document resume sb-1036 jan 72 118p. - eric · document resume ed 057 619 em 009 475 title...

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 057 619 EM 009 475

TITLE Computing Technology; A Bibliography of Selected RandPublications;

INSTITUTION Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.REPORT NO SB-1036PUB DATE Jan 72NOTE 118p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58DESCRIPTORS *Annotated Bibliographies; *Communication (Thought

Transfer); Computer Oriented Programs; *Computers;Cost Effectiveness; Cybernetics; InformationProcessing; Information Retrieval; PatternRecognition; Programing Languages; Simulation;*Technology

ABSTRACTAbstracts of over 300 unclassified Rand Corporation

studies dealing with various aspects of computing technology arepresented in this bibliography. The studies selected were all issuedduring the period January 1963 through December 1971. A subject indexwhich includes a brief annotation and code number for each entry andan author index are presented first. The major portion of thebibliography is comprised of the abstracts for each study andincludes information such as the code number or availability if it isa book, the title, author, and date. An order form is appended whichprovides price information and whether or not the document isavailable from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and TechnicalInformation. (Author/SH)

U.S. OFF.":./i teAL-NT OF HEALTH.EDOCA z iON 421 WELFAREOFFICE UF BDUCATON

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION

ORIG-INATING T. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN-IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL

OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION OR POLICY.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

Setillmmtled Mussel ilmulbIlli=artinns

COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY

This bibliography contains abstracts of unclassified Rand

studies dealing with various aspects of computing technoTogy.

The studies selected have all been issued during the period

January 1963 through December 1971. The intention is to revise

the bibliography at periodic intervals to incorporate new

publications.

Both _subject and author indexes are provided. In the subject

index, each publication is indexed under one or more headings

by a modifier followed by the publication number. Abstracts

are arranged serially by publication number.

Except for the commercially published books, *ich:areHavailable

from the publishers, copies of these publication§ may'be obteined

through Rand's Reports Department. A separate order form is

included with each copy of the bibliograph:

The Rand Corporation1700 Main Street

Santa MonicaCalifornia 90406

January 1972SB-1036

CONTENTS

INDEXES

Subject 1

Author 27

ABSTRACTS

Books 41

Reports 43

Rand Memoranda 50

Papers 81

SUBJECT INDEX

ADNATCH

ADNATCH, a computer tool for urban studiesP-4532

ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY

relationship of Rand Video Graphic Systemto ARRA computing network R-664

the ARP& nationwide computing network andthe Data Reconfiguration Service P-4673

AERODYNAMICS

hybrid computing as an aid to engineeringdesign P-3086

AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

use of computers in design and engineeringRN-5264.

current.trends in aerospace computationP-3484 :

future expansion of computer capabilitiesin aerospace industry. P-3533

computer aided advanced design and per-formance analysis of air vehiclesP-4313

AIR COMBAT

user's manual of computer-driven stereodisplay.for.aerial maneuver-analysisRM"5709--

AIRCRAFT

computer aided advanced design and per-formance analysis of air vehiclesP-4313

&IR FORCE

role of AF in computer programming lan-guages and standardization in commandand control RM-3447

data processing of personnel records.atthe Air Reserve Records Center. RM-4188

. proposal for an Air Force software testingand 'certification facility RM-6213

USAF.Personnel Data System--Officers:

history of software development

AIRPORTS

Soviet Sirena-1 computer system forairline reservations RM-6000/3

Soviet plans for automated airportoperations RM-6200/2

ALGEC

RM -6271

ALGOL 60 modified by Russians to handleeconomic calculations RM-5135

final report on the algorithmic languageALGEC RN-5136

summary and critique of the algorithmiclanguage ALGEC RM-5157

APARRL

APAREL: a parse-request language used'with PL/I semantics RN-5611-1

user's manual for APAREL, a parse-requestlanguage within PL/I RN-6104

APOLLO

integration of man and computer inprelaunch checkout RM-4506

separable redundant computers for spacesystems RM-4573

APPROXIMATION THEORY

approximations for digital computers BOOF

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

organization of a problem-solving programRM-3283

role of Icarning in artificial intelligenceRM-3285-1

internal structure of General Problem., Solver (GPS-2-r2) .RN-3337possible,tasks for.computerS P-2586information-flow model'of a brain .

mechanism P-2871

AUTOMATION

specifications for process control com-puters; pneumonic controls RN-6000/1

effects of automation on the Sovietwork force RN-6000/9

effects of its growth on emplayment P-2865science, technology and the automation

explosion P-2908its effects on employment and the social

responsibility problem P-3163economic and social effects of automation

P-3478

-2-

computers and our future P-3501need to protect information privacy in

time-shared computer files P-3523

AUTOSATE

event-chain flowcharting as a source ofanalysia reports for AUTOSATE RM-3320

AUTOSATE, an aid to data system design andcontrol RM-3976

new version of event-chain flowcharting inAUTOSATE RM-4729

BIBLIOGRAPHY

articles on soviet cybernetics, 1959-1962RM-3675

articles on Soviet computers, part 2RM-3797

IBM 7040/7044 programs to store, re-format,and print out natural texts RM-4920

annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputer age RH-5495

annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputer age, Vol. 2 RM-5495/1

bibliography of Soviet cybernetics workin 1964, part 10 RM-5587

bibliography on automation and technologi-cal change and future studies P-3365-4

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 24 (Dec. 1968): annual indexP-3600/25

selective bibliography of computer graphicsP-4629

BIOCHEMISTRY

user's manual for Rand's program forsolving chemical composition problemsR-495

interactive graphics program for simulat-ing kinetic chemical systems RH-5925

description of Rand's current and potentialbioscience programs RM-6047

BIOLOGY

description of Rand's current and potentialbioscience programa RM-6047

Soviet micLebiology: organic synthesisof protein from petroleum RM-6200/8

model of fluid reservoir system usingBIOMOD P-4410

BIOMOD interactive graphics computer systemto simulate biological systems P-4503

BIOMATHEMATICS

description of Rand's current and potentialbioscience programs RM-6047

BIOMEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION

Rand's efforts in designing a nationalnetwork RM-6047

BIOMOD

BIOMOD: an interactive computer-graphicssystem for biological modeling P-4410

BIOMOD interactive graphics computer systemto simulate biological systems P-4503

BOOST

BOOST program for estimating poweredrocket performance R-670

BORDER SECURITY

on-line compnter program far the analysisof border-control problems R-687

CATALOGS

Catalog Input/Output System RM-4540IBM 7040/7044 programs to store, re-format,

and print out natural texts RM-4920overall view of the Rand computer text

and catalog system P-3476

CENSUS

Blank-1 mark sensing device readies Sovietcensus data for processing . R-700/4

CHECKOUT EQUIPMENT

on-line graphical programming and operationof a moving network display RM-5183

CHEMISTRY

user's manual for Rand's program forsolving chemical compositiOn problemsR-495-

interactive graphics program foi simulat-ing kinetic chemical systems RM-5925

new amorphous chalcogenide glass foroptics, lasers, semiconductorsBM-6000/11

CHINESE LANGUAGE

on-line-computer classification of handprinted Chinese characters P-3568

COBOL

COBOL61 aa compared with DETA37X , RM-3273

-3-

introduction to programming for COBOL-1RM-4133

COBOL-61 compared with DETAB-X P-2608-1DETAB-X as an addition to COBOL P-2687

CODES

factors affecting coding errors RM-4346components of operating systems P-2584overall view of the Rana computer text

and catalog system P-3476analog-to-digital, digital-to-analog

conversion in ATSEMS-1 P-3600/15

COMBINATORICS

dynamic programming approach to constrained.shortest-path problems RM-6338

COMMAND AND CONTROL

Fifth Annual Rand Computer Symposium on useof common computer languages .RM-3324

programming languages and standardizationin RM-3447

digital communications and EDP for anadvanced Tactical Air Control SystemRM-14431

Relational Data File, a system for infer-ence execution and data retrievalRM-5085

selection of a language for command and.control use P-2967

cybernetics and troop control theoryP-3600/14

COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

mapping by computer graphics eSpeciallyfor satellite Antenna coverage R-525

COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA

potential'uses of the computer and video-tape. in criminal courts P-4581

computer graphic animation techniques, incomputer graphics bibliography P-4629

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Soviet information and oommunication sys-tem based on computer network, R-700/4

digital communications and.EDP for anadVanced Tactical Air,Contrel SystemRM-4431.

computer simulation of adaptive 'routingtechniques for distributed coMmunica-tion, systems RM-4782

communications, computers, and effects onpeople P-3235

regulating .mechanisms needed for futurecomputer/communications networks P-3466

and urban concentration P-3562JOSS as a store-and-forward communication

system P-3606communication policy issues for the coming

computer utility and FCC rules P-3615

COMMUNIST COUNTRIES

Soviet pressure on Czechoslovakia toSovietize her computer industry R-700/2

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

Rand video graphic system, a generaluser-computer communication systemR-753

computing applications in aerospace designand engineering RM-5264

some implications of automated design onthe engineering process P-3625

COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

Rand/Carnelie Commission/NSF conference oncomputers in higher education R-718

teaching program for the Logic TheoryMachine (I.T) RM-3731

compater-aided.instruction at Novosibirs!.:.electrical engineering instituteRM-6000/5.

'the Kaktus system of computer-monitoredinstructionAUSSR) RM-6000/8

survey of Russian programmed instructionand computers in education RM-6000/9

. instructional uses of the computer inhigher education P-4600

institutions, innovation, and incentives.in education using computers P-4640

probable computer technology in 1980, withimplications for education P-4693

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

procedure and model description of theVideo Graphic System ''It.7519

mapping by computer graphics especiallyfor satellite: antenna:coverage R-525

relationship of Rand Video Graphic Systemto ARPA computing netwOrk

Rand video graphic system, a generaluser-computer:communication system

_R-753RAND tablet', a graphic' input deVice

RM-4122survey of significant Software research:

problems' RM-4467tabular representations of multivariate

functions for compUtet'use RS-4636real-time recognition of' handprinted te4t

usingitiND,Tablet RM-5016 H

on-line graphical programming and Operationof s: moving network diSplay RM75183

'app1ic.4.tionsHin aerospace'design and:engineering :RM-5264

-4-

the Integrated Graphics System (IGS) forthe IBM 2250 RM-5531

real-time recognition of handprintedtext: program documentation RM-5550

integrated graphics system for theS-C 4.060, part I, user's manual RM-5560

integrate& graphics system for the S-C4060; part 1, system programmer's guideRM-5661

user's manual of computer-driven stereodisplay for aerial maneuver analysisRM-5709

EXDAMS: Extendable Debugging and Moni-toring System for interactive useRM-5772

description of POGO (Programmer-OrientedGraphics Operation) RM-5825

interactive graphics program for simulat-ing kinetic chemical systems RM-5925

description of GRAIL project: goals,problems, and results PM-5999

a Russian computer-generated displaysystem using TV raster scan RM-6000/11

GRAIL language and operations RM-6001implementation of the GRAIL system RM-6002on-line symbolic mathematics with

hand-printed two-dimensional inputRM-6018

DYDE: an on-line debugger for OS/360assembly language programs RM-6027

extensions to PL/I for interactivecomputer graphics RM-6028

Graphic ROCKET: an interactive system foraerospace vehicle analysis RM-6032

computer. graphic support for Rand's bio-science program RM-6047

on-line syntax checker for APAREL, usingthe IBM 2260 alphanumeric/displayRM-6104.

graphics for simulation problem-solvingin designing Video Graphics RM-6112

POGO user's manual: I. general aidsto graphic programming RM-6114

Mir-2 with graphic terminal light penunveiled by Soviets RM-6200/1

Soviet Mir-2 accepted for productionRM-6200/2

a Soviet electrotablet for graphic inputRM-6200/5

moving network display for active moni-toring of automated checkout P-3522

on-line computer classification of hand-printed Chinese characters P-3568

new Soviet graphical data-handling de-vices P-3600/11

some implications of automated design onthe engineering process P-3625

aids to aerospace vehicle missiOn analysis:Graphic ROCKET P-3660

directness in computer graphics: -.Rand-interactive, GRAIL system P-3697

IGS, the Integrated Graphics System forthe S-C-4060 P-3722

curve fitting and editing using RANDTablet and IBM 2250 on IBM 360/40

, P-3742interactive graphic system for curve

fitting and editing P-3766

GRAIL/GPSS: graphic on-line modeling ofsystems P-3838

GAPSS for graphic analysis of GPSSsimulations P-3977

a graphic capability Eor MARK IV P-401uuse of computers in the delivery of medi-

. cal care P-4019BIOMOD: an interactive computer-graphics

system for biological modeling P-4410teletype vs video console use in computer

searching for legal precedents 274448interactive simulation of continuous systems

P-4503selective bibliography of computer graphics

P-4629

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

complete rules for coding IPL-V BOOKframework an.d first 3 phases of computer

performance improvement analysis R-549principles of operation of the ISPL machine

R-562Ports, a method for dynamic interprogram

communication and job control R-605the future of computer program specifica-

tion and organization R-622factors in selecting and training

programmers RM-3245organization of a problem-solving program

RM-3283FORTAB.decision table language for aiding

programming RM-3306event-chain flowcharting by AUTOSATE

RM-3320languages and standardization in command

and control RM-3447analysis of decision rules in decision

tables RM-3669instruction formats for five Soviet

computers R11-3804job performance study of computer program-

ming personnel RM-4033programming ty questionnaire, RM-4460survey of significant software research

problems RM-4467new version of event-chain flowcharting in

AUTOSATE RM-4729JOSS: -arithmetic and function.evaluation

RM-5028a Compact statistical method of represent-

_ing terrain in'digital computersRm-sopl

programming by questionnaire: the jobshop simulation program generatorRM-5162

,survey of Soviet work-in the theory ofcompUter'programMing :RM-5424

DISPLAY: a gUide and sample input/output .

: 'of the TRACK FORTRAN debugger' R1-5618Programming by Questionnaire: auxiliary

programs for checking and analysis2M7.5689

EXDIMS: Extendable Debugging and:Moni-toring. System for interactive uSeRM-5772

the BE51-6: hardare, software, instruc-

-5-

tion repertoire, and critique RM-6000/4the multimachine mode vs. multiprogramming

in the USSR RM-6000/6the recent, revolution in Soviet programming

RM-6000/7DIDE: an on-line debugger for OS1360

assembly language programs RM-6027ongoing simulation as an aid in designing

the Video Graphics System RM-6112survey of Soviet programming; training

programming teachers RM-6200/6JOSTRAN,. a. JOSS dialect that expedites

FORTRAN programming RM-6248estimating software development time:

literature survey and experimentsRM-6271

components of operating systems P-2584use and advantages of SIMSCRIPT in

programming P-2658teaching of computer programmingin the

secondary schools P-2768selection of personnel for P-2782computers and information flow:.

introduction for the layman P-2791-1changing role of professional programmer

P-2793advantages of simulation with SIMSCRIPT

P-2826the teaching of programming P-2998NOSY core-saving system .for codes converted

from:FORTRAN II to FORTRAN IV P-3168/1development of new digital simulation

.languages P-3348importance of heuristic programming (tr.

from. Russian) P-3600/10automatic programming of hybrid computers

in USSR P-3600/I9description of the computer programming

process . P-3626IGS, the Integrated Graphics System for

the S-C 4060 P.3722block programming in 0/E-360 assembly

code . P-38.10GPSS flow-charting techniques used in-

teractively on GRAIL graphic systemP-3838

computer software: tba evolution withinthe revolution P-3894

transcript of Tenth Computing.Symposium:"The Teachingof Computing" P-3998

comparison Of parallel and pipeline com-puter characteristics P-4221

impaCt of future developments in computertechnology P-4401

programming: the change from the sixtiesto the seventies P4417

storage layout to reduce computer memoryrequirements 'P-4459-1

COMPDTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

user'S and programmer's manual forSIMSCRIPT II programming language BOOK

reference manual for SIMSCRIPT:II program--ming language BOOK _

-detailed description of SIMSCRIPT BOOKInformation Processing Language-V menual

BOOKECSS, The Extendable Computer Simulator

prototype language R-520experience with initial version of ECSS

special purpose simulation languageR-560

specifications for ISPL, the IncrementalSystems Programming Language R-563

DETAB-X computer language RM-3273Fifth Annual Rand Computer Symposium on use

of common computer languages RM-332nthe heuristic compiler RM-3588SIMSCRIPT as a simulation technique

RM-3778technical appendix on SIMSCRIPT language

RM-3813comparison of COSIT, IPL-V, LISP 1.5,

SLIP, list processing languages RM-3842introduction to programming for COBOL-1

RM-4133LIPL: Linear Information Processing

Language RM-4320ALGEC--an expansion of ALGOL 60 for eco-

nomic calculations RM-5135final report on the algorithmic language

ALGEC RM-5136summary and critique of the algorithmic

language ALGEC RM-5157Dataless Programming Language RM75290the Integrated Graphics System (IGS) for

the IBM 2250 RM-5531APAREL: a parse-request language used

with PL/I semantics RM-5611-1SIMSCRIPT II programming language: IBM

360 implementation R/1-5777description of.POGO (Programmer-Oriented

Graphics Operation) RM-5825computer simulation programming language;

an introductory text RM-5883a FORTRAN programmer's introduction to

SIMSCRIPT II RM-5937INFEREX based on symbolic logic and set

theory for Relational Data File RM-5q147need for high7level language for engi-

neering problems in USSR RM-6000/1recent:Soviet advances in algorithmic

- languages RM-6000/7ALPHA, REFAL, and the Soviet view of the

problems of writing new languagesRM-6000/8.

document retrieval'language written atUkrainian Institute:of CyberneticsBM,6000/10.

GRAIL language and operations RM-6001extensions to PL/I for interactive

oomputer graphics M-6028user's manual for APAREL, a parse-request

language within PL/I ,RM-6104ECSS: Extendable Computer System Simu-

lator4 a SIMSCRIPT-based.language- RM-6132

JOSTRAN, a Joss dialect that expedites.HFORTRAN-programming RM-6248.

99-GATE:language for performing algebraiccomputations. P-2602

DETAB-X compnter language -based on use ofdecision tables.. 'P-26081 -

'description of the GliS (Generalized As-

-6-

sembly System) language P-2674status report on DETAB-X business language

P-2687use of DETAB-X in banking systems P-2697GASP--foz simulation studies in industrial

systems P-2864selection of a language for command and

control e P-2967introductioh t_o SIMSCRIPT II programming

language P-3314simulation language report generators

P-3349development of languages for simulation

P-3453computer simulation programming languages:

perspective and prognosis P-3599MALGOL, VELGOL, TSIMOD, SAP, APROKS

developed in Estonian SSR P-3600/15block programming in 0/S-360 assembly

code P-3810

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

program for sifting out prime numbers BOOKuser's manual f6r. Rand's program for

solving chemical composition problemsR-495

movement in. military personnel systems,program refemence manual R-534

flow model program listings of movement inmilitary personnel systems R-535

generating gamma variates with nonintegralshape parameters for simulation R-641


on-line computer program for the analysisof border-control problems R-607

program for color scale separation forpseudocolor image enhancement R-787

Rand computer program, General ProblemSolver RM-3285-1

Rand-SHARE manual for IBM 70.90 RM-3327internal structure of General Problem

Solver (GPS-2-2) RM-3337program for determining errors in position

and velocity of satellites RM-3609program listing for the LogicTheory Ma-

'chine RM-3731Teach Information Processing Language

(TIPL) for IPL-V RM-3879PALL: RAND program for automated

addressing RM-4258program for aggregate base stockage policy

of.recoverable items RM-4395Catalog Input/Output System RM-4540SIMSCRIPT program for computer-assisted

maintenance planning RM-4563the catalog: a flexible data structure

for magnetic.tape RM-4645IBM 7040/7044 programs to store, re-format,

and print out natural texts RM-4920JOSS console service routines RM-5044Relational Data File,, a system for 'infer-

ence execution and data retrievalRM-5085

programming by questionnaire, construCtinga program generator RM-5129

Dataless Programming Language: an exampleprogram RM-5290

Graphic ROCKET: a computer-graphicssystem for aerospace vehicle analysisRM-6032

Ukrainian Republic Fund of Algorithmsand Programs with documentationRM-6200/8

proposal for an Air Force software testingand certification facility RM-6213

JOSS: examples of use of an experimentalon-line computing service P-3131

simulation programming and analysis ofresults P-3141

design philosophy of Relat:Lonal Data Pile. P-3408 .

Implementation of Relational Data FileP-3411

JOSS program and users' guile for patentsearching through index terms P-3648

graphic adaptation of RAND ROCKET trajec-tory analysis P-3660

multiplexing within single computer P-3661computer aided advanced design and per-

formance analysis of air vehiclesP-4313

MAX: a chess-playing program written instandard FORTRAN IV P-4428

use of 5C4060-produced'microfilminpseudocolor transformations P-4465

ADMATCN, a computer tool for urban studiesP-4532

modified initiator to control three speedsof memory in Rand computing P-4585

syntax of Data Reconfiguration Servicefor ARPA computing network P-4673

COMPUTERS

introduction to electronic computers BOOKpractice problems for the studentof

digital computing on IBM 1620. BOOK. innovation and competitive advantage in

the International computer industryBOOK

data processing forletate and localgOvernments BOOK

economics of computers BOOKeffect on problem solving of forced lockout

.

between'JOSS: interactions R-513computeireystems analysis methodolOgy:

Measuring, evaluating, simulating R-520computer technology: and timesharing in ihe

Soviet Unionframework And first, phases of computer

performance imprOvement analysis R.-549Principles of operation of the TSP.'. machine

R-562';

analyzing computer.accounting data toevaluate system performance R..-573-

measurement objectives and toolefor:computer performance analysis ,R7584

ISPL Basic Pile System andfile ;',-ubsystem:for'COmputing'research,aupport

Barryl3oehmts trip.report of: SovietCompntingmenters R-..700/1

SOviet Cybernetics Reviel; Vol.. 1," -

-7-

(March 1971) 8-700/2Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1. No. 3

(May 1971) R-700/3Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1, No. 4

(July 1971) R-700/4Rand/Carnegie Commission/NSF conference on

computers in higher education R-718dynamic programming, intelligent machines,

and self-organizing systems RM-3173the heuristic compiler RM-3588generalized assembly system for 7090

RM-3646technology of computers in USSR, 1959-1962

RM-36.75computer recognition of on-line,

hand-written characters RM-3753characteristics of several Soviet computers,

part 2. RM-3797instruction formats for five Soviet

computers RE-3804RAND tablet, a graphic input device

RM-4122description of Johnninc Open Shop

System .(JOSS) RM-4162data processing of personnel records at

the Aix Reserve Records Center RM-4188technique for use of computer managers to

improve. efficiency RM-4232Soviet cybernetics technology, part 4

RM-4461 .

survey of significant software researchproblems RM-4467

reliability of ground-based digitalcomputers EM-4511

separable redundant computers for spacesystems RM-4573

relational data file to mechanizeinference execution and data retrievalRM-4793

Soviet process control computers, part 5RM-4810

demonstration test of computer-assistedcountdown RM-5005

remote computation using the RAND JOSssystem RM-5058

Russian1-.English dictionarvof cyberneticsand computer technology (Second Edi-tion). RM-5108-1

detailed description of JOSS systemmonitor RM-5216

the JOSS ptimer::. RM-5220JOSS disc file systea: RM-5257JOSS central processing routines _RM-5270assembly listing of the JOSS Supervisor

unit RM-5437annotated bibliographY,on priVicy in:the

computer age RM-54.95annoW:ed bibliography on privacy in the

comuter age, Vo.3.2 RM-'5495/1'reviO_Of general7PUrpOSe-Parallet SOviet

,coMputer system, Part 11. -,RM5551history of Rand!S JOHOIAC ComPuter

RK-5654.Soviet cotputers:

PolishUMTS-10;5. papertape:xeadersRM-6000/2.

'

small 'Soviet computerS,''.RM-6,000/3:the BESM6: hardware, Softwarei,inStruc-

tion repertoire, and critique RM-6000/11Armenian Masis; Soviet Rata and M-54;

East German Zellatron and RobotronRM-6000/5

third-generation Soviet computers, M-1000,-2000, and -3000 RM-6000/6

Doza, a Soviet analog computer forcalculating radiological dosagesRM-6000/9

automated computer design and integratedcircuits for Soviet computersRM-6000/11

ECSS: a language for simulating perfor-mance of computer systems RM-6132

use in Soviet fishing industry RM-6200/1Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 2,

Feb. 1970 RM-6200/2the Russian Dnepr-2 and MIK-1M computer

systems RM-6200/4problems of the Soviet computer industry

RM-6200/6description of first Soviet disc memory unit

RM-6200/7.Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 8,

September 1970 RM-6200/8Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 10,

1970 index RM-6200/10need for high-capacity, high-capability,

floating-point flight computers RM-6213statistical concepts in computational

mathematics RM-6297possible tasks for computers P-2586use of cotputers in processing and analy-

sis of geographic information P-2593education and training in cOmputer

technology P-2597nature and use of the GAS (Generalized As

sembly System) language P-2674electronic data processing for cities

P-2714role of computers in the high school cur7

riculum P-2768 -

guide to efficient use of cOmputers R-2786computers and:information flow:

introduction for the layman P-27911computers:and the changinTrole of the

prOgrnniterthe need fox greater size andspeed in-. computers'. ..P-2863

their role inthe groWth ofautomationJP-,2865

JOSS (Johnniac Open7ShoP Systemexperi-mental onIine, time-shared serviceP-2922

the teaching of cotputingHinterrogatiOn of computersta.produde'rcomprenension7like responses p73006

roleof.the cOmputer-in seCP-Ik 4.a.rcht7).0.4s

,Xbrid.jcomputing,Us,an:aid to.engineeking

cOmpU'terSaS:a:force.in thedevelopieUt..,.: of CybernetiCs' '1A7.'3144-r1

COnverSatiOnrsil0 JpSSinal.gebrai0language 'P'..7141.6

I

experimental' ..0e-At4.reuotetyPeUTiter conSOles

-8--

communications, co,.. Lets, and effects onpeople P-32.

cost factors fot ,nies using EDPP-3236.

future computer technology P-3279free-standing coepared with time-sharing

facilities P-3281JOHNNIAC eulogy at decommissioning

ceremonies P-3313regulating mechanisms needed for future

computer/communications networks P-3466overall view of the:Rand computer text

and catalog system P-3476trends and'social implications of computers

current trends in aerospace computationP-3484

computers and our future P-3501 ;

countermeasures against unauthorized -

access to information P-3504need to protect infotmatien privacy in

time-shared computer files P-3523'the professor'nnd the computer, 1985

P-3527 .

future expansion of compnter capabilities1'3533

proteCting information it;:remote-accessmulti-user ComPuter systems: P73544

impact Of. technology On_future cities-.T73562',

software evaluation in system selectionP-3581

recent progress in Russian computer:technblogy, -I'3600/11

reeent,develoPmenis in USSR computing' P73600/13.:descriptionSof Minsk-2.2system, Ruta7701 ,

readlnglievice, :Utal-2 music P7.3600/1:spetifiCatiOnsef 15Soviet coMputerm

P.73600/19jsurvey:of Soviet computer technology

P-3600/20:recent deve/opmenta in Soviet cybetnetics

P-360.0/21: .

