
sides; 237 g. Weight? Polisher? Pestle? Fig. 12.14: 1.96/K/I0l/ARI6 == PTll. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: nd. Asymmetrical basalt lump; probably
slightly worked, but not polished; 66 x 51-54 mm., 306 g. Weight? Not illustrated.96/K/105/AR4 == PT9. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAI. Light grey limestone or flint weight; 199
g. Or pestle? Fig. 12.14:7.96/K/ll/AR2 == PT11. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Limestone; 23.84 g. Weight? Stopper?
Fig. 12.14:11.
96/K/12/AR2== PT7. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: LB sole, IAII main. Basalt; top smooth as if usedas pestle; 258.5 g. Fig. 12.14:4.
96/K/36/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Dark brownish-grey stone; slightlypolished; 7.73 g. Weight? Less likely polisher. Fig. 12.14:5.
96/K/36/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Brownish-grey stone (limestone?); 26.09 g.Fig. 12.14:8.
94/H/24/ARI = PTI. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Dome-shaped weight of brown stone (ironnodule? flint?); 46.66 g. Fig. 12.14:9.
3.7.2. BRONZE SCALE WEIGHT
94/H/54/AR4 == PT4. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: main IAII, sole IAL Weight. 5.72 g. Fig. 12.14:10.
3.8. SUSPENDED WEIGHTS
Loom weights and other weights.
3.8.1. PIERCED AT Top
3.8.1.1. Stone
96/K/73/AR1 = PTll. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Basalt; 218 g.; originally ca. 200/0 more,
i.e., ca.. 262 g. Fig. 12.15 :4.
370
96/J/5/AR8 = PT8. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBIa few-, EBIb main, EBIII few. The objectpresumably belongs to Level J-4. Clean PT buckets from Level J-3 onwards. Limestone; 18 g. Fig.
12.15:1.96/K/72/AR3 = PT7. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Pierced limestone pebble; 52.5 g. Fig. 12.15:3.96/K/77/AR3 = PT3. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: EB few, IA main. Limestone. Pierced fieldstone,
23.5 g. Fig. 12.15:2.
2
4
Or ..._.~~
- I, ;,') -
'~:-... .•.•.'_ /~•. A", "'-'-~~
6 7
-0-• •
10
-0-
8 9 o~
3cm.------' 11
Fig. 12.14. Scale weights (Section 3.7).
371
3.8.1.2. Baked Clay
94/F/30/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level F-12/F-l1?; PT: MB main. Only ca. 40%-45% preserved; 187g., originally ca. 400 g.; hole not preserved. Fig. 12.15:5.
96/F/26/AR5 == PTI3. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: EB few, MBI-II main. Now 154 g. Fig. 12.1'5:6.
94/F/66/AR7 == PT7. Provenience: unstratified (topsoil); PT: EB few, MB few, LB main, IAII few, later
few. Now 338 g. Fig. 12.15:7.
o Jcm.____ I
2 3 4
5
Fig. 12.15. Suspended weights (Section 3.8.1).
6
o 10cm.!we I
7
3.8.2. PIERCED THROUGH CENTRE
Unbaked clay unless stated otherwise. For the Iron Age type, see Rabe 1996.
96/H/26/ARI == PT5. Provenience: Level H-3; PT: IAIL Baked? Fig. 12.16:1.
96/H/36/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:2.
96/H/44/AR3 ==PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:3.
96/H/44/AR4 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fragmentary. not illustrated.96/H/44/AR5 == pr1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:4.
96/H/44/AR6 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:5.96/H/44/AR7 == PTJ. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:6.
96/H/44/AR8 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:7.
96/H/44/AR9 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fragmentary. Not illustrated.96/H/44/AR10 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3(F); PT: IAIL Fragmentary. Not illustrated.
96/H/44/ARI2 == PT1.Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fragmentary. Not illustrated.
96/H/44/AR13 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT-: IAIL Fragmentary. Not illustrated.
96/H/5/ARI == PT5. Provenience: Level H-l (A); PT: IAII main, later sole. Fig. 12.16:8.
96/K/45/AR4 == PT7. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: EB few, IA main. Fragmentary. Fig. 12.16:9.
96/K/29/ARl == PTI. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:10.
372
-@.~;,-"'~'<)~ """ .. ...... ; ~. ,~/..
o4
@JJ"--'"
" 'a
'\,
r. ... ' ': .:, \
-. ~/ I-
'. ',,~-- ::::'
0....,
........,
\
7
2
5
8
11
a\\,
Q~.~ .\-) ,.;~,- .. '
o
@':"
~"
- f()-::"'~\"\ -(~~.::..,./ .,::
~ ;/............:....';...
o
o 10cm.'Ie I
3
6
9
12
o
o
oFig. 12.16. Suspended (loom) weights (Section 3.8.2).
373
96/K/29/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Fig. 12.16:12.96/K/29/AR4 ==PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Fragmentary. Not illustrated.
3.8.3. LOOM WEIGHT?
96/H/47/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: MB sole, IAII main. Unbaked clay, similar toitems in Section 8.3.2, but hole certainly not from side to side. Fig. 12.16: 11.
3.9. FLYWHEELS/WHORLS
Other objects perforated in the centre, such as digging-stick weights (Section 3.9.1.6) or chariot fittings(96/F/26/AR4), may be present among the finds described as flywheels/whorls.
3.9.1. STONE
3.9.1.1. Oblate
Probably an EB type.
96/J/62/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: Chal. sole, EBla few, EBlb main. Oblate; basalt;drilled from both sides; 8 g., originally ca. 20 g. Fig. 12.17:1.
96/J/86/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main. Oblate; basalt;. drilled fromone side; 18 g., originally ca. 33 g. Fig. 12.17:2.
96/J/5/AR4== PT2. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main,EBII few. Oblate; tinybasalt fragment. Not illustrated.
94/J/45/AR8 == PI3. Provenience: unstratified/J-4 (F); PT: EBI. Oblate; basalt; 25.5 g., originally ca.51 g. Fig. 12.17:4.
93/J/64/151/1. Provenience: South of Shrine 4050; unstratified. Oblate; basalt; 18.5 g., originally ca. 37g. Fig. 12.17:3.
96/F/35/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level F-5 (A); PT: nd. Oblate; basalt; drilled from both sides; 19 g.,originally ca. 41 g. Fig. 12.17:5.
96/K/47/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAI. Oblate; basalt; drilled from both sides; 19g., originally ca. 38 g. Fig. 12.17:6.
3.9.1.2. Nearly Spherical
96/K/73/AR3 == PTI4. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Nearly spherical, compact dark grey stone(not basalt); 9 g. Less likely, a large bead because of the wide perforation. Fig. 12.17:9.
3.9.1.3. Discoidal and Lentoid
94/J/80/ARI == PT3. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EB main. Lentoid; made of porous, lightweightlimestone; 20 g. Fig. 12.17:7.
96/F/26/AR4 == PTI2. Provenience: Level F-12(A); PT: EB few, MBI-II main. Discoidal flywheel or chariotpart (Littauer and CrouweI1985:19, pI. 19 right); limestone; 30 g., originally ca. 43 g.Fig. 12.17:10.
94/F/88/ARl == PT2. Provenience: Level F-11/F-I0; PT: LB main, MB few. Roughly lentoid;limestone; 35 g., originally ca. 64 g. Fig. 12.17:11.
96/F/48/AR5 == PT7. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI main, mixed. Discoidal; grey limestone;drilled from one side; 34 g. Fig. 12.17:8.
374
W··,.~-:-""'.". . .::
- I f,_.,;· ..' ::: -\ .\ I
" I...... /: ........_--_//
2
~~-\ '-- I\ I\ I, /
' .....,,------//'
-~-\ /, /, /
............. -----~.-.//
5 6
7
i v 0··..,' \'~-, ~ . ')(;-\ . .' tl.
~
/ ~;
~. ....::--_-_._-~
8 9
-~-\ I
" ..... _----///
~
12
1715o Jcm.--- ------'
14
-,~-\: /:\ \'---/ "
, I
' ..... _----///
13 ~
10~_~
Fig. 12.17. Flywheels/whorls (Section 3.9.1).
375
3cm.-----'
-"..--,'///
,,I(
III\\\\,
\
,-,
..........
-""'"
"\\
\\\,,
'-, - "I
//1//
3aIww
lacm.I
a 10cm.
5 --
Fig. 12.18. Flywheels/whorls (Section 3.9.2), flywheels or digging-stick weights (Section 3.9.1.6).
3.9.1.4. Dome-Shaped and Conical
92/H/I0/30. Locus lOis a probe at the NW of the tell inside the city wall, where post-Stratum IV remains(i.e., III or II) have been reached. Dome-shaped, black stone (serpentine?); 11.5 g. Fig. 12.17: 15.
94/H/8/ARI5 == PT29. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Dome-shaped; limestone; lathe marks;26.5 g. Fig. 12.17:17.
94/H/12/ARI = PTI. Provenience: Level H-3? (F); PT: IAII. Conical, black stone (serpentine?); 10 g.Fig. 12.17:16.
96/K/I0/AR3 = PTI. Provenience: unstratified;PT: MB few, mixed with modern. Conical, black stone
(serpentine?); incised decoration on underside; 4.5 g., originally ca. 9 g. Fig. 12.17: 14.
3.9.1.5. Other Shapes
94/J/11/ARI = PTI. Provenience: Level J-2 (A); PT: Cha!., EBI main. Irregular shape; limestone;(spindle whorl?); 2 g., originally ca. 4 g. Fig. 12.17: 12.
96/K/I0l/AR6 =PT4. Provenience: LeveIK-4(F); PT: IAI. 'Ring'; limestone; 3 g., orig. ca 7.5 g. Fig. 12.17,:13.
3.9.1.6. Outsize Flywheels or Digging-Stick Weights
96/K/2/AR5 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Roughly oblate, medium porous basalt;
drilled from both sides; 1265 g. Possibly chipped, originally some\vhat heavier. The top side aroundthe drilling and the upper half of the drilling itself are smoothed, but not polished like a potter'swheel. Probably the stone was used (secondarily?) as a door socket. Fig. 12.18:3.
96/K/41/AR3 = PT4. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: LBII few, IAII main. Limestone; original shape
unknown, restoration of outer part conjectural. Fig. 12.18:5.94/H/5/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-1 (A); PT: IAII main, mixed few. Oblate; basalt; drilled
from both sides; 570 g., originally ca. 2475 g. Fig. 12.18:4.
376
3.9.2.lvORY!BONE
96/K/7/AR1 == PT1. Proven.ience: possibly Level K-3 (F); PT: IAIL Dome-shaped; bone; 4 g.,originally ca. 4.5 g. Fig. 12.18: 1.
96/K/65/AR1 ==PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IA. Dome-shaped; ivory; 9 g. Fig. 12.18:2.
3.9.3. BAKED CLAY, FABRICATED (vs. RECYCLED)
3.9.3.1. Biconical and Cognate Shapes
Seemingly an EB type. Baruch Brandl (personal communication, 9 June 1998) has suggested,alternatively, that these objects may be counters.
94/J/50/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level J-3 (A); PT: EBI main. Barrel-shaped (broken on perforation);24 g., originally ca. 46 g. Fig. 12.19:1.
96/J/5/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBI-Il. Biconical; 9 g., originally ca. 18 g.Fig. 12.19:2.
96/J/5/AR5 == PT6. Provenience: unstratified/J':'7 (A); PT: Chal. sole, EBla few, EBlb main. Piriform,with pronounced shoulder; 18 g., originally ca. 40 g. Fig. 12.19:3.
94/F/25/AR2 == PT8. Provenience: unstratified; PT: main LB. Barrel-shaped; 28 g., originally ca. 112 g.Fig. 12.19:4.
3.9.3.2. Discoidal
9.6/J/88/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-6 (F?); PT: EBII-III. The object looks like a fabricated,rather than a well-worked, recycled sherd; 24 g., originally ca. 48 g. Fig. 12.19:5.
3.9.4. RECYCLED SHERDS
All are body sherds unless stated otherwise.
96/K/77/AR5 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: EB few, IA main. 20 g., originally ca. 40 g. Fig.12.19:11.
96/K/92/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level K-4 (F?); PT: IAI. 16 g. Fig. 12.19:6.96/K/I01/AR10 == PT8. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: LB few, IAI main. 18.5 g. Fig. 12.19:10.96/K/45/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. 17 g. Fig. 12.19:7.96/K/12/AR1 == PT6. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAII. 10 g. Fig. 12.19:8.96/H/24/AR1 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3? (F); PT: IAII. About one-fifth preserved. Not illustrated.96/H/15/AR1 == PT3.Provenience: Level H-l (A); PT: IAII main, MB, later sole. Bowl(?) base; 40 g.,
originally ca. 73 g. Fig. 12.19:9.
3.10. SOCKETED DISKS
Recycled sherds with socket in centre, presumably unfinished or reject whorls.
96/F/29/AR9 == PTI4. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: Chal., EB few, MBI-II main. Fig. 12.19:12.96/K/2/ARl == PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IA. Fig. 12.19:13.96/K/36/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IA. Fig. 12.19:14.
377
2 3 4
6 7 8
9
12
10
13
tIIi ..
_1~1 @\. ~
-\
.~
---
11
14
Fig. 12.19. Flywheels/whorls, socketed disks (Sections 3.9.3, 3.9.4, 3.10).
378
3.11. SPATULAE
All are made of sheep/goat or cow ribs, longitudinally split.
96/J/21/AR3 == PT6. Provenience: Level 1-4 (F); PT: EBla few, EBlb main. Fragment; polished on oneside. Not illustrated.
96/J/35/AR2 == PT4. Provenience: Level 1-4 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main. End of sheep/goat ribfragment, but tip broken; front~nd edges of back polished. Fig. 12.20: 1.
96/J/48/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level 1-6 (A); PT: EBlb few, EBII-III main. Tip fragment of cowrib; polished on one side. Not illustrated.
94/H/13/AR2 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fragment; cow rib. Not illustrated.96/H/44/AR20 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Small fragment polished on both sides.
Not illustrated.96/K/I05/AR8 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAI. Fragment of longitudinally split cow rib;
polishecJ on both sides. Fig. 12.20:2.
96/K/11/AR3 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Obverse polished, reverse partly polished.Fig. 12.20:3.
96/K/28/AR2/1 == PT2.Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAII. Fragment of cow rib; polished on bothsides. Fig. 12.20:5.
96/K/28/AR2/2 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Fragmentary; polished on both sides. Fig.12.20:4.
96/K/28/AR2/3 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAII.Fragment; polished on both sides. Fig.12.20:6.
96/K/46/AR5 == PT4. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IA. Fragment; polished on obverse and edge ofreverse. Not illustrated.
I
I II'
5
_I\\
rI
~
2 33cm.
------' 4 6
Fig. 12.20. Spatulae (Section 3.11).
379
3.12. NEEDLE
96/K/54/AR8 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Iron fragment. Fig. 12.21: 1.
3.13. KNIVES} SICKLES
94/J/36/AR1/2 == PT1. Provenience: Level J-5 (F); PT: EBlb. Copper knife; neither pointed nor
sharpened. Remains of fabric were found between this object and axe/adze 94/J/36/AR1/1. Also
found were fragments or scrap which do not belong to the knife itself (see Section 12.3.2).2 Fig.
12.21:2 (straightened drawing).
94/H/76/AR2 == PT4. Provenience: Level H-3 (F?); PT: IAII main, IAI few, EB and LB sole. Iron knife
tip. Fig. 12.21 :3.
94/F/79/AR2 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-5; PT: main IAL Iron knife or sickle blade. Fig. 12.21:4.
96/K/56/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Iron knife or sickle blade. Fig. 12.21:5 .
.96/K/76/AR4 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: IA. Iron sickle blade; rivet holes. Fig. 12.21 :6.
4. WEAPONS
4.1. SLINGSTONES
Finely roughened spheroid or cuboid stones; unmodified, unusually heavy, white-stone (limestone?
flint?) spheroids. See also 94/J/76/AR1 in Section 11.2
4.1.1. ROUGHENED SPHEROIDS
96/K/77/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: EB few, IA main. Oblate white-beige flint
pebble; 125 x 121 x 95 mm. Roughened. Not illustrated.
96/K/101/AR9 == PT8. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: LB few, IAI main. Light grey flint pebble; 57
59 mm. in diameter, 279 g. Evenly and finely roughened. Not illustrated.
4.1.2. ROUGHENED 'CUBES'
94/J/40/ARI == PTJ. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Basalt 'cube', 184 g. Three of the faces are
smoother than the other three; hence pestle? Fig. 12.22:6.
96/F/50/AR6 == PT30. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI. Basalt 'cube'; 750/0 preserved, 43
(originally ca. 55) x 54 x49 mm., 216 g., originally ca. 288 g. Rough. Slingstone(?) or pestle that
has lost its sheen. Not illustrated.
96/K/I0l/AR4 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Beachrock(?); slightly misshapen 'cube';
45 mm., 149 g. Fig. 12.22:1.
96/H/63/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Greyish-brown basalt 'cube'; 52 mm., 242
g. Very finely roughened. Fig. 12.22:2.
2 According to Orna Zimhoni (note of 12.12.94, attached to the objects), "Remnants of cloth were found on the narrow partof the knife; also on the axe, where it adhered to the knife (both objects were separated in the field, prior to photography!).My impression is that the cloth only separated the two objects, but that they were not wrapped in it. A tiny 'nail' ... , muchoxidized, adhered to the tang side of the dagger."
380
o Jcm.---- -----'
•
3
.... .......•
2
•
45
6 n
Fig. 12.21. Needle, knives, sickles (Sections 3.12-3.13).
381
96/K/2/AR4 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Beachrock(?); misshapen 'cube'; 49 mm.,171 g. Not illustrated.
96/K/41/ARI == PT4. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: LBII few, IAII main. Brown flint polyhedron(variation on 'cube'?); finely roughened; 44-48 mm., 136 g. Not illustrated.
96/K/41/AR2 == PT4. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: LBII few, IAII main. Basalt 'cube', 203 g. Fig.
12.22:3.96/K/62/AR5 == PTI. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IA. Basalt 'cube'; 54-66 mm., 395 g. Fig.
12.22:4.96/K/I05/AR3 == PT6. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: nd. Light-coloured flint polyhedron (worked?
geode); 65-70 mm., 451 g. Not illustrated.96/K/I05/AR7 == PTII. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: EB, LB few, IAI main. Basalt 'cube'; 51-53
mm., 267 g. Fig. 12.22:5.