Soviet cyherneticS: ..recerit neWS items,COCt-. 1968) p-360,0123

SovietCybernetics: recentneweitems,No.,23 (Dec,.:1968) .P736.00/24

Soviet: cybetnetiCs: Cecent news items,No., 24. .(Dec. 1968).: . annual index13-1600/25 '

present and future compnter technologyandits:impacton everyday liVing

computetgap between U.S. and USSR P-3641socialitplications of a Computer utility

P71642futute:potential of computera P-3656'More effiCient.use of'compiAing facilities

P-3661,

commUnicatiOn policy issues for the coming,compntet-utility and FCC rules P73685

Changesin American%character due to.",compntetized:. records P-3780

ptiVaCY aspects of'theeashless, checkless...SoCiety: Senate testimOny HP-3822

-IBM -360/65: RANIPs'next'cOiputet P73892'.,third-generation computertrenda; ptogress

and unsolved problems P-3903transcript of Tenth Computing Symposium:

"The Teaching of Computing"use of computers in the,delivery

cal care P-4019fundamental physical limits to computing

power... P-4208comparisda of parallel and pipeline com-

puter characteristics P-4221computer data:banks and security controls

P-4329relative advantages of the ILLIAC IV and

the STAR computers 2-4401use of computer, aCcounting data to measure

system modification. P-4536-1institutieUs, innovation, and incentives

in eduCation using computers P-4640the ARPA nationwide computing network and

the Data Reconfiguration Service P-4673computers in Society's future: Troblems

of information system privacy P-4684probable' computer technology in 1980,.with

implications for education P-4693potential computer:speeds and principles

of physics that will limit them P-4710

user's and progpamMeOs ianua1 forSIMSCRIPT II programming language BOOK

teference manual fot SIMSCRIpT II program--:ming.language ;

uses' of: sImsaapT in simalation andnonsimulation problems, BOOK

aser's manual for Rand'STrogram .forsolving Chemical 'composition problema

analySia.of movement Isaarge7Scale mili7tarypenSounel systees 1/7.514

proCediareandAneder.desCriPtion'eftheVideo OraphiC SyStee, ,R7.519:

imprOltingC13.0 Utilization-an-Uthkoughput by,tuning eultiprogiamme&Systems R-520

experience,with.theExtendable Computer'System Simulatot,, R!-5,60 ,

meaSutebent Obje-Olie0 Ana tocifs fo.rcOmputer petfOrmance analysis R7584

.PotiS, a eethedjOr dynamic:interprogramcommuniCationandAdb'COntrol R7605

genetatingAamma VatiateS:with nOnintegral:hape"ParametetS'fOt siMuIation: R76.41

,SIMSCRIPT.:as a sinblatiOntechnigneRM73778

technical appendix on sutspIpT language;RM73613

_

modifT:and restart routines fot games andexpetiments in computer simulationItM74242-

_

application of,program generators (JsspG)to the bnilding'of models RM-44:6:0

computer simulatioeef Adaptive routing' techniqueSfor disttibnted communiCa7

tion systeesdemonatration,test of comPuter-assisted

'CoiindOwn RK7500.5programming by questionnaire: the job

shop'simulation'prograe generator

RM-5162of space vehicle checkout using graphical

input moving network display RM-5183procedure for economizing computer time

in comparing simulation runs RM-5288-1Programming by Questionnaire: auxiliary

programs for checking and analysisRM-5689

user's manual of computer-driven stereodisplay for aerial maneuver analysisRM-5709

SIMSCRIPT II programming language: IBM360 implementation RM-5777

computer similatioa programming language;an introductory text RM-5883

interactive graphics program for simulat-ing kinetic chemical systems RM-5925

a FORTRAN programmer's introduction toSIMSCRIPT II RM-5937

Rand's computer simulations of complexphysiological pheRomena RM-6047

graphics for simulation problem-solvingin designing Video nraphics RM-6112

ECSS: Extendable Computer System Simu-lator, a SIMSCRIPT-based languageRM-6132

space tracking error propagation and orbitprediction program (TZPOP) RM-6256

use and advantages of SIMSCRIPT inprogramming P-2658

advantages of using SIMSCRIPT inP-2826

a program for simulation in industrialsystems (GASP) P-2864

simulation programming and analysis ofresults P-3141

development of new digital simulationlanguages P-3348

simulation language report generatorsP-3349

development of languages for simulationP-3453

computer simulation programming languages:perspective and prognosis P-3599

interactive wse of JOSS consoles in simula-tion _and war gaming P-3606

statistical considerations in comphtersimulation experiments P-3608

description of some existing programs inurban and decisionmaking researchP-3734

GRAIL/GPSS: graphic on-line modeling ofsystems P-3838

simulation programming using SIMSCRIPT II:an example with annotations P-3861

GAPSS for graphic analysis of GPSSsimulations P-3977

BIOMOD: an interactive computer-graphicssystem for biological modeling P-4410

evaluation of computer simulation method-ology in urban research P-4446

a stochastic network approach to test andcheckout with GERT simulation P-4486

interactive simulation of continuous systemsP-4503

simulation

-9-

CONTRACTS

use of magnetic tape for reporting costinformation RM-6313

CONTROL SYSTEMS

event-chains as control devices RM-3320new version of event-chain flowcharting in

. AUTOSATE RM-4729Soviet process control computers, part 5

RM-4810specifications for process control com-

puters; pneumonic controls RM-6000/1Soviet use of game theory for control

of processes and communicationsRM-6000/4.

organization of national control systemsin USSR RM-6200/2

automation of Soviet induAry RM-6200/3a Soviet approach to state-wide control

systems RN-6200/4approaches ,to SOviet state-wide control

systems RM-6200/5Soviet automated control systems in

Belorussia RM-6200/6official USSR guidelines for automated

industrial control systems ..P-3600/18

COST ANALYSIS

cost of adopting a common computer languagefor command and control. RM-3324


cost factors for companies using EDPP-3236

of free-standing computers compared withtime-sharing facilities P-3281

COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES

econOmics of computers BOOK

COUNTERINSURGENCY


COURTS

potential uses of the computer and video-tape in criminal courts P-4581

Soviet cybernetics in criminalisticsP-3600/23

-10-

CURVE FITTING

curve fitting and editing via interactivecomputer graphics P-3742

interactive graphic system for curvefitting and editing P-3766

CYBERNETICS

in the study of information processing inthe nervous system 2-2879

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Soviet pressure on Czechoslovakia toSovietize her computer industry R-700/2

DECISIONMAKING

in the construction of sophisticatedproblemr-solving programs RM-3283

analysis of decision rules in decisiontables R1-3669

description of some models used in localgovernment decisionmaking researchP-3734

effect of computerized recordkeeping ondecisionmaking P-3780

DELPHI

Soviet view of Delphi method ofscientific forecasting RM-6000/9

a forecasting method that combines Delphiand PERT techniques RM-6000/10

estimating software development time:literature survey and experimentsRM-6271

DETAB -X

description. of DETAR-I EM-3.273DETAB-X computer languagebased:onuse.:of

decisiontables 2-2608-1 :

status:report on DETAB-1(siness languageP-2687

uses'an'anking SysteMS-

DIAGNOSIS

P2687,

description of Rand's current and potentialbiOsCienCe programs pri014-7

brain*tumOr diagnoSis'by'Computerand'.byl using diagnostic_tablesjn: UssaRM76200/8

DICTIclutp.IFp

Soviet computer terminology andabbreviations RM-3804

Russian-English dictionary of cybernetics

and computer technology (Second Edi-tion) RM-5108-1

on-line computer recognition and lookup ofChinese characters 2-3568

DISPLAY

DISPLAY: a guide and sample input/outputof the TRACK FORTRAN debugger RM-5618

DYDE (On-line Debugging Program)

DYDE: an on-line debugger for 05/360assembly language programs RM-6027

ECONOMETRICS

ALGEC--an expansion of ALGOL 60 for eco-nomic calculations RM-5135

final report on the algorithmic languageALGEC RM-5136

ECONOMICSDOMESTIC

economics of computers BOOKbenefits of computer technology in industry

RM-5264

ECONOMICSFOREIGN

innovation and competitive advantage inthe international computer industryBOOK

organization chart of administrativeagencies of the USSR economy B-700/1

new Soviet Institute for Management of theNational Economy R-700/3

Soviet state plans'for development ofnational economy RM-6000/2

development of Soviet prognostics:economic forecasting RM-6000/5

use of computers in econokic planning inthe USSR RM-6000/6

automation in Soviet economic planningRM-6200/1

economiC activities of the Ukrainian SSRAcademy RM-6200/7

effect of computer shortages on economicplanning in USSR 2-3600/17

ECSS

experience with initial version of ECSSspecial purpose simulation language

EDUCATION.'

practice.problems for.the-student of-digital coaPatiag Pa-rmi 1020 000K.

Teach-Information .Processing Language.

(TIPL) for IPL-17 RM-3879survey of Russian programmed instruction

and computers in education RM-6000/9need for reorganizing USSR higher educa-

tion of scientists and technologistsRM-6000/11

controlled processes faculty at Leningrad.University RM-6200/5

Soviet programmed instruction, teachingmachines, programmer training RM-6200/6

proposed undergraduate program in computersciences . RM-6297

education and training in computertechnolajy P-2597

teaching of computer programming in thesecondary schools P-2768

computersand information flow: UCExtension lecture P-2791-1

the teaching of computing. P-2998role of the computer in secondary schools

P-3044computers and education P-3478Soviet scientific problems and programmed

instruction P-3600/13scientific problems and programmed

instruction- P-3600/14use of teaching nachines in .the USSR

P-3600/23.

future potential of the computer P-3656transcript of Tenth Computing Symposium:

"The teaching 'Of Computing" P-3998probable coisputer technology in 1980, with

,implicationstor education P-4693j

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 23 (Dec. 1968) P-3600/24

EDUCATION PLANNING

Rand/Carnegie Commission/NSF conference oncomputers in :7.i9her education B-718

instructional uses of the computer. in.higher education P-4600

.institutions, innovation, and incentivesin education using computers P-4640

ELECTRONICS

work on glasslike (noncrystalline)semiconductors in the Soviet blocRm-6001:1/4 .

new amorphous chalcogenide glass foroptics, lasers, semiconductorsBM-6000,11

survey of Soviet solid state technologyBM-6200/4 ,

Soviet R&D. redirected: Academy of Sciencesannual meeting reports RM-6200/8

EMPLOYMENT,"

as affected by growing automation

ENERGY

Soviet account of Armenian Power Engi-neering Institute achievementsP-3600/19

ENGINEERING

the JOSS primer BM-5220problem solving with JOSS RM-5322computing needs in USSR; problems of

publication lag RM-6000/1hybrid computing as an aid to engineering

design P-3086some implications of automated design on

the engineering process P-3625engineers' duty to provide warning of

technology side effects P-3780'third-generation computers and how engi-

neers use and misuse them P-3903

ERROR ANALYSIS

program for determining errors in positionand velocity of satellites RM-3609

factors affecting coding errors RN-4346EXDAMS: Extendable Debugging and Moni-

toring System for interactive useRM-5772

space tracking error propagation and orbitprediction program (TEPOP) RM-6256

EVALUATION METHODS

framework and first 3 phases of computerperformance improvement analysis R-549

analyzing computer accounting data toevaluate system performance R-573

use of computer accounting data to measuresystem modification P-4536-1

FILE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT

princiPles of operation of the ISPL machine


ISPL Basic File System and file subsystemfor computing research support R-603

Ports, a method for dynamic interprogramconnunication and job control R-605

the future of computer program specifica-tion and organization B-622

FORTAB decision table language for use withFORTRAN .RM-3306

JOSS disc file.system RM-5257experience with.Relational Data File:

datum storage and inference execution

more efficient use-of computing facilities

logical .aspects,of gues0.on7answeriogH:4.-:computer: the Relational.Data, File

P-2865 P-4251,

storage layout to reduce computer memoryrequirements P-4459-1

modified initiator to control three speedsof memory in Rand computing P-4585

FINANCE

DETAB-X used in banking

FORECASTING

-12-

GASP

GASP--for simulation studies in industrialsystems P-2864

GENERALIZED ASSEMBLY SYSTEM

P-2697 generalized assembly system for 7090RM-3646

Soviet goals for scientific, technical,.and economic forecasting R-700/3

deVelopment of Soviet prognosticsRM-6000/5

estimating software development time:literature survey and experimentsRM-6271.

future computerstechnology P-3279bibliography,on automation and technologi-

cal change and future studies P-3365-4the professor and the computer, 1985

P-3527.future computer technology and its im-,

pact on everyday living P-73626 .

future potential of the computer P-3656,fundamental physical limits to computing

power r.,-.74208

probable 'Computer technology in, 1980, withimplications for education -P-4693

potential computer speeds and principlesof physics that'will limit, them P-4710

GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVER

Rand computer program, General ProblemSolver RM-3235-1

internal.structure of GPS-2-2 RM-3337.

GEODESY

mapping by computer graphics especiallyfor satellite antenna coverage R-525

GEOGRAPHY

use of computers in processing and analysisof geographic information P-2593

a stochastic network approach to test andcheckout with GERT simulation P-4486

FORTAB

FORTAB decision table language forFORTRAN RM-3306

FORTRAN

NOSY core-saving system for codes convertedfrom. FORTRAN II to FORTRAN IV P-3168/1

FORWARD AIR CONTROL

digital communications and EDP for anadvanced Tactical Air Control ;.jstemRM-4431

three-console JOSS simulation of close airsupport P-3606

GlimE.TREORY

development end_appIicationYof game' theory in the-,SovietUnion RM-6000/4

optimization in gime-theorY P-3600/21

GAPSS

GAPSS for graphic analysis of GPSSsdmulations P-3977.

GOVERNMENT

data processing for state and localgovernments BOOR

role in supporting computer aids In aero-space industry, RM-5264

computers in government P-3478licensing and regulatory policy for

computer systems and data links P-36135privacy aspects of the cashle, checkless

society: Senate testimony P-3822

GRAIL

GRAIL file organization and managementpackage as used in ISPL system R-603

real-time recognition of handprinted textusing RAND Tablet RM-5016 '

description of GRAIL project: goals,problems, and results RM-5S99

final report on GRAIL--II: languageand operations RM-5001

final report on GRAIL--III: implementa-tion of system RM-6002

directness in computer graphics: Randinteractive GRAIL system P-3697

-13-

GRAPHIC ROCKET

an interactive computer-graphics systemfor aerospace vehicle analysis RM-6032

HEALTH CARE

Soviet space medicine and automateddiagnostics RM-6000/2

mathematice! cardiology: computerdiagnosia and prescription in USSRRM-6000/4

development of Soviet prognostics:medical forecasting RM°6000/5

Doze, a Soviet analog computer forcalculating radiological dosages

. RM-6000/9description of Rand's current and potential

.bioscience programs RM-6047Soviet:use of computers in medicine

RM-62.00/2applicationS of computers in medicine

P-3478use of computers in the delivery of medi-

cal care P-4019

HEALTH RESEARCH

use of Rand's chemical composition programfor solving medical problems R-495

computer techniques for pseudocolor imageenhancement R-787

HUMAN FACTORS

user behavior in problem solving withinteractive computer assistance R-513


teletype vs video console use in computersearching for legal precedents P-4448

BOOKannotated bibliograph

computer age RM-annotated bibliograph

computer age, Vol.Soviet Lvov managemen

RM-6000/3automated control sys

RM-6000/6automation of Sovietautomation in soviet

RM-6200/5

y on privacy in the5495y on privacy in the2 RM-5495/1

t control system

tems in the USSR

industry RH-6200/3textile plants

hybrid computing as an aid to engineeringdesign P-3086

charting technique for analysis of businesssystems P-3109

official USSR guidelines for automatedindustrial control systems P-3600/18

USSR reports on problems of the'scientific control of industryP-3600/21

applications of computer technology toindustry in the USSR P-3600/24

INDEXES

IBM 704017044 programs to store, re-format,and print out natural texts RM-4920

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 10,1970 index RN-6200/10

overall view of the Rand compater textand catalog system P-3476

3oviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 12 (Dec. 1967) and 1967 indexP-3600/12

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 2A (Dec. 1968): annual indexP-3600/25

JOSS program and users" guide for patentsearching through index terms P-3648

INFEREX

logical aspects of question-answering bycomputer: the Relational Data FileP-4251

INFORMATION PROCESSING

data processing for state and localgovernments BOOK

Information Processing Language-V manualBOOK

framework and first 3 phases ct computerperformance improvement analysis R-5119

analyzing computer accounting data toevaluate system performance R-573

neasurement objectives and tools forcomputer performance analysis R-584


the MIND system and its data structure forsemantic information processing n-837

organization of a problem-solving programRM-3283

generalized assembly ,system for 7090RM-3646

comparison of COMIT, IPL-V, LISP 1.5,SLIP, list processing languages Rm-3842

AUTOSATE technique for analysis of infor-'mation processing systems RM-3976

data processing of personnel records atthe Air Reserve Records Center RM-4188

development of OCAMA weapon system project

LipL: Linear Information ProcessingLanguage RM-4320

factors,affecting coding errors RM-4346digital communications and EDP for an

advanced Tactical Air Control System

Soviet cybernetics technology, part 4RM-4461

INDUSTRY

innovation and competitive advantage inthe international computer industry

-14-

Integration of man and computer inprelaunch checkout RM-4506

Catalog Input/Output System RM-4540tabular representations of multivariate

functions for computer use R11-4636a compact statistical method of represent-

ing terrain in digital computersRM-5081


experimental scheme to translate naturallanguage data retrieval requestsRM-5150

JOSS accounting and performance measur4-ment MM-5217

'annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputer age RM-5495

annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputerage, Vol. 2 BM-5495/1

information-processing implications ofUSAF space missions, 1970-1980 RM-6213


use of computers in processing and analy-sis of geographic information P-2593

electronic data processing-for citiesP-2714

cybernetic, way of studying p-2879cost factors for companies using EDP

P-3236 .

future' computer technology P-3279regulating mechanisms needed for future

computer/communications networks Pf-3466future expansion of computer capabilities

P-3533Russian survey.of,data storage devices

P-3600/21computer gap between U.S. and,USSR, P-3641_social implications of a computer utility

P-3642future potential of the computer P-3656privacy aspects of the cashless, checkless

society: Senate testimony P-3822transcript of Tenth Computing SymposiuM:

"The Teaching of CoMputin9"MARK IV and SGS, an on-file-data manage-

ment system P-4014 .

testimony before State Assembly Committeeop invasion of privacy P7-4214

computer data banks and security tontrolsP-4329 ,

ADMATCH, a computer'tool for Urban studiesP-4532'

experience with Relational Data File:datuM storage and inference executionRM-5947

an overview of Soviet work on informationretrieval RM-.6000/10

design philosophy of Relational Data FileP-3408

implementation of Relational Data FileP-3411

overall view of the Rand computer textand catalog system P-3476

need to protect information privacy intime-shared computer files P-3523

on-line computer classification of hand-printed Chinese characters P-3568

JOSS program and users' guide for latentsearching through index terms P-3648

logical aspects of question-answering byeomputer: the Relational Data FileP-4251 .

teletype vs video console use in computersearching for legal precedents P-4448

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

relationship of Rand 'Video Graphic Systemto ARPA computing network R-664

Soviet information and communication sys-tem based on computer network R-700/4

integration of base maintenance managementRM-4849


Russian research on advanced high-speedinformation retrieval systems RM-6000/1

USAF Personnel Data SYstemOfficers:history of software development RM-6271

how cities should approach data processingP-2610

linguistic information retrieval systemunder development in Moscow P-3600/20

testimony before State Assembly Committeeon invasion of privacy P-4214

logical aspects of question-answering bycomputer: the Relational Data FileP-4251

computer data banks and security controlsP-4329

the ARPA nationwide computing network andthe Data Reconfiguration Service P-4673

commuteXs in society's future: problemsof information system privacy P-4684

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

natural language in compUter form RM-4390the catalog: a ,flexible data structure

for magnetic tape RM-4645relatioeal-data file to mechanize

inference executiot and .data'retrievalRm-4793

I8M7040/7044 -Programs ,to store, re-7fOrmat,-and' print out natural texts RM-49.20logical study of'answering questions bycomputer RM-5428

INFORMATION THEORY

interrOgation-Of a,tomPuter te prodticeCemprehenSiot-like resPonses,

review of conceptS and Applica'tion of cpbernetics: P.3144-1 ,

the Integrated Graphics'System (IGS) forthe TDM 2250 RM -5531'

.

-15-

integrated graphics system for theS-C 4060, part I, user's manual RM-5660

integrated graphics system for the S-C4060; part 1, system programmer's guideRR-5661

IGS, the Integrated Graphics System forthe S-C 4060 P-3722

INTELLIGENCE

countermeasures against unauthorized .

access to information in computersP-3504

unauthorized access to information inremote-access time-shared computersP-3544

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Soviet pressure on Czechoslovakia tOSovietize her computer industry R-700/2

INVENTORY CONTROL

development of. OCAMA weapon system projectRM7422O

autoMation of inventory control in 0SSRp-3600/23 -

computerized management of Soviet trade.and commerce -.133600/24 :

ISPL

principles of operation of.the ISPL machineR-562


ISPL Basic File System and file subsystemfor computing research support R-603

Ports, a method for dynamic interprogramcommunication and job control R-605

JOHNNIAC

history of Rand's JOHNNIAC computerBM-5654

description of the Open-Shop System (JOSS)P-2922

eulogy at decommissioning ceremoniesP-3313

JOSS

effect on problem solving of forced lockoutbetween JOSS interactions R-513

problemsolving on JOSS: effect of arbi-trary console lockout times R-520

BOOST program for powered rocket perfor-Mance, vith JOSS language summary R-670


for individual:Problem solving vs pro-

.4

,

duction computing RM-4162arithmetic and function evaluation routines

RM-5028'-'JOSS console:service routines RM-5044remote computation using the RAND JOSS

system RM-5058detailed description of system monitor

RM-5216accounting and performance measurement

RM-5217design of JOSS remote typewriter console

RM-5218the JOSS primer RM-5220disc file system RM-5257JOSS central processing routines RM-5270problem solving for engineers RM75322statistical summary of first year of opera-

tion on PDP-6 RM-5359JOSS NoteboOk: -loose-leaf reference

guide RM-5367JOSS language: desk reference, pocket

reference, and poster summary RM=5377assembly listing of the JOSS-supervisor

unit RM5437history of JOHNNIAC, computer for JOSS I

RM-5654 ,

JOSTRAN, a:JOSS dialeCt that expeditesFORTRAN programming .RM-6248

program for constrained shortest-path solu-tions-to mUltistAge'deciSiOns: RM-6338

description of Johnniac Open:Shop SystemF-2922

exampleS of Use Of'an experimentalon-linecomputing service P-3131

examples of conversation's in algebraiClangUage -

:an experimental computing service to Useatremote typewritet-conSolesH P-3149

introduction to JOSS system:implementationFF-3486 :

jOSS rubrics or principles:of system de-sign -

interactive use of JOSS cOnsoles-insimula-tionand war gaMing. 4-3606

JOSS:program:and users' :guide for:patentsearching through index terms:

final compilation Of the,JOSS NewSletter: 'HA,ToVember1967-JuneH,1971 .1'-73940/7,

LABOR

effects of automation on Soviet laborforce RM-6000/5

LAUNCH 'VEHICLES

BOOST progiam_ for, estimating poweredrocket :per.formance . R-7670 .

integration 'of man and computer in,prelaunch checkout .RM-4506

separable redundant computers for space.'systems RM-4573

demonstration teSt of .computer-assistedcountdown RM7-5005.

moving netwOrk display for 'active moni-toring of automated checkout` P-3522

-16-

LAW

teletype vs video console use in computer.searching for legal precedents P-4448

computers in society's future: problemsof information system privacy F-4684

LIBRARY SCIENCE

JOSS program and users' guide -for patentsearchihg through index terms P-3648

.LIKGUISTICS

the MIND system and its data structure forsemantic information processing R-837

the heuristic compiler RA-3588natural language in computer form RA-4390Catalog Input/Output System RA-4540the catalog: a flexible data structure

foc magnetic tape RM-4645FORTRAN and MAP routines to handle natural

language texts in complex formatsRM-4920

Relational Data File, a syStem for infer-enCe:executiOn and data rettievalRM-5085

RusSianEnglish dictionaty of cyberneticsand computer technology (Second Edi-tion), R11-5108-71

experimental scheme to translate natural.language data retrierval requeJts

ApAREL:. a_parse7requeSt language usedwith PL/IsemanticsEA561,171

experimental eatomatic translation into'Russian for U.S.. patent informationRA76000/8

design philosophy of Relational-iData File' P-3408

implementation of Relational Data'FileP-3411

overall yiew of,the Rand.Computer textand Catalog system ,P-.34,76. -

on-line Computer:classification cf handprinted ChineSe charaCters-

use of computets in Soviet ,linguistiCSP-3600/20

,MAINTENANCE

event-chain flowcharting by AUTOSATERA-3320

evett-chain flowcharting by AUTOSATERM-3976 .

program for aggregate base stockage policyof recoverable items RM-4395

reliability of ground-based digitalcemputerS RA-4511

SIMSCRIPT program for computer-assistedmaintenance planning RM-4563

separable redundant computers for space. systets RM-4573new version of event-chain flowcharting in

AUTOSATE RM-4729integration of base maintenance management

RN-4849a zero-one linear programming .approach to

scheduling with limited resourcesRA-5561

a stochaStic network approach to test andcheckout with GERT simulation P-4486

MANAGEMENT

new Soviet Institute for Nanagement of theNational Economy R-700/3



development of inventory management atOCAMA RA-4220

technique for use of computer managers toimprove efficiency R11-4232

new version of event-chain flowcharting inAUTOSATE R11-4729

integration of base maintenance managementRA-4849

charting technique for analysis of businesssystems P-3109

software evaluation in choosing computersystems P-3581

management systems in USSR P-3600/10Soviet coordinated production management

research P-3600/13MARK IV and SGS, an on-file data manage-

ment system P-4014

LGGIC THEORY MACHINE ,MANAGEMENT INpORMATION SYSTEMS

teaching program for the Logic TheoryMachine (LT) RA-3731

LOGISTICS

program for aggregate base stockage policyof recoverable items RM-4395

SIASCRIPT program for computer-assistedmaintenance planning R11-4563

.potential. uses pf the computer and video,-

tape in criminal courts ,P-45E1,

MANPOWER

effects of automation on employment andthe social responsibility problemP-3163

mapPing by ComPuter graphics,especially

8

-17-

for satellite antenna coverage R-525 .

comparison of methods of storing topo-graphic map data in computers RM-4636

a Compact statistical method of represent-ing terrain in digital computersRM-5081

use of computers in mapping P-2593

MARKETS

innovation and competitive advantage inthe international computer industryBOOK

MARKOV PROCESSES

analysis of movement in large-scale mili-tary personnel systems R-514

movement in military perSonnel systems,program.reference manual R-,534

flow model. program listings of movement inmilitary personnel systems R-535

MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING

dynamic programming, intelligent machines,and self-organizing systems RM-3173

a zero-one linear programming approach toscheduling With limited resourcesRM-5561

survey of Soviet work in linear programmingRN-6200/2

dynamic programming approach to constrainedshortest-path problems RM-6338

MATHEMATICS

table of the first 6,000,000 prime numbers

approximations for digital computers BOOKdynamic programming, intelligent achines,

and self-organizing systeas RM-3173JOSS: arithmetic and fanction evaluation

survey of Soviet work in the theory ofcomputer programming RM-5424

need for applied mathematicians inSoviet Mnion EK-6000/10

on-line symbolic mathematics withhand-printed two-dimensional inputRN-6018

statistical concepts in computationalmathematics RM-6297

99-GATE laneuage for performing algebraic'computations P-2602

need for bigger computers for usemathematics p-2863

fundamental physical limits t'power P-4208

MEDICINE

in

comPuting

modeling artificial intelligence in the

USSR RM-6000/6description of Rand's current and potential

bioscience programs RM-6047brain tumor diagnosis by computer and

by using diagnostic tables in USSRRM-6200/8

computerizing diagnosis of gastric andheart diseases, cancer, in USSRP-3600/11

remote diagnosis of electrocardiogramsin USSR P-3600/16

use of computers in the delivery of medi-cal care P-4019

METEOROLOGY

use of Graphic ROCKET to design ahurricane-photography satellite RM-6032

MILITARY PERSONNEL


movement in military personnel systems,program reference manual R-534

flow model program listings of movement inmilitary personnel systems R-535

MILITARY PLANNING

use of computers in military constructionP-3600/21

Soviet tactical exercises and operationsresearch methods P-3600/22

MIND

the MIND system and its data structure forsemantic information processing R-837

NOBILITY


movement in military Personnel systems.Pr°gram reference manual R-534

flow model program listings of movement inmilitary personnel systems ''i-535

MODELS

discussion of some models used in urbanand decisionmaking research P-3734

BIONOD: an int -ractive computer-'-graphicssystem for biological modeling P-4410

MUSIC

discussion of music composed by Oral-2electronic computer p -3600/18

-18--

NETWORKS

relationship of Rand Video Graphic Systemto ARPA computing network R-664

Soviet information and communication, sys-tem based on computer metwork R.700/4

computer simulation of adaptive routingtechniques for distributed communica-tion systems RH-4782

computer-simulated real-time moving net-work Aisplay of spacecraft checkoutRM-5181

dynamic programming approach to constrainedshortest-path problems 11M-6338

trends in network planning and control inUSSR P-3600/23

computerized management of Soviet tradeand commerce P-3600/24

storage layout to reduce computer memoryrequirements P-4459-1

a stochastic network approach to test andcheckout with GERT-simulation 1374486

the ARPA nationwide computing network andthe Data Reconfiguration Service P-4673

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Soviet concept of a logic device based onNeuronlike elements RH-6000/10

Rand studies of neurophysioiogy of humanvision and pattern recognition RH-6047

overview of Soviet neurobionics RM-6200/6impact of cybernetics on theoretical

P-2879

new amorphous chalcogenide glass foroptics, lasers, semiconductorsRM-6000/11

ORBITS

program for determining errors in positionand velocity of satellites RM-3609

space tracking error propagation and orbitprediction program (TEPOP) .11M-6256

PALL

PALL: RAND program for automatedaddressing RM-4258

PATENTS

JOSS program.and users! guide .for patentsearOhing through .index terns P-3648

PATTEAN RECOGNITION

Soviet RUTA-701, ChARS-.65, And; Blapk-1automatic readers 11700/4

computex:recognition.ofhAnd-writtenHchaiacters',

realrtime reCognition of :handprinted text.:usino'.RAND,Tablet 01-5016

rea37timerecognitiOn:ofhandpriniedtext: po,rOgramddcumentatiom.11M-5550

voice reCognitionreSearch imGeorgia(BSSR).:: ,,11076000/1

Rissian:Ae-viceSifOrH,reading typeAdata,and' spoken comMAnds fur the BES11620-6000/8

Soviet concept.of a logicdevice baseA onReuronlike: elements RM-6000/10

SpeeCbrecognitiOnby.:..RESH-3: of inputusing 417WorAmocabulary 2116,000/11

on-line symbolic mathematics withhand-printed two77dimeusional inpu-t-81176018'. '

I.'informatiOn processing implications of

Air.Torce image,processing plans11M76213 !,

on71ine computer ,recognitiOn. of handwrittenChineSe characters P=.7568-

Aut6Uatic text reading research-andpr*gresS in USSR: 137.3600/3

Pattern !Recognition'Laboiatori at Novo-,sibirsk Science City, Siberia-

, ,P.-3600/16.,descriptiOn_ofRuta7701, first-industrial,

reading dMVide inV*USSR P-3600/18,report on a Soviet computer that will

recognize,50 spokem -P73600/19

NUMERTCAL ANALYSIS

table of the first 6,000,000 primeHOOK .

numbers

a zero-one linear programming approachscheduling with limited resourcesRM-5561

curve fitting and editing using RANDTablet and IBM 2250 on IBM 360/40P-3742

to

OcEANOGRAPHY

Soviet research vessels RM-6000/10special-purpose computer for oceanographic

evaluations P-3600/14

OPERATIONS RESEARCH

cmputer aided advanced design and,per-fOrManCe AnalySis of:air vebiclesP74313'

_OPTICS

Murk on glasslike! (nondrystalline)semiconductor im the Soviet bloc0,1600.0/4

PERSONNEL:

analysis,of mOvement a_ntary personnelHsystems HR-514c

, factors Fri s,electing and'training-programm6rs for compater programming ,

-19-

RM-3245job performance stUdy of coMputer program-

ling personnel RM-4033data processing ofipersennel records at

the Air Reserve Records Center BM-4188effects of automation on the Soviet.

work force RM-6000/9USAF Personnel Data System7--Officers:

history, of software developMent. BM-6271problems ofcomputer personnel in1liring

13rogrammers 2-2782effectof computerixed :files on personnel

, selection 2-3780computer programmers: new needs call for

newcharacteristics 2-4417

PHOTOGRAPHY

potential uses of the computer and video-tape in criminal courts P-4581

PHYSICS

work on glasslike (noncrystalline)semicondtctors in the Soviet blocRM-6000/4

Soviet-planned 1000-Bev synchrotronmathematical research in the USSRRM-6000/9

Soviet advances in semiconductors, ionicliquid-state circuits BM-6000/11

Soviet R&D redirected: Academy of Sciencesannual meeting reports BM-6200/8

fundamental physical limits to computingpower P-4208

potential computer speeds and principlesof physics that will limit them P-4710

PHYSIOLOGY

user's manual for Rand's program forsolving chemical composition problemsB-495

interactive graphics program for simulat-ing kinetic chemical,systems RM-5925

model of fluid reservoir system usingBIOMOD 2-4410

POGO

description of POGO (Programmer-OrientedGraphics Operation) RM-5825

extensions to PL/I for interactive:computer grapbics RM-6028

POGO user's manual: I. general aidsto graphic programming RM-6114

POLAND

disputes concerning, coMputer activities intwo Eastern European countriesBM-6200/7

POLICE

Soviet cybernetics in criminalisticsP-3600/23

POLITICAL SCIENCE

privacy aspec r: of the cashless, checklesssociety: :,enate testimony 2-3822

POPULATION

computerized demographic forecasting inUkraine BM-6000/1

PRICES

:pricing problems in Soviet cOmputer-cen-ters .uhder the new profit/loss system

.

"RM6000/11

PITTSBURGH

policy-assisting simulation model ofcommunity renewal in Pittsburgh P-4446

PLANNING .

use of Computers it 4Conomic planting in,the USSR RM-6000/6

effect of computer-Shortages.on economic:planning in USSR:H P-3600/17

PRIVACY

annotated bibliography on privacy in the'computer age RM-5495

annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputer n9e. Vol. 2 ., BM-5495/1

regulation of computer utilities to pro-tect privacy of infornation 2-3466

computers and our future P-3501countermeasares against unauthorized

access to informition in computersP-3504

privacy and the automation of mentalhealth records 2-3523

protecting information in remote-access'multi-user computer systems 2-3544

privacy aspects'of the cashless, checklesssociety: Senate testimony P-3822

testimony before State Assembly Committepon invasion of privacy 2-4214

computer data banks and security controls

computers in society's future:',,' problemsof information system. privacy P=4684

1/1

-20-PROBABILITY

generating gamma variates with nonintegralshape parameters for simulation R-641

statistical concepts in computational. mathematics RM-6297

PROBLEM SOLVING

effect on problem solving of forced lockoutbetween JOSS interactions 2.7-513 :

problemsolving on JOSS: effect of arbi-traryconsole.lockout times R-520

dynamiCprogramming, intelligent machines,:andselforganizing systems:: RM-3173

evaluation:of coeputer simulation methodology in a social context P-4446

PRODUCTION

increased production through use of com-puters _Ln aerospace industry RM-5264

automated, control systems in the USSR',RM-6000/6

automation of Soviet industry, ,RM-6200/3automation in soviet textile pl-mts

RM-6200/5Soviet coordinated production management

research P-3600/13official USSR guidelines for automated

industrial control systems P-3600/18

PSEUDOCOLOR


use of SC4060-produced microfilm inpseudocolor transformations P-4465


a logical study of answering questions bycomputer RM-5428'

interrogation of a computer to producecomprehension-like responses P-3006

QUEUEING

a zero-one linear programming approach toscheduling with limited resourcesRM-5561

RADIO

mapping by computer graphics especiallyfor satellite antenna coverage R-525

microwave transmission for computer datacommunications, and FCC rules P-3685

PSYCROLOGY

userbehavior inproblem-solving withinteractive computer asSistance R7513.

Soviet conferences on general _arid:lndus-trialpsychology RM-7000/5

Soviet. comPuter:,sieUlatiOnOf :experlments:EUI6209/1

Soviet:trends in matheiatical psychologyP-3600/22

RAND

transcript of the Fifth Annual Rand Com-puter Symposium RM-3324

PALL: RAND program for automatedaddressing RM-4258

IBM 360/65: RANDIs next computer P-3892

RAND MANUALS

Rand-SHARE manual for IBM 7090 RM-3327integrated graphics system for the

S-C 4060, part I, useres manual RM-5660integrated graphics system for the S-C

4060; part 1, system programmer's guideRM-5661

SIMSCRIPT II programming language: IBM360 implementation RM-5777

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION'

licensing and regulatorypolicy forcomputeisystems and'data links

Q UES TION7A NS WE RING SYSTEMS

P73685

the MIND system*anditslata struCture lorsemantiCiOrMation prOsessIn ' R7,837

RelationalData File, a 'pletem'fiit infer-7-ence eXecution anA data retrieval'RM-.5085

RAND PERIODICALS

Soviet Cybernetics Review, vol. 1; No.(February 1971) R-700/1

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1, No.(March 1971) R-700/2

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1. No. 3(May 1971) ' R-700/3

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1, No.(July 1971) R-700/4 .

-

Soviet,cybernetics: recent news itees,Voi'=-,3 No. 1 (Jan. 1969) RM-6000/1

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,Vol. 3,'No. 2 '(Feb. 1969) RH-6000/2

Soviet cybernetics: recent_newsHitems,Vol. 3, No. 3 (Mar. 1969) R1Tr6000/3

Soviet, cybernetics: recent news items,Vol. ,3; No. 4 (Apr. 1969) RH-6000/4

Soviet cybernetics: recent newritems,Vol. 3, No. 5 (May 1969) 8M-76000/5

SoViet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 3, 6(June 1969) RM-6000/6

Soviet Cybernetics Reveiw,'Yal. 3,,No. 7

(July 1969) EA-6000/7Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 3, No. 8,

August 1969 RA-6000/8Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 3, No. 9

(Sept. 1969) RA-6000/9Soviet Cybernetics Review: Vol. 4, No. 1,

Jan. 1970 RA-.6200/1Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 2,

Feb. 1970 RH-6200/2Soviet Cybernetics:Review, vol. 4, no. 3

(Mar. 1970) RA-6200/3Soviet Cybernetics Review, vol. 4, no. 4,

April 1970 RH-6200/4Soviet Cybernetics Review, vol. 4, no. 5,

May 1970 RH-6200/5Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 6,

June 1970:- RA-6200/6Soviet Cybernstics Review: Vol. 4, No, 7,

July 1970 RH-6200/7Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 8,

September-1970 RH-6200/8Soviet Cybernetics.Review, No. 10,

.1970 index RA-6200/10 'Soviet cybernetics: recent news Items,

Ao.H23 (Oct. 1968) P-3600/23Soviet cybernetics: reCent news items,

No. 23 (Dec. 1968) P73600/24Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,

Ro.,24 (rec.' 1968).: annualimdexP7..3600/25: ,

final compilation-of the JOSS Newsletter:November 1967-4Une 1971 P73940/7

TABLET

investigating a method for computerrecognition and hand-writtem charactersRA-3753

a graphic input device for computersRA-4122

tabular representations of multivariatefunctions for computer use RA-4636

used in demonstration test ofcomputer-assisted countdown RA-5005

real-time recognition-of handprinted textusing RAND Tablet, _RA-5016

on-line graphical iirogramming and rperationof a moving network display RA-5183

real-time recognition of. handprinted .

text: program documentation RA-5550description of GRAIL project: goals,

, problems, and results RA-5999GRAIL language and operations RA-6001implementation of the GRAIL system RM-6002on-line symbolic mathematics with

hand-printed two7dimensional input

on-line computer classification of hand-printed Chinese characters 'P-3568

curve fitting and-editing using RANDTablet and,IBM 2250 on IBM 360/40

-21-

USAF space rp,issions, 1970-1980 RA-6213

REENTRY VEHICLES

Graphic ROCKET: a computer-graphicssystem for trajectory analysis RM-6032

space tracking error propagation and orbitPrediction program (TEPOP) 81-6256

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

text on regression analysis, selection,sensitivity testing BOOK

cluster analysis and multiple regressionanal/sis of computer use data 8-573

RELATIONAL DATA FILE

a tool for mechanized inferenceexecution and data retrieval RA-4793


a logical study of answering .questions bycomputer RA-5428

RDF: experience with a system for propo-sitional data storage and inferenceRA-5947

design philosophy of Relational Data FileP-3408

implementation of Relational Data File-P-3411

logical aspects of question-aiswering bycomputer: the Relational Data FileP-4251

RELIABILITY

reliability of ground-based digitalcomputers RA-4511

separable redundant computers for spacesystems RA-4573

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

importance of R&D to Competitive advantagein the computer industry BOOK"

Soviet information explosion and ways ofspeeding up publication'- RA-6000/1

computer control of experiments atLatvia State University Problem Lab

barriers to USSR scientists: informationand publication delays RA-6000/I0

proposed changes in SU education andresearch to bridge the "R&D gap",RH-6000/11

historical survey of Soviet comPutertechnology, 1941-1970 RH-6200/1

trendsin Soviet computer application:RA-6200/4

vUM Plantls role in joint Sovietdesign 81-6200/5

RECONNAISSANCE

information processing implications

-22-

Soviet computer design and production inArmenia RM-6200/6

reorganization of Soviet R&D effortP-3600/24

impact of future developments in computertechnology P-4401

ROMANIA

disputes concerning computer activities intwo Eastern European countriesAM-6200/7

electronics industry in Romania RM-6200/8

SAN FRANCISCO

policy-assisting simulation model ofcommunity renewal in San FranciscoP-4446

SATELLITES

mapping by ,Conputer graphicS especiallyfor satellite antenna coverage, R-525

program for,determining errorS.inApositionand velocity,of satellitesy BM-3609

use of Graphic ROCKET to Aesign alurriCane7photography satellite R1-6032

space traCking error propagation and'orbitprediction program IT4PopyRD17.6256

SCENARIOS

the professor and'the computer, 1985P-3527

SCHEDULING

program for aggregate base stockage policyof recOverable items RM74395.

SIMSCRIPT program for,computerisaistedmaintenance planning R1-.4563:

a zero-onelinear programming.approach. tscheduling with limited.-resources'.,R175561

SECURITY

annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputer age RM-5495

annotated bibliography on privacy in thecomputer age, Vol. 2 R1-5495/1

regulation of computer utilities ,to pro-tect privacy of information P-3466

countermeasures against unauthorizedaccess to information in computersP-3504

privacy and the automation of mentalhealth records P-3523

protecting information, in remote-accessmulti-user computer systems P-3544

invasion of privacy through increased use

of computers P-3642testimony before State Assembly Committee

on invasion of privaCy P-4214computer,data banks and security controls

P-4329computers in, society's future: problems

of information system privacy P-4684

SEMANTICS

the heuristic compiler RM-3588

SHIPS

Soviet research vessels RM-6000/10

SIMSCRIPT

user's and programmer's manual forsIMSCRIPT II programming language BOOK

reference manual for SIMSCRIPT II program-ming language BOOK

detailed description-of SIMSCRIPT BOOKbrief review of SIMSCRIPT RM-3778technical appendix on SIRSCRIPT language

RM-3813modify and restart routines for SIMSCRIPT

game.3 and simulation experimentsRM-4242

used in Job Shop Simulation ProgramGenerator (JSSPG) R1-4460

SIMSCRIPT program for computer-assistedmaintenance planning R1-4563

used in program generator R1-5129SIMSCRIPT II programming language: IBM

360 implementation R1-5777a FORTRAN programmer's introduction to

SIMSCRIPT II R1-5937general description of SIMSCRIPT P-2658advantages of slmulation with SINSCRIPT

P-2826introduction to SIMSCRIPT I/ programming

language P-3314development of nei,digital simulation

languages .P-3348statistical considerations in computer

simulation experiments P-3608simulation programming using SIMSCRIPT II-

an example with annotations P-3861

:socIlip SCIENCES.

annotated bibliography on Privacy in the-compUter age R11-5495 :annotated bibliography on,privacy in the'-'computer age,-VOl. 2, AM-5495/1-

development.:OfSOviet ,prognosticS:.Modelingsocial phenomena, 'RA.6000/5

effects'of2sCience, :technology,"andauto-.mation-On the social structure.' P-2908

effects' of aUtoMation'onemployment and'the SoCial resPonSibility problemPT-3163

communications, computers, and effects

-23--

people P-3235social implications of the computer utility

P-3642changes in American character due to

computerized records P-3780evaluation of computer simulation method-

ology in a social context P-4446

SPACECRAFT


on-line computer-assisted monitoring ofprelaunch checkout procedure RM-5183

cutaway view of Soyuk-3 -RM7-.6000/1Graphic .ROCKET: a 'computergraphics

system for trajectory analysis RM-6032correcting spacecraft trajectories at-a

Russian coordinating center P-73600/23

statistical considerations in computersimulation experiments .P-3608

interactive graphic system for curvefitting and editing P-3766

use of'computer accounting data to measuresystem modification P-4536-1

SUBMARINES_

simulati02 of Submarine-launched missileduel ininteractive JOSS war gameP-3606

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

new Soviet Institmte for Management of theNational Economy : R-700/3

analysis of_decision:rules in decisiontableS.' R5-3669

AUTOSATE, an aidto data system designandSPACE FLIGET

optimization in space flight

-"SPACE PROGRAMS

P-3600/21

information processing implications ofUSAF space missions, 1970-1980 RM-6213

SPACE TECHNOLOGY



separable redundant computers for spacesystems .RM-4573

demonstration test of computer-assistedcountdown RM-5005

Soviet space medicine and 7.utomateddiagnostics RN-6000/2

moving network display for active moni-toring of automated checkout P-3522

STATISTICS-

teXt on regressionanalysis. :selection,sensitiVitytesting BOOK-

cluster analySiS.;:and:Multiple;xegressionanalySis ofdompUter use.data R-7573

generating:gaama:iariates with nonintegralShape 'parameterSfor sinulation R-641

a compadt Statistical method of,represent7ing-*.errain:in digital computers.

JOSS AcCOunting and perforiance measure-. mentRM,75217procedure for.ecOnbmizing computer time'Jniicomparing simulationr,Ons RM45288-1

methOd.S..of handling statistiCal phenOnena HinConiputer simulation .RM-5883

statiSticalConceptt in computational,

mathematics RM,=6297,

control RM-3976need for system analysts and system pro-

grammers in Soviet Union RM-6000/10charting technique for analysis of business

systems P-3109approach to reassessment of goals in

computer development P-3533technique used in evaluating software in

computer systems. P-3581

TACTICAL AIR:

digital communications and EDP for anadvanced Tactical Air Control SystemPM-4431

three-console JOSS simulation of close airsupport P-3606

TECHNOLOGY

:innovation and competitive advantage inthe international computer industryBOOK

ion beam implantation and ion-carryingliquid-state circuits in USsRRM-6000/11

technology and the automation explosionP-2908

future computer technology P-3279bibliography on automation and technologi-

cal change and future studies P-3365-4transcript of Tenth Computing Symposium:

"The Tea:Ching of Compu'ting" P-3998impact of future developments in computer

technology P-4401

TELEVISION'

mapping by computer graphics especiallyfor satellite antenna coyerage R=525

closeACircuit TV systems for the visualiyhandicapped 111176947

potential use's of'thecomputer and video-.

-24-

tape in criminal courts P-458I

TERMINOLOGY

third-generation computer terminology: hovto understand IBM 360 manuals P-3892

TESTING

integration of man and computer inprelaunch checkout 2M-4506

demonstration test of computer-assistedcountdown 2M-5005

moving network display for active moni-toring of automated checkout 2-3522

a stochastic network approach to test andcheckout with GERT simulation 2-4486

TRACK

DISPLAY: a guide and sample input/outputof the TRACK FORTRAN debugger RM-5618

TRACKING

space tracking error propagation and orVitprediction program (TEPOP) RM-6256

ferrite-diode control computer forautomatic tracking 2-3600/14

TRAJECTORIES


Graphic ROCKET: a computer-graphicssystem for trajectory analysis RM-6032

space tracking error propagation and orbitprediction program (TEPOP) RM-6256

graphic adaptation of RAND ROCKET trajec-tory analysis 2-3660

TRANSPORTATION

use of computerized ticketing and reser-vation system by the Soviets RM-6200/3

discussion of computer simulations forresearch in transportation 2-3734

URBAN PLANNING

eleetronic:data prOceSsing for cities,1327,14

impact,,Of Ookputer-commUnications tech-nology 273562:,

ADMATCM,..a computer tool for urban studies4,-4532

URBAN PROLLEMS

Soviet Cybernetics Review, , No.

(March 1971) R-700/2use of data processing in city operations

P-2610discussion of computer simulations for

research in urban problems .2-3734evaluation of computer simulation method-

ology in urban research 2-4446

USSR--CYBERNETICS

computer technology and timesharing in theSoviet Union R-522

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1, No. 1

(February 1971) R-700/1Soviet cybernetics Review, Vol. 1, No. 2

(March 1971) R-700/2Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1. No. 3

(MaY 1971) R-700/9 .

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 1, No.(July 1971) R-700/4

cybernetics technology in USSR, 1959-1962,part I RM-.-3675

characteristics of,several Soviet computerS,part 2 RM-3797

instruction formats for five Sovietcomputers, part 3 RM-3804

Soviet cybernetics technology, part 4nm-4461

Soviet process control computers, part 5

Russian-English dictionary of cyberneticsand computer technology (Second Edi-tion) RM-5108-1

ALGOL 60 modified by Russians to handleeconom.ic calculations RM-5135

final report on the algorithmic languageALGEC RN-5136

summary and critique of the algorithmiclanguage ALGEC RM-5157

survey of Soviet work in the theory ofcomputer programming RM-5424

review of general-purpose parallel Sovietcaiputer system, part 11. RM-5551

bibliography. of Soviet cybernetics workin 1964, part 10 RM-5587

Soviet cybernetics: recent news-items,Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan. 1969), Rd-6000/1

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,Vol. 3, No.,2 (Feb. 1969) RR-6000/2

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,Vol. 3, No. 3 (Mar. 1969) RM-6000/3

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,Vol. 3, No. 4 (Apr. 1969) RM-6000/4

SoViet cybernetics: recent news items,Vol: 3, No. 5 (May 1969). RM-6000/5

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 3, No. 6(June 1969) RM-6000/6

Soviet Cybernetics Reveiw, Vol. 3, No. 7(July 1969) .RM-6000/7

Soviet Cybernetics'Review, Vol. 3, No. 8,August 1969 RM=6000/8

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 3, No. 9(Sept. 1969) RM-6000/9

Soviet CybernetiCs Review, Vol. 3, No. 10(Oct. 1969) RM-6000/10

Soviet Cybernetics 'Review, Vol. 3, No. 11(Nov. 1969) RM-6000/11

Soviet Cybernetics Review: Vol. 4, No, 1,Jan. 1970 RH-6200/1

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 2,Feb. 1970 811-6200/2

Soviet Cybernetics Review, vol. 4, no. 3(Mar. 1970) RM-6200/3

Soviet Cybernetics Review, vol. 4, no. 4,April 1970 RM-6200/4

Soviet Cybernetics Review, vol. 4, no. 5,May 1970 RN-6200/5

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 6,June 1970 RM-6200,6

Soviet Cybernetics Review; Vol. 4, No. 7,July 1970 RM-6200/7

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 8,September 1970 RM-6200/8

Soviet Cybernetics Review, Vol. 4, No. 10,1970 index RM-6200/10

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 1 (FNa). 1967) 2-3600/1

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 2 (Mar. 1967) P-3600/2

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 3 (Apr. 1967) 2-3600/3

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items.No. 4 (Hay 1967) 2-3600/4

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 5 (June 1967) 2-3600/5

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 6 (July 1967) 2-3600/6

Soviet cybernztics: recent news items,No. 7 (Aug. 1967) P-3600/7

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No-=e- !Sept. 1967) P-3600/8

Soviet cybernetics: recent news Items,No. 9. (Oct. 1967) 2-3600/9

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 10 (Noy. 1967) 2-3600/10

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 11 (Dec. 1967) P-3600/11

soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 12 (Dec. 1967) and 1967 index2-3600/12

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 13 (Jan. 1968) 2-3600/13

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 14 (Feb. 1968) 2-3600/14

Soviet; cybernetics: recent news items,No. 15 (Mar. 1968) P-3600/15

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 16 (Apr. 1968) 'P-3600116

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 17 (May 1968) 2-3600/17

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,No. 18 (June 1968) 2-3600/18

Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,, No. 19 (July. 1968) 2-3600/19Soviet cybernetics: recent news itens,

,2 7

-25-

No. 20 (Aug. 1968) P-3610/20Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,

No. 21 (Sept. 1968) 2-3600/21Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,

No. 22 (Oct,. 196B) 2-3600/22Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,

Bo. 23 (Oct; 1968) 2-3600/23Soviet cybernetics: recent news items,

-No. 23 (Dec.1968) 2-3600/24Soviet:ybernetics: recent news items,. No...24 (Dec. 1968): annual index .

P-3600/25computer gap between U.S. and USSR 2-3641

USSR--MILITARY

use of teaching machines in Zabajkal,Military District RM-6000/2

Russian military cybernetics, space, andnaval research RM-6200/5

,r3SR--SCIENCE

soviet R&D redirected: Academy of Sciencesannual meet5.4g,r4,tpokts RM-6200/8

organization ara !treparation ofscientific disLertatlons 2-3600/21

daily time bu'dge, of scientists at Siberiandepartment of USSR Academy P-3603/22 -

VIDEO GRAITIC SySTEM

procedure and model description of theVideo Graphic System R-519

relationship of Rand Video Graphic Systemto ARPA computing network R-664

Rand video graphic system, a generaluser-computer communication systemR-753

extensions to PL/I for interactivecomputer graphics RM-6028

graphics for simulation problem-solvingin designing Video Graphics RM-6112

W AR GAMING

.interactile'-aSe-tion:and war

UEAPON SYSTEMS'

development Of inventoryOCAMA RM-4220 _

oi JOSS-consoles in simula-gaming 2-3606

project at

AMDAHL, L. D.

AUTHOR INDEX

RM-4573-NASA Separable Redundant Com-paters.

ANDERSON, R. H.

RM-6018-PR An On-Line Symbolic Mathe-matics System Using Hand-PrintedTwo-Dimensional Notation.

RM-6028-ARPA Extensions to the PL/1Language for Interactive ComputerGraphics.

2-4629 A Selective Bibliography ofComputer Graphics.

2-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-,vice--An Experivent in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

ARMER, P.

P-3478 Computer Aspocts of Technolog-ical Change, Automation, and.EconomicProgress..

P-3641 . The Systems Gap.2-..3642 Social Implications of the

Computeil- Utility.2-3822 Privacy Aspects of the Cashless

and Checkless Society. Testimony Beforethe Senate Subcommittee on Administra-tive Practice and Procedure.

BALZER, R.

R-562-AR?Aples of

R-563-ARPA

M.

The ISPL Machine: Princi-Operation.

The ISPL Language Specifi-

R-605-ARPA Ports--A Method fc DynamicInterprogram Communication and JobControl.

R-622-ARPA. On the Future of ComputerProgram Specification and Organization.

RM-5290-ARPA Dateless Programming.RM-5611-1-ARPA APARUL--A Parse-Request

LangUage.RM-5772-ARPA EXDAMS--Extendable Debug-

ging And Monitoring System.RM-6104-ARPA User's Manual for APAREL:

A Parse-Request Language.2-3810 Block Programming in 0/S-360

Assembly Code.

ARMERDING, G. V.

RM-3306-PR FORTAB: A Decision TableLanguage for Scientific Computing Ap-plications.

RM-5220-PR The JOSS Pr4mer.2-3894 ComputerSoftware: The Evolu-

tion within the Revolution.

BARAN, P.

2-3235 Communications, Computers andPeople.

2-3466 The Coming Computer Utility--Laissez-Faire, Licensing or Regula-tion?

2-3523 Remarks on the Question ofPrivacy Raised by the Automation ofRental Health Records.

2-3562 Urban Node in the InformationNetwork.

P-3685 Communication Policy Issues forthe Coming Computer Utility.

2-3780 On the Future Computer.Sra:Modification of the Aierican Characterand the Role of the Engineer, Or, A.Little Caution in the Haste to Number.

BARSAMIAN,:

RAKER, C. L.

BOOK The First Six Million Prime Num-bers.

RM-4162-PR JOSS: Scenario of a FilmedReport.

RM -5058-PR JOSS: Introduction to aHelpful Assistant.

RM-5218-PR JOSS: Console Design.P-3560 JOSS: Rubrics.

RM-5551-PR Soviet Cybernetics Tech-nology: XI. Homogeneous, General-Pur-pose, High-Productivity. ComputerSystems--A Review.

BEM, GL A.

P-4503 Interactive Simulationtinuous Systems: Progress andpects.

of ConPros -

BELCHER, S. J.

RM-3609-PR A domputing Prograa forDetermining Certain Statistical Pares-eters'Associated with Position andVelocity Errors for Orbiting and Re-entering Space Vehicles.

,

BELL, T. E.

R-519-PR Modeling the Video GraphicsSystem: Procedure and Model Descrip-tion.

R-549-PR

-28-

Computer Performance Analysis:Framework and Initial Phases for a Per-formance Improvement Effort.

R-584-NASA/PR Computer PerformanceAnalysis: Measurement Objectives andTools.

RM-6112-PR Computer Graphics forSimulation rroblem-Solving.

P-3977 GAPSS (Graphical Analysis Pro-cedures for System Simulation).

BELLMAN, R. E.

RM-3173-PR Dynamic Programming, Intel-ligent Machines, and Self-OrganizingSystems.

P-2863 Bigger and Better Mathemati-cians.

P-2865 On the Explosion of Automation.P-2908 Science, T,Ichnology and the

Automation Explosion.

R-641-PR Generating Gamma DistributedVariates for Computer Simulation Models.

BERMAN, R.

R M-5660-PR The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the S-C 4060: I. User'sManual.

R11-5661-PR The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the S-C 4060: II. SystemProgrammer' s Guide.

RM-5925-NIH An Interactive GraphicsProgram for Studying Models of KineticChemical Systems.

P-4410 - Modeling Continuous Systems withBIOMOD--A Preliminary Report.

BERNSTEIN, N.

RM-3753-ARPA Computer RecognitionOn-Line, Hand-Written Characters.

BLACKWELL,

of

RM-6018-PR An On-Line Symbolic Mathe-matics System Using Hand-PrintedTwo-Dimensional Notation.

P-4693 The Probable State of ComputerTechnology by 1980, with Some 'Implica-

,tions, for Education.

BUBROW, D. G.

R5-3842-PP A Comparison of List-Proc-essing Computer Languages.

BOEHM, B.

P-3484 Current Trends in AerospaceComputation and Some Implications.

BOEHM, B. W.

R-513-NASA A Study of User Behavior inProblemsolving with an InteractiveComputer.

R-520-NASA Computer Systems AnalysisMethodology: Studies in Measuring,Evaluating, and Simulating Computersystems.

R-549-PR Computer Performance Analysis:Framework and Initial Phases for a Per-formance Improvement Effort. .

RM-4636-PR Tabular Representations ofMnitivariate Tunctions--With Applica-tions to Topographic Modeling.

HH-4782-pR A Computer Simulation ofAdaptive Routing Techniques for Dis-tributed Communications Systems.

RM-5081-PR A Compact Statistical Meth-od of Topographic Representation.

RM-5825-PR POGO: Programmer-OrientedGraphics Operation.

RM-6032-PR , Graphic ROCKET: Scenarioof a Filmed Report.

RM-6213-PR Some Information ProcessingImplications of Air Force Space Mis-sions: 1970-1980.

P-3527 The Professor and the Computer:1985.

p-3533 Keeping the Upper Hand in theMan-Computer Partnership.

P-3660 Graphical Aids to AerospaceVehicle Mission Analysis.

P-3742 Curve Fitting and Editing ViaInteractive Graphics.

F-3903 Third-Generation ComputerTrends.

EatEwiR;

P-4446 Evaluation and Innovation inUrban Research.

BROCK f- _P.

-3086 Use of Hybrid, Computing iDesign Automation.

BROWN G U.

RM-5531-ARPA The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the IBM 3250.

RM-5660-PP The Integrated Graphics

-29-

System for the S-C 4060: I. User'sManual.

BR-5661-PR The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the S-C 4060: II. SystemPrograamer's Guide.

P-3722 IGS--The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the S-C 4060.

P-3892 The 360/65: RAND's 'Next Com-puter.

P-4417 Programming--The Quiet Evolu-tion.

BRYAN, G. E.

RM-4258 PALL: RAND's Autosated AddressBook.

RM-5216-PR JOSS: User Schedu1ing andResource Allocation.

HM-5217-PB JOSS: Accounting and Per-i formance Measurement.

1135359-PR JOSS: 20,000 Hours at theConsole--A Statistical Summary.

RM-5367-PR JOSS Notebook.211-5377-PR. JOSS Language.RM-5437-PR JOSS: Assembly Listing of

the Surpervisor.P-3486 JOSS: Introduction to the Sys-

tem Implementation.P-3661 The Dynamic Characteristics of

computer ProgramS.

BRYAN

EE-3327pR The Ran&-SHARE operwangSyStem Mammal for the xpm 1090 COmputer.

. .

CASALI, H.

P-4014IV.

A Graphic Capability for MARK

CERP., V.

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice-,-An Experiment in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

CHESLER, L.

RM-5183-PR The Application of On-LineGraphical Techniques for Programmingand Operating a "Moving Network" Moni-toring_Display.

P-3522 Sone Aspects ofCommunication in Active f.

. Automated Checkout.

ManComputerMonitoring o

CLARK, R.

P-4410 Modeling Continuous Systems withBIOMOD--A Preliminary Report.

COHEN,

. P-4014- -

IV.

BUSH, C.

RM-5531-ARPA Tte Integrated GraphicsSystem for the IBM 2250.

2E-5660-P2 The Integrated GraphicsS/stem for the S-C 4060: I. User'sManual.

RM-5661-PR The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the S-C 4060: II. SystemProgrammer's Guide..

BUTLER, D. D.

211-3976-PR Data System Design and Con-trol Using AUTOSATE--An Automated DataSystem Analysis Technique.

RU-4729-PR Event-Chain Plow Chartingin AUTOSATE: A New Version.

CARLISLE, J. H.

P-4448 Comparing Behavior .at VariousComputer Display Consoles in Time-SharedLegal Information. :

A Graphic Capability for MARK

COHEN, I. K.

211-4849-PR Integrating Base Mainte-nance Management by Unifying Its Infor-mation Systems in Manual and Comp:-ter-Assisted Envirounents.

COLBERT,

, Rand.

COLKER, A.

P-2864 GLSP--A General Activity Simu-lation Program.

CRECINE, J. P.

P-3734 Computer SimulationResearch.

CUTLER, L.

in Urban

R-495-PR Rand's Chemical CompositionPo.ogram: A Manual.

DAVIS, N.

R114122ARPA The RAND Tablet: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication Device.

DELAND, E. C.

P-4019 Computers and the Delivery ofMedical Care.

P-4503 . Interactive Simulation of Con-tinuous Systems: Pregress and Pros-pects.

DELAND, E. C., Ed.

RM-6047-RC Biosciences at Rand.

DENARDO, E. V.

RM-4849-PR Integrating Rasenance Management by Unifyingnation Systems in Manual andter-Assisted Environments.

DIPAOLA, R.