4.1.3 . UNUSUALLY HEAVY SPHEROIDS
96/J/93/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level 1-6/1-5; PT: EBII few, EBIII main. Oblate pebble of unusuallyheavy beige flint; 32 x 29 mm., 58.03 g. Not illustrated.
96/F/26/AR3 == PTI0. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: EB, MBI-II. Oblate, unusually heavy,
limestone ball; diameter 44 mm., height 38 mm., 84 g. Not illustrated.96/H/84/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level H-4 (A); PT: LB sole, IAII main. Approximately spherical
lump of medium heavy white stone (limestone?); 33-35 mm. in diameter, 59.5 g. Not illustrated.
96/H/71/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (A); PT: IAII. Nearly spherical, unusually heavy, flintball with a limy crust; 60% preserved, 180.8 g. Fig. 12.22:7.
4.2. MACEHEADS
96/J/34/ARI == PT4. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBlb. Compact, veined limestone, drilled fromone end. The drilling is widest in the centre; ca. 45% preserved, 102 g., originally ca. 227 g. Fig.12.22:8.
96/J/59/ARI == PT8. Provenience: Level 1-4 (F); PT: EBla sole, EBlb main. Compact white limestone.Fig. 12.22:9.
96/J/65/AR1 == PT6. Provenience: Level 1-4 (F); PT: EBlb. Compact off-white limestone. Fig.12.22:10.
96/F/30/AR9 == PTII. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Hard, white and grey, crystalline stone;drilled from both ends. One of the drillings is off-centre; ca. 40% preserved, weighing 117 g.,
originally ca. 293 g. Fig. 12.22: 11.
4.3. ARROWHEADS
4.3.1. ARROWHEADS WITH LEAF-SHAPED BLADES
96/K/70/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: EB sole, LB, IAI few. Bronze; 6 g. Fig.
12.23:1.96/K/I01/AR3 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Bronze; 14 g. Fig. 12.23:2.
96/H/34/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Bronze; 6 g. Fig. 12.23:3.
382
-[)
•
4
2
5
-(£)-
•-0-
-
3
6
•
7
oIeee
10cm.I
II
9
8
10
11
3c,m.
Fig. 12.22. Slingstones, maceheads (Sections 4.1, 4.2).
383
96/K/I05/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAI. Iron; 10 g., originally ca. 12g. Fig. 12.23:4.
96!H/13/AR1 =PT4. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Iron; tang probably incomplete; now 10.5
g. Fig. 12.23:5.
94!H/78/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level H-2 (F?); PT: IAII. Iron; tang incomplete; now 11 g. Fig. 1~,2.23:6.
4.3.2. BLUNT ARROWHEAD
94/F/22/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-2 (F?); PT: mixed, later. Bronze; 5 g., orig. ca 5.5 g. Fig. 12.23:7.
432
-, ,-.:.;i
- "':"'1- •••
-.5 6 7
-'",o '
\0r
\II
-I
8 9 10
o"""---e
Fig. 12.23. Arrowheads, armour scales (Sections 4.3, 4.4).
384
4.4. ARMOUR SCALES
96/F/41/ARI/1-3 = PT5. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: LB. Bronze; three specimens. Fig. 12.23:8-10.
5. TOOLS OR WEAPONS
5.1. VARIOUS SPHEROIDAL STONES
Hammerstones? Slingstones? Scale weights? Compared with some of the objects defined above underthese three categories, the attribution of the following items is even less certain.
94/F/24/ARl= PT1. Provenience: Level F-11? (A); PT: LB sole. Flint pebble shaped into a cube withrounded corners. Not roughened. 262 g. Fig. 12.24: 1.
96/F/28/AR1 = PT12. Provenience: Level F-9 (F); PT: LB. Oblate (42 x 35 mm.), unusually heavystone; limestone colour; not smooth.. Not illustrated.
94/F/67/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level F-7 (F); PT: EB, LB main. Flint; roughened. Hammerstone?Slingstone? Fig. 12.24:2.
94/F/78/AR5 = PT2. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB main, IA main. Oblate stone of dense basalt;54 x 50 x 39 mm. Slingstone? Weight? Not pestle: no grinding surface. 165 g. Fig. 12.24:3.
94/F/81/ARI = PT2~ Provenience: Level F-4 (A); PT: MB sole, IAI sole. Box-shaped object withrounded faces of dense basalt. Hammerstone or weight; not pestle. 334 g. Fig. 12.24:4.
94/H/8/AR5 = PTI6. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Worked dense basalt spheroid.Slingstone? Weight? 595 g. Fig. 12.24:5.
2 3
10cm.I
•s-
Fig. 12.24. Various spheroidal stones (Section 5.1).
5.2. AXES/ADZES
94/J/36/AR1/1 = PTI. Provenience: Level J-5 (F); PT: EBlb. Copper. Fig. 12.25:1.96/F/75/AR1 = PT3. Provenience: Level F-ll/F-I0; PT: LBI. Bronze (or copper?) axe/adze fragment.
If an axe, it may be Type 24 of Maxwell-Hyslop (1949). Fig. 12.25:2.
5.3. TOOLS/WEAPONS OF UNKNOWN USE
See also 'Use unknown', Section 11.
385
-l----~.. .. -- _.~...... ~.' :-:~ -- .--.,. ~::_: --
I---."~-._--2
7
o 1cm.-----.J
654
~-tI
3
9 10
\/ 11
Jcm.-----'
Fig. 12.25. Axes/adzes, nail/rivet, points/awls, casual bone tools (Sections 5.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.4, 5.3.5).
5.3.1. NAILIRIvET
96/K/101/AR7 = PT5. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Bronze; tip missing. Fig. 12.25:3.
5.3.2. METAL FRAGMENTS
96fF/52/AR2 =PT3. Provenience: Level F-4 (A); PT: LB main, IAII sole. Iron shaft or (arrowhead?)tip fragment; preserved length 32 mm.; section at thick end lOx 6 mm., tapering to a point at other
end. Not illustrated.96/H/48/ARl = PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Iron shaft fragment (could be arrowhead
tang, for instance); 30 mm. long, 7 mm. in diameter. Not illustrated.96/K/l11/ARl = PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Iron shaft fragment similar to
96/H/48/ARl; 42 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter. Not illustrated.
5.3.3. STONE IMPLEMENTS
96/J/69/AR4 = PT7. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EBIa sale, EBIb main. Fragment of irregular disk;
now 45 mm. long, 15 mm. thick. Basalt. Oblique drilling from both sides. Not illustrated.
96/J/92/AR3 = PT9. Provenience: Level J-6/J-5; PT: EBIa few, EBIII main. Fragment of circular objectof fine-grained basalt (not the kind of which millstones are made); polish around and inside the
depression. Potter's wheel? Fig. 12.26.
386
\
\\
\I
II
I
I/
//
...... -. .............----------
10cm.J
Fig. 12.26. Use unknown (Section 5.3.3).
5.3.4. POINTS/AwLS
5.3.4.1. Copper/Bronze
96/J/10/AR2 == PT4. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBlb main, EBIL Double point. Fig. 12.25:5.
96/F/29/AR10 == PT21. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: EB few, MBI-II main. Fragment from end;
blunt point; square section, 4 x 4 mm., preserved length 31 mm. Not illustrated.94/F/78/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB, IAI main. Awl, squarish in section. Fig. 12.25:4.
96/K/89/AR1 == PT4. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: IAL Shaft fragment, 4 x 4 mm.; section similar
to that of 94/F/78/AR1; preserved length 44 mm. Not illustrated.96/H/1/AR8 == PTll. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT:
IAIL Double point. Fig. 12.25:6.
94/H/78/AR2 == PT2. Provenience: Level H-2 (F?); PT: IAIL Double point. Fig. 12.25:7.
5.3.4.2. Bone
96/J/79/ARI == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBlb. Point tip. Fig. 12.25:9.96/K/72/AR1 == PT6. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAL Double point. Fig. 12.25:8.
5.3.5. CASUAL BONE TOOLS
96/J/34/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBla sole, EBlb main. Tip of tool similar to
96/J/86/AR1. Not illustrated.
387
96/J/86/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main. Awl. Sheep/goat distalmetapodial. Fig. 12.25:10.
94/J/48/AR6 == PT none. Provenience: Level J-6 (F). Tip. Not illustrated.96/F/59/AR4 == PT20. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: MB sole, LB lnain. Antler(?) tip. Not illus~rated.
94/H/54/AR5 == PT2. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main, EB few. Tip. Not illustrated.96/K/53/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: nd. Tip fragment. Not illustrated.
96/K/56/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: nd. Pointed bone splinter. Fig. 12.25:11.
5.3.6. OTHER BONE TOOL
96/J/69/AR9 == PT6. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT:EBlb. Polished bone tool fragment, 8 x 3 x (now)23 mm. Original shape indiscernible; not a spatula. Not illustrated.
6. PERSONAL OBJECTS
6.1. JEWELLERY
6.1.1. EARRINGS
94/F/4/ARI == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: LB, IAI, later. Solid gold lunate earring; 1.71 g.;typologically post-MB (opening at side). Fig. 12.27: 1.
96/F/8/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level F-2 (A); PT: mixed. Fragmentary silver(?) lunate earring. Fig.12.27:2.
6.1.2. AMULETS AND BEADS
The original stringing of the amulets and beads is of course unknown,' with the partial exception of
finds like 94/J/29/ARl, which were found together. See also 96/H/19/ARI in Section 6.1.2.2.