RN-5424-PR A Survey of Soviet Work inthe Theory of

-30--

Mainte-Its Infor-Compu-

Computer Programming.

DONCOV, B.

R-522-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technology:XII. Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union.

DREZNEB, S. N.

R.1-5005-NASA Report on a DemonstrationTest of Computer-Assisted Countdown.

DUPCHAK, B.

R1-3879-PR TIPL: Teach InformaulonProcessing Language.

R M-4320-PR LIPL: Linear InformationProcessing Language.

ELLIS, T.

R-664-ARPA ARPA Network Series: I.Introduction to the ARPA Network atRand and to the Rand Video Graphics

RM-4122-ARPA The RAND Tablat: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication Device.

RM-5999-ARPA The GRAIL Project: AnExperiment in Man-Machine Communica-tions.

RN-6001-ARPA The GRAIL Language andOperations.

RM-6002-ARPA The GRAIL System Imple-

mentation.P-3697 On the Problem of Directness

in computer Graphics.

FAIRBROTHER, E. M.

RM-3320-PR AUTOSATE--Part II:Event-Chain Flow Charting.

RM-3976-PR Data System Design and Con-trol Using AUTOSATE--An Automated DataSystem Analysis Technique.

FARBER, D. J.

RN-5611-1-ARPALanguage.

RN-6028-ARPALanguage for Interactive ComputerGraphics.

APAREL--A Parse-Request

Extensions to the PL/I

FARQUHAR, J., A.

RM-6271-PR A Preliminary Inquiry intothe Software Estimation Process.

FINKLE, I. L.

P-3168/1 NOSY: A Core-saving Operat-ing System.

FISHMAN, G. S.

RM-5288-1-PR Digital Computer Simula-tion: The Allocation of Computer Timein Comparing Simulation Experiments.

P-3608 Statistical Considerations inComputer Sicllation Experiments.

FOX, B.

P-4459-1 How To Store It.

GABLER, R. T.

RN-3609-PR A Computing Program forDetermining Certain Statistical Param-eters Associated with Position andVelocity Errors Eor Orbiting and Re-entering Space Vehicles.

GATTO, 0- T.

RM-3320-PR AUTOSATE--Part II:Event-Chain Flow Charting.

RM-3976-PR Data System Design and Con-trol Using AUTOSATE--An Automated Data

, System Analysis Technique.RM-4729-pR Event-Chain Flow Charting

in AUTOSATE:', A New Version.RM-5005-NASA Report on a Demonstration

Tr'A of Computer-issisted Countdown.

GAZLEY, C., Jr., Ed.

RM-60477RC Biosciences at Rand.

GAZLEY, J. B., Trans.

RM-5135-PR. Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy: VII. ALGEC--Report on an Algo-rithmic Language for Economics Calcula-tions (Preliminary Version).

G.E8014 J.,B.

2-4313 Computer Aided Advanced Designand parfornance of Airborne .Vehicles.

-31-

GRAVES, P. A.

RM-4920-PR Computer Routines To ReadNatural Text in Complex Formats.

GREENBERGER, N.

273562 Urban Node in the InformationNetwork.

2-3656 The Computer--Hero or Villain?.

GREENWALD, I.

RM-5028-PR JOSS: Arithmetic and Func-tion Evaluation Routines.

RM-5044-PR JOSS: Console ServiceRoutines (The Distributor).

RM-5257-PR JOSS: Disc File System.

GEISLER, M. A.

RM-3773-PR A Brief Review of SIMSCRIPTas a Simulating Technique.

GILLOGLY, J. J.

2-4428 MAI:

GIRBLE, F.

RM-5322-PR JOSS: Problem Solving forEngineers.

A FORTRAN Chess,Player.

GREENWOOD, P. W.

2-4581 -, Potential:Usesin CriminalCourtS.

GRONER,

RM-5016-ARPA Real-Time Recognition oHandprinted Text.

Rm-5550-ARPA Real-Time Recognition ofHandprinted Text: Program Documenta-tion.

RN-5925-41TH An Interactive GraphicsProgram for Studying Models of KineticChemical Systems.

2-3568 On-Line Computer Classificationof Handprinted Chinese Characters as aTranslation Aid.

2-4410 Modeling Continuous Systems withBIOMOD--A Preliminary Report.

of the Computer

GINSBERG, A. S.

RM-4460-PR Programwing by Question-naire.

RM-5129-PR Programming by Question-naire: How to Construct a ProgramGenerator.

RM-5162-PR Programming by Question-naire: The Job Shop Simulation.Pro-gram Generator.

2-3141 Simulation Programming auaAnalysis of Results.

.:.GLASEMAN, S.

2-4585 Computer Memory.Banagement:atRand.

GRAHAM, R.

RM-6248-PR JOSTRAN: AR InteractiveJOSS Dialect for Writing and DebuggingFORTRAN Programs.

2-4221 The Parallel, Pipeline, andConventional Computer.

2-4401 The Impact of Future Develop-ments in Computer Technology.

GRUENMERGER,,F..-.-J.

BOOK. , The FirSi Six Million Prime Num-bers.

BOOK Introduction ,to Electronic Com-puters.

Boo.K PrOblems for Computer Solution.:RM.75654-PR The History of the JOHNNIAC-:2-2.6 :Benchmarka in Artificial In-

telligence.2-259,7 Computer Training and Educa-

.

, tion: The Picture in 1962.02768, ',The Whyand Row ofComputing

inthe SecondarY Zahools..:,P72786 Rhat.Should.We Compute?2-72998 The,Teaching of Computing2-30.44, ''The Roleof!the Computer in

:Secondary Sehools.,-2-3163 Whit IS the "Social Responsi-,

yhility" Problem?2-3236 Is.the, Data Processing'Field

So Different?: ,

Free-,Standing cosi-

-32-

paters Here to Stay?

GRUENBERGER, F. J., Ed.

RM-3324-PR The Fifth Rand ComputerSimposium.

P-.3998 The Tenth Rand Computing Sympo-sium._

HALL, K. J.

R-514-PR A Markovian Flow Model: TheAnalysis of Movement in Large-Scale(Military) Personnel Systems.

R-534-PR . Markoviop Flow Model: TheAnalysis of Movement in Large-Scale(Military) Personnel Systems--ProgramReference Manual.

R-535-PR A Markovian Flow Model: TheAnalysis of Movement in Large-Scale(Military) Personnel Systems--ProgramListings.

HAMMIDI,

RM-4033PR: Coaputer Personnel Research'::.Group Programmer Performance PredictionStudy.

HARMAN, A. J.

BOOK The International Computer In-dustry: Innovation and ComparativeAdvantage.

HARBISGW,

RM-5495-PR/RC The Problem of Privacyin the Computer Age: An AnnotatedBibliography.

RM-5495/1-PR/RC The Problem of Privacyin the Computer Age: An Annotated Bib-liography, Vol. 2.

P-3365-4 Bibliography on Automationand Technological Change and Studiesof the Future.

HARSLEM, E. F.

R-603-ARPA The ISPL Basic File Systemand File Subsystem for Support of Com-puting Research.

R-664-A8PA ARPA Network Series: 1.Introduction to the ARP Network atRand and to the Rand Video GraphicsSystem.

P-4673 - The Data Reconfiguration,Ser-.viCe--An Experimeatin,Adaptable, pro-cess/Process ComodhiCatiet.

,tr,1

HASTINGS, C., Jr.

SOON Approximations for Digital Com-puters.

HAUSNER, B.

BOOK SIMSCRIPT: A Simulation Pro-gramming Language.

RN-3813-PR Technical Appendix on theSIMSCRIPT Simulation Programming Lan-guage.

HAVERTY, J. P.

RM-3447-PR Programming Languages andStandardization in Command and Control.

P-2967 Pro-gramming Language Selectionfor Command and Control Applications.

P-3838 GRAIL/GPSS: Graphic On-LineModeling.

-HAyS, D.

RM74920.-PR computer Routines ToNatural:Text in Complex Foroats.

HEAFFER, J.

Read

R-603-ARPA The ISPL Basic File Systemand File Subsystem for Support of Com-putmng Research.

R-664-FARPA ARPA Network Series: I.Introduction to the ARPA Network atRand and to the Rand Video 'Graphicssystem.

RM-5999-AWFA 'The GRAIL Project: AnExperiment in Man-Machine Communica-tions.

RM-6001-ARPA The GRAIL Language andOperations.

RM-6002-A9PA The GRAIL System Imple-mentation.

P-3568 On-Line Computer Classificationof Handprinted Chinese Characters as aTranslation Aid.

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An Experiment In Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

HEARLE, . F. R.

BOOK A Data Processing System forState and Local Governments.

RM-4220-PR Studies in Data System De-velopment: Tte OCAMA Weapon SystemPro:,,vzt.

P-2714 Electronic Data Processing forCities--The Broad Look.

HEIRSCHFELDT, R. M.

RM-5925-11IN An Interactive GraphicsProgram. for Studying Models of KineticChemical Systems.

,ffILL, L.

P-3625Design

Some Implications of Automatedon the Engineering Process.

HOLLAND, W. B.

RM-5108-.1-PR Russian-English Diction-ary of Cybernetics and Compnter Tech-nology, Second Edition, Revised andEnlarged.

HOLLAND, ii. B., Comp.

P-3600/12 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 12, Index to Issues1-11.

HOLLAND, V. B., Ed.

9-700/1-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 1, No. 1.

R-700/2-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 1, No. 2.

H-700/3-PR. Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 1, No. 3.

9-700/4-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 1, No. 4.

HM-3675-PR Soviet Cybernetics Tech-nology: I. Soviet Cybernetics,1959-1962.

RM-3797-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy: II. General Characteristics ofSeveral Soviet Computers.

RM-3804-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy:.II, Programming Elements of theBESM, STRELA, Ural, M-3, and Kiev Com-puters.

RM-4461-PR Soviet Cybernetics Tech-nology: IV. Descriptions of theMN-11, MN-M, and MN-7 Analog Computersand of Three Miscellaneous ElectronicDevices.

RM-4810-PR Soviet Cybernetics Tech-nology: V. Soviet Process ControlComputers. Translated by W. B. Holland,

RM-5587-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy I. Bibliography,of LiteratureCited in 1964 Issues of the Journal ofAbstracts--Cvbernetics.

RM-6000/1-pR Soviet Cybernetics:Recent News Items, Vol. 3, No. 1.

RM-6000/2-PR . Scmiet cybernetics:Recent News Items, Vol. 3, no. .2.

RM-6000/3-PR Soviet Cybernetics:Recent News Items, Vol. 3, No. 3.

RM-6000/4-PR Soviet Cybernetics:

Recent News Items., Vol. 3_, No. 4.RN-6000/57PR Soviet Cybernetics:

Recent News :Items, Vol. 3, No. 5.RM-6000/6-PR Soviet:Cybernetics Review,

Vol. 3,21.46. 6.,:

.RM-6000/7-,PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,VOX. 3, NO. 7.

AM-6000/3-pR Soviet Cybernetics Re-vieW, 'Vol. 3, NO. B.

RN-6000/9-PR Soviet Cybernetic's Review,,Vol. 3, No'. 9.

RM-6000/10-PR _Soviet CyberneticsReview, Vol..3, No. 10.

RM-6000/11-PR Soviet: Cybernetics Re-view, Vol'. 3, No. 11.

:RM-6200/17PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4, Bo. 1.

RM7-6200/2-PR ,Soviet Cyberneticsview, Vol. 4, No..2.

2M-6200/37-PR :Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4,:No. 3.

RR-6200/4-PR -Soviet cybernetios Review,Vol., 4, No.

RM-6200/6-1?R Soviet Cybernetics Review,VOl. 4",: No. 6.

RM-6200/7"TR Soviet Cybernetics Revie"Vol. 4, No. ,7,

RN-6200/87PR: LSovietCybernetics Review,Vol. 4, No.,8.

R116200/10-PR . Soviet Cybernetics Re-view, Vol. 4, No. 10, 1970 (Index).

P-3600/1 Soviet.Cybernetics: :RecentNeWs Items,.No. 1.

P-3600/2 : poviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No'.-2.

P-3600/3 -; Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No.. 3.

_P-!.3600/4 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNewsItems, No. 4. ,

173600j5: :.SovietCybernetics: RecentReWs-Items,'No.'5.

P-.3600/6 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent, News Items, NO.., 6.

p-3600/7 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentRews Items, No. 7.

pH3600/13 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentRevs Items, No 8.

P73600/9 Soviet: Cybernetics: Recent.NeitsItemSiNo. 9.

p-3600/10 Cybernetics: Recent: News ItemS,'INo. 10.

P-3600/11 Soviet:Cybernetics: ReCentleWS!'Itens, NO.

-rit.1699/12 .,ReCentyelesjtem, No. 12,jndex to:Iss.Wes

2=7,3600/1.3 SowietCyberneticA: .RecentNews Items, No. 3.

p773130)1.14 SOViet'-'Cybernetice- Recent

Re-

News Items, No. 14.P-3600/15 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent

News Items, No. 15.

., Trans.

soviet Cybernetics Tech-IV. Descriptions of the

MN-11, MN-M,.-,And MN-7 Analog Computersand of Three Miscellaneous ElectronicDevices.

RM-5135-PR. Soviet Cybernetics Technol-. ogy: . VII. ALGEC--Report on an Algo-rithmic Language for Economics Calcula-tions (Preliminary Version).

R9-5136-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technól-ogy: . VIII. Report on the AlgorithmicLanguage ALGEC Version).

JAFFRAY, G.

BOOK problems for Computer Solution.

JOHNSON, G. D.

RM-3609-PR A Computing Program forDetermining Certain Statistical Param-eters Associated with Position andVelocity Errors for Orbiting and Re-entering Space Vehicles.

JOSEPHS, W. H.

RM-6027-ARPA An On-Line Debugger forOS/360 Assembly Language Programs.

JUNCOSA, N. L.

RM-6297-PR ,Statistical Concepts inComputational Mathematics.

KAO, R. C.

P-2593 The Use of Computers in theProcessing and Analysis of GeographicInformation.

KARR, H. W.

BOOK SINCCRIPT: A Simulation Pro-gramming Language.

P-2658 A Quick Look at SIMSCRIPT.

-34-

Performance.

KIVIAT, P. J.

BOOK The SIMSCRIPT II ProgrammingLanguage.

HOOK The SIMSCRIPT II ProgrammingLanguage: Reference Manual.

RM-4563-PR Computer-Assisted Mainte-nance Planning.

RM-4849-PR Integrating Base Mainte-nance Management by Unifying Its Infor-mation Systems in Manual and Compu-ter-Assisted Environments.

RM-5777-PR The SIMSCHIET II Program-ming Language: IBM 360 Implementation.

RM-5883-P1 Digital Computer Simula-tion: Computer Programming Languaaes.

P-2864 GASP--A General Activity Simu-lation Program.

P-3314 Introduction to the SIMSCRIPTII Programming Language.

P-3348 Development of New DigitalSimulation Languages.

P-3349 Simulation Language ReportGenerators (or, I Hear You but I Don'tKnow What You're Saying). '

P-3453 Development cf Discrete DigitalSimulation Languages.

P-3599 Computer Simulation Program-ming Languages: Perspective and Prog-nosis.

P-3861 Simulation Programming UsingSIMSCRIPT II.

ROSY, D. V.

R-560-NASA/PR Experience with the Ex-tendable Computer System Simulator.

KOZAK A. S., Trans. :

RM73804-pR SoViettCybernetics TechnO/-ogy:: :III,:Programming Elements:of the.

Com-'puterS.

KAY, M.

RM-4390-PR Natural Language in Com-puter Torm.

RM-4540-PR The Catalog Input/Output

RM-4645-PR The Catalog: A FlexibleData Structure for Magnetic Tape.

R1-4920-PR Computer Routines To ReadNatural Text in Complex Formats.

KEPHART, D. C.

R-670-PR BOOST: On-Line Computer Pro-gram for Estimating Powered-Rocket

KUHNS, J. I.

RM-542B-PR . Answering QuestionS byCOoPuter: -A Logical Study.

P-4251 . Logical Aspects of Ques-'tion-Answering by Computer.

LAMAR. Y3.

R-787-NIM Computer Techniques forPSeudocolor Image:Enhancement.

p-14465 -. .Use of SC4060-Produced Micro-'film OUtput in Pseudocolor-Transforma-tions.

-35-

LAMB, V. R.

HM-5825-PR POGO: .Programmer-OrientedGraphics Operation.

RM-6032-2R Graphic.ROCKET: Scenario. of a Filmed Report.

RM-6114-PR. POGO User's Manual: I.General Aids to Graphic Programming.

LEVI2N, R. E.,

RM-4793-PR Relational Data File: Atool for Mechanized Inference Executionand Data Retrieval.

RB-5085-PR A Computer System for In-ference Execution and Data Retrieval.

RH-5947-7PR Relational Data File: Ex-perience with a System for Proposi-tional Data Storage and Inference Ex-ecution.

P-3411 . Relational Dirta-File II: Im-plementation.

P-4600 Instructional Uses of the Corer-puter in Higher Education.

P-4640 Institutions, Innovation, and. Incentives.

LEVIER, R. E., Ed.

R-718-NSF/CCOM/RC Computers in Instruc-tion: Their Future for Higher Educa-tion; Proceedings of a Conference HeldOctober 1970.

LOVE, P. L.

RM-5162-PR Programming by Question-naire: The Job Shop Simulation Pro-gran Generator.

RM-5689-PR Programming by Question-naire: _Auxiliary Programs.

LOVE, R. R.

RM-4511-ARPA The Reliablility ofGround-Based Digital Computers.

Recent NewsRM-6090/2-PR

Recent NewsRM7-.6000/3-PR

Uecent NewsRM-6000/47PR

Recent Nef.irsRM-6000/5-PR

Items, Vol. 3, No. 1.Soviet Cybernetics:



Items, Vol. 3, No. 4.Soviet Cybernetic:s:

Recent News Items, Vol. 3, No. 5.P-3600/17 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent



News Items, No. 19-2-3600/20 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent


News Items, No. 21.2-3600/22 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent

News Items, No. 22-P-3600/23 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent

News Items, No. 23.. T-3600/24 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent

News Items, No. 24.2-3600/25 Soviet Cybernetics: Recent

News Items, No. 25.

spay,GHLIN, C. P.

RM-5264-7R Computer Aids for AerospaceDesign and Engineering: Innoiation,Economics, and Public Policy.

MACNEILAGE, D. C.

RM-5618-PR DISPLAY--A Guide to theTRACK FORTRAN Debugging System.

RM-6248-PR JOSTRAN: An InteractiveJOSS Dialect for Writing and DebuggingFORTRAN Programs.

MADDEN, J.

2-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An Experiment in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

LU, J. T.

RM-4395-PR Description of the ComputerProgram for Aggregate Base StockagePolicy of Recoverable Items.

MCCRACKEN, D. D.

BOOK Introduction toputers.

Electronic COm..-

MCDONALD, .D.4 Ed.

RM-6000/1PH' Soviet Cybernetics:

BOOK The SIMSCRIPT II ProgrammingLanguage.

BOOK SIMSCRIPT: A Simulation pro-gramming Language:

RM-3778-PR A Brief Review of SIMSCRIPTas a Simulating Technique.

RM-3813-PR Technical Appendix on theSIMSCRIPT Simulation Programming Lan-guage

RM-4242-PR Modify and Restart Routinesfor SIMSCRIPT Experiments.

RM-4460-PR Programming by Question-naire.

RM-5129-PR

naire: How to Construct a ProgramGenerator.

RM-5162-PR Programming by Question-naire: The Job Shop Simulation Pro-gram Generator.

P-2826 , Simulating with SIMSCRIPT.

MARKS, S.

P-3940/71967-June 1971.

-36-

The JOSS Newsletter: November

MARKS, S. L.

RM-5220-PR The JOSS Primer.

MARON, M. E.

RM-4793-PR Relational Data File: Atool for Mechanized Inference Executionand DatA Retrieval.

RM-5085-PR A Computer System for In-fereuce Execution and Data Retrieval.

P-2879 On Cybernetics, InformationProcessing, and Thinking.

P-3006 The Logic of Interrogating aDigital Computer.

P-3144-1 Cybernetics.P-3408 Relational Data File I: Iiesign

Philosophy.P-3501 Computers and Our Future.

MASON, R. J.

BOoK A Data Processing System forState and Local Governments.

RM-4220-PR Studies In Data System De-velopment: The OCAMA Weapon SystemProject.

P-261.0 How Cities Should Approach DataProcessing.

MAST,.. L. T.

RM745,73.-NASAputers.

'MEALY, G.

RM-3645-PRtem.

P-2584

Separable'.Redundant CoM7

A Generalized AssembiY.:Sys7

Operating SystemsP-2674 Anatomy of. an.,Assembly System.

MERCK, J.

115147PR A Markovian,FloW,liodel: TheAnalysis of:Novement.in LarqeScale.:(Military) PersonneiRystemp, -;

METCALFE, B-

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An ExperiMent in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

MICHELS, G. A.

RM-4395-PR Description of the ComputerProgram for Agg,regate Base StockagePolicy of Recoverable Items.

MOBLEY, R.

RM-4782-P1 A Computer SiMulationAdaptive Pouting Techniques for Dtributed Communications Systems.

RM-'5825-PR POGO: Programmer-Orie14,...2dGraphics Operation.

RN-6032-PR., Graphic ROCKET: Scenarioof a Filmed Report.

RM-6256-PR Tracking Error Propagationand Orbit PrediCtiotiProgram.

NELSON, E. A. .

P-3109 A Charting Technique for theAnalysis of Business Systems.

NEWELL, A.

RM-3283-PR Some Problems of BasicOrganization in Problem-Solving Pro-grams.

RM-3285-1-PR Learning, Generality andProblem-Solving.

RN-3337-PR A Guide to the GeneralProblem-Solver Program GPS-2-2.

NEWELL, A., Ed.

BOOK Information Processin Language-VManual.

NIELSEN,:

RM-6132-NASA ECSS: An ExtendableComputer System Simulator.

NORTHROP, G.

Bm-14431-pR Digital Communications and'-'EDP for an Advanced Tactical ,Air .Con-trol System: A Preliminaey Study.

P-3606. Use of Multiple On-Line,Time-Shared Computer .Consoles'inSiMulation and Gaming.

0-

,

oLDFATHER, P. M.

RH-4460-PR Programming byhaire.

RH-5129-PR Programming bynaire: How to Construct aGenerator.

RH-5162-PR

Question-

Question-Program

Programming by Question-naire: The Job Shop Simulation Pro-gram Generator.

R14-5689-PR Programming by Questionnaire: Auxiliary Programs.

OSTRPNDER, N. C.

R-525-NASA Napping by Computer Graph-ics: Satellite Antenna Coverage.

OWSOWITZ, S.

RH-4346-PRErrors.

PATRICK, R. L.

-37-

for On-Line Computer Systems.

POLLACK, S. L.

RM-3273-PR DETAB-X: An ImprovedBusiness-Oriented Computer Language.

RH-3669-PR Analysis of the DecisionRules in Decision Tables.

RH-4188-PR Studies in Data System De-velopment: The Air Reserve RecordsCenter.

P-2608-1 What is DETAB-X?P-2687 Status Report at DETAB-X (De-

cision Tables, Experimental).P-2697 D7eTAD-x and the World of Bank-

ing.

Factors Affecting Coding

R117-73447-PR Programming. Languages and ,.. Standardization in command and Control.

.RH-4232-PR .A.Technique for.ImproVingtheAanagesent of. a ComputerInstal-lation.

.

P-2791-1_. 'Computers and Information'Flow.

PAXSON, E.

RH-5367-PR JOSS Notebook-.

PEPLER, R. D.

RH-4506-NASA Integration of Han andComputer in Prelaunch Checkout of Ad-vanced Space Vehicles.

PERES, S. H.

RH-4033-PR Computer. Personnel ResearchGroup Programmer Performance PredictionStudy.

PETERSEN, H.

RH-5709-XR A Computer-Driven StereoDisplay for Aerial Haneuver AnalysiA.

P-3504 System Implications of Infor-mation Privacy.

PIPES, L. J.

RM-6338-LRPA A Dynamic Programming Ap-proach to Network Problems: A Model

PRITSKERJ A.

RH-5561-PR A Zero-One ProgrammingApproach to Scheduling with LimitedResources.

PRIVER,

P-3742 Curve Fitting and Editing ViaInteractive Graphics.

P-3766 An Interactive Graphic Systemfor Curve Fitting and Editing.

RAPHAEL, B.

RH-3842-PR A Comparison of List-Proc-essing Compuiter Languages.

RAUB, W. F.


REINSTEDT, R.

RH-%033-PR Computer Personnel ResearchGroup Programmer Performance Prediction

P-2782 Programmer Selection Report forSHARE XXI.

RICARD, E.

RH-4033-PR Computer Personnel ResearchGroup Programmer Performance PredictionStOdY.

RIEBAR, J. E.

RN -6032 -PR Graphic ROCKET:of a Filmed Report.

Scenario

-=7.

-38-

RIBBER, J.

RM-5081-PR A Compact Statistical Meth-od of Topographic Representation..

RM-5825-PR POGO: PrOgrammer-Oriented_Graphics Operation.

Rif-6114-PR POGO User's Manual: I.General Aids to Graphic Programming.

- P-3660 _Graphical kids to AerospaceVehicle Mission Analysis.

ROBINSON, T. W.

P-3568 _On7Line Computer Classificationoi Handprinted Chinese Characters as aTranslation Aid.

ROSENTHAL,

P-4532 Admatch, A Computer Tool forUrban Studies..

ROWE, A. J.

P-3086 Use of Hybrid Computing inDesign Automation.

ROWELL, L.

RM -6256 -PR TrackiMg Error Propagationand Orbit Prediction Program

SCANTLIN, L.

-NOSY: A:CereSaving Operat-ing SyStem.

SCHILLING. F.

R-687-ARPA On-Line:Comiuter Pro".grams for the AnalysiS'of Border7ControlProblems.'

SCHNEIDER, 3. J., Comp.

P-3600/12 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 12, Index to Issues

SEVEN, M.

R-513-NASA A Study of User BehaviorProblemsolving with an InteractiveComputer.

SKAPIRO,,S. C.

R7817-PR The :MIND±SysteMA OataStructure for SemanticInformatiOnH

Processing.

SHAPLEY, M.

Ft495-PR Rand's Chemical CompositionProgram: -A Mannal.

SHARPE. . F.

pooK , The EconomicS of Computers.

SHAW, J. C.

P-2922 JOSS: A Designer's View of AnExperimental On-Line Computing System.

P-3131 JOSS: Examples of the Use ofAn Experimental On-Line ComputingService.

P-3146 JOSS: Conversations with theJohnniac Open-Shop System.

P-3149 JOSS: Experience with An Ex-perimental Computing Service for Usersat Remote Typewriter Consoles.

SHETLER,

P-4585Rand.

SHOSHANI,

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An Experiment in Adaptable, Pro-

Communication.

Computer Meitory Management at

SHUKIAR, H. J.

RM75777PR The SIMSCRIPTHII;program7Ming-LanguagetH IBM 360 Implementation.

12115937-7PRH, .A FORTRAN Prograimeris.,.,lutroduation to SIMSCRIPT-Ir.

SIBLEY,

RM-5999 -ARP& The, GRAIL Project:. An'ExPeriment-in ManMachine COMmunica-tions.

Ri46001-,ARPA- TheGRAIL Language-andOperations.

BM-6002 -ABPA IhP GRAIL System Implm7

P-3697 , On the.Problem of Directnessin -in Computer GraphicS.

.

SIMON,-

RM-;3588-4R The Heuristic Compiler.

SMITH, J. W.

RM-5270-PRMoutines

RN-53777PR.

JOSS: Central Processing

JOSS Language.

SMITH,, R..C,

RM-62567-PR Tracking Error Propagationand Orbit Prediction Program.

STACY,


STEFFERUD, E.

-39-

TURN., R.

RM-5183PR The Application of On-LineGraphical Techniques for Programmingand Operating a rMoving NetwOrkr Moni-toring Display,

RM-5709-PR A'CoMpuier-Driven Stereo.Display:tor Aerial Maneuver Analysis.

.p.-35,04 System,ImpliCations of Infor-mation Privacy.

P-73522 Some AspectsOf:Man-CompntercommuniCation An ACtive Monitoring ofAutomated Checkout'.

TURNER, M.

R-687-'ARPA On-Line Computer Pro-grams for the Analysis of Border-ControlProblems.

RM -3731 -CC The Logic Theory Machine:A Model Heuristic Program.

STEORTS, R. C.

RM-4242-PR Modify and Restart Routinesfor SIRSCRIPT Experiments.

STEPHAN, P. L., Ed.

P-3600/16 Soviet Cybernetics:News Items, No. 16.

STRING, J., J .

RM-6313-PR Use of Magnetic Tape forReporting Cost Information.

Recent

SWEETLAND, A.

RM-3245-PR Factors in Selecting andTraining Programmers.

RM-4346-PR Factors Affecting CodingErrors.

TONGE, F.

Rm-4467-TPR Some Reflections on a Sor-vey of Research Problems in. Computeii`Software.

RM-5150-P11% A Simple Scheme'for Formal-,izing Data Retrieval Requests,'

TUPAC,. J.

P-3581tion.

AmApproach to Software' Evalpi-

UNCAPHER, K.

R-664-ARPA ARPA Network Series: I.IntrodUction to the ARPA Network atRand and to the Rand Video GraphicsSystem.

R-753-ARPA The Rand Video GraphicSystem--An Approach to a GeneralUser-Computer Graphic Communication Sys-tem.

URHAN, J,-

RIA-5777-PR The SIMSCUIPT: II Program.-ming Language:' IBM-360'.Implelentation.

VALADEE, F.

RM-4540-PR-System.

VAN HORN

RM-413.3PR'gramminq. R. H. Gregory, R. L.

VANHHORMER,' T.-A.,'

P-2602 19=GATE.-

The Catalog Input/Output:

Introduction: to Copol. Pro-

VASILIK, N.

P-4486 A Stochastic 'Hetwork Approachto .Test and Checkout.

ROOK The SIMSCRIPT /I ProgrammingLanguage.

BOOK The SIMSCRIPT II Programming

-40-

Language: Reference Manual.RM-5777-PR The SIMSCRIPT II Program-

ming Language: IBM 360 Implementation.

WARE, W..

P-2793 The Programmer in -a ChangingWorld.

P-3279.. Future Computer Technology andIts Impact.

pr-3313 JOHNNIAC Eulogy.P-3544 Security aild Privacy in Com-

puter Systems..P-3626 The Computer in Your Future.P-4208 . On Limits in Computing Power.P-4214 Testimony Before the Assembly

Statewide Information Policy .Committee.P-4329. Computer Data Banks and Security

Controls.P-4684 Computers in Society's Future.P-4710. Limits in Computing Power..

WARE, W. H., Ed.

RM-3675-PR Soviet Cybernetics,Tech-nology: I. Soviet Cybernetics,1959-1962-

Rt1-3797-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy: II. General Characteristics ofSeveral Soviet Computers.

RM-3804-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy: III, Programming Elements of theBESM, STRELA, Ural, M-3, and Kiev Com-puters.

RM-4810-PR Soviet Cybernetics Tech-nology: V. Soviet Process ControlComputers. Translated by W. B. Holland,J. B. Gazley.

MATTERS, L. J.

RM-5561-PR A Zero-One ProgratmingApproach to Scheduling with LimitedResources.

P-4486 A Stochastic Network Approachto Test and Checkout.

WAXMAN, B. D.

P-4019 Computers and the Delivery.ofMedical Care.

WESSEL, A.. E.

P-3648 Data Automation Developmentand Systems Implementation--Some Prob-lems and Conclusions.

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An Experiment in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

WIRTH, N.

RM-5157-PRogy: U. ALGEC--Summary and Critique.

Soviet Cybernetics Technol-

:---VISNI-EMSKI4-T.- D.

WARSHAW, M.

RM-4511-ARPA The Reliablility ofGround-Based Digital Computers.

WATSON, R.

R-513-...NASA" A,,Studyof User Behavior inProblemsolvinTiith an.Inieractiwei:Computer.

R-549-PR Compater:performance:AnalysiS:Framework:and Initial.Pbases' for a :Per=7formance Improvetent'Effort

117573-,NASA/PR. : COmputer PerfotmanceAnalysis: APpliCatiOns of AccountingData.

P-453671 .The Use of computet pystelaAccOnnting-Data TolleasurethoEffect

SysterX'Modification

RM7-5006-NASA Report on a DemonstrationTest of Computer-Assisted Countdown.

WOHL, J. G.

RM-4506-NASA Integration of Man andComputer in Prelaunch Checkout of Ad-vanced Space Vehicles.

WOOD,-D.

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An Experiment in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication.

Natural-Language in,Com-.

..puterFormi.,

R3-4540 -PR- . 1 The'Catalog Input/OutputSystem.

,

-4645-p.N ..,The Catalog:.Data',Structure. for 'Magnet ic-TaPe.

.RM-4920-PR. ' '.::-ComputeriRoutinesTo. Read'-NatUratTeZt .inCotPlex Formats.

P-3.476:''' The, Catalog:, 'A-Fleiible..StruCture..for 'Data Storage.:

BOOKS

ABSTRACTS

Book The First Six Million Prime Hui-bers. C. L.. Baker, F. J. Grnenberge.r.1959.

A table of the first six million primenumbers, printed on 62 microcards. Thenumbers were sifted out on an IBM 704, bymeans of a modified version of the processdevised by C. B. ,Poland in 1955. An intro-duction describes .the .method in detail.8 pp. plus 62 microcards. (published bythe Microcard Foundation, 19, $35.00.Available only from booksellers or thepublisher.)

Book . Introduction to Electronic Com-puters. F.. J. Gruenberger, D. D.McCracken. 1963.

An introductory text to electronic digitalcomputing. It deals with the power--andlimitations--of the computing world. Al-though the subject is explained in terisof a specific computer, (the Model I IBM1620, with paper-tape input/output), theapproach is intended to be. general. Theemphasis is on the basic principles of theart, beginning with elementary examplesdeveloped :In machine langiage and progress-ing to advanced work in Compilersandgenerators. Mach of theiltext is devotedto a general discussion of ideas that apply

4

equally to any computer. 178 pp. (Pub-lished by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1963.Available only from booksellers or thepublisher.)

Book Problems for Computer Solution.Gruenberger, G. Jaffrey. 1965.

A selection of 92 practice Problems froma broad range of disciplines for the stu-ent of digital computing. Problems varyfrom the simple to the difficult enablingan instructor to challenge the superiorstudent and test the average student's -competence. Problems in permutations,roulette, random numbers, baseball stand-ings, 'compound interest, simple distribu-tion, suality control, and,-making decisionswith FORTRAN are included. The IBM 1620'is used as a reference machine when one isnecessary. 417 pp. (Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,, 1965, 34.50. Availableonly from booksellers or the publisher.)

Book The Internatioeal- Computer In-dustry: Innovation and ComparativeAdvantage. A. J. Harman. 1971.

Prior to their recent awareness,. of the"technology gap," economists usually

42

treated technology as equally availablein all ion. This book defines "new"industries as those in which technology islimited--such as the coMputer industry--anda compaaative advantage is gained by thenation with the most innovative firms. Amodel is hypothesized embodying the cumu-lative value of a firm's innovations inthe characteristics of its product- Prod-ucts 4re marketed internationally, witheach iirm facing a demand curve with finiteprice elasticity. Analyses of firms inthe computer.industry provide insightsinto returns from Rsa activities.as wellas into the extent of competition. Forexample, demand analysis shows %hat U.S.firms face stiffer.competition t homethan abroad, and technical supr.macy mayhave little to do with commercial success.When an industry is no longer limitedtechnologically, it becomes "standard,"and comparative advantage depends on otherfactors ef production. 192 pp. Bibliog.(Published by Harvard University Press,1971, $10.00. Available only from book-sellers or the publisher.) (Also issued.by Rand as R-474, April 1971.) (MW)

Book Approximations for Digital Com-puters- C. Hastings, Jr. 1955.

An investigation concerning beSt approxi-mation in the sense of Chebyshev as appliedto the problem of making univariate func-tional data available to the high-speeddigital computing machine. Part I servesas an introduction to the collection ofapproximations presented in. Part II.208 pp. (Published by Princeton UniversityPress, 1955, $5.00. Available onlyfrOmbooksellers or the publisher.)

Book A Data Processing System for. .

.State and LocalGOvernments. E. T. R.Hearle, H. J.;Basori.', A963.

A studyof the nature of.data used by stateand local governments andt.he design Ofcomprehensive, SySteiS to-serve-Ahelr:longrange heeds.: Research,fOr this bOokfocused on:the total complexHof functions-P-;tformed by such governmentS:ratherthanon the Operations:of' any'ope agency,: sCthat theanalysiSis conceptual ratherthanprOcedural. :Concerned: primarilLuithdata processing', notdocument Or'reCord:handling, the studyl,describes the,charac-teristics and capabilitieS of :do.processing eqUiPment;':disCuSSes;the fUnCtions,

:structures, relationships,;andiprOspects,-Of State and local governments; analytesthe data these governaentshandle;poSee,the-Unified InfortatiOn:$yOtem:us 4,longrangeAoal;'and discusses stepSthatagenciesiCan.take both:Ad.:improve presentdata sySteMs and to prOvide IosiCaltran7_ .

sition to the Unified Information Systemenvisioned for the 1970Is. Appendixesprovide further detail about data, presentseveral major principles of data systemdesign, comment on equipment evaluationand selection, and furnish references foradditional guidance. 158 pp. Bibliog.(PublIshed by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963,$4.95. Available only from booksellersor the publisher.)

Book The SIMSCRIPT II ProgrammingLanguage. P. J. Kiviat, R. Villanueva,H. M. Markowitz. 1969.

A user's and programmer's manual for'SIMSCRIPT II that requires only a basicknowledge of computers and programminglanguage compiler. The manual is dividedinto five.chapters, corresponding to fivelanguage "levels." Lev-A. 1 is a teachinglanguage designed to introduce program-ming concepts to nomprogrammers. Level2:is a language roughly comparable inpower to FORTRAN, but departs from it

.

in specificfeatures. Level 3 is com-parable in power to ALGOL or PIVI, butwith specific differences, and containsinformation on the eew ALPHA modefor alphanumeric manipulations, en writingformatted_reports, and on internal editing.Level 4 contains the entity-attribute-setfeatures of SIMSCRIPT, which have been up-dated and augmented to provide a more.:powerful list-processing capability. Level5, the simulation-oriented part ofSIMSCRIPT II, cOntains statements for timeadvance, event and activity processimg,-generation of statistical variates, andaccumulationand analysis of simula-tion-generated data. Two neV debuggingroutines, BEFORE and AFTER, enable. the

_monitoringof sixcompiex processes.,399 pp. (MW) ;Published by Prentice-Hall,Inc., 1969, $10.95; paperback edition--:$6.95. 'AVailable7Only:frOm 'booksellers:or-the Publisher.O. (Also publiShedby'Rand as R.T.460-PR..October 1968.)

Book The SIMSCRIPT II ProgrammingLanguage: Reference Manual. P. J.Kiviat, R. Villanueva. 1969-

A compact reference listing of the syntaxand semantics; of SIFSCRIPT II, designedfor professional programmers already fa-miliar with the language. (SIMSCRIPT IIis fully described in Vag SIMSCRIPT IIProorammino Langlaga, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1969, $10.95,-). The notation employed waschosen for convenience and descriptivepower from conventions previously used incomputer programming language descriptions.The study describes notation; basic con-structs (symbols, primitives, metavari-ables); statements (nonexecutable, stor-

43

age allocation, computation, control,input-output, simulation) ; system-definedvalues (constants, variables) ; a system-de-fined routine (the ORIG/N routine for sim-ulation time); generated attributes, vari-ables, and routines; and library functions.30 pp. (MW) _(Published by Prentice-Hall,Inc.,, 1969,. $2.50. Available only from

.

booksellers or the publisher.) (Alsopublished.by Rand as 2M-5776-PR, October1968.)

Book SIMSCRIPT: A Simulation Pro--gramming Language.. H. M. Markowitz,B. Hausner, H. W. Karr. 1963.

A description of SIMSCRIPT, a general pro-gramming system specially adapted to-theproblems of writing simulation programs.The advantages of SIMSCRIPT are that it

.

reducep thetime needed to program simula-tions ofeven,moderate complexity and pro-vides increasedflexibility in modifyingsuch.models in accordance with the findingsof preliminvHxy analysis and other circuit-stances. A:a.though SIMSCRIPT may be usedas a computerlanguage for.nonsimulationproblegs, the.autbors emphasize its appli-cation to:simulation. Detailed instruc-tions and forms for applying SIMSCRIPT areincluded. _134 pp., (Published by Pren-tice-Hall, Inc., 1963, 45.00. Availablefrom hooksellers or the publisher.)

Book Information Processing Language-9Manual. Edited by-A. Newell. 1961.

A manual for,/nformation Processing-Lan-guage-V (IPL-9), a computer language de-signed, like some earlier list languages,for work mainly, on heuristic programs.Following an introduction to the historyand basic ideas of such programming,Section I. of this manual gives a simpli-fied and informal account of the elementsof IPL-9. Section II.presents the com-plete rules for coding in IPL-V, rulesfor programs which will be accepted onany of a number of computers. 244 pp.(Published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961,$6.00 (trade edition) and $4.50 (text).Available only from booksellers or thepublisher.)

Book The Economics of Computers.W. F. Sharpe. 1969.

A full-scale text intended as a practicalguide to administrative and research plan-ners on all aspects of selecting, compar-ing, and evaluating the cost-effectivenessof general-purpose digital computers. Part1 presents the microecouomic theory ofvalue, demand, price, profit, time, risk,costs, inputs, and outputs. Part II is

44K

concerned with applications and disCussesthe-computer industry, including manufac-turers, software houses, service bureaus,time-shaiing tervices; the sale and rentalof computers; the cost effectiVeness ofcomputer systems and memory systems, andthe pricing of services in-house and out.Most. of .the work it entirely new, but anattempt is nade to draw together sUch rel-evant material- as is availablc-in widelyscattered sources. Conflicting or Com,peting analyses are coMpared and'evaluated.Specific organizations and maChinet arenamed throughout.- An appendii eXplains theprinciples of' regression'analysit',, curvefitting and selection, and sensitivititesting., 581 pp. (P0d,ished bY ColumbiaOniversity',,Prets, 1969, $10.00.: Availableonly from bookSellers or the puhlisher.).(MW)

REPORTS

R-495-PR Rands Chemical CompOsitionProgram:, A Manual. M. Shapley,' L.Cutler. June 1970.

A.userls manual foRand!s digital'computerprogram for,solvincoMplex chemical com-position problems by determining the distribution of-chemical speCies:in multicbm7partmented:syptems that:minimizes the freeenergy of the systemwhile conserving themass of each Chemical component.;.: ThetOtalprograM, containing npre-than 351Subprogramt, is flexible. Ouring'a run, the User -nay alter:the data-7..6.5.4 add extra'amOnntsOf some chemicalt'Astresses),'thut changing,the model's COMpotitio*.andicreating a newproblem. He mav also controltOme con- :stants,,causecomputation undprinting'.ofcertain meaturep ofHanciUntof error,,and;requett variOusspeCialOomputations andmessages Pinallyth&prograM:naylbe:uted:byeither experienCed:CompUter':progranmers uthose-nnfamiliaritith,prOgram-mingMethbecaute, fiXst,ihe userrefersHtO ,edataHelenentliy eatilY:.xeHHmembered alphanuMeric nanesand4, secOnd,:::heigives OperatiOn:intrUctiontby:'contrOl.caxfods containingne alphenuieritword:228 pp. '

R-513-NASk; 'A StudY of Vser-Behavior inProblemSolving with an InteraCtive'CoMputer. Boehm',R. A. Watson.' April 1971.

A.controiled experiment on the effects -offorced delay .between computer interactions.Twenty- subjects of.-var:ying experience,used.JOSS in solving a planning .problem..'',Twelve,.were locked out between trials

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--i.e., after receiving a current set ofresults. The experimental findings callinto question some common beliefs aboutman-computer interaction. Subjects witha 5-min lockout did better work itt lesstime and used less computer time thanthose with free access. An 8-min lockoutproved disruptive, especially to experi-enced users. Other findings suggest thatself-imposed restraint can also improveproblemsolving efficiency, that users'acceptanc.. of the system is not necessarilya valid predictor of system effectiveness,and that users were inaccurate in recallingtheir problemsolving behavior. There wasalso evidence that some on-line users feltpressured by the system to interact prema-turely. These findings should aid inevaluating interactive systems. 54 pp.Ref. (See also R-520, R-573, R-584,RM-6132.) (Author)

R-514-PR A Markovian Flow Model: TheAnalysis of Movement in Large-Scale(Military) Personnel Systems. J. W.,

Merck, K., J. Hall. February 1971.First of a series of reports describing amodel of social mobility to provide infor-mation concerning patterns of movement,projections of the existing populatiouinto the future, and the impact producedby changes in the rate of movement. The .

model and computing procedures permit per-sonnel managers to create an informationsystem that describes the social and geo-graphic mobility that military personnelcontinually undergo.. Derived from mathe-matical concepts of Markovian processes,the model is presented as a series ofFORTRAN subroutines capable of being usedon a variety of contemporary computc rs.The model's principal attribute is itscapacity to create future expected valuesgiven the starting distributions and amatrix of transition probabilities. Otheroptions, ranging from the computation ofthe transition matrix to the comparison ofprojections under different conditions,are peripheral subroutines of the model,but give it the flexibility required forcomplete analysis of the movement of mem-bers of a population. (See also R-534,R-535.) 131 pp. Ref. (KB)

whose pictures are continuously refreshedfrom a video disk by three scan convertersdriven by a single digital-to-analog con-verter. An /BM 1800 process controllerreceives graphic orders from user programsin the connected service machines (IBM360s) and sends them to the converter; italso handles input from terminals. Thedocumentation history details the activi-ties and elapsed time of each phase of the57-week effort; it can serve as an aid inestimating the investment required for suchan undertaking, and the conclusions canhelp simulators to document and model moreef fectively. 92 pp. Ref. (NW)

R-520-NASA Computer Systeas AnalysisMethodology: Studies in Measuring,Evaluating, and Simulat:Ing ComputerSystems. B. W. Boehm. September 1970.

A briefing reporting on tools and tech-niques developed in 4 research efforts inthe analysis of complex computer systems(R-513, R-573, R-584, RM-6132). (1) Com-puter system characteristics and .activitycan be conveniently modeled in the proto-type ECSS (Extendable Computer SystemsSimulator) language while maintaining theflexibility and power of SINSCRIPTStandard aspects are handled by serviceroutines, and the user can insert his ownECSS or SIMSCRIPT routines at will. (2)CPU utilisation and throughput can be im-proved 30 to 300 percent by tuning" multi-programmed systems. Small changes in work-load characteristics can produce largechanges in performance. (3) Choosing com-puters by their performance on benchmarkjobs can be disastrous unless the bench-marks are representative of the workload.(4) The complexity of multiprogrammed sys-tems requires techniques for isolation ofkey factors in any effect. (r) In con-trolled experiments in interactive man-computer problemsolving, time constraintson console use produced dissatisfaction--but also produced better results andmore efficient work. 53 pp. Ref. (MW)

R-519-PR Modeling the Video GraphicsSystem: Procedure and Model Descrip--';',tion. T. E.. Bell. December 1970.

This report presents both the r:_bocess andresults of generating a computer system de-scription for simulation pUrposes whileboth hardware and software are under de-velopment. The interactive multiterminalelsi,mo-.Graphics System achieves low cost by

ns: terminals modified television ,sets

R-522-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technology:XII. Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union.B. Doncov. October 1971.

A study of the current state of Soviet com-puter technology, the major computers suit-able for timesharing, and timesharingapplications and research. Timesharing

still underdeveloped in the USSR. Theonly operational Soviet timesharing systemsare incorporated in special-purpose,fixed-application installations; most areused for industrial process control ormanagement information. All timesharing`projects to date have been implemented oninadequate existing computers, such as the

45

Minsk-22, M-220, and BESM-6, that can sup-port Only.rudimentary timesharing systems.Nowever,,this situation may soon change.TNe Directives of the 25th Congress of theCommunist Party and the statement of goalsfor the 1971775 Five-Year Plan indicatethat computee. developmeat and computationaltechnignes:nill receive greater emphasis.Moreoveri-ethe forthcoming Ryad series ofthird-generetion computers, patterned afterthe IBle360, will be. able to support exten-sive timesharing applications. Largemodular systems like the Ural and M seriesare also suitable for timesharing. 75 pp.Ref., Bibliog. (LC)

R-525-NASA . Mapping by Computer Graph-ics: Satellite Antenna.Coverage. N. C.Ostrander., October 1970.

Description of computer preparati4in of.mapsand overlays, especially for satelliteantenna. coverage. The examples were pro-duced with an IBM 360/65 and S-C..4060 .graphical plotter,- using a data tape of10,500 geographic points stored As 374strings of alternate latitude and longi-tude values. This is adequate for mapsof scale1:40,000,000 (at which.;a 'worldmap is 40 in. wide). Rectilinear maps,azimuthal naps, and polar perspectivemaps (which show the_earth as seen froma earticular satellite position) are ex-plained, with coordinate transformationequations for each. The most efficientcoordinates for rectilinearmaps are lati-tude and longitude; for azimuthal maps,direction cosines. With .satellite raysnearly tangent to the earth, using geo-centric coordinates and a spherical earthmodel, coordinates can cause errors efhundreds pf miles. Latitude and longitudecorrections for the geosynchronous distanceof 6.166 earth radii are provided. Themethods given mere used-to illustrate aworldwide television systen in R-524..53 pp. (MW)

R-534-PR A.Markovian Flow Model: TheAnalysis of Movement in .Large-Scale(Military). Personnel Systems--ProgramReference Manual. K. J. Hall. March1971. ,

The second in a series of reports describ-ing a model of social.mobility that pro-vides researchers mith information on pat-terns of movement, projections of an exist-ing population, and the impact produced bychanges in rates of movement. Intended forthe programmer/analyst, this report docu-ments the specifications for generating thestate numbers defined for the model and forusing the set of FORTRAN subroutines thatmake up the flow model program package.The report provides summary information on

A,414 .7* r

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the format of core arrays and tape recordsand the identification of data sets. Thesubroutine specifications cover theseitems: subroutine name, operation, argu-ment list, calling-program dimension re-quirements, input/output files, controlcards, and definitions and programming con-siderations. 155 pp. Ref. (See alsoR-514, R-535.) (SM)

R-535-PR k Markovian Flow Model: TheAnalysis of Eavement in Large-Scale(Military) Personnel Systems--ProgramListings. K. J. Hall. March 1971.

The third in a series of reports describinga model of secial mobility, the study ofwhich will provide researchers with infor7mation concerning patterns of movement,projections of existing population.trends,and the impact produced by changes in ratesof movement. .Intended to:be used by theprogrammer/analyst in creating a programlibrary, this report lists the 29 FORTRANsubroutines that perform the operationsdescribed in the program paekage. Thestorage required on an IBM 360/65 is givenfor each subroutine. Comment cardsContain

step-by-step, natural-language descriptionof source-language statements. These list-ings will be useful when the programs areto be executed on another computer system,or when a subroutine implementing a newoperation is to be written. & sample pro-gram is included. 170 pp. Ref. (See alsoR-514, R-534.) (SM)

R-549-PR Computer Performance Analysis:Framework and Initial Phases for a Per-formance Improvement Effort. T. E.

. Bell, B. W. Boehm, R. A. Watson. AUgust

. 1971.Provides a procedural framework for-im-proviag the performance of a computersystem, and suggsts specific techniquesfor the initial phases. The suggestedprocedure conSists of 7 phases: (1) .

understanding the system, (2) analyzing'operatiens, (3). formulating performanceimprovement hypotheses, (4) analyzing eheprobable,cost-effectiveness of modifica-tions, (5) testing specific hypotheses,.;.6) implementing Appropriate combinationsof 'modifications, and (7) testing theeffectiveness of the implemented Modifi4cations. 'Although all phases of the sug--gested procedure are discussed, the reportconcentrates on the critical first three.A ^Preliminary, Questionnaire" is offeredas a means of underStanding the system(Phase 1), and a ^Detailed euestionnaire"'is suggested as a guide for specifyingthe types of information necessary toanalyze operations (Phase 2). To aidanalysts in developing performance improve-

46

ment hypotheses (Phase 3), the report sug-gests 5 methods of analysis, And givesexamples of some general hypotheses in thecategories af reducing workload, tuning,and upgrading the system. 64 pp. Ref.(See also R-573, R-58.4.) (Author)

R-560-NASA/PR Experience with the Ex-tendable Computer System Simulator.D. W. Kosy. November 1970.

A review of the capabilities of the pro-totype Extendable Computer System Simulatorconceptually described in RM-6132, pointingout strengths and weaknesses of this ap-proach to computer system simulation, andindicating general design principles forcomputer system simulation language. ECSScompliesvith these principles in beingpowerful, flexible, readily extended,easily used, and in producing models thatare economical to rerun. However, the usershould be giiMen more leevay for unusualcases, including greater freedom.to skipundesired operations via a more extensiveset of prOcedural stateMents. A computersystem simulation language should also in-clude autoilatic collection of statistics,with output sUmmaries or trace output.available OP c.,4Mand.. A representative ECSSprograz-is-,A,en463. 36 pp. Ref. (MW)

R-562-ARPA The ISPL Machine: Princi-ples of Operation.. R. M. Balzer.August 1971.

The first of a series conceptually de-.

scribing the Incremental System Program-ming)7-T,nguage compuiing system, an inte-gratO.environment fot. multiuser researchprogr--4cMing. The ISP1 language and machinedre jointly designed, with_hardware pro-viding the control and scheduling facil-ities traditionally handled by Job ControlLangUage and other software... Clase cor7respondence ;Detveen program statements andmachine actions makes for clarity Andefficiency and facilitates incrementalcompilation, which in turn allows on7line,interactive programming and debugging.During postfix program translation, ,ISPLinserts NEW STATEMENT operators that de-fine interruptible points. User addressspaces,are carefully segregated. :Sepa-rately accessed memery,areas,are assignedin logical units, with' pót,ntersMost pro-grams and data .remain 5.,virtaw1 :memory;only those portions el,=,:ogramandataactually referenced ci:Cntained in realmemory. Resources are allocated by ma.7-chine primitives ca/led,semaphores,wiiichmay also carry data. Data seMaphorescompose Ports, vhich provlde:hardware/softvace/user communicatinns (describedin R-605.) 36 pp. 11c7f.:: (See also R-5634R-60.2, R-603, R-622, RM-5611.) (MW)

R-563-ARPA The ISPL Language Specifi-. cations. R. M. Balzer. August 1971.

The syntax and semantics of the IncrementalSystem Programming Language, designed foruse on its own computer, the ISPL machine(described in R-562). Together the lan-guage and the machine provide a completeprogramming laboratory environment. Thesyntax used to describe ISPL is APAREL(described in RM-5611), which is similarto BNF but allows imbedded alternatives..ISPL is.incrementally compiled, resemblesPL/I, -and allows hierarchical systems tobe built by providing capabilities forscheduling core and central processingunit resources, interrupt handling, andinterprocess communication. Ports, thenew interprocess communication facility(described in R-605), enables communicationbetween a program and the files, terminals,physical devices, and monitor programs.Extensive debugging facilities includedynamic record verification of all pointers.The language specifically includes thefacilities needed by the control program,and the machine provides many of the-fa-cilities normally implemented in software..The file system is described in R-603.49 pp. Ref. (See also R-692, R-622.)(MW)

R-573-NASA/PR. Computer PerformanceAnalysis: Applications of Accounting.Data.' R. k. Watson- May 1971.

Virtually all third-generation computersystems collect and record computer ac-counting data. However, these data areseldom used except at those installationSthat useHaccounting data to charge forcomputer services. . This report describesthe types of accounting data generallyavailable at most Computer installations.It then discusses techniques for condition-ing.and reducing the data, along withvariOus reports on syStem performance andworkload characteristics that can begenerated from.the data. The reportmainly concern7.; specific applications ofadcounting-data analysis in computer per-.formance analysis. The most heavilystresped application employs the statis-tidal'-analysis tools of regression analy-sis and cluster' analysis to'measure theeffectS on performance of a major systemmodification.-'-Other applications of ac-counting-data Analysis include validatingand supplementing the data collected byhardware orsoftvare measuring,devices,and use in developing effective computingcharging schemes. 74 pp. Ref. (Author)

R-584-NASA/PR Computer PerformanceAnalysis: Measurement Objectives andTools. T. E. Bell. February 1971.

47

One of a series of studies on computerperformance analysis, this report is con-cerned with the recognition of objectivesand the choice of measurement tools forcomputer performance .analysis. In additionto the conventional tuning objectives,model building, simulation validation, andoperational control are important. Datacollection tools for measurement and anal-ysis range.from simple, inexpensive ones--audio and visual indicators, operatoropinions, and logsto the most sophisti-cated hardware and software monitors. Eachof the simple tools can provide initialindications of performance, but hardwareand software monitors are usually necessaryfor a thorough analysis. Five binarycharacteristics can describe a monitoi:(1) implementation medium, (2) separabil-ity, (3) sample portion, (4) analysisconcurrency, and (5) data presentation.An analyst should determine the character-istics his analysis requires before choos-ing the measurement tools. 3S pp. Ref.(DGS)

R-603-ARPA The ISPL Basic File Systemand File Subsystem for Support of Courputing Research. F.:.Harslem, J. F.Heafner. August 1971:.

Functional specification of the Basic FileSystem and one ofseveral file srbsYstemsenvisioned for the ISPL computing systemdescribed dm R-562. A generalization ofthe GRAIL.logical input/output system (seeRM-6257),. the software.package is describedin its ISPL context... The BFS, as a resi7-dent part of .the ISPL Operating System,creates, modifies, deletes, and keeps di-rectories of file subsystems, allocatestheir secondary storage Space, and handlestheir I/0,transmissions- BFS is unconcernedwith file structure, which.is separatelydetezz,ined by each FSS. Any console orprogram can address any file by giving itsname, FSS, and a qualifier. Further com-munication is determined by the rules ofthat particular FSS. All BFS procedures -

report whether and why au operation failed.An ARPA research file, FSSli is describedin its temporary IBM 360 implementation,with indications of probable changes inthe ISPL environment. 48 pp. Ref. (NW)

R-605-ARPA Ports--4 Method for DynamicInterprogram Communication and JobControl. R- M. Balzer- August 1971.

Describes,Ports, a unified method forcommunication between, a computer programand terminals, files, peripheral devices,other prOgrams, and supervisory .software.In ISPL (Incremental System ProgrammingLanguage, described in R-563) , each 'jobhas a Port.named MONITOR that handles re-

source allocttion: creating and deletingfiles, assigning file space, core space,processor time- This design permits ahierarchical system of monitors, each con-trolling the jobs running under it. Byrouting output to a user terminal, Portsenable on-line debugging and simulationof rewritten files of programs. The Portconcept improves modularity in 3 ways:(1) Each c anection need not be specifiedby the prc rammer but can be decided atexecution- (2) Linkage between programsis co-routine rather than subroutine, whichsimplifies programming, retains context,and removes the need for hierarchicalorganization- (3) With different connec-tions via Ports, the same system can beused in many ways, e.g., on-line or off,in simulation mode, audit-trailed, or databreakpointed. 24 pp. Ref. (See alsoR-562, R-602, R-603, R-622, RM-5611.) (MW)

R-622-ARPA On the Future of ComputerProgram Specification and Organization.

. R. M. Balzer. August. 1971.Summarizes the currently available methodsof organizing computer programssubrOutinepyramid, generators, co-routines, andpassed subroutinesand presents an alter-native concept, program integration, basedOn use of the total context rather thanspecific procedUres. Most of a typicalprogram is devoted to housekeepingdataSubroutine save areas, parameterpassing mechanismS, indices,.pointers,tree and list structures, dictionaries--!that have nothing to do with the specif-ic problem but rather with its computersolution. Prolrams expressed entirely inproblem-specific terms require impliedrather than specified prodeesing; logicalprocess specifications not affected bydata representation; dynamic, linkage bythe system of Separate specifications,with dynamic adaptive modification at ex-ecution; and dynamic requesting of infor-mation as required from the current con-text- Steps in this direction:includeCORC, DWIM, VERS,-question-answering sys-tems, PL/I ON-UNITS, "Dataless Programming"(described, in.RM-5290) and Ports (de-scribed in R-605). .The field is ripe fora.breakthrough.. 23 pp. -Ref. (See alsoR-562, R-563, R-602,-R-603, RM-5611.)(MW)

R-r641-PR Generating" Gamma Distributed,Variates for Computer Simulation Models.M. B. Berman. February 1971.