6.1.2.1. Amulets
94/J/29/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBI main, EBII part. Thi~ find (Fig. 12.27:3-21),consisting mostly of beads, is considered to be of Early Bronze date because of the accompanyingpottery. It is listed among the amulets because of the last two items, probably Egyptian OldKingdom imports. The find includes:
• 64 faience beads and more than 10 fragments: mostly flat cylindrical (Fig. 12.27:4-6);
• 10 terracotta or brown faience beads: 2 biconical, 4 barrel shaped, 4 oblate (Fig. 12.27:7-9);
• 7 colourless quartz beads, all flat cylindrical (Fig. 12.27: 10);• 5 carnelian beads: 3 flat cylindrical, 2 barrel shaped (Fig. 12.27:11-13);
• 1 hard, brown, stone Gasper?), flat cylindrical bead (Fig. 12.27:14);• 5 copper/bronze beads: 1 flat biconical, 3 oblate (one with barrel-shaped carnelian and discoidal
faience beads inside its perforation), 1 cylindrical (with a copper/bronze and faience bead inside)(Fig. 12.27: 15-19);
• 1 pendant bead (amulet): alabaster bull's(?) head, 11 mm. long (Fig. 12.27:20);• 1 pendant bead (amulet): green-stone (malachite?) frog, 11 mm. long (Fig. 12.27:21).
388
-@o
9
- @)-
14 ~
6
2
O-(]-o
13
~-o-~
1211 ~
o
4
-0wflIl[B
5
-(1)-
~-o-.~-~ - ~-
pz;
@-O-Q17
@,...,.,':::'.
- : p '~.~.,\0).,1.....:. -
.1.)
18 • __
~m.
20 21
Fig. 12.27. Earrings, amulets and beads (Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2.1).
389
96/K/21/AR2 == PT2.~I?rovenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: early IAII. Top half of mummiform(?) deityamulet; faience. Fig. 12.28: 1.
94/H/26/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Horus-eye bead (amulet) of blue faience,with remnants of black brow and pupil; 20 x 18 x 7 mm. Fig. 12.28 :2.
96/H/1/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT:nd. Fragment of stringing 'attachment(?); faience. Not illustrated.
o lcm.------- 2
Fig. 12.28. Amulets (Section 6.1.2.1).
6.1.2.2. Beads
92/H/9/25. Provenience: Sounding near City Wall 325 in north-west of tell; unstratified. Cylindrical,rounded ends; faience(?), glazed; light blue. Fig. 12.29: 1.
94/F/49/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level F-2(A); PT: LB main, later sole. Globular; stone; dark brown.Fig. 12.29:2.
94/F/70/AR4 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-3 (F); PT: later sole. Biconical; agate; various browns. SeeChapter 13.
94/F/92/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: Chal. sole, EB few, MB main, late-r sole. oblate;glass; grey-green-blue. Fig. 12.29:3.
94/H/19/AR3 == PT10. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: LB, IAI few, IAII main. Oblate; faience; lightblue. Fig. 12.29:4.
94/H/26/AR4 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Oblate; faience; light blue. Fig. 12.29:5.94/H/26/AR8 == PT9. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Oblate; glass; light green. Fig. 12.29:6.94/J/40/AR3 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Discoidal (2 items); faience; blue. Not
illustrated.
94/J/40/AR5 == PT4. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PI: nd. Discoidal; shell(?). Fig. 12.29:7.94/J/40/AR6 == PT6. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Discoidal; faience; blue. Notillustrated.94/J/48/AR1/1 ==PT1. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Biconical; faience; blue. Fig. 12.29:8.94/J/48/AR1/2 == PTI. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Biconical; faience; blue. Fig. 12.29:9.94/J/48/ARl/3 == PTI. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Discoidal; faience; blue. Fig. 12.29:10.94/J/48/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. Discoidal; carnelian; red-orange. Fig. 12.29:11.
94/J/48/AR4 == PT2. Provenience: Level 1-6 (F); PT: nd. Discoidal; faience; light blue. Not illustrated.
94/J/66/AR1 == PI1. Provenience: unstratified (pit); PT: EBI. Dome-shaped' button', two holes; quartz;
smoky. Fig. 12.29:12.96/F/28/AR2 == PT15. Provenience: Level F-9 (F); PT: IA. Ring shaped; glass; blue-green. Fig. 12.29:14.96/F/59/AR2 == PTll. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: EB few, LB main. Discoidal; bone. Fig. 12.29: 13.
390
o2 3
4
5
-~~
IJ-~.·i''0!;J
o
~7 8 9
-0-
10
@.-....~
- ~} -
~
11
-(Q)-. cr=D
t4
18
o15
-@-
19
17
21
-@
o
23
o 1cm.------..24
Fig. 12.29. Beads (Section 6.1.2.2).
391
96/F/59/AR3 == PT17. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: MB III sole, LB main. Oblate; glass; gone white.Fig. 12.29:15.
96/H/1/AR3 == PT7. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT: nd.Spherical; gamete?). Fig. 12.29: 16.
96/H/l/AR7 == PT11. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT:IAIL Oblate; glass; mottled. Fig. 12.29: 17.
96/H/19/AR1 = PTl.provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: MB sole, IAII main. Lotus seed; pendant'bead/amulet; jasper; brown-orange. Fig. 12.29: 18.
96/H/37/AR2 == PT7. Provenience: Level H-1 (A); PT: IAII main, later sole. Spherical; quartz; 'blond'. Fig.12.29:20.
961H/38/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Ring shaped; glass; originally blue. Fig. 12.29:19.961H/38/AR2 == PT9. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAL Barrel shaped/tubular; faience; light blue. Fig.
12.29:21.'961H/44/AR15 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Shell (Nerita), pierced; missing 1.9.97. Not
illustrated.
96/H/76/AR2 == PT6. Provenience: Level H-3 (A); PT: IAIL Oblate; faience; light blue (dirty). Fig.12.29:22.
96/J/7/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level J-7 (A); PT: EBIa few, EBIb main. Cylindrical, flattened; carnelian.Fig. 12.29:23.
96/J/31/AR2. Provenience: unstratified. Spacer bead, square, ribbed, two holes; glass; gone white. Fig.12.29:24.
96/J/46/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level J..6 (F?); PT: EBIb. Barrel shaped, squat; limestone; reddish. Fig. ./12.30:1.
96/J/49/AR1 == PT5. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: PN sole, EBIa sole, EBIb main. Cylindrical, flattened;carnelian. Fig. 12.30:2.
96/J/69/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EBIa sole, EBIb main. Cylindrical; faience; light blue.Fig. 12.30:3.
96/J/69/AR8 == PT4. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); .PT: nd. Cylindrical, flattened (half preserved); carnelian.Fig. 12.30:4.
96/J/77/AR1/1 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBIIl. Oblate (mostly preserved); copper/bronze. Fig.12.30:5.
96/J/77/ARI/2 =PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBIIl. Tubular (3 items); copperlbronze. Fig. 12.30:5.96/K/8/AR3 = PT9. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAIL Biconical/oblate; stone, black hard (quartz?
obsidian?). Fig. 12.30:7.
96/K/9/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: MBII sole, LB few, IAII main. Cylindrical, ribbedbreadthwise; Egyptian blue. Fig. 12.30:9.
96/K/9/AR4 = PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: MEII sole, LB few, IAII main. Oblate; glass; gonewhite. Fig. 12.30:6.
96/K/29/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAIL Biconical; carnelian. Fig. 12.30:8.96/K/35/ARl == PT1. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: MB, LB, IA few. Cylindrical; serpentine(?); dark
grey. Fig. 12.30:10.
96/K/43/ARl == PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IA. Oblate eye bead; glass; black and white. Fig.12.30:20.
392
96/K/45/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Oblate (half preserved); glass; black. Fig.12.30: 17.
96/K/46/AR3 == PT8. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IA. Oblate (half preserved); glass; black-brown
mottled. Fig. 12.30:18.96/K/53/AR1 == PTl.Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IA (lost). Ring shaped; glass. Fig. 12.30:15.
96/K/54/AR4 == PTI. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Barrel shaped, ribbed breadthwise, serrated
lengthwise; paste; offwhite. Fig.t2.30:11.
2
-@
Ll3 4
@-(llI])- == --9.
8
11 12
•13
.0
14 15. 16
o lcm.~
~0
o 17
-~
CID20
18
Fig. 12.30. Beads (Section 6.1.2.2).
393
96/K/54/AR5 =: PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Cylindrical; stone(?), black; dark grey. Fig.12.30:16.
96/K/54/AR6 =: PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Cylindrical, ribbed breadthwise (6 items);Egyptian blue. Fig. 12.30:14.
96/K/54/AR7 =: PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Spherical; stone(?), glass(?), black. Fig. 12.30:13.
96/K/61/AR1 =: PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IA. Oblate; stone, black. Fig. 12.30:19.
96/K/75/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level K~2 (F); PT: IA. Oblate; glass; pearl. Not illustrated.96/K/76/AR6 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: IA. Barrel shaped; stone, pale green. Fig. 12.30:12.
6.1.3. USE UNKNOWN
93/J/67/165. Provenience: Level J-3 (A?); Perforated convex shell disk. Fig. 12.31: 1.96/J/5/AR3 == PTI. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBI-II. Gold capping(? of what?), with two
perforations. Fig. 12.31 :2 ..96/J/33/ARI == PT1. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBla sole, EBlb main. Fragmentary red and black
agate(?); 11 x 8 mm.; drilled; apparently not a bead. Too mutilated to illustrate.