Compares two methods of 'generating random ,

variates for simulation studies from gammadistributions with-_non-integral shape pa-rameters. The commonly used probabilityswitch approximation method iS examined for

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accuracy and computation costs, whileJohnk's exact method is investigated forcomputation costs. The probability switchmethod approximates the gamma distributionvery closely for shape parameters above5.0, poorly between 1.0. and 5.0, and notat all below, 1.0. Johnk's method, whileexact, is 2.5 to 3 times slower in theshape parameter range of 1.0 to 5.0.Johnk's method is recommended for shapeparameters below 5.0, and the probabilityswitch method is recommended above 5.0.FORTRAN routines for the two methods areprovided- The data used to investigate theaccuracy of the probability switch methodis appended, as are selected plots of thedistributions and a discussion of methodsto generate beta variates. 52 pp. Ref.(Author)

R-664-ARPA ARPA Network Series: I.Introduction to the ARPA Network- atRand and to the Rand Video GraphicsSystem. 'T. 0. Ellis, E. T. .Harslem,J. F. Heafner, K. Uncapher. August1971.. .

An overview of the Advanced Research Proj-ects Agency's experimental coMputer net-work, and a technical description of theRand Video Graphic System that links Randcomputing resources into'the network-Based on principles of distributed com-munications without a central controlpoint, set forth in a 1964 Rand publication'series, the ARPA network has 18 nodes, lo-cated at 10 university .sites, 4 researchinstitutes (Rand, SDC,.SRI, Mitre), 2 man-ufacturers (BMW, Burroughs) , and Rome AirDevelopment Center. Computers of differentmake, -model, size, speed, hardware, andsoftware are interconnected by small spe-cial Interface Message Processor computersat each site. SRI handles all networkdocumentation. UCLA analyzes performancestatistics. BB&N coordinates,maintenanceand testing. Rand will experiment withinformation processing techniques. Net-work control programs are being writtenat each site. The Video Graphic Systemand its relation to the network are de-scribed and illustrated. 48 pp. -Ref.Bibliog. (See also RH-3097, RM-3103,RM-3420, RM-3578, RM-3638,RM-3762-RM-3767.) (MW)

127670-PR BOOST: On-Line Computer Pro-gram for Estimating Powered-RocketPerformance. D. C. .Kephart. 'February19,1.

User's manual and program listing forBOOST, a quickreSponse, interactive JOSSprogram that sivtulates the powered flightperformanr:e of multistage boosterrockeis.BOOST is tailored for minimum make-ready

and fast turnaround to aid planners andanalysts in synthesizing new rocket con-figurations and in exploring variantson existing designs. BOOST ufliesu azero-lift two-dimensional powered trajec-tory over a spherical nonrotating earth.Coasting stages, earth rotation effects,and the postboost vacuum ballistic tra-jectory associated with any set of rocketburnOut conditions are.available as op-tions. Velocity losses due to.gravity,aerodynamic drag, and atmosphere/nozzleinteraction are-considered. The rocketmay be earth- or platform-launched intospace, the atmosphere, or to the surface.BOOST complements rather than supplants.the more detailed Fortran ROCKET pro-gram (RM-3534). Appendixes include asummary chart of the JOSS language.60 pp. Ref. (MM)

R-7687-111PA On-Line Computer Pro-. grams for the Analysis of Border-ControlProblems. G. F. Schilling, M. Turner-

. February 1971.Complex interactions among military, techni-cal, geopolitical, and socioeconomic factorsconstitute majoroproblems for counterin-filtration programs intended to inhibit the.mOvement of hostile forces across definedboundaries. This report.describes:twoversions of an on-line computer program thatincorporates the methodology, of a model ofborder control developed in RM-6250; itenables the ,user-to analyze,Insurgencysituations without mathematical manipula-tions.- The computerized versions of themodel permit the ready investigation of.specific situations and the rapid testingof new concepts withregard to their prob-able utility under different contingencies.It also permits-testing of quantitative .

sensitivity analyses of candidate bordersecurity Systems:and programs. _Outputsinclude a detailed acO5Unt and projectedtime sequence of-the number of guerrillasin the area of interest as a result of in-filtration, ,lnterdiction, recruitment, andattrition. For any future date, thesenumerical data are given in terms of actualnumbers, area densities, and'rates ofchange. 63 pp--..,::(KB)

R-700/1PR Soviet Cybernet4cS Review,Vol. 1,,No. 1. Edited by B. 'Holland'.:February, 1971. --

, Featured inthis 'issue is.a report by BarryBoehm of Band, who was invitediay the-.USSRAcademy OfScienceSjnOctober to tour'promine.nt'Soviet computing centers. Hisdetailed accOunt prOvides an overview ofcomputing probleMs and:SucceSses in theSoviet Union..A.lso Of special interestlisan organizational chart of the Soviet

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government that identifies all-union minis-tries and ministries of the union republics,plus important agencies. A survey articleon the automation of Soviet railways revealsa number of different areas of railroadoperation. In. an article discussing auto-mation implementation on a broad scale, aneminent Ukrainian economist identifiesspecific ways.of closing the Soviet R&Dgap. A.recent International Syaposium onComputer-Based Automation of ScientificResearch. is the basis for an article listingseveral projects in Novosibirsk intended tofacilitate Soviet researck--in particular,a light-pen graphicssystem and the AISTmultiple-user time-sharing system. 81 pp.(SCR Is available to nongovernment organiza-tions by yearly subscriptions at $48.Single issues: $10.) (KB)

R-700/2-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol..1, No. 2. Edited by:W. B. Holland.,March 1971.

The 1971State Plan includes a 20% in-crease in computer production. Cybernet-icists Glushkoi and Amosov are on theSupreme Soviet., A. P. Ershov is the firstcomputer scientist elected, to the USSRAcademy of Sciences- 'The M-3000, largestof the IBM/360-like ASVI Series, is imuse._ With '36 million operations per

.

second, the CDC-7600 at the Joint Instituteof Nuclear Research is the fastest computerin the communist world. .Some 30 automatedmanagement Systeis for entire industriesor economic sectors are. being implemented.City aanagement of Leningrad is to beautomated. Remote automatic control ofantomobile.traffici.n Moscow is now beingtested. Czechoslovakia is being pressuredto Sovietize her computer industry andrestrict it to supplying peripherals andsmall equipment.. Soviet computing stillsuffers. from inadequate planning; peraon-nel, and .jobs. "The Ministry of the.Elec-trical Engineering Industry has fOund only27% of the engineers_and 40% of the ap-plied mathematicians it seeks. 58 pp,(SCR is available to nongovernment organi-zations by yearly subscription at.$48. :

Single issues: $10.). AMW1

R-700/3-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 1, No. 3. Edited by W. B. Holland.May 1971. '

The 24th CPSU Congress ordered aajornational efforts in computing, automation,and systems analysis,. High SOviet offit'cials and executives.take 3month Course'sin the systems appreach.and eConometric

,

mettods .at the new Institute for Managementof the National Economy. The AgricultureMinistry.established a cybernetics researchinstitute7the first step toward computa-

5 0

tional support for farming. Denying aRussian report, CDC states there are noCDC-7600s outside the U.S. Feature arti-cles describe problems with youth; lack ofprogress on medical electronics and on theState Network of Computer Centers; theDonetsk, AKKORD, and other control systems;the first Soviet work on long-range fore-casting; new applied mathematics facultiesat.4 universities; a light-pen device thatcan photograph its alphanumeric and graphicdisplays. Binary-coded microfilm replacespunchcards and tape in the large computersystem being developed by the 'WeatherService. Extenskve feasibility studies fora.Belorussian medical reporting system arethe first SCR has seen. 67 pp. (SCR isavailable to nongovernment organizationsby yearly subscription at $48. Singleissues: $10.) (MW)

R-700/47PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,No, 4. Edited by W. B. Holland.

Zuly 1971.A complete report on directives Of the24th'CPSU:Congress for the ninth.five-yearplan from the computing viewpoint revealsunderstanding of as well as far greateremphasis onicomputer technology, automatedmanagement and process Control systems,and advanced economic planning techniques.The plan mandated a unified, systematicapproach to designing and applying Manage-ment and control systemsvstandai7dizedAUtomated information collection and pro-cessing and nationwide communications; anda coordinated:state network ocomputercenters. Other articles describe theRUTA-101, ChARS-65, and Blank-1'automaticreaders; Sirena-1 Aeroflotreservation/ticketing systen; Dubnas BESM6-and CDC1604vKiev intraplant'competitions; mili- ,tary exercises using PERT; an informationretrieval system for chemistrya method-ology forallocating R&D resourCes; a 70thbirthday tribute toAlcademician Lavrantvev;the emergenCe of Tstonian leadership incomputer, edlication nnciagricultural com-puterization.; the need for computersin:retailing; and a new management:scienceabstract:journal. 79 :pp...1:(SCRis.avail-able;t0.nongovernmentalorganizations byyearly, subscription at $48. Single issues:$10.)H (MW)

R-718-NSF/CCOM/RC _ Computers in Instruc-tion: Their Future for Higher Educa-tion; Proceedings of a Conference -AeldOctober 1970. Edited by R. E. Levien.July 1971.

Proceedings of a Rand conference cospon-sored by the National Science Foundationand the Carnegie Commission on Higher Ed-ucation, attended by 150 persons from

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higher education, industry, and governmentwho are in positions to influence the de-velopment of instructional computer use.About 25 speakers gave a range of answersto the questions: What will be the com-puter's capahilities.and costs? How willcomputer services be provided to the cam-pus? How vill instructional material beprovided? How will higher education beaffected? Five major studies were reportedby their leaders: Project CLUE (ComputerLearning'Under Evaluation) ; the NationalAcademy of Engineering's Educational Tech-nology Assessment; the M.I.T. study of theImpact of Technology on Higher Education;the Rand study; and the federal Commissionon Instructional Technology's report toCongress and the President. This reportalso includes summarieS of panel-discussions;workshop xecommendations for educationalinstitutions, industry, and government;and 2 contributed papers- 233 pp. Ref.(MW)

R-753-ARPA The Rand Video. .GraThicSystem--An Approach to a teneralUserComputer Graphic-Cosmilnicatioatem. K. Uncapher. April 1971. .

A report prepared for the AGARD AvionicsPanel Technical Symposium on Data HandlingDevices,: Istanbul, Turkey, 1-4 June 1970.Cathode-ray-tube graphic displays offerone of the most Powerful and uSefulman-machine communication'paths. The RandVideo Graphic System,offers one.implementa-tion. It serves.:32 consoles; each has afull range of interactiOn and full ,

graphics, And accommodates up to 8:differ-ent input devices. Each console serves asthe general graphic terminal for all theuser's computer-based needs. The uSer canaccess several comPuters from any terminal.The system is .based on the use:of an873-line: TV monitor'in each:terminal. Scanconversion, and buffered storage are centra-lized to improve performance and reducecost. The report describes.system compo-nents, operating environment,hardware 'andsoftware, Consoles, and reliability andperformance. An all-digital approach tothe video system is now being deSigned atRand. 20 -pp: Ref. ..(Author)

R-787-NIH. Computer Techniques forPseudocolor Image Enhancement. J. C.LaMar. june_1971.

Descriptionof computer methods of creaf-ing color separations:jor peendocOlor trans-fortationS,:madepossible by imProvements,in microfilm7generating equipmenttone process is chosenin whiChA'pictnreis divided:into tany small: ateas andpseudO-random patternS are'plotted in.each.Twenty-onepatternS are designed. Tle

Datagraphix 4060 is programmed to produce35mm microfilm frames containing plots ofthe patterns; their densities are estab-lished by densitometer reading. The ex-amples described are for creating pseudo-color transformations based on the two-sep-aration process, but the techniques areapplicable for processes requiring anynumber of separations. A FORTRAN programhas been written to create a 21-step grayscale, with each step a rectangle con-structed from the patterns. Two separa-tions of the gray scale are generated bythe 4060, and a culor scaleis producedusing the separations as the red and bluerecords in the two-separation process. Apseudocolor transformation of an image iscreated also from digital data. 44 pp.Ref. (See also R-596, R-597, RM-5297.)(KB)

R-8.37-PR The MIND System: A Data.. Structure for.-Semantic Information.Processing.. S. C. Shapiro. August1971. .

Description of the'data structure used inthe semantic file of the MIND system (Man-agement of Information through NaturalDiscourse), and of the procedures for ma- .

nipulating information stored in the file.The MIND system consists of nested andchained modules of high-level programminglanguage statements; it is relatively easyto modify, either for improvement or foradaptation to,specialized applications.The major features of the data stnuctureare: (1) It is 'a net whose nodes representconceptual entities and whose edgeS repre-sent relations that'hold 'between entities.(2) Some nodes.of the net are variables,.and are used,in constructing general state-.ments and deduction-rules. (3) Each concePtual entity is represented by:exactly.one:node inthe net from whiCh all infor-mation concerning that Ontity is retriev-7able. (4) Nodes can be-identified andretrieved either by name or by a Sufficientdescription 'of their connections with othernodes. The 'use Of thesystettoexperimentwith various setantic theories is demon-strated:by examining several_questions, ofcurrent linguistic theory. 175 pp. Ref.(KB)

RAND MEMORANDA

PM-73173-FR Dynamic Programming;: Intel7MaChines, and Self4Organizing

'Jane 1962.A 4ScussiOn of sote asPects of problemformulatiOn and problem SolutiOn., The

51

relevance of these matters to the fieldof intelligent machines is emphasized,some.connections with.the theory and ap-plication of dynamic programming are in-dicated, And the practical application ofscientific philosophy as a.technique toguide research is considered. 22 pp.

RM73245-PR. Factors in Selecting andTraining Programmers. A. Sweetland.August 1962.

An attempt to develop criteria for theselection and training.of computer pro-grammers. Section I evaluates nineclasses of.programmertrainees accordingto their intelligence, motivation, andclassroom performance. Section II dis-cusses vocational itterest.inventory.Section_III suggests areas in which fur-ther research might be fruitful (e.g.,programmer characteristics, interests,and aptitudeS). 25.pp: -

RM-327.3-PB DETABI: An ImprovedBusiness-Oriented. Computer Language.S. L.. Pollack. . August 1962.

A description of.a computer language basedon the use of decision tables, DETAB-1E '

(Decision.Tables, Experimental).' The memo-randum traces the evolution of computer-ibrogratming_and the steps in its develop-ment. The 'desirable features for a prob-lem-analySisteChnique-Are discussed, to-gether with, a comparison of-DETAB-X andCOBOL-61. DET-.X was.developed at Randas part of a continuing effort to devisemethods that will permit.theAirForceand other large users tf computers to:re-duce Costs and time-lags involved in de-signiagtnd implementing datasystems.25 pp.'

RM-3283-PR Stine Problems of BasicOrganization in Problem-Solving Pro-grams. ANewell. December 1962.

Part of a continuing study dealing withartificial intelligence atd with how hu-mans process information. The study willeventually lead to computer programmingtechniques that will permit-the construc-tion of more sophisticated problem-solvingprograms than the game-playing and theorem-solvig type of program common today.This Memorandum discusses several of theorganizational issues involved in con-structing a problem-solving program andin applying it to actual problems in aneffurt to detect the sources of informa-tion contained in the program. 68 pp.

RM-3285-1-PR Learning, Generality andProblem-Solving. A. Newell. February1963.

A revision of RM-3285. This memorandumdiscusses the role of learning in relation-ship to other concepts in the field ofartificial intelligence, such as generalityand problem solving. A Rand computer pro-gram for learning, known as the GeneralProblem Solver, is described and its eper-ation is discussed. 41 pp.

RM-3306-PR . FORTAB: A Decision TableLanguage for Fcientific Computing Ap-

. plications. 'G. W. Armerding. 'Septem-ber 1962.

4 description of a computer language',FORTAB, developed tt Rand as an aid to com7puter progrtmming. FORTAB is t deciSiontable language designed to be'imbedded inthe well-established FORTRAN sCientificcomputing language. Together they providea strong combination of coMpUtational depthand program logic. .46 pp..-

RM-3320-PR . AUTOSATE--Part II:Event-Chain Flow'Charting. 0. T. Gatto,E. M. Fairbrother. December .1962.

A description of event-chain flow cbarting,a computer process tbat prodgces one of aseries of analysis reports for AUTOSATE(an.,Automated Data Systems Analysis Tech-nique).' The concept of event chains de-parts from the usual practice of flow. charting by napplication in that emphasisin the chainingvprocess is on the eventcreating the dtcument rather than'on' theapplication to which it belongs. Eventchains as control devices are also examineid.as they were used to test the consistency,compatibility, and cOmpleteri:esS of a pro-posed Depot Maintenanee Industrial Manage-ment System at Headquarters, AF1C. :The ,

computer-program flow charts and instruc-tions are provided for those interestedin making surveys of both proposed, tndoperational data systems using theevent-chain :prtcess-of AUTOSATE. 103 pp.

BM-3324-PR The Fifth Rand ComputerSymposium. Edited by F. J. Gruerberger.November 1962.

An abridged transcript of the Fifth AnnualRand Computer Symposium, held at The RandCorporation, April 1962. The meetingcentered around the use of common computerlanguages in command and control. ThePentagon's announced disposition toward onesuch language, COBOL, received considerablecomment and a definite question was raisedconcerning the advisability of adopting acommon language for command and control at

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this time. The implications, both in dol-lars-and-cents terms and in the possibleeffect on the development of the state ofthe art, could have a bearing on future AirForce programs. 197 pp.

RM-3327-PR The Rand-SHARE OperatingSystem Manual for the IBM 7090 Computer.Edited by G. E. Bryan. September 1962.

A manual.of programmers' aids developedat Rand in. cooperation.with SHARE, anorganization of computer_nsers formed tofacilitate the exchange of computer pro-grams, for use on the IBM 7090. Themanual assumes that the reader is familiarwith the SHARE SOS Manual, and with thepublished descriptions of the other pro-cessors, and is concerned with the changesand additions that have been made in thevarious components of the operating system.The study.has application in military andcivilian establishments where data pro-cessing machinery is used. 117 pp.

RM-3337-PR A Guide to the GeneralProblem-Solver Program GPS-2-2. A.Newell.. February 1963.

A detailed account of the interual struc-ture of GPS72-2, one of the versions ofthe General Problem Solver (GPS), a com-puter program for explorations into boththe general mechanisms involved in prob-lem solving and the way humans solve prob-lems. The gross topography of the programand a run-through of a simple problem toput the parts in context are given. Therest of the memorandum.is taken up with thevarious data StrUctures,used in GPS, the

.

subroutine hierarchY,. the embedding pro-gram used to put GPS into operation andreceive outputs on selected aspeCts of itsperformance, and the inkormation providedfor each task environment. 158 pp.

RM-3447-PR Programming Languages:andStandardization in Command and Control.J. P. Haverty, R. L. Tatrick. January1963.

A study, of computer programming languagesin the field Of command:and control. Anevaluation of_current programming languagesindicates that it is not now appropriateto establish a standardprogramiingAan-guage,':but that :planning for standardiza ,

tion-should begin iimediately, Particu-larlYneeded are A data-Processing gips.-sary, magnetic tape recprding formats., and%character sets. Also,neederl,is:a: centralAir Force agency io establish'measures ofperformance, plan for standardiZation, andcoordinate computer selection. The studysuggests that the AirForce'take the lead-

in directing and supporting research ef-forts to improve the state-of-the-art, andthat the present indoctrination programin computers and computer programming forAir Force officers be supplemented bycourses in the established USAF schools.In addition, a training.program is urgent-.ly needed to develop a c,adre of skilledprogrammers in the Air Force. 75 pp.

RM-3588-PR The Heuristic Compiler.H. A. Simon. May 1963.

An investigation of the kinds of prob-lem-solving activity that are involved incomputererogramming and the kinds oflanguage and representational means thatare needed to produce more sophiSticatedcompilers. Two major themes are presented:(1) More of the programming burden can beshifted from programmer to computer if thecomputer is given some-problem,-solving--uowers; and (2) if ne are to have flexi-bility in a coMpiler language commensurate,with the flexibility of natural language,we must first gain an.understanding of theways in which meanings are represented innatural-language, and then devise repre-sentations of corresponding power (andambiguity) for compiling languages.137 PP.!

RM-3609-PR A Computing Program forDetermining Certain.Statistical Param-eters associated Mith Position andVelocity Errors for Orbiting and Re-entering Space Vehicles. R. T. Gabler,S. J. Belcher, G. D. Johnson. April1963.

A computing program for determining errorsin position and velocity on a satelliteorbit. Errol: coefficients are computedfrom analytic fOrmulas. These may be usedin the further computation of systematicand random errors in the prediction ofsatellite position and velt.city. The com-puting program handles the propagation ofvariance-covariance and the determinationof confidence regions for position andvelocity estimates. 61 pp.

Rii-36467P2 1,GSneralized Assembly Sys-tem.: G.:H.Mealy. Angust 1963.

A presentationOUthefirst_resultsofresearch aiming:tcons&Lidate 4'nd-extendthe stateHef the_art-of computer:assembly

-system:designand impleMentation.,; seM"blysysteme are:thereal coreof,mOdern:.prograXming USed te4répare problems forcalculation 'of solutions:in digital com7pUters. 'Thei.Mportance of proper designof these systems is especially apparentin the:implementation of such large con-

53

trol programs as SAGE and SACCS. Theresearch vehicle covered here is the Gen-eralized Assembly System (GAS), programmedin an experimental form for the 7090 DataProcessing System by the author. 81 pp.

RA-3669-PR Analysis of the DecisionRules_in Decisios Tables. S. L.Pollack. May 1963.

A discussion of decision tables, a fkame-work for_describing a set of related de-cision rules- The tables can improve thecommunication.and documentation achieved

.by previous techniques such as flow chartsand narrative descriptions of data process-ing problems, patticularlyithose with com-plex decision.rnles.1 Decision tables alsooffer system analysts the possibility ofeliminating inconsistencies and redundan-cies.in each .set of specified decisionrules end of ptoducing programs efficientib the use of.computer:storage and runningtime. -They also enable the system analystto determine if he has considered all thepossible decision rules that'can be formedfiom a particular set.of conditions. . Theauthor develops for decision tables atheoretical structure that serves.as thefoundation.for achieving.these benefits,77 pp.

RM-3675-PR Soviet Cybernetics Tech-nology: I. Soviet Cybernetics,1959-1962. Edited by W. H. Ware, V. B.Holland. June 1963.

Seven sets. of translations in the area ofSoviet cybernetics, together with commen-tary and analyses on. the status of cyber-netics in the Soviet Onion, end the direc-tions of Soviet cybernetics research. Thisvolume is concerned with.general computertechnology and. cybernetics applications.Two more are anticipated; Volume II willbe on programming for specific computers;Volume III, on hardwar4a and specificmachines. 104 pp.

RM-3731-CC The Logic Theory Machine:A Model Heuristic Program. B.Stefferud. June 1963.

A highly detailed program listing for theLogic Theory Machine (LT), a computer pro-gram written in Information ProcessingLanguage-V (IPL-V), and. developed espe-cially for use as a pedagogical.model.The text portions expand on the documen-tation in the listing, tracing,proaramflow, analyzingroutines used, and pro-viding insight into the structure'and de-velopment of the program. LT was origi-nally programmed in ...rt eerly version ofIPL to derive proofs of logic expressions

in the sentential calculus of Whitehead andRussell. In'rewriting it for use as ateaching aid, a new method of replacementon sub-expressions has been included, andmany minor changes effecting improvementsin clarity have been incorporated. Pea-tures.of the code that were unjustifiablyhard to explain have been simplified. LTcan be implemented on any computer forwhich.an IPL-V processor is available.196 pp.

IM-3753-ARPA Computer Recognition ofOn-Line, Hand-Written Characters.

, M. I. Bernstein. October 1964.Discussion of a method for recognizingsingle, hand-written characters using anon-line' graphical input device such as adigitizing pantograph, light Pen, or RA3DGraphic Input.Tablet, as the primary in-formation-source. Basically, the methodconsists-of filtering end Smoothing theinput stream to eliminate as much redun7dancy as possible. Direction of the sty-lus movement is quantized into one ofeight directions, allowing each stroke ofa character to be described as a series ofconnected straight-line segments. By elim-inating various measures On the stroke,the description is size-,'position-, androtation-independent. To reStore somerotational orientation and to diScriminatebetween open, closed, and multi-strokecharacters, end-point comparisons are addedto the description. 33 pp. (See alsoRM-.4122-ARPA.)..

RM-3778-PE A Brief Review of SIMSCRIPTas a Simulating Technique. M. A.Geisler, H. M. Markowitz. Ju/y 1963.

A presentation of the underlying conceptsand structure of SIMSCRIPT. It is main-tained that the key to understanding'thelanguage of simulation and to developinga more rigorous approach to simulation isto have a SIMSCRIPT view of the world interms of events, sets, and entities. Aspecific example of a simple job shoproutine is given to support this view. Thememorandum concludes with a review of the1963 status of SIMSCRIPT. 28 pp.

RM-3797-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy: II. General Characteristics ofSeveral Soviet Computers. Edited by

Ware, W. B. Aolland. August 1963.A collection of annotated translationsconcerning eight Soviet and Soviet bloccomputers. Noteworthy is the inclusionof information on-two little-known ma-chines, the 'Much's (Byelorussian) and the"EPOSI2 (Czechoslovakian), and some coo-

'

54

mentary on the nUral-4." An article onthe BESM-II" contradicts informationfrom other sources. 78.pp. (See alsoRM-2541, . RM-36754 ;

RM-3804-PB Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy: III, Programming Elements of theBESM,.STRELA, Ural,. M-3, and. Kiev Com-puters- Edited by. W. H. Ware, W. B.Holland; translated from the Russianby A. S. Kozak. SepteMber. 1963.

A translation from the Russian detailingthe instruction formats for five of thebetter known.Soviet digital computers.Some notes.are included to help.place themachines in perspective. Charts give theoperation Codes for the five machines,along with theaoriginal Russian terminologyand its English,translation. 91 pp. (See'also RM-3675, 8M-3797.)

R1-3812-PR Technical Appendix on theSIMSCRIPT Simulation Programming Lan-guage- B. Hausner, H. M. Markowitz.August .1963.

Five tables presenting miscellaneous in-foration which may be ofvalue. to theprogrammer who wishes to use SIMSCRIPT insome unusual way or to modify. the SIMSCRIPTtranslator: (1) the layoUt of region IV,aboWe 31,000; (2) a short description ofeach routine in the "System Packagen; (3)

a short description of each_routine in theTranslator; (4) a listing of FAP reutine,KLRXX, which removes the first eVent of aspecified type from the calendar; (5) analphabetic listing of the table of con-.tents of the SIMSCRIPT manual. -18 pp.

RM38.42-PR A Comparison of List-Proc7,essing:Computer Languages. D. G.Bobrow, B. Raphael. :;October

A detailed comparson of COMIT, IPL-V,LISP 1.5,Hand SLIP-,-!-four wellknownlist-prOcessing computer aanguageS whichamong them, exhibit all the:principal r

characteristics Of existingjiSt-Trodessing _

languages. Important comMon.features:ofliSt-TroCessing languages are:reviewed,and principal differences between thefour languages are:detailed. :A rough com7parison:shows thatthe languages discussedareall of approximately the same speed.-""Some heuristics areygiven to aid ii('theselection of one :of:these languagesor.use in particular:Problem applications,coacluding--that no one of'the languagesconsidered Is distinctly Superior tO allpossible listprocesSing44 pp..

RM-3879-PR TIPL: Teach InformationProcessing Language. R. Dupchak. Oc-tober 1963.

A.presentation of TIPL (Teach InfordationProcessing Language), a computer programwhich checks the correctness of solutionsto problems written in Information Proc-essing Language-V, (IPL-V), It is a teach-ing aid designed to evaluate automaticallyboth the correctness and the efficiency of.a student's program. The first section ofthereport is intended for the student.It describes how tie must prepare his pro:-gram deck and what epnventions he must ob7'serve. The second section describes howthe system operates-and the manner inwhich the instructor may modify old prob-lems and add new ones. 32 pp.

RM3976-PR Data System Design and Con-. trol Using AUTOSATE--An Automated Data

System,Analysis Technique. D..D.Butler, E. M.-Fairbrother, O. T. Gatto.,

. rebruary 1964.Data system analysis, design, and controlare growing areas of importance as the AirForce increasingly, employs electronic dataprocessors..Alhis memorandum describes anautomated data system analysis technique(AUTOSATE) that can.be used as an aidinthese three areas by providing ia1p7mationon_data system.flows and CharacterSticsfor the data -.system analysis phase,and byfurnishing a useful tool- to guide systemdesign and control. Included are all the.operator instructions, program logic flowcharts, and FORTRAN instruction listingsfor those interested in-applying the tech-nique to data system. surveys,of both pro-posed and operational systems. 256 pp.(Supersedes RM-3118.4

RM-74033,-PR tCodputer Personnel Research. :Group Programmer performance PredictionStudy.: R. Reinstedt, B.:, C. Halmidi,

peres, E. L. Picard. March 1964.A report Of the results of a Study under-

'taken bythe Computer:Personnel Research'Zroup to gain,some insight inte the rela-tionship betWeen rated-jOb performance ontheone hand. and, on theother,.Ycognitive

-abilities; Vocational interests, and bio-Hgraphicallinformatioaof CoMputer program-mers. A testbattery codpoSed of the IBMPogrammer AptitudeTest,:the Test mf Se-quentiai InstruCtions (aresearchinstru-ment specially-constructed for thisstudy),-the Strong-Vocational Interest Blank, And,a'PersonalBackgroUndData Form wasadministered to "534 programmers:V.01: Scientificand 233. business)repreSenting :24participating Companies. 71AT.

atj%

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RMr-4122-ARPA The RAND Tablet: A Man-Machine.Graphical Communication Device.M. Davis, T. O. Ellis. August 1964-

'Description of a low-cost, two-dimensionalgraphic input tablet and stylus developedto conduct research on man-machine graph-ical communications- The tablet is aprintedcircuit screen complete withprinted,circuit capacitive-coupled en-coders with 40 external connections. Thewriting surface is a. TO" x 10" area witha resolution of 100 lines per inch in bothx and y. The system does not require acomputer-controlled scanning system tolocate and track the stylus. 30 pp.Bibliog._

RM7-4133-PR Introduction to COBOL Pro-gramming. . R..H. Gregory, R. L.Van Horn.. April 1965-

An introduction to conputer programmingwith COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Lan-guage), using.COBOLT,.a simplified andcompletely compatible subset of COBOL thatpreserves the.essential structure of thelanguage, but minimizes the number of rulesand options the student has to learn in theinitial stage- The steps involved in usinga COBOL. program are describelland illus-trated:. (1)..program translation into ma-chine language by a data processor; (2) useof the resulting machine language.to cow-trol the data processing. 140 pp.Bibliog. .