96/K/54/ARI =: PTI. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: nd. Gold cloison; fragment of a piece ofjewellery. Fig. 12.31 :3.
96/K/89/AR4 =: PT6. Provenience: Level K-4/K-3; PT: EB few, LB sole, IAI main. Cassid lip; cf. Sass1993:268. Fig. 12.31:4.
6.2. ACCESSORIES
6.2.1. GARMENT PIN
96/K/33/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: nd. Bronze, coiled eye fragment. Fig. 12.31 :5.
6.2.2. FIBULA
94/H/45/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAIL Bronze. Fig. 12.31 :6.
4
2
5
o 3cm.Ieeeeeee -----'
3
6
A.•. ··.,\-V-
~a' ,"~~
o 1cm.----......
Fig. 12.31. Personal ornaments(?) of unknown use, garment pin, fibula (Sections 6.1.3, 6.2.1, 6.2.2).
394
6.3. BODYAND BEAUTYCARE
6.3.1. COSMETIC CONTAINER(?)
94/F/70/AR3 = PT5. Provenience: Level F-3 (F - 'Babylonian' burial); PT: later sole. Trough-shaped
ivory box. See Chapter 13.
6.3 .2. COSMETIC PALETTE(?)
94/H/100/AR2 = PT1. Provenience: Leyel H-2 (F?); PT: EB few, IAIImain, later sole. Possibly
slightly worked, tabular, brown pebble. Palette? Natural? Not illustrated.
7. RECREATION
7.1. GAMES
7.1.1. PLANED ASTRAGALI AND CARPAL (CF. GILMOUR 1997)
96/F/44/AR1 = PT26. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: LB. Fig. 12.32:1.
96/F/64/AR2 = PT10.Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: EB few, LBI main. Fig. 12.32:2.
96/K/11/AR4 = PT3. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: early JAIL 'Loaded' astragalus (die) containing
iron nail/wire fragment. Fig. 12.32:3.
94/F/7/AR1 = PT none. Provenience: Level F-2 (F?). Sheep/goat carpal; drilled. Fig. 12.32:4.
7.1.2. GAMING PIECE(?)
96/K/67/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAII. Dome-shaped soft limestone gaming piece
(less likely, a weight); 4.19 g. Fig. 12.32:5.
2 3 4
-@-I
5~
Fig. 12.32. Planed astragali and carpal, gaming piece(?) (Sections 7.1.1, 7.1.2).
8. RELIGION AND FIGURATIVE ART
8.1. ALTAR
Surface. Found November 1997 during Parks Authority work on observation terrace above Area J.
Fragment (about 40%) of limestone altar(?); EB(?). Fig. 12.33.
395
D IDem.---Fig. 12.33. Altar(?) (Section 8.1).
8.2. EGYPTIAN STATUE
See also 96/F1181AR3 in Section 11.2
94/H/65/ARI == PT none. Provenience: unstratified. Basalt fragment; 18 em long. Fig. 12.34: 1.
8.3. FIGURINES
All are terracotta, except 96/F/30/AR6.
8.3.1. ANTHROPOMORPHIC
94/F/25/ARI == PT4. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed, later main. Fragment of hand-modelled
female with applique collar. Sy!ian MB-LB type. Fig. 12.34:2: Top restored after figurine from elQitar (McClellan 1993), bottom after figurine from Ain Dara (Abu Assaf 1996: PI. 17:34).
96/F/301AR6 == PT9. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Lead; 73 mm. long, 2.5mm. average thickness.
MB-LB type (Fig. 12.34:3). Cf. Negbi 1976:80, no. 1602 from Tell el-CAjjul, and a similar figurine;- 65
mm. long, from Tel CEn Sippori (Meyers 1996; Dessel, Meyers and Meyers 1997:270-271).
94/H/68/ARI == PTI. Provenience: Level H-l (A); PT: nd. LB 'concubine' plaque; made in mould;
hand-finished back. Lower 300/0 missing. Fig. 12.35: 1. Cf. Tadmor 1982a.
92/Surface/37. Found between seasons (January 1993). Head and head-dress of mould-made female
plaque figurine. LB. Fig. 12.35:2. An intact example of unknown provenience is depicted in Tadmor
1982b: 9. Another intact figurine was found by Schumacher at Megiddo.3
3 It was among the finds that became Schumacher's personal property, as was the custom in the Ottoman period. It was latersold by his widow to Jerusalem collector Adolf Reifenberg. The figurine was subsequently given by Reifenberg's widowto the Israel Museum, where it bears inventory number 64.67/2.
396
Fig. 12.34. Egyptian statue, anthropomorphic figurines (Sections 8.2, 8.3.1).
o 1cm.-------
a~
Jcm.,
\'
397
I. I
! .
rC/.J
'/"'----------
o lcm.------..
\ \ \ 'I I//\ \ \ i
~ ---_.-----
2
398
Fig. 12.35. Anthropomorphic figurines (Section 8.3.1).
96/K/10~/AR6 = PT9. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAI. Fragment of plaque figurine showing awoman holding a round object. Fig. 12.36: 1. Iron II. Cf. Beck 1990.
96/K/7/AR3 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT:nd. Partly hollow fragment: hips and legs?Anthropomorphic vessel? Fig. 12.36:2.
96/K/46/AR6 == PTl1. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: EB, LB, IAII few. Ad hoc figurine(?), pinched
'face'. Fig. 12.36:3.
8.3.2. ZOOMORPHIC
93/J/73/185. Provenience: South of Shrine 4050; unstratified. Forepart of quadruped. So similar to96/J/72/ARI that they may come from the same figurine, with a small intervening part missing. Fig.12.37: 1 (right).
96/J/72/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level J-6 (A); PT: EBIII. Hind part of quadruped. See previous. entry. Fig. 12.37:1 (left).
94/J/12/ARl PT none. Provenience: unstratified. Quadruped; head broken away; coarsely handmodelled. Fig. 12.37:2.
96/J/80/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBIb. Bird. Brown bands. Figurine? Applique on
vessel rim? Chalcolithic? EB? Fig. 12.37:4.
94/F/3/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Head of quadruped; burnished, remnants ofpaint(?); no eyes. Fig. 12.37:3.
96/K/77/AR6 == PT5. Provenience: Level K-4 (F); PT: IAI. Bird, on pillar? Red slip; feathers indicatedby herringbone incisions. Fig. 12.37:5.
8.4. ZOOMORPHIC VESSELS
96/K/82/AR1 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAIL Fragment of terracotta bulle?) vessel; lefthalf of face; black and red stripes. Fig. 12.38:1.
94/H/57/ARI == PT4. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main, IAI sole. Fragment of wheel-made
quadruped belly; stumps of two legs (impossible to tell whether forelegs or hind legs). White wash,possible remnants of red-brown paint. Fig. 12.38:5.
96/H/37/AR1 == PT4. Provenience: Level H-1 (A); PT: EB sole, IAII main. Fragment of terracotta
bulle?) vessel; Snout and one eye. Second millennium? Fig. 12.38:2.
8.5. FIGURAL(?) FRAGMENTS
All are made of terracotta. Figurines? Zoomorphic vessels? Vessels? Models?
8.5.1. VARIOUS FRAGMENTS
96/J/92/AR4 == PT9. Provenience: Level J-6/J-5; PT: EBla few, EBIII main. Horn? Fig. 12.38:3.96/K/9/AR3 == PT3. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: MBII sole, LB few, IAII main. Horn? The
material does not look IA. EB? Fig. 12.38:4.
96/J/96/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EBlb. Leg(?); grain wash. Fig. 12.39':2.
96/J/14/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-6 (A); PT: EBla sole, EBlb main, EBII sole. Leg(?); much
larger than items in Section 0; grain wash. Fig. 12.39: 1.
399
J._-
2
3
a 1cm.------.,I
Fig. 12.36. Anthropomorphic figurines (Section 8.3.1).
400
I
-4
2
3cm.,
3
£I_\.).:\~.\.,\\
-t.
".""", . -:' .. ,
•·-
5o 1cm.-------
Fig. 12.37. Zoomorphic figurines (Section 8.3.2).
401
3
'v/.l
.
t
..- '.1 .,',;"",->,
/
2
\f\)
,~
I ......._--_...... -,I···--------..:~ \-I;------
5
-'-- -I- III'
, 'i.,I
/'
- i:,_
• • e6 7 8 9
10 .• •11
---•12
o .:scm,'----ee -----'
Fig. 12.38. Zoomorphic vessels, figural(?) fragments (Sections 8.4, 8.5.2).
402
/ . \
//1 \
I \I \
/ \I \
/ II JI I
\ ;\ I\ I
\ /\ /
\, ,//'/""'~ , ,
, ,./
'- ....... _--------------
4
2
3cm.,
3
5
Fig. 12.39. Figural(?) fragments, models (Sections 8.5.1, 8.6).
8.5.2. LEGS?
Several of the following items are grain washed and probably date to the EBI. Similar fragmentsbroken at both ends were tentatively assigned to a hitherto unknown or little-known variety of EBIcornet (see Chapter 8). Each of the present fragments has a flat end; hence, their tentative listing here.Alternatively, they may belong to vessels.
96/J/80/ARI == PT2. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBla sale, EBlb main. Reddish-brown wash. Fig.12.38:6.
96/J/91/ARI == PT5. Provenience: Level J-3? (F?); PT: EBlb. Leg? Grain wash. Fig. 12.38:7.96/J/41/ARI == PT7. Provenience: Level J-5 (A); PT: EBla sale, EBlb main. Shaved. Fig. 12.38:8.96/J/14/ARI == PT3. Provenience: Level J-6 (A); PT: EBla sale, EBlb main, EBII sole. Red burnish.
Fig. 12.38:9.
403
96/J/87/AR1 = PT2. Provenience: Level J-6 (A); PT: EBIb. Grain wash. Fig. 12.38:10.96/J/4/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBIa few, EBIb main. Grain wash. Fig. 12.38:13.96/J/5/AR7 = PTI. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBI-II. Fig. 12.38:11.96/J/5/ARI3 = PT2. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main, EBIII few. Grain
wash or slip. Fig. 12.38:12.
8.6. MODELS
All are made of terracotta.
96/J/27/ARI = PT6. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBIa few, EBIb main. Axe model? Ossuary jartop? Front of chariot model? Grain wash. Fig. 12.39:3.
96/K/48/AR8 == PTI3. Provenience: unstratified; PT: IAI. Wheel model. Fig. 12.39:4.
961KJ89/AR3 == PT6. Provenience: Level K-4/3; PT: EB few, LB sole, IAI main. Wheel model. Fig. 12.39:5.
8.7. GLYPTIC
8.7.1. SCARABS
96/J/31/AR1 Provenience: unstratified. MBII. Amethyst; perforated; 25 x 16 x 11 mm. Single-lineborder enclosing well-carved scroll border; less well-carved pseudo-inscription. Fig. 12.40:1.
94/F/l/AR6 = PT4. Provenience: unstratified; PT: nd. MB II. Steatite; perforated; 13 x 8 x 6 mm.Single-line border; amuletic hieroglyphs; nub sign at bottom. Fig. 12.40:2..
94/F/65/ARI = PT2. Provenience: Level F-ll/F-I0?; PT: LB main. MBII. Amethyst; perforated; 20 x /14 x 9 mm. Underside plain. Fig. 12.40:3.
94/F/66/AR8 = PT7. Provenience: unstratified; PT: EB few, MB few, LB main, IAI few, later few.Steatite; perforated; 19 x 13 x8 mm. Single-line border, seven concentric circles, joined in asemblance of a floral pattern(?). MBII. Fig. 12.41:1. Cf. Tufnell 1984:1962,2037 (Tell el-cAjjul)and 2028 (Jericho).
96/F/20/AR2 = PT3. Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. IAII? Egyptian blue; perforated; 16 x 12 x 7mm. Single-line border; male figure with staff. Fig. 12.41:2.
92/H/5/9. Sounding near City Wall 325 in north-west of tell; unstratified. Iron Age II. Steatite;perforated; 22 x 15 x 9 mm. The scarab had been set in a metal· mount (not discovered), for whichthe edge of the scarab had been trimmed and a socket drilled into the middle of each side. Ropeborder, two recumbent sphinxes tete-heche, one with straight wings and Egyptian double crown, theother with curved wings and sun disk; papyrus flower in between, turned 90°. Fig. 12.41:3.
96/H/68/ARI = PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Iron Age II. Steatite; green glaze;perforated; 14 x 10 x 6.5 mm. Single-line border; winged sun(?) in lunette, straight-winged sun asregister divider; amuletic hieroglyphs. Fig. 12.42: 1.
8.7.2. PLAIN SCARABOIDS
All are Iron Age II.
92/H/10/31. Provenience: Sounding in north-west sector of tell; Stratum III or II. Buff limestone;perforated; 15 x 14 x 10 mm. Single-line border; galloping ibex flanked by branches, star above.Fig. 12.42:2.
404
405
1cm------'12.40. Scarabs (Section 8.7.1).
2
3
1cm_____---'I
Fig. 12.41. Scarabs (Section 8.7.1).
406
'407
1cm----_...'Scarab, plain scaraboids (Sections 8.7.1,8.7.2).
2
3
Surface. Discovered after end of season near Schumacher's corbelled tomb. Hard white limestone;
perforated; 16 x 12 x 10 mm. No borderline, or none preserved. Walking quadruped (bull?); head
obliterated; scorpion (and crescent?) above; unclear motif orblemish below head. Fig. 12.42:3.
94/F/70/AR2 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-3 (F); PT: late Roman.G lass; perforated; 12 x 10 x ti mm.
No border line. Lion, zigzag behind. Apparently found together with fragments of silver-wire ring.
See Chapter 13.94/H/57/AR3== PTI3. Pr~venience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII.Off-white faience(?); glazed purple;
perforated; 14 x 11 x 7 mm. Single-line border; ibex to left, plante?) in front, scorpion above. Fig.
12.42:4.
8.7.3. LION SEAL
94/F/22/AR1 == PT2. Provenience: Level F-2 (F?); PT: mixed, later. Steatite; perforated; 16 x 8 x 11
mm. Cross-hatched underside. Fig. 12.43.
Fig. 12.43. Lion seal (Section 8.7.3).
8.7.4. BULLAE
94/H/8/AR14/1-3 == PT29. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Three impressions made with the
same seal; 94/H/8/AR 14/1 is a nearly intact impression, 94/H/8/AR14/2 a large fragment,94/H/8/AR14/3 a small fragment (Fig. 12.44:1-3). String impressions on reverse of each, showing
that the bullae sealed a bag or box, not a papyrus. The seal surface was 15 x 10 mm.; set in a metal
mount. Single-line border and field divider, walking griffin wearing double crown, ankh in front,two-winged· beetle in exergue. The hand of the engraver is similar(?) to tbat of the seal of J;mn from
Megiddo (Avigad and Sass 1997, no. 160).
408
1cm'---_....'
409
2
3
Fig. 12.44. Bullae (Section 8.7.4).
8.7.5. IMPRESSED VESSEL
96/H/4/AR1 = PT3.Provenience: unstratified; PT: EB few, LB few, IAII main. EB impression of lionfollowing ibex. See Appendix 12.1. Fig. 12.45.
8.7.6. IMPRESSED HANDLES
94/F/5/ARI = PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: IAII, later, mixed. Jug handle of early Iron Age(?).
This assumption is based on the 2nd-millennium appearance of the material combined with the
local, Iron Age style of the impression. Quadruped to left. Fig. 12.47:1.
1ern------_....'
Fig. 12.45. Cylinder-seal impression on jar sherd (Section 8.7.5).
94/H/6/AR2 == PT6. Provenience: unstratified; PT: IAII. Jar handle of late Iron Age type (orBabylonian-early Persian?); round/oval impression; 15 x 14 mm. Single-line border; quadruped toleft, unclear motif above (crescent and quartered disk? cf. Bernett and Keel 1998:35-37), probablyanother motif below (suckling young?)~ Fig. 12.47:2.
92/H/28/10. Sounding in north-west sector of tell (see scaraboid 92/H/1 0/31, Section 8.7.2); Stratum IIIor II. Jar handle of late Iron Age type (or Babylonian-early Persian?), with rectangular impression(17 x 14 mm.) on top. No border line; suckling(?) quadruped, crescent above. Fig. 12.47:3.
94/H/8/ARI7 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Jar handle similar to 92.28.10, withimpression on top; made with same seal as that which made 92.28.10. Fig. 12.47:4 and drawing 12.47:3.
8.8. DECORATIVE IVORIES
94/H/8/ARI2 == PT28. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Dome-shaped boss; socketed,presumably to conceal rivet. Fig. 12.46:1.
96/H/47/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT:MB sale, IAII main. Boss similar to that of94/H/8/ARI2; burnt. Fig. 12.46:2.
o lcm.------.. 2
Fig. 12.46. Socketed ivory bosses (Section 8.8).
410
o .3cm.'"""'---e ------'
411
•
o .3cm.'"""'---e
o 10cm.'- I
o lOcm.!we I
1cm----_....'
4
12.47. Stamp-seal impressions on vessel handles (Section 8.7.6).
8.9. INCISED DRA WINGS ON POTTERY VESSELS
96/J/59/VS 1 == PT3. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EBla sole, EBlb main. Jar sherd; red slip; incisedtwice after firing. The earlier incisions may show a hunting scene, the later a quadruped. See
Appendix 12.1. Fig. 12.48:1.96/J/65/VS1 == PT5. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EBlb main, EBII-III few, MBI sole. Platter base;
red slip; incised after firing. Falcon? See Appendix 12.1. Fig. 12.48:2.
8.10. STANDS
96/J/4/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: unstratified/J-7 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main. Flat baked-clayfragment of square stand(?); incised bow-shaped marks. Fig. 12.49: 1.
96/K/105/AR2 == PT8. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: IAI. Fragment from upper ring. Bronze.'Plaited' decoration. Fig. 12.49:2.
8.11. NATURAL 'COLLECTIBLES'
The four items of 96/F/48/AR3 were found together in bowl 96/F/48/VS11. Fig. 12.50:1; see also
Chapter 4.