RM-4162-PR JOSS: Scenario of a FilmedReport. C. L..Baker. June 1964.

A description of JOSS (Johnniac Open ShopS)ystem), an.on-line, time-shared use ofthe Rand Johnniac computer, providing com-putational service at a number of.remoteelectric.typewriter consoles. As many aseight users at once may communicate withJOSS by means of a smooth language, spe-cifically designed for on-line problemsolving. JOSS handles many formulaevaluation problems, providing the facil-ity of a printing desk calculator as wellas the capabilities of a stored-programcomputer. . It also provides various arith-metic and trigonometric functions.andallows flexible output in user-specifiedformats. A console consists of a stand-ard IBM 868 typewriter with a sliahtlymodified character set and a .small boxwith a few.indicato,: lichts and activat-ing switches. It uses continuous-feed,sprocket-guide, single-ply paper in8 1/2 x 11 sheets. The user's input of in-structions and data is type in green,.and JOSS responses in black. This Mem-orandum contains the narration accompany-ing the filmed demonstration, the user'sinputs, and the resulting computer outputs;

little of the staging and action isdescribed. Appendixes contain statementsof the problems solved during the demon-stration and the longer, more detailedoutputs, and answers to frequently askedquestions about the system. 51 pp.

RM-4188-PR Studies. in Data System De-velopment: The Air Reseryla RecordsCenter. S. L. Pollack- July 1964.

A.description of the electronic data proc-sing.system.of.the Air Resetve Records

'Center (ARRC)... During its developmentand implementation, it encountered manyproblems that Other large-scale systemshave faced or .will face. This memorandumdescribes solutions to some of theseproblems and explains several unique.endworthWhile features that were incorpor-ated into the Records Center's system.,The study first describes the backgroundfor its development, including the majorsteps leading tothe current electronicdata processing system. -It then .discussesits special features, and finally compareSearly proposals with the current system..58.pp.

RM-4220-PR Studies in Data System De-velopment: The OCAMA Weapon SystemProject. E. r. R. Hearle, R. J. Mason.April, 1965.

An examination of a pioneering lir Forceeffort to apply the computer to inventorymanagement--the stock control and distri-bution system developed and operated bythe Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area(OCAMA). The Memorandum discusses changesin system concepts, operations, and data-processing equipment configuration overthe past nine years. Conclusions aredrawn for guidance in developing otherlarge scale data systems. 55 pp- (Seealso RM-4188.)

RAE-4232-PR A Technique for Iirovingthe Management of a Conputer Instal-lation- R. L. Patrick. Septem,,er 1964.

Describes the benefits of an informaltechnique for 9omputer installation man-agers to control the work force and gatherdata suitable for reports to management.The memorandum includes a statement of thedevelopment of the technique, a fall de-scription of the computer operations array,the uses of the management tool, and someexamples of the system's efficiency in acomputer operation handling a stated workload at minimum cost. 62 pp.

56

BM-4242-PR Modify and Restart Routinesfor SIMSCRIPT Experiments. H..M.Markowitz, R. C. Steorts. June 1965.

k presentation of routines to. be used withany SIMSCRIPT simulation program. Theyprovide snapshot, modify, and restartcapabilities for the following game andexperiment.applications: (1) man/machinegames in Wiich the computer simulates asystem for a period oftime, humans thenuse the results to decide on changeS inpolicy parameters for the following periods,and tbe computer resumes sliulations whereit left off but with:policy parameters,modified; and (2) simulation experimentsin.which.snapshots of. the simulated systemare recorded on tape at'verious pointstime. After inspecting: the4etiodicsummary print-outs produced by the.simulation, an analyst may specify a return tosome snapshot,.modify one or more patame-ters, and resume simulation at that point.While-this revised simulation is running,additional snapshotsaay be taken so thatthe process can-berepeated. :69 pp.

RM-4258 PALL: BAND's Automated AddressBook. G. E. Bryan. September, 1964.

A description of a computer program de-signed to improvethe accuracy, speed, andconvenience of handling the paperwork in-volved in distributing publications of the%RAND Corporation. PALL (Prints AddressLists and Labels) maintains a master fileof some 850 organizations approved to.re-ceive various categoriesof RAND reports.,In.design and operation, the programre-seMbles a two-pass assembler and makes ex-tensive use of modern string-handling,pointer, and:dictionary:techniques. ',91 pp.

RM-4320-PR' LIPL: Linear InformationProcessing Language. R. Dupchak.February 1965.

Presentation of a new alternate format inwhich IPL routines and data can be repre-sented. LIPL, a horizontal, linear,Parenthesis format, is described. Thememorandum also presents a new I2L BasicProcess, J164, for in-process loading ofLYPL routines and data. A descriptionand listing of the J164 routine is in-cluded. 67 pp.

meric, and mnemonic-r-and use as subjectsAir Force maintenance personnel whosecoding routine is similar to the methodof recording real-world maintenance data.Their coded information is keypunched andthe.resulting decks analyzed to determinewhich factors led to the highest And low-est error rates. The twelve major find-ings are given in detail, and appear suf-ficient to serve as testable hypothesesfor further experimentation. 38 pp.

2M-4390-PR. Natural Language in Com-puter Form. M. Kay, T. W. Ziehe,February 1965.

DesCription of a scheme for recording'text incomputer7useable form so thatall\meaningful typographical distinctionsare\represented in a standard format.ProWision is made lot texts in differentlangUages and'diffekent alphabets, andfor SUbsidiary material suchas paralleltranSlations and comments of'interest touserS and.'libiarians. The basic set of

.encoding coaventions isindefinitely ex-tensible to accommOdate nei'kinds of,ma-terial. In particular, the memorandum:(1). provides special facilities for verylarge bodies of'data (by embedding thetext encoding scheMe in a general filemaintenance system), and &means of'correcting and revising filed material; (2)describes computer programs'whichzimplifyconversion:Oftext from various sourcesinto the standard foriat; (3) discusSesthe problem Of and describes a flexible?rogram.for printing text which has been

-,recorded in'standard format. 90 pp.

RM-4346-q11 . Factors Affecting-CodingErrors. S.,,OwsOwitz,, A.Sweetland.April 1965.

A discussionef Severer studiWto deter-mine the major factorS'contributing tocoding errors,:the biggest problemi.n anyinformation system. Thestudies empl.toyvarious Codesnumerie, alpha.:alphanu,-:

411-43957PR Description of the ComputerProgram.for Aggregate BaSe StoCkageIlolicy,of Recoverable Items. Y. Lu,G. AMithels. April 1965.

A description Of.a cotputet program toCalculate steck levels'actoss a'set of re-Coverableitems which aregenerallychar-ibterized byhigh unitcostand low-de-Bland. The inventoty polley folloVed ist:47 reerder a.Unit whenever one4s demanded.

HMO aSsumed:demand distribution is 'a stut-tering Poisson,While the distribution ofresponse:time is arbitrarY, since only themea.m responSe titheiMeeds teibe knoWn. ThetechnigUe BaYesian±inferende is usedferdemand prediction.. Included with theprogram (Written in FORTRAN IV) is-A 1367-scriptionof the struCturing Of the entireTroTrAm, .flow charts,' AjdefinitiOn'of thevAriableS, and a listing of the SOurceprOgram. NO pp..

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RM-4431-PR Digital Communications andEDP for an Advanced Tactical Air con-trol Systea: A Preliainary Study.G. B. Sorthrop. January 1965.

A brief study offering suggestions forcircumventing some of the potential diffi-culties that may arise with the introduc-tion of digital communications and dataprocessing in an Advanced Tactical AirCostral System. A three-phaso program ofequipment acquisition is outlined, Phase Iof 441101 would enhance present capabilitywhile acquiring field esromlesce leadingis as evolutionary sinner to specificoperatiomal requiressr's lor sore couplessystes elosents. 30 pi.

Sol-4440-Pn Progression by Questioe-&aim. k. S Giesbers, S. R. Sariovits.P. O. Oldfather. April MS.

A description of the program .oeiratioliconcept. of proornoolog by gooatiososire,

teChsilee for codnclog tn. coat as* tie,celoic** to prodeco conpster proemial' alib-is specified *roam of ppticatiole. Titososornotion ***crtbal* tba tecimileo. coo-per** it to ontottos tocbmilson. 4o4cannon potoottal noon. The meth.* to 4*-*crib** to tern* of tbo Job nor $imile-tie. Proarao 0..ertor (41SPC). 411 05**0.4oaelopo4 to toot lbe fonntbility ao44.nitabiltty of *he galsrept. al pp.

4oro511=POI 9.1404 eybe45e4ics Tech-nology; It. Oninefiptioes of the6111-11. W41. 464 44,1,7 464104 Ces$901.016**4 of Tic.* Otneeltioseeso Sleeltooicflostres. Trastnto* *04 *Atte* byO. S. Solline4. Pobroory

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software research. Primary focus is onthe development of computer languages andrepresentations, the efficiency of theprogramming and translation processes,and the environment in which programmersand programs interact. The key problemof makiug computers accessible to the non-professional user is also dir tssed.32 pp.

ItS-4506-SASA Integration of Man andComputer in Prelaunch Checkout of Ad-vaticed Space Vehicles. R. D. Pepler,J. c- Soki. April 1965.

An calysis of the roles, intoreatiom,mad ifttertace display oed control requiro-*eats for different towels of checkoutsystem automatios. Tke levels of automa-tic& coamidered are: II) *besot Lithecospeter is ptiarafily .404 as a switching**trim); t2) sisieol (pose *I the sorertGatise coattol o)d rnisatioo CISOCtitiOs4V0 4ele9atto4 to the cospetorl; so4-erste (the teat ealimeer cos leers soreabout his Gystesos perforoasco tbrottahfeedbeck died totemic. mitornattos)t *54gel adwasce4 (the chockost aymtee cam**opt to pretest ooditicati.a. *** camtoprolcan IAA operation* oe lima). The;study 44ntis9u4410,0 betvelea ihe karmisceant 4400tO*14, aspect* of * newit:eepuietinterface *o4 41411'04004 It** isporlasee off4P114001,81 rather Inas p***1 *64 caseate4oaina. 9: pp,

ne-abil-AnPA Tbe Aoltabliiity et,Gribs.4-$6*** Tolopotorn. $. 1.Lave, O. 04Irshee. Jon* IOAS.

As attoopt I* laCtisole tb. mitoin*lityditt* ptogomoor by *tertian nit* tbe

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58

log data, and tape labels are written aslogical records in a specially designedblocking format. Beginnings and ends ofblocks, phystcal tapes, and catalogs areexplicitly marked. The Catalog Input/Output System offers a variety of input/output unit-control operations in additionto the commands for reading and writingdata in catalog foraat. The reading andwriting consands are implemented on threelevels: Level III handles individualdata; Level II reads and writes logicalrecords; and Level I processes blocks ofinformation. 71 pp. (See also nn-aonS.)

118-4083-Pe Couputer-Assisted nainte-sauce Planning. P. J. riviat. July194S.

& deocriptios 4f a cospoter ptfiggis r4cplanuing esti scheduling base naintenance,support and training activities. The in-puts aro descriptions of bane flying pco.*rams and vaintesaace, support end train-isg policies; the outpets are displays ofbase rogetreoonto for personoel and *gulp-neat. vorkload control Oh chock lints.*ad pers000el and eivipsoat dispatchQuiet's. Those *gavots take ioto con-saderatiom the scheduled 44-4410444000 sup-

r4 and tratoial toi.nts, bet do not pro-wife estioates of sanpoaer or olutpaeattot stschedaled oatateaaace. *2 pp.

$eparable Poodundant COP.kvfer4. I. D. 44404, L. T. 4441,4ortemb444 14415.

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1,0608. T*84-10414 114/.40411440 *I 100 COSp40411041111 *pea".

01941 ittelooft for natio** 144414f ferfw**mallows of 0410sailf1410 14000440a.41110744A'A/ 44,041f4081P OW04010141140techatries* Perfothaece cooparismasast oiato4 As totraan 040044.0eas. 40144481.wr81#44411108, 404 444%1444 01 4Iiitifit.Vz0100 e10 10400 et two 0000011f 0044404e 1401011f*rs 1114 ***Ants. *fad to* 2(4404 *444.

able grid (microgrid) differential alti-tude method of tabular representation.The microgrid representation is found tobe generally superior, but many problemshave special properties which sake othermethods sore efficient. The formulasgiven are upper bounds of time and costfor each method; they show whether or notit is necessary to analyze a problem forspecial structure to make it computation-ally tractable. Polynomial, statistical,and analog methods are discussed briefly.craphic input devices, such as the WANDTablet, facilitate prepLncessing and re-duce costs in elapsed lise and dollars.Appendixes give an alguLithe and conver-gence theorem for the contour tree repre-sentation, and describe the Rand microgrid.BO pp. Rot. (See also Ita-S081.)

P5-0445-Pit The Catalog: 4 flexibleData Structure for Magnetic Tape. O.Ray. T. I. Heber. October 110.S.

48 outtin, ot a generalised storage schemafor large Mos of highly structured data(or catalogs) ao4 a descriiptioa of theirrealisatioe on aagoetic tape. tack datnn,large or stall. in assigooe to onf. of asmatter of data classes of velc$ a user sayWise day somber. The over-all *cocotte-time of catalog as gime by 4 sap tiaaisposes a txeo otructute ov the set ofdata clamed*. Catalogs sel participatean iedivideal data in other catalogs oothat the strectere at a tile say bo recur-sive. 4 flesibie addressiag scheop not°sty facilitates the retrieval or dat* andsets of data in tempos** to easily tom-tatod reg000ls bet also ptvides * 04stsfor vpdatiog catalogs. G000ral procederescalled traostorsations can OP need to de-rive catalogs with OPW stractareo frosogistiog catalogs. 12 pp. peo atop44-4110.)

44-6111-PF tweet-04*i, -to* Chattiogin 44r0A4Tha 0, *ea feasiaa. 1. 0.better. 4, Gatti). Ocitowor

4 descriptio* r a see aed note floatageautomatic eveowchaan flowcharting tech=aivio hsiit oe the 04rItOr 41006441 oethet.The aeammadvel (I) discos:se§ the system'sthroe philsos fdocooecatag **ate* (loes.translating 449,tats iota eacnisemreatablefox*. and producing evemtirchaia Moe charts** coaeater); Ili 004144r00 400* 00s silo*.0444 41440 OA 404 V00444404-4 the 40444i0Arrodored at; il) analivos the nrwtiimos footoirAtens tor 4,4p5k5 444 44000044441 444 fv#otters 4.11414144 owes* charts. #401)4'444liatiegs. and oteraliog instractimas.1/ oe. it*a. 444e 44=11101, a=11W1, 08-0/4.1

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59

8m-4782-PR A Computer Simulat-ion ofAdaptive Routing Techniques f-t- Dis-triL ted Communications Systems. D. W.Boobs, R. Mobley. February 1966.

Description of a computer mod-1 of a dis,-tributed communicationm system. It iswritten in FORTRAN IV and is designed totest various otaptive essage routinytechniques. The program simrtates theprogress of messages through tte s)steeand neasures the effects of the routingtechniques' adaptation t.) specified de-grees of destruction of Its links andnodes» A listing of the program is given,plus the pitfalls to avoid in developingsimilar programs. 44 p?.

ne-4793-141 Relational Date Pile: Atool for Sailhaiited Eiript-'4Aina

and Data Retrieval. R. I. Levies,41. E. flacon. December 196S.

A descriptios of the background and statusof a current project re automatic datastorage sad retrieval. The research ee-chemises the development sod testing oflogical technilees tor data retrieval emitisfecence-saktug. Tte techaileen arebeteg tuplesested is the form of computercostiseo wad tested on a large body otfacts coscersial the field of cybersetics.ventage sections presest the theoceticalnese of the proposed scot's, 4 smeitary ofthe thooty of relationn, typicel deta ce-trieval regiments, the key probleen ofisfereace, techsiques tor ptictical MAU..Natio* of the data file, eetput Kimble**,storaee sod processing problems, the datafile as 4 whole, the geostios of liters-tee" searchisg, ewe future steps to betakes to vetoed the capebility of the*potent. 101 pp.

alle4410-PP Soviet Cyberseltics Tech-selgolff W. Soviet Process CostrolCoop4tere6 Trassleted by W. *. nelload,J. a. 448141. edited by V. V. Ware,V. V. Selland. Oeimeher 116150,,

0e4ails of eight reaestly developed Sovietwastrel COMWOCO. Tee tresolatiess feesSoviet *014100 seterial (*hero koftifoohioees the sechises appeared) are eetessivelyessoteted. 411 pirteres and diagrams feesthe original sauce itesn are iscieded, eseel* Am several pholoaraphe tree otkernosecos. The editors have appeeded easyeireasetety *otos sad cossests, e14 has*cetefullc checked *orb **obis* leecriptio4five A 404k,101314C*1 stasdpoist. 14 op-pewits gossatss es elphabetiCel listisa ofell mlitirevietiese used is tap eriiimalOessias 10415., 92 pp

GO

1111-4849-PF Integrating Base Mainte-nance Management by Unifying Its Infor-mation Systems in Manual and Compu-ter-Assisted Environnents. I. K.Cohen, E. V. Oenardo, P. J. Kiviat.June 1966.

Suggestions for improving maintenancemanagement by unifying the infornationsysten and by integrating the many func-tions of the team. The suggested innova-tions are: (1) integration of severalmanual data acquisition systems aroundthe on-going control of tlight-line main-tenance; (2) extensioa of this intgre-tier to allied uaintenance functions; (3)use of a computer to generate documentsfor the managment of preplanned activ-ities; (4) integration of other seimtemancefunctions sith no. (3); and (S) full useof as on-line computer for further improve-sest 4E tiro teat-kis: E4Aretion and cloaca-antien of several saintenesce masagesentfunction Theme steps are to be vieved asa genera ;aide rather than as a rigidsequence af implementatiom. 73 pp.

an-4920-Pa Compatet somthuen To leadnatural Tent is Complex forests. P. A.Craves, D. G. lays, II. Say, T. ne.

aloha. Aliquot 1966.4 description of a spites of TIM 7040/44subtoutimes that will accept seteral-lan-gouge Wet lath complex forsats--e.g.,free hooka, josruals, geestlessaifeesclippings, library catalog cacds--pre-perked by *ay typesettieg device or othermachtue (typevritet, keypesch, etc.).ispets are trasecribed by the Geometer intoa standard oode tot **chase peoconsiag modCAB be rearraaged tato euy desired formatfoe storage oc output. Diffeceet kiads ofinfoeuatios are recognised by implicitsetters, positios os the tise er page. orsystaatic clues gives by other' itess. Theliehroutisee cas be limed aisgly or together;they soy be celled from either Mame orO 441 proves*. 4 detailed progconsersoguide is iscieded. 143 pp.

111-100014-04S4 **pock oe a DesoastratiosTest of Ceepstereimaisted Coest4oes.S., I. Dresser, 0. T. Sotto, T. D.issievski. 444101 19104.

As isliestigatiee of the isterectios to-tems 044 and covpeter is a cosetdoeselmkresseet. Possible besefits sad mote.leas of estendisq competer isestrel are*leo enploted. The desesstretio. testeltesities colistdows fro, the esimettweecentral levet, iseo, teem* director,test supervisor, Ot lauacheeehiCle testcosiseter. Tests as* operatioss appearaa is a sersal coaliteells script. eajorhardest* test coapeeestseessist of the

60

computer and the Rand Tablet, a nan/sa-chine graphical communication device.Using the Rand graphic system, the exec-utive can experiment, interrogate, pre-dict, issue commands, and receive re-sponses on a cathode ray tube displayfrom e central processing unit. out-puts (-resented include information deal-ing with time, script, status, and oper-ational and engineering data. The testintroduces an innovation that enables theexecutive to act on-line with a simula-tion of the countdown: he van makechanges to the script or to the simula-tion. 38 pp.

11/1-5016-ARPli Real-Tine Recognition ofBandprintod Text. C- r- Groner. octo-ber 1966.

Describes a program, written in fl1R 360Assembly Language, that allows the userof 4A on-line computer to print data anddirectives on the PAXD Tablet with aspecial, pea and have then recognized anddisplayed issediately. The sehese vocal-nixes 51 letters, nuntems, and symbols in4 wide variety of printing styles, rb-quiring only the usual coaventions fol-towel on coding forms. Nigh-resolutionpoint-by-point pen location data acegathered, displayed on the cathode raytate* screen, and analyzed while tbecharacter is beina written or drawn. Anavarain 100 data points per stroke (weeach 4 *sec) 4te collected, filtezed, 4m4'hiseel. A stroke is identified by suchclies 44 sequence of directioes, corners,azt end-point location, and also by eon-teAttlet elves when necessary. nultiplestroke symbots 4re recognised by theidentification and relative location oft%0 constitoent strokes, regardless of100 order in ethic% they are %Mitten. The1,@41 tract is displayed until the character45 cecojnimod, and 4S then replaced by astandard hardware-lenerated versioe of thecharacter. Previously written materialremains en the display until removed.Changes, insections, and deletions aree45ier t4441 with pencil and paper. 1:4-per-isnot* with groups of prolconnersongineers, and secretaries indicato that 4half-hoar training period is sufficient,with 10 percent immediate recognition bythe syston. Tbe %chome is is daily use44 44 esperivestal problem salving system4t Paid. %I pp. Pot.

Pn-%020-#11 J05Ns icittiotic and func-tion evaluation Paotisos. 1. P. Iroon-said. 3eptenber 1166.

4 description of the progransiol of arit14-*attic and function 044144t404 instine4 totJ033 from a projtanner's point of view.

JOSS functions are divided into threegroups: arithmetic operations (includingexponential and square root), elementarytranscendental functions, and number dis-section functions. The four arithmeticoperations (a4d, subtract, multiply, di-vide) and square root treat the operandsas exact nine-digit numbers and producetrue results rounded to nine digits. De-scriptions af the arithmetic routines arepresented im gross verbal flow-charts,amplified by commentaries. Tbe discussionof the transcendental functions emphasizesthe analysis done to achieve almostnine-significant-digit accuracy in the re-sults and shows how special cases arehandled to hit cectain "sagic', values onthe nose. Program flows of the number dis-section functions demonstrate bow a sophis-ticatod tool say be supplied to the userwith trivial expenditure of programmingeffort. 51 pp. (See also 14O-5058.)

RR-5044-PR JOSS: Console ServiceRoutines (The Distributzr). I. D.Greenwald. September t966-

A description of the fuection of the JOSSdistributor, which handles all input andoutput from the uner stations asd tele-types. A mejer design criterion was toprevent ostace-down,'" a condition in whichthe computer and a console may be waitingfor each other. The distributor makescertain that each console is in the Aiwa-priate state, transmits asd encodes allinput vid output, keeps all linen withinallowed lengths, ensures that charactersere not dont during carriage returns andpage changes, and sees that uppec or lowercase is printed according to user's type-writer shift. Whops the console is turnedoff, the distributor disables the stationwhile the sonitor tidien up,'" and theeenables it tor the next user. An Appendixcontains program documentation, consistingof a Station Control Register table cudthe nine console service routises. 34 pp.(SOO else P4-50%11-1011.)

On-%0SO-PR *MSS: introdection to aHelpful assistant. C. L. Mater.August 1966.

4 step-by-stop dononstration of JOSS--asyston designed to provide the indfvidualscientist and engineer with a personalcomputational sorvice immediately avail.-able, whenever rejoiced, in his Own VOCA,-inl environment' The distinauishing fee-teres of JOU3 41r101 Penile 1:0460leso041440044 with eieetrie typewritecs forinpot and output: highly readable andcoverlet langeale for numeric coeputetios4

cepitatiaation, upellina, acid4itthat4448oa C410§; easy 044tica4 quick

1

61

response; exact input; familiar decimalarithmetic; exact output; and renort-quality formatted output. The intimateinteraction between man and machine per-mits the JOSS user to exercise judgmentcontinually during the course of computa-tion, changing and modifying the proce-dure as he wishes. This is one of theunique aspects that distinguishes JOSSfrom other systees and has led tocits

. enthusiastic adoption by the RAND staff.This talk was presented to the EleventhAnnual Data Processing conference at theUniversity of Alabama Birmingham Centeron 4 Ray 1966. 50 pp.

R5-5081-PR A Compact Statistical Beth-od of Topographic Representation. B. V.Boehm, J. E. Rieber. Pebruary 1967.

An information rtgemerAtion method embod-ied in a PORTRAY program tor storing topo-graphic saps in a digital computer in com-pact form. A statistical model of theterrain is used. The major outlines ofthe topography are entered directly. Whenthe altitede of any point is desired, theinterstices are "fleshed out" by regesera-tion from the probability distributios ofaltitude variations, thus trading computerstorage for execution time. Any deaireddegree of realism can be achteved at in-creased space/time cost. If realisticrepresentation of a particular area isneeded Lor detailed amalyses of the in-fluence of terrain, the direct representa-tion sethods described in I5-4636 are roc-oseended. The statistical method is pref-erable for broad-brush analyses, is par-ticular for terrain variation is a RouteCarlo analysis. 67 pp. Ref.

15-5005-141 A Coeputer System for In-ference Execution and Date Retrieval.D. 5. Levies, R. R. Peres. September1966.

Describes the Belatiosal Data Filo, acoeputer-based data retrieval system nowpartly operaticsal, capable of storingmillions of facts and of retrieving databoth directly ant through logical iater-once. A large collection ef informationaboet cybernetics reeeerch was tined asthe data base. facts are stored in thefore of sestesces in an artificial infor-mation language, each representing a bi-nary relatioaship between too entities.Data are °stored by means of special in-put forms; a translatios program in aspecial progressing language, POORRAII,derivea the relational sentences that arethem istersaliy coded aod stoted in thed*ta file. An istessional file that storesfacts about relationships permits many datanentencee to be derived when needed,

rather than stored explicitly. Countingspace for all auxiliarios, one IBM 1301disk holds 232,000 sentences in the infor-mation language. The system operates onan IBM 7044 computer. 35 pp. Ref. (Seealso RH-4793.)

RM-5108-1-PR Russian-English Diction-ary of Cybernetics and Computer Tech-nology, Second Edition, Revised andEnlarged. V. B. Rolland. February1969.

The second edition of the Rand Russian-En-glish Dictionary of Cybernetics and Com-puter Technology contains over 300 nevmajor entries, making a total of 2050major entries and about 3300 s4bentries;each subentry defines a key tens as itappears in frequently encountered phrasesand special constructions. Rany'correc-tions and improvemunts to the previousdefinitions have been made. is before,entries are sade for terns encountered inthe Soviet cybernetic literature, withoutany attempt to define the field or to asp-senble a complete glossary. The diction-ary is entirely machine-processed emspunchcardn and sagmetic tape, sad is pho-toreproduced directly from computer print-out. 261 pp. (By)

R5-5129-PR Programming by Question-native; Rom to Construct a ProgramGenerator. P. R. Oldfather, A. S.Ginsberg, N. B. Berkowitz. Vovember1966.

A reference manual for the Programming byQuestionnaire technique, prenwnted insefficient detail to enable a programmerto construct a program generator. Famili-arity with the costest of 111-4464 wouldbe helpful to the user, and a koowledge ofSIRSCRIPT is uandatoty. The torus, use,and operation of the four composests ofthe program generator are described indetail. A summary of technical detailsand complete Xditoc program listing areincluded es appendixes. 153 pp.

111-5135-PR Soviet Cybersetics Technol-ogy% VII. ALORC--Report on am Algo-rithmic Languaqe for Economics Calcula-tions (Frelisinary Version). Translatedfrom the Russian by V. D. Rolland, J. D.Gesley. September 1966.

A working version of an expassios of theinternational high-level computer languageALGOL 60 to set Soviet economic planningseeds. A committee headed by B. A. Rorolevwas directed bf the Soviet goveruseut :tocreate such a language. ALGEC convertsALGOL 60 for use with the Cyriilic alpha-

62

bet, provides for handling text, editing,list processing, and for access to indi-vidual items on lists and arrays. 4"-:, Randtranslators of the Russian draft show allchanges from the original ALGOL 60. ALGOLconventions ignored by the author have beenrestored, and ambiguities clarified. Defi-nitions of terms and syntactic units havebeen indexed. Russian-English and En-glish-Russian glossaries of all ALGOL andALGEC terms and an annoi:.ated bibliographyof 12 Rand publications on Soviet cyber-netics technology are appended. 158 pp.

R1-5136-PR Soviet Cibernetics Technol-ogy: VIII. Report on the AlgorithmicLanguage ALGEC (Final Version). Trans-lated from the Russian by V. B. Holland.December 1966.

A translation of the final version of thenew Soviet Algorithmic Language for Eco-nomics Problems (ALGEC), a general-purposecomputer programming language that can useboth Latin and Cyrillic alphabets andeither Russian or English reserved words.Based on ALGOL 60 and SUBSET ALGOL 60,ALGEC has been modified to permit thehandling of tables, records, indexes,and documents of complex forsat and vari-able length; and to provide a means ofselecting and processing individual itemsfrom such documents and from nonnumericaltextual matter. Ideas and input-outputprocedures were taken from COBOL-61. Thememorandum includes a translation of M.Korolev's article on the development ofAL1EC; a brief biographical note on thePussies, authors and editor; a Russian-En-;lish glossary of ALGEC terminology; andan tinglish-Bussian glossary included in auindex to definitions of terns and syntac-tic units. A bibliography of Rand publi-cations on Soviet cybernetics and computertechnology is appended. 152 pp.

RN-5150-PR A Simple Scheme for Formal-izing Data Retrieval Requests. F. M.Tonga. May 1967.

A description of an experimental schemefor translating data retrieval requests,expressed in reasonable "natural"' lan-guage. into 4 formalized format. The sim-ple translation procedure, which immedi-ately feeds its proposed translation backto the analyst, uses rules depending onthe position of words in the request andsimple semantic information about theclass of wor4s. It is programmed in alist processing language (IPL-V) and isoriented toward a relational file organi-,Ration. The present scheme is designedto process a giallo request rather than adialogue of requests and retrievals. Also,the translation procedure in not yet

coupled to a retrieval process. 38 pp.Ref.

RN-5157-PR Soviet Cybernetics Technol-ogy; IX. ALGECSummary and Critique.N. Wirth. February 1967.

A summary and evaluation of the prelimi-nary and final versions of ALGEC, the So-viets' Algorithmic Language for EconomicsProblems. A computer programming languagefor economics data processing, ALGEC is analmost pure extension of ALGOL 60. Thedeletions are in conformity vith theIFIP-zeproved SUBSET ALGOL. The ercensionsadd features obviously needed to handlenonnuseric data. While not a completelist processing language, ALGEC appears tobe adequate for business data processing,with the possible exception of decimalarithmetic. Also, input-output transferscannot be identified by source. The re-tention of nested strings from ALGOL is anunnecessary coaplication, and the use ofCOBOL-style data structures (lists) pre-cludes the handling oE data with complexand dynamically varying relationships.Definitions lack precision, and the senan-tic and syntactic rules are unrealistic.51 pp. (See also RM-5135, 011-5136.)

RN-5162-PR Programming by Question-naire: The Job Shop Simulation Pro-gram Generator. P. M. Oldfather. A. S.Ginsberg, P. L. Love, H. R. Markowitz.July 1967.

A description of the Job Shop SimulationProgram Generator, an application of theProgramming by Questionnaire techniquedeveloped at RAND to reduce the cost andtime required to produce large computerprograms, particularly those required forsimulations of portions of the Air Forcelogistics system. The user can obtain acomputer program by filling out a multi-ple-choice questionnaire covering aspectsof the job shop he wishes to simulate.Answers are punched on seven cards thatare fed to the program generator, whichchecks the answers for cousistency, gen-erates the program, and produces the dataspeciVications. The user then completesthe data deck according to the specifica-tions, adds it to the end of the programdeck, and subsits the entire program tothe computer. The output consists of in-terim reports on resource utilization,job statistics, and queue statistics, anda final summary report. The functions ofthe various routines and the meaning ofthe variablen in the SIMSCRIPT definitiondeck are given for the use of 5Ir1CRIPTprogrammers. 115 pp. Refs.

4r%

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63

RM-5183-PP The Application of On-LineGraphAcal Techniques for Programmingand Opfsrating a Moving Network Moni-toring Display. L. Chesler, R. Turn.January 1967.

Describes the structure and operatingprocedures of experimental computer pro-grams used to simulate a real-time movingnetwork display of spacecraft checkoutoperations. Proposed in R1i-4678 foruse hy the human monitor of an automatedprelaunch checkout, the system dynamicallyshows, in network form, the successive andconcurrent stages of a complex process.The programs were written in MAP for theIBM 7040/7044 cospater system to be usedwith the RIND Graphic Input Tablet and acathode ray tube display screen. The Tab-let is nsed for on-line construction of theinitial network and for operation of thesimulation programs. (A complete programlisting is available on request.) 98 pp.(See alSo RS-4122.)

RM-5216-PR JOSS: Doer Scheduling andResource Allocation. G. E. Bryan.January 1967.

A detailed description of the monitor,the supervisory unit that exercises over-all control of tho JOSS system's operation.The monitor acts as a scheduling,resource-allocating, and synchronizing de-vice, deciding priority and ensuring thatall data and hardware necessary for aparticular action are simultaneously avail-able. This semorandus cowers the priorityqueue structure, the hardware componentscomprising the JOSS environment, and in-structions for operations of the JOSS sys-tem. 98 pp.

RM-5217-Mi JOSS: Accounting and Per-formance Measurement. G. E. Bryan.June 1967.

A description of those portions of themonitor, the JOSS system's supervisoryunit, that produce accounting recordefor charging functions and that gatharperformance statistics descriptive oftypical user operation, over-all systemusage, and machine performance. Chargesfor JOSS usage are based on the product ofaachine time and core space required plusthe product of space and time required forlong-term storage of programs and data onthe disc file. Charge units are accumu-lated during JOSS operation and recordedon magnetic tape. The reports producedfrom the tape records record charges andother characteristics of individual JOSSsessions and the total usage both by de-partment feather and by project number.Much of the code and storage in the JOSSsystem is devoted to recording the occur-

rence of events that will help determinethe system's performance and its operatingenvironment. Certain data are displayedeach minute on the JOSS master console,and other more global data are recordedin memory and displayed every four hours.The four-hour summary is periodically re-duced by a JoSS program to give profilesof both the system's over-all operationand of the characteristics of individualusage of the system. 69 pp. Bibliog.

RM-5218-PR JOSS: console Design.C. L. Baker. February 1967-

. Describes the development at Rand of aremote typewriter console for use withJOSS, Rand's personal on-line computingservice, and demonstrates the extremecare that must be taken to design an ac-ceptable console for personal use by cas-ual users. The input/output version ofthe familiar IBM Selectric was selectedas the central element of the console be-cause of its excellent keyboard feel, itshigh-quality output at a speed of 150words per minute, its compact size, andits relatively low noise level. Primaryconsiderations in the design of a consoleto house the typewriter included dimen-sions required for operator comfort andconvenience, console mobility, the pro-jected number of required electronic com-ponents and their packaging, and the in-corporation of the associated switches andindicator lights in a small auxiliary con-trol boz. Discussion of the physical con-sole is followed by an overview of thelogic required tu enable the user and JOSSto share the typewriter productively in aninteractive conversation. Finally, a de-tailed description of this logical designis given in hardware terms. 125 pp. Ref.Bibliog.

RM-5220-PR The JOSS Primer: S. L.Marks, G. V. Armerding. August 1967.

Introdacton to JOSS, RAND's time-sharedcomputing system, for the beginning userwith examples illustrating the system'sbasic elements, which can easily belearned without programming experience.Seated at a mobile console connected toa computer via telephone lines, the Prim-er reader follows the instructions stepby step, duplicating examples, tryingvariations, and observing results. Retypes commands in imperative Englishsentences, instructing JOSS to performprocedures in arithmetic, algebra, trig-onometry, and logic. JOSS responds withanswers in user-prescribed formats andwith error messages that help the usercorrect errors and resume processing.To extend the beginner's knowledge of

64

JOSS, the Primer concludes with listsof JOSS commands and functions and sug-gested reading in the JOSS literature.44 pp.

RM-5257-PR JOSS: Disc File System.I. D. Greenwald. February 1967.

Describes the user program and data star-.age system of JOSS, Rand's personal, on-line, time-shared computing service, inorder to provide maintenance personnelwith program documentation for the cor-rection or modification of file-handlingroutines. The JOSS filing system pro,-vides the user with a service that willsave him from retyping frequently usedprograms and/or data. It will also sup-ply a limited program-chaining capability.Since this type of service implies lowuser demand for file action In terms oftotal session time, there is little con-cern with the time to service such de-mands. On the other hand, the amount ofprimary storage occupied by thefile-service routines and associated corebuffers is of considerable conrern.43 pp. Bibliog.

RM-5264-PR Computer Aids for AerospaceDesign and Engineering: Innovation,Economics, and Public Policy. C. P.McLaughlin. July 1967.

A discussion of the applications of com-puter systems to the weapons systems de-velopment process, with emphasis on therole that the government might play inpromoting, supporting, and implementingdevelcyment of new computer-based systemsfor engineering support in the aerospaceindustry. Potential payoffs to the gov-ernment lie in reduction of design cosi:s,improvement of design and product perform-ance, enhancement of engineering creativ-ity and productivity, and reduction oflead time for design, prototype produc-tion, and final production. A number ofalternatives are open to the governmentin increasing the rate of development anddiffusion of computer technology in in-dustry. To determine the level and natureof such support, it is recommended that astudy be made) of the specific economicbenefits that would result. 60 pp. Refs.

NM-5270-PR JOSS: Central ProcessingRoutines. J. V. Smith. August 1967.

A reference guide for JOSS users to (1)the language used for couching instruc-tions to JOSS; (2) JOSS's responses toinstructions; (3) the collection of ma-chine-language routines (in JOSS's centralcomputer) responsible for interpreting and

responding to instructions; and (4) thedetails and decisions that bilaterally in-fluenced the language and the design andimplementation of the routines. The myr-iad details of total system design aregiven constant exposure, and particularemphasis is placed on the deliodke balanceand symbiosis that must exist among system,language, computer, and routines and on thepervasive effects of each component on theothers. The material is presented in anarrative form, augmented by flow-chartrepresentations of most of the principalroutines, and is in part designed to serveas prolegomena to the annotated machine-language listings of the routines (copiesof which are obtainable from RAND).190 pp. Bibliog.

RR-5288-1-PR Digital Computer simula-tion: The Allocation of Computer Timein Comparing Simulation Experiments.G. S. Fishman. October 1967.

An improved step-by-step procedure forminimizing the computer time needed to ob-tain a specified statistical precision inthe comparison of simulation experiments.The simulations are considered as covari-ance stationary stochastic processes, asexplained Xn RM-4393. Nell-knowntime-savint methods for reducing varianceby inducintg positive correlations betweenthe experiments and high negative corre-lations between replications are includedin the procedure. Results shoi that fora given level of accuracy, significantlyless computer time is required when samplesizes are determined by the method sug-gested in the study than when they areequal. Also, small differences in theantocorrelation functions are importantwhen each process is highly correlated.The suggested two-stage procedure pro-vides initial estimates for determiningsample sizes and final estimates fortesting hypotheses. Graphical analysissuggests that the efficient allocationis not very sensitive to small errors inthe estimates of population parameters.32 pp. Ref.

RM-5290-ARPA Dateless Progcamming.R. M. Balzer. July 1967.

Preliminary specifications and an exampleprogram of the Dateless Programming Lan-guage. Based on PL/1 syntax, this high-level computer programming language sharesmany features with APL, some with COBOL,and uses the ',bug', (pointer) of L6. Bas-ically, the program is a set of specifi-cations of manipulations to be performedon a set of ddta values without regard tothe details of data representation, ac-cessing, space requirements, etc. These

65

are handled in a separate phase of datadeclaration. All data and function state-ments are expressed in one simple, canon-ical form. Changing the data representa-tion has no effect on the source program;thus the data representation can be spec-ified after the program is written. Fa-cilities are provided for handling arrays,lists, double lists (with forward andbackward links), rings, double rings,structures, and structures of other struc-tures, such as arrays of lists of struc-tures. Otheir data representations can beused by profiding the necessary datahandling algorithms, which may includecalls to external programs written in anylanguage. 52 pp. Ref.

RM-5322-PR JOSS: Problem Solving forEngineers. E. P. Gimble. Hay 1967.

A step-by-step demonstration of the basicprinciples of JOSS operation to enableengineers to solve progressively more in-volved problems in numeric calculation.Following an overview of the JOSS system,including descriptions of the console andlanguage, examples of JOSS input and out-put demonstrate how the basic commands,both direct and indirect, are applied.Direct commands are used to solve prob-lems when only a few answers are required,and indirect commands-are used when manyanswers are required, when many variablesare to be set, or when a number of stepsmust be performed in a prescribed se-quence. Special JOSS techniques allowthe user to choose between several accept-able commands, to minimize function argu-ments, and to direct JOSS to "dress up"output with headings and condensed print-out. A filing system provides long-termstorage for programs and data and elimi-nates the need for retyping frequentlyused material. The appendices includea list of legitimate JOSS commands, adescription of the use of expresslons .and propositions, and a discussion of thevallable JOSS functions. 85 pp.

es,

RM-5359-PR JOSS: 20,000 Hours at theConsole--A Statistical Summary. G. E.Bryan. August 1967.

Results of the first year of JOSS opera-tion on the Digital Equipment CorporationPDP-6. The gathering of data for revenueaccounting and for producing performancemeasures of the JOSS system and its usersis a major function of the monitor, thesystemls supervisory utak.. As generatedby the instrumenting programs, statisticson usage indicate that over 700 individualsmake use of JOSS service. Every month 40)different users generate over 200 sessionseach day. Typical user sessions last 45

/lb.D0

minutes and average 4 minutes of computingtime, although 50 percent last less than7 seconds. During an average session,15,000 JOsS statements are executed, and68,000 arithmetic operations are performed.JOSS user requests are substantially dif-ferent from those made on other time-sharedsystems: there are a relatively largenumber of requests for short amounts ofcomputing and a relatively small number fora large amount of computing. The amountof computing, however, is by no meanstrivial, as seen from the number of state-ments and arithmetic operations performed.45 pp. Refs. Bibliog.

HM-5367-PR JOSS Notebook. G. E.Bryan, E. w. Paxson. August 1967-

A loose-leaf reference guide for JOSSsophomores, who have had experience ata console and are familiar with the in-troductory JOSS literature (RH-5058-PR,BM-5220-PR, RM-5322-PR, BM-5377-PR). Inaddition to the basic tutorial materialon JOSS language, commands, and functions,practical instructions are given on howto insert paper and cnange ribbons; type-writer settings; procedures for contactingJOSS; and actions to take in the event ofconsole, line, or machine malfunction.Twelve annotated sample programs are in-cluded, together with an index that com-plements the heavy cross-referencing usedthroughout the notebook. In contrast tothe more technical JOSS publications,these notes generally eschew detailed dis-cussion in favor of informal interpreta-tion and exemplary material. 157 pp.Bibliog.

BH-5377-PR JOSS Language. G. E. Bryan,J. W. Smith. August 1967.

A JOSS user's portfolio containino threebrief reference summaries of the actionsthat can be requested of JOSS and of thelanguage for requesting these actions.The summaries are presented in varyingformats to suit the user's convenience: apocket-size book for personal use (PocketPrecis, 17 pp.), a larger and more completepiece for dest-top or console use (Anerceeel Precis, 23 pp.), and a poster-size sum-mary for the bulletin board (Poster Precis,1 p.). The precis demonstrate that thelanguage provided for JOSS is terse, unam-biguous, and readable,'stressing familiarEnglish terminology and punctuation andwith relatively few rules governing correctuse. The speed and ease of interaction be-tween JOSS and the user, the simplicity ofthe language, the use of familiar decimalarithmetic, and JOSSIs precise error andstatus reporting combine to allol mostproblems to be solved by an understanding

66

of the problem at hand and a list of JOSScommands and functions.

RM-5424-PR A Survey of Soviet Work inthe Theory of Computer Programming.R. A. DiPaola. October 1967-

A critical survey of Soviet efforts todevelop a mathematical theory of computerprogramming and automatic programmingmethods (PP or programming programs).The study traces the development of the"operator" theory of A. A. Lyapunov andhis associates from its starting point inprogram schemes designed to representspecific problem-solving algorithms toits algebraic formulation in terms of thetheory of categories. Other authors haveattempted to adapt graph theory and thetheory of algorithms to the constructionof better programming languages. In con-trast to FORTRAN, the practical result ofPP has been to raise, rather than lower,the level of technical knowledge requiredfor programming. Current Soviet researchis directed toward adaptation and exten-sion of ALGOL 60 rather than furthertheoretical work. Some of the Russianwork, however, may be of practical rele-vance, particularly Glebov's synthesis ofoperators from measurably simpler ones.144 pp. Refs.

RM-5428-PR Answering Questions byComputer: A Logical Study. J. L.Kuhns. December 1967.

A study of the processing of questionsinput to a computerized question-answeringsystem such as the Rand Relational DataFile (see RM-5085). The process consistsof (1) transforming the natural-languagequestion into a symbolic question (i.e.,a certain formula of predicate calculus)and (2) generating the answer by calculat-ing the value set of the resulting formula.This study is addressed to the second step.A key problem is the identification of"resonable" input queries. These arecharacterized by introducing the conceptof definite formula. A particular classof definite formulas--the proper formulas--is especially suitable for machine pro-cessing. A set of machine-recognizablesufficient conditions for their identifi-cation is given, together with rules forcalculating their value sets. The defi-nite, but improper, formulas are alsostudied. It is shown that definite for-mulas without quantifiers can be trans-formed into proper equivalents. For def-inite formulas with quantifiers, limitedbut useful results are obtained. 137 pp.Ref.

RM-5437-PR JOSS: Assembly Listing ofthe Surpervisor. G. E. Bryan. August1967.

A presentation of the code for the monitor(supervisor) unit of JOSS. RAND's on-line,time-shared computer system. This unit,'which acts as a scheduling, resource-al-locating, and-synchronizing device, exer-cises overall control of the system'soperation. It ensures that all data andhardware necessary for a particular ac-tion are simultaneously available, andmeters the operation of the system toprovide revenue accounting information anddata describing system performance anduser operations. 193 pp. Bibliog.

RM-5495-PR/RC The Problem of Privacyin the Computer Age: An AnnotatedBibliography. A. Harrison. December1967-

A selected, annotated bibliography of morethan 300 publications pertaining to all as-pects of the problem of privacy in the com-puter age. A few publications, though notdirectly relevant, are included becausethey describe systems with obvious implica-tions for privacy (e.g., computertime-sharing systems, computer utili-ties). Most of the entries are for theyears 1965-1967, but some earlier items oflasting importance are also listed. Thememorandum is divided into three parts:(1) an essay overview of the problem ofprivacy and the coinputer; (2) the bibliog-raphy, in which the annotated entries arelisted alphabetically by author or (ifanonymous) by title: and (3) an index ofall entries alphabetically listed underone or more of 14 subject categories(e.g., Data Banks, Legal and Law Enforce-ment View of Privacy). If a publica-tion has not been reviewed, it is in-cluded but not annotated. In soma entries(particularly newspaper articles) derivedfrom clippings, certain facts of publica-tion are lacking. Since most discussionspertaining to the right of privacy referto the Bill of Rights, an appendix pro-vides the ful/ text of Amendments I-X ofthe Constituti-m.. 134 pp.

RM-5495/1-PR/RC The Problem of Privacyin the Computer Age: An Annotated Bib-liography, Vol. 2. A. Harrison. De-cember 1969.

A listing with abstracts of more than 300items pertaining to all aspects of compu-ter security and privacy published mostlyin the years 1967-1969. The overall intrmduction is reprinted from the first volume,and there is also an overview of the situa-tion reflected in the second volume. Theproblem is attracting an ever-growing

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sillies operatioss pot socesd, so tbatail work togetber ou the sage program attile sows time. lowevor, tbo &stigma balmsot secoesded La establishing a sew op-proacb based os parallelism Chat willsolve tbe probless of iscreased produc-tivity, sec have tbey made a cosviscisecase for tbeir basic assumptious. Theproposed Usti., of 1000 breech computersto amblers the desired reusing speed isnot feasible, &or is tbe use of homogene-ous computimg media to develop tbe micro-structure of a system. eethods of con-trolliag aid mositocing parallel algo-rithas are not considered. altbough alltkooretical conalusioss were supposedlyverified on the experimental einsk-222system, the actual results ace not dors-

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firet-cose-tiest-eerve4 sod sorilest-coepietios-date. toecettos tie* oe Seeds*Alio -Moe sets, the Outtlriee cosputetcode (see KO-4703). woe A 1100001.6Other objective feactioes are formulatedAm the study *ad additigmal cosstreisteare modeled. Staarlee et larger problemsrewritten' for staadard LP cespeter codesshowed that the slumber of veriables codaveatraists iuvolved are probably withimno eoce them ose otter-et-saugaitede of theagguiswe umber that ooeid be beetled withavailabie vero-ose computer codes. 59 pp.Pets.

N M-5587-PR Soviet Cybernetics Techsol-ogy: I. Bibliogeaphy of LiteratureCited Lb 1964 Issues of the Jeanie% agabstraets--Cybernetice. Rdited byN. B. Nollaaa. February 1968.

A listimg, by author, of all the publics -time of Soviet origin, or published inthe Soviet Onion, that ODCO abstracted iathe 1964 issues of theEml--ribereetikq, a soultflIgiftittet:of the All-Union Institute of Scientificand Tecinical Inforeatioa under the Aced-esy of Sciences of the 1233R. (The ab-stracts ace not includee.) The coveragereflects the xtroscli broad meaning of"'cybernetics', in Russimuci.--At.is appliedto sathenatical and conputationnal tech-niques and to all forms of,infornation,communication, and control, including pro-grammed instruotion and neurophysiology.Works in, seven languages arc included.All entries have been translated intoEnglish. A complete citation is givenunder each author of a joint work. alist of 55 soviet publishing houses and185 titles of journals were extracted fromthe citations. A bibliography of Rand

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eleseets et the parse at all lee-0116 &PAUL iseledes parse-tise magmaticchecks ead twilit/es tor esitipleispeteetpet stress*, The ialtuti torte-sestet's. es the ISO 260 cosprises (1)prepeocessoc that coineets &PAUL peogeasslate legal Ma propia..., dead (2) theraa-time parser, which is mattes is es-outlay laageage. Mtn. provides the pat-teze-aatchlag capability soesaily tottedoily I. spealei-peepome lasgmages tomb an5001014 eat 180. 38 pp. pos)

810-5610-P8 DISPLAY-4 Outdo to theTUCK FORTRAN Debeggiag Systee. D. C.Sacileilage. lay 1968.

g guide and sagging *sample et TSLCK, aFORTRAN progeas desigmed by Siebert L.Mercer of Kirtlaad Air Force BSA. to aidis the debuggiag et other FORMS pro-grams. TRACK follows ail, or selectedparts, of the euteutie* of a program stepby step and copies the result of each stepoato ea outpet rite tape (TAFEQ). Thetape retains the ortgisal program same andmay be compiled aad executed as say otherFORTRAN program. TRACS employs catesdedOSA= FORTRAP laaguage as used in theControl Date 6000 series computer systems.The guide is in the form of am internallydocumeated program, EaspuT, for imput toTRACK. The Memorandum conaists alsostentirely of a punched-card listing andexecutive output: (1) a source docklisting of the ;IMLAY program; (2) thee xecution output of the tracked programDISPLAY; (3) a source duck listing of theTRACK program output. The study consti-tutes part of a continuing offort to en-large upon a source library of programscoded entirely in FORTRAN and &reigned forFORTRAN diagnostic and service use.43 pp.

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tbloWittg. to W%44 ***4 401wi4o4 toIto 0410#411,0i, hik VW. 4,4*#"10 ofJoik* *oft ansaaat 1444 **1** Jo***11147 woO000011$ to elowt0 ftOo *1* wito4 iptowtoo..011o$ tO ato4,4 ptost000iol. owe putt)free lbo isc* of ositable c0000teiol *4,Catena. la dosage, JOWiel&C oWs a rtisto..4.00..OLOWO Oetaki**4 it Owe**. OpotottwotO Old..11111,0 esa allthow0 ceasoicialciliates% gradially astoteolted Ile rasa. ofJOIOISINC's capabitities. it had bigh te-liability Aisd via seed watt warty 1964,*bee it wee retired to the Loa Nagel**Ceesty Seaves. $esitla seseress contri-listless to the preareseilla act. Miele-sesta detivisg free JCIOSSI&C ace theTablet *ea JOSS. &prowled *co a Owooteemdes tree Jobs Oilliaes, tales hied of Mama'.sathenatics depactseet, erglieg (eteetioe ofJOGISIAC despite tbe reported saperiorityof the mew ISS 7011 asd tte defieitiveoftelisisary Discussion of the logical De-siqa of am tiectromic Ceepetielsent,0 by Utilise Decks, Detwas Ocildstise.asd Jobs woO Oweetios. 1*) pp. (CO)

8124440-Pit The Integrated GraphicsSystes tor the S-C 4060s I. Omar'sManual. 0. D. grown, C. I. Mesh, 2. A.Bermes. December l962.

descriptios of the S-C 4040 version ofSand's Iategrated Graphics System (103), asechiee- device-imdepeadeat soft*aciapackage. The 3-C 4060 stored-program graph-Leal recording cyst.. consists of a Beallspecial-purpose coeputer, celled the ProductCoetrol Cult (PC9); a high-precision cath-ode ray tab* (CST); a camera; a film devel-oper; a hardeopy unit. 103 is programmedin FORTRAN with special. facilities formanipulatiag a single character Lb any po-* Won. ICS caa be called by progress laFORTRAN, 1014i, owl SIOSCRIPT, as well asmachine language. Op commend, it drawslines and circles, plots poiuLs, coapozestest and tables with headings, end createslinear or nonlinear graphs. One suhrou-tine draws an entire graph to fit givesdata, with a single call. Only parametersof interest need to specified; ICS auto-matically provides default values forcharacter size, spacing, line spacing,and otter format details. ICS acceptsuser coordinates awl translates then intointernal units. It automatically rescalesgraphical data to fit available space, andconverts graphical to numerical data.118 pp. Pet. (ne)

70

TtAo totoototot 4t5v6iii!*ttolloo tot 111o0 410401 H. tt441111

it**It-.4#4mirt4,0; 44,1110. 4. lal. 44***,4. 41. *v*** *. *ot000. Joimott444*.

* 4*140 fOt p4ibitoO0otO Wootitt to 04Witir ot **teed t4lt a* ierleseetot tot

10L,C *060. 141 coo*ot* 1641 tot *Motektoo*, ot (10 otage then nes emula-tor feet* tor mew with MS. Ditect(eseare glove fer ceerortieg Aemligsel cliot-OCtot isle ILO wootoeOtelliki resstmesta-LAOIS, 'laic* the spates eat) coevert istodata ...acts tint say by etered is a rt0...,gra* ;411w5tt or laeded wltb as istividwal102 gob. The vectoc-atc&sa character*ace estiestrietTol ma to WOO. 011oW0, etotiOOLOtio0. ICS pectoris* ter Uwe. vec-tor caasactere all the tuartioss tbe *042perforate for its cluescrsom sot--display,cilairecVot ap.clsg. tie. apaciag, tabbing.margthatios, and aeteeatic adjusteest toaccoessAate chamaew Special debeglis0coutises are provided to toot whetsera feet looks and porters* aa intruded.Tao eeseresdes iaciedee a Witte, of theseats eels; the 2STAZZ call asd meta-Lieges/a stringLssed to ;Kalov* eaca ofthe ICS capabilities; a crows-refereaceList of the selicoutiaes that call eachcaber; core storage regelresents; enddirections for see with PL/I progress, aswell as a descriptios of each iedividealsystem sehrostiee. The graphics *eh-restines are described is 22-6460, wbich&Lao describes the S-C 4040 ead the rola-tioaship between ICS aad the S-C 4040.108 pp. Sofa. Mg

85-2689-112 Progressing by question-salt.: Assillary Programs. P. L.Love, P. N. Oldtather. &squat 1968.

Descriptioe end listing of tire smallSIIISCRIPT *ad POSTSAE progress to coe-plot.* the docuneststios of Progressimg byOuestiounaire, a technique for redscingthe time and coot of preparing large com-puter progress. Three housekeeping pro-grams, CSKODT, LOCATI, &ad KOSCT, serveto check, correct, mud maiatain the pro-gres generator deck. The CRICOOT programcheeks the deck for logical consistencyand provides other informitios essentialfor correcting and maistainiag it. TheLOCATE program finds specified cardswithin the deck, which An very large.The MKT program makes corrections tothe Wk and checks to see that it is inordoe. The JOIST aced MST programsanalyse the results of a JSSPO simulator.JOIST provides a complete history of thejobs in the simulated job shop, andMST provides a history of the re-sources. 83 pp. (See also 28-5162.)

***61470=1010 A t4000tat-t4 iwas, 41.41.0*,Otspley tot agOtlal 0almorsist tealpits.*. lets, *4 r& Pototeies. OiLforsof 1644.

A ifeasttipties et as 00=Ilaw00100000ple itoplap State* tot citee-idt-eeeitielaiti 01004,11041#00 et ttaserterioset seiteseetist attrist0. Tao *fats& laaosetrected hy egetppisa as SO* 2260 lie-ploy *sit wits a atetee-wilowiegmid 010f tho f60/** compete( togeserate stereo OM% of the &totted tea=)eatecies" tiros peschaard iota *Lewin e,e. coerdisatoo t the oitatett at spec-Mei potato is tiom. A aisplay eepoattyof 100 point* say he diviCiii betwees AAeasy 4.0 thee. **potato trelerteries. sypresets, hatless or typirg is sow pares...eters, the 0A0C cas (1) eider glees hosfrost, root lett. right, above, *Led beton(23 rotate the display es Coalition (J) noonis or est to salsify ea cease* the Meagan(o) goserate treleateries dysosicallyrom& tises C4 abase, day paresetier amdobserve the effect; (6) use the COOTIALLsod, of selective plottiug co avoidcoal-tie* fliaher, or aosteales whom slimyFoists have bees plotted; (7) order hard-Copy tapes for R-C 4060 execeties yteLdinglS es film-strip avid Xerox prists- gemeriaitiforeatioe, each as elapsed tiee sad admitrange. La displayed amd sedated costimemOtaire se Fp. Pet. (MI)

OS-5772-AM% 1101DA85--Rxtesdable Debeg-gisq Amid Sesitoriag spates. R. R.Ratter. April 16640.

A 4e0cr4ptioe of em ow-iime piratesdesigsed to facilitate experisestatioswith mew debugging and soultorimg aids forhigher-level computer langsages. Insteadof the *seal sanipulation of the sourceprogran white it cuss, the WWII systemconst,..-tts a model of the prograu struc-tare and a history tape of its operaticscontaining ail the control flow mei vari-able-alternation informatios. atter whichno further interactios with the sourceprograu is required. The model servos toassociate each value in the history withthe source statesent that produced it.Together with the yodel and symbol table,t%e history tape in rain and observed bythe user at a CRT torninal. The user con-trols the execution speed and can rum theprogram history forward or backward (forflowback analysis). Re can stop at anymoment and switch from ono RIOARS debug-ging/monitoring aid to another. =DANS:has designed for flexibility and experi-mentation rather than efficiency; however .

use of the nodel to interpret the history,rather than having the history be selfinterpretable, saves about half the input/output. 14 pr. Pots. tnwl

ratk St01.011,1 11 PtOftile-ale, Leeseavto: 4** lid lopiesootstioiii.P. J. elitist, I. A. *setter, 4. .*toes, *. tilL0fr*s*e. Jill 1*64.

A trispploareet to the soot** sacral (01-444011,eeeittosdes deitattheo ohe ispleleaste-

lase et MISVCOIPT ft es eas44441 160/65 cow-stator. The error cedes Loosed dsna roe-ptlatiee ao4 Ceti*, osealvties are listedmad their melees espleised. The first*mattes of this meal aestates sotitacs-tioss to 0-460 asd aos eel,' he used isaonsmaties with its it ideatifies thestatesesto that ace sot rept tepleemeted.Otber ssatieso give the roles mod decksetup felt aoepilaties, assembly, mild ex-'cotton ways to dohs* additiosal data*etas cmi lteq asseehler Lasguage rostasenStorage alleastios &wisp eseastion cos-ies sesher gesmraties asd statisticalfusatiosas asi &treaties* for isstelliagthe compiler, iscimilimg a listing l JCLthat can he seed to load the library, cos-pilaw, mid 411000bly imterface sod to peachelf the SISSCOler II mecum, dietribatedprocedures, asd saspLe prelim. 52 