96/F/48/AR2 == PT4. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: nd. Flint pebble; white 'skin' with reddish areas;
'anthropomorphic' . Not illustrated.96/F/48/AR3/1 == PT5 .. Provenience: LevelF-5 (F); PT: IA. Flint pebble; tinted orange. Fig. 12.50:2.96/F/48/AR3/2 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IA. Dark grey stone; looks as if composed of
several globules. Fig. 12.50:3.96/F/48/AR3/3 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IA. Elongated dark grey pebble of layered
stone (flint?), resembling snake head. Fig. 12.50:4.96/F/48/AR3/4 == PT5. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IA. Limestone(?) lump resembling human head.
Fig. 12.50:5.
9. INSCRIPTION, COIN
94/F/4/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: unstratified; PT: nd. Sherd, probably of a jar, with remnants of fourHebrew letters incised after firing. The third is the letter qop. Each of the other three consists of a
long, oblique leg of a bet, mem, nun or pe. Fig. 12.51: 1.96/H/25/AR1 == Provenience: unstratified. Coin. Fig. 12.51 :2. Description by Cecilia Meir, Eretz Israel
Museum, Tel Aviv: "Maximianus (286-305 AD). Bronze. Denomination? Weight 2.98 g. Mint
Heraclea(?), diameter 21 mm.; axis t. Obverse: Bust of Maximianus to r., radiate, wearing
paludamentum and cuiras. Legend around from left below: IMPC[MA]MAXIMIANVSPFAVG.
Reverse: Prince standing f., on military dresses receiving small victory on globe from Jupiter
standing 1., leaning on sceptre. Legend around from left below: [C,ON]CORDIA MILITVM.
Between two figures r B (cf. Sutherland 1967/6:531)."
412
Fig. 12.48. Incised drawings on pottery vessels (Section 8.9).
413
3cm.-----'
o 1cm.---......
2
2
Fig. 12.49. Stands (Section 8.10).
o 3cm.--- -----'
2
o 10cm.Iww I
4
oIwwwww
3cm.
5
Fig. 12.50. Natural 'collectibles' (Section 8.11).
414
2
o lcm.-----...I
Fig. 12.51. Inscription, coin (Section 9).
10. FURNISHINGS
10.1. DOOR-PIVOT CASINGS
Both are made of iron. Parallels at Khorsabad (Loud and Altman 1938:25, 72, PIs. 37E, 62:224, 73).See also Chapter 7.
94/H/31/AR1 = PTI. Provenience: Level H-l (A); PT: nd. Fig. 12.52:1.94/H/35/AR1 = PT1. Provenience: Level H-l (A); PT: nd. Fig. 12.52:2.
11. USE UNKNOWN
11.1. BONE, ANTLER AND IVORY
94/J/81/AR1 = PT3. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: EB. Fragment of polished bone. Not illustrated.94/J/81/AR2 = PT1. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PI: EB main. Sheep/goat proximal metatarsal shaft;
longitudinally split and polished. Probably an awl. Fig. 12.53:1.96/J/62/AR2 = PT2. Provenience: Level J-4 (F); PT: Chal. sale, EBla few, EBIb main. Split rib
fragment; highly polished on front, sides and part of back. Drilled hole made from both sides. Inlay?Fig. 12.53:2.
415
o .3cm.'--e-ee -----'
10cm.I
2oIowwe.e
.3cm. oIeee
10cm.I
Fig. 12.52. Door-pivot casings (Section 10.1).
96/J/87/AR4 = PT1. Provenience: Level J-6 (A); PT: EBIb. Polished bone shaft fragment; round insection; 35 mm. long, 5 mm. in diameter. Garment pin? Hairpin? Not illustrated.
96/K/84/AR2 = PTl1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: LB few, IAI main. Sheep/goat metatarsal;proximal and distal ends cut off. Fig. 12.53:3.
94/F/78/AR3 = PTI. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: LB, IAI main. Sheep/goat tibia; ends cut off. Theremaining shaft/tube has also been knife-cut down its length. Probably too short for a handle. Fig.
12.53:4.94/H/47/AR7 = PT6. Provenience: Level H-3 (F?); PT: IAIL Sawn sectioQ of cow scapula; offcut. Fig.
12.53:5.
416
5 6
10
10cm.I
9
ob
10cm.I
ob
8
o 1cm.-...---7
-.- \~, j
16
o 10crr12 --=-==-==--==-=11
15
o 3cm.Ieeeeee ----'
o 10cm.
- I
14
·417
11.2. STONE
94/J/64/AR3 == PT5. Provenience: Level J-6 (F); PT: nd. 'Brick' of compact limestone, with very
shallow depressions (thumb and forefinger holds?) on the two large faces. Fig. 12.53:8.
94/H/57/AR5 == PT13. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: mainIAII. Polished deer antler tine; probably
the Mesopotamian fallow deer, but the piece is so small that it could be from the Red deer. Polishcould be natural or artificial. Fig. 12.53 :6.
94/H/41/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level H-1 (A); PT: IAII. Two indistinct ivory fragments. Not illustrated.96/F/12/AR1 == PT4.Provenience: unstratified; PT: mixed. Bone disk; 20-22 x 4 mm.; central drilling
surrounded by four others. Fig. 12.53:7.
13
Fig. 12.53. Objects of unknown use (Sections 11.1, 11.2).
94/J/76/AR1 = PT none. Provenience: Level J-6 (F). Limestone; grooved, elongated slingstone? Fig.12.53:9.
94/J/45/AR7 = PT3. Provenience: unstratified/J-4 (F); PT: EBI. Elongated (natural?) limestone piece;incised. Fig. 12.53: 11.
96/F/18/AR3 =: PTI7. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: EB few, LB main. Diorite(?) fragment. The
material is unusual for vessels, and the piece is asymmetrically, but very carefully, carved. It couldbe a statue fragment, though from which part is difficult to guess. Broken at one end and completeat the other, where there are wear marks, possibly from its secondary use as a small hammer. Fig.12.53: 12.
94/F/79/ARI = PT1. Provenience: Level F-5; PT: IAI main, later few. Fragmentary limestone object(coarse figurine?), with drilling and grooves. Fig. 12.53: 13.
94/H/8/AR7 == PT none. Provenience: Level H-3 (F). Carneoline agate fragment; apparently too largefor a bead. Not illustrated.
94/H/57/AR4 == PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: BB sole, IAl sole, IAIl main. Ring(?) segment;20 em. restored diameter; made of soft, lightweight limestone. Fig. 12.53:14.
94/F/4/AR4 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: LB, lAI, later. Small black stone (serpentine?)object; drilled and incised. Either tubed bowl (see Amiran 1972; Merhav 1980) or corner of a triplekohl tube, broken and reused as an arrow sharpener (latter personal communication, Baruch Brandl22.1.98). Not illustrated.
94/F/64/AR2 == PT3. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: lAl main, later few. Pierced piece of compactlimestone; perforation intact, but surrounding stone broken away all. around (intentionally?).
Originally flywheel/whorl? Probably not. Secondary function? Fig. 12.53:15.94/H/42/AR3 == PT2. Provenience: unstratified; PT: lAII main, later few. Light brown quartz/pale
carnelian; worked fragment, apparently originally of spherical shape; seems to be too large to be abead. Fig. 12.53:16.
94/H/5l/AR1 == PTI. Provenience: unstratified; PT: IAII. Socketed handle(?) of white limestone orchalk. Fig. 12.53:10.
11.3. CLAY
96/F/34/AR1 == PT4. Provenience: Level F-5 (A); PT: LB-lAll. Unbaked clay spheroid; verylightweight; flat 'base', 18 mm. in diameter. Not illustrated.
96/F/50/AR8 == PT33. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI. Baked clay docket? Incised figure(schematic quadruped?). Fig. 12.54:2.
11.4. GLASS
94/H/54/AR1 = PTI. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: lAII main, EB few. Glass. Pomegranate-shapedfinial of staff? Fig. 12.54: 1.
11.5. METAL
All are of copper/bronze.
96/J/34/AR2 = PT7. Provenience: Level J-4 (A); PT: EBla few, EBlb main. Fragment. Not illustrated.96/J/38/AR2 = PT7. Provenience: Level J-5; PT: EBlb. Fragment. Not illustrated.
418
94/F/59/ARI = PT3. Provenience: Level F-4 (A); PT: ~B main, EB few. Tubular fitting. Fig. 12.55:1.96/H/l/AR4 = PT7. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT:
nd. Shaft fragment of indeterminate object; 46 mm. long, 3 mm. in diameter. Not necessarily toolfragment. Garment pin? Not illustrated.
o lcm.~
76
n5
3cm.,
4
I
•
1cm______'
32
..,A '"
I
2
Fig. 12.55. Objects of unknown use (Sections 11.5, 11.6).
- (, .
"419
11.6. RINGS OF VARIOUS MATERIALS
Not finger rings.
94/F/79/AR5 = PT8. Provenience: Level F-5; PT: IAI. Iron. Fig. 12.55:2.
96/K/66/ARI = PTI. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Bronze ring; open, slightly overlappingends. Fig. 12.55:3.
94/H/8/ARI3 = PT28. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Bronze 'spiral'. Fig. 12.55:4.
Fig. 12.54. Objects of unknown use (Sections 11.4, 11.3).
94/H/26/AR3 == PTl. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII. Thin bronze ring; ca. 60% preserved. Fig. 12.55:5.
96/H/l/AR5 = PT6. Provenience: Level H-3; unstratified (top buckets), H-3 (F - bottom buckets); PT:
IAIL Bronze ring fragment; ca. 200/0 preserved. Band, 3.5 mm. wide, 1 mm. thick. Not illustrated.
94/F/44/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level F-2 (A); PT: LB main, later main, EB few, MB sole.
Ivory/bone ring or fragmentary ribbed tube (handle?); 12 x 13 x 4 mm. Fig. 12.55:6.
94/H/4/ARI == PT3. Provenience: unstratified; PT: IAII main? Fragment of shell ring. Fig. 12.55:7.
12. RAWMATERlALS, PRODUCTS
12.1. STONE
94/H/67/AR1, 2 = PT3. Provenience: Level H-3 (F); PT: IAII main. Two fragments of unworked
carnelian pebbles, each 19 mm. long. Fig. 12.56:1.
12.2. BONE, HORN AND ANTLER BLANKS AND OFFCUTS
96/F/29/AR5 == PT12. Provenience: Level F-12 (A); PT: EB few, MB main. Gazelle (Gazella gazella)
horn from which the tip has been sawn away. Fig. 12.56:2.
96/F/59/AR5 == PT20. Provenience: Level F-9 (A); PT: MB sale, LB main. Sawn segment of a largemammal bone shaft. Offcut. Not illustrated.
96/K/7/AR2 == PT1. Provenience: Level K-3 (F); PT: IAII. Antler tip. Debitage? Not illustrated.
96/K/46/AR1 == PT1. Provenience: Level K-2 (F); PT: EB sale, IAII main. Sawn bone. Fig. 12.56:3.
12.3. METAL
12.3.1. LEAD
96/F/50/AR7 == PT33. Provenience: Level F-5 (F); PT: IAI. Lead wire; used in soldering? Fig. 12.56:4.
12.3.2. COPPER
94/J/36/AR2/3 = PTI. Provenience: Level J-5 (F); PT: EBlb. Copper scrap (Fig. 12.56:5) found with
knife 94/J/36/AR2/2 and axe 94/J/36/AR2/1 (see Sections 3.13 and 5.2).
4
o 1cm,~ 2
3cm.-----'
3
5
Fig. 12.56. Raw materials, products (Section 12).
420
APPENDIX 12.1. DECORATED EARLY BRONZE AGE SHERDS (Alexander H. Joffe)
Two Early Bronze Age incised sherds were found during the 1996 excavation of Area J. An EB seal
impression found in Area H during the 1996 season is also briefly described here, though it has been
discussed elsewhere (Joffe forthcoming). The sherds are small but interesting additions to the corpus of
EB imagery from Megiddo.
DESCRIPTIONS
96/J/59/VSl =PT3 (Fig. 12.48:1)
Sherd 96/J/59/VS 1 contains one, possibly two, scenes incised after firing. The sherd measures 8.5 x 6.0em. It is a red-burnished body sherd, probably of a jar. The locus fiom which the sherd originates
consists of plaster from either wall collapse or flooring directly in front of Altar 4017 (see Chapter. 3).
The locus contained primarily late EBI pottery. As is typical for loci in direct proximity of the altar, a
large number of red-burnished sherds were present (see Chapter 8). The locus is assigned to Level J-4.
The first incision is indistinct and oriented differently than that superimposed upon it. It may be
reconstructed as containing the torso and feet of a human, with a diagonal representing a weapon, and
possibly a second leg or haunch to the left.
The second incision represents an animal facing left. Four legs are visible; the left front leg is
completely outlined, as is the left rear leg, while the haunch of the right rear leg is thickened,
suggesting an effort to represent an animal in motion. Two triangular ears are discernible. The eye
consists of a rough circle or oval and a triangle pointing forward. The arrangement suggests an effort to
represent the entire eye, including the iris. No mouth is represented, and the muzzle is roughly
triangular. The animal's body is thin and elongated. The feet are not clearly visible, and the tail
descends and begins to loop upward. The overall impression is of a feline. Little more can be said,
except to emphasize the layering, hence reuse, of the sherd and possibly the vessel.
96/J/65/VSI = PT5 (Fig. 12.48:2)
Sherd 96/J/65/VS 1 contains one scene. The locus from which it originates is assigned to L.evel J-4.
Like the locus from which the first sherd originated, 9611/65 is located in front of the altar, although in
a different square, and contains plaster debris derived from wall collapse or flooring. A large number
of red-burnished platter bowls and cooking pot sherds were found in the locus.
The sherd, 15 x 10 em., is the red-burnished base of a shallow platter bowl. The incised image
consists of three lines: one long and straight; a second, which follows the same axis, then tapers inward
toward the first line, then flares slightly outward; and a short curving line connecting the two. The
effect suggests the tail of a bird. No feathers, wings, breast or feet are evident. The image is cut by two
long straight lines, which may be accidental or may have formed part of a larger scene.
96/H/4/ARl (Fig. 12.45)
Seal impression 96/H/41AR 1 was found in a fill below the courtyard of Building 1853 of Stratum III
(see Chapter 7). The sherd (1.8 x 2.7 em.) consists ofa pink calcite tempered ware typical of the Early
Bronze Age. Three sides of the sherd appear to have been straightened by chipping.
The impression itself is only 1.3 em. high. It depicts a horned animal, followed by an animal of a
different species, both facing left. The head of the animal on the right is indistinct, which may be
421
partially a function of its position in the composition, as well as due to wear. The horns of the animalon the left are rounded and curve upward over the neck, then downward toward the back. The tail onthe right-hand animal is lifted over the back, dips downward, then curves up over what may be pointedears. The combination may indicate that the left-hand animal is an ibex (Capra ibex nubiana)" whilethe right-hand animal could be a lion or leopard (Felis leo or Felis pardus).
The imagery fits well with the corpus of Early Bronze I seal impressions. The shape and conditionof the sherd suggests that, it was found, modified and preserved some time after the original impressionhad been made. It may have been a curiosity, trinket, toy or heirloom.
DISCUSSION
A full discussion of the objects within the context of Early Bronze Age art and iconography is beyondthe scope of this presentation. Only a few comparisons and observations will be offered.
A number of incised sherds was found in the Oriental Institute excavations at Megiddo, along withthe famous stone-slab. 'picture pavement', dated to the late EBI (see Chapter 3), contemporary with thefirst two sherds described here. The new sherds resemble those from the Oriental Institute excavationsdiscussed by Engberg and Shipton, two of which (1934: Fig. 10: M, N) resemble the incised felinepresented here, although the new sherd contains much more detail. The feline more closely resemblesone on a slab from the 'picture pavement' (Loud 1948: PI. 275, 9=d283). A number of the slabs containscenes of hunting or warfare, which may provide context for the partial scene superimposed by thefeline. A feline, more obviously a lion or leopard, is also contained on the seal impression excavated in1996 (96/H/4/AR1), as well as on numerous EBI seal impressions (Joffe forthcoming). No parallels forthe apparent bird image on the second sherd (96/J/65/VS 1) were found at Megiddo. Comparisons withEgyptian imagery of the falcon Horus are tempting, but unfounded at this point.
Significantly, the scenes are incised on sherds that are red burnished, a treatment which, in LevelJ-4, is found primarily in proximity to Altar 4017, rather than the corridor spaces. They reinforce theimpression of specialized and segregated activities within the large EBI cultic complex.
One can only speculate on the use in cult practice of the vessels from which the sherds originate.The prevalence of animal imagery - on the new sherds and those published by Engberg and Shipton- suggests that at least some cult practices were oriented toward control over or propitiation of naturalforces, symbolized by the animals. This tension is also found on EBI seal imagery, where it lacks,however, direct cultic connotations (Joffe forthcoming). Similar imagery, related to human control overnature through violence, is found on several of the 'picture pavement' slabs (e.g. Loud 1948: PI. 275),where humans are shown attacking, or being attacked by, animals. The possibility that the sherds wereinvolved in sacrifice should be mentioned. That the first sherd (96/J/59/VS 1) served as the platform 'fora second scene suggests' that the vessels may have had continued symbolic or ritual significance. Theimmense quantities of animal bones found in loci next to Altar 4017 and the presence of severalcarnivore bones, including that of a lion, in Level J-4, should also be recalled (see Chapter 14). Controlover animals was real as well as symbolic.
Finally, the manner in which the sherds were incised after firing suggests that everyday vesselswere taken out of circulation for continued ritual use, rather than derived from specialized productionsources, an impression supported by the initial examination of the Level J-4 ceramic assemblage as awhole. The casual technique similarly suggests that skilled artisans were 11:0t involved in executing theimagery on vessels.
422
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423
MEGIDDO IIITHE 1992-1996 SEASONS
ISRAEL FINKELSTEIN, DAVID USSISHKIN AND BARUCH HALPERN
EDITORS
Contributions by:
Israel Finkelstein, David Ussishkin, Baruch Halpern,Daniella Bar-Yoseph Mayer, Itzhak Benenson, Israel Carmi, Eric Cline, Robert Deutsch,
Lev Eppelbaum, Norma Franklin, Yuval Gadot, Yuval Goren, Rachel Hallote, Brian Hesse,David Ilan, Sonya Itkis, Alex Joffe, Adi Kafri, Ann Killebrew, Gunnar Lehmann,
Omri Lernau, Nili Liphschitz, Oded Lipschitz, Jennifer Peersmann, Benjamin Sass,Dror Segal, Paula Wapnish and Oma Zimhoni
Assistant Editor: Jared Miller
EMERY AND CLAIRE YASS PUBLICATIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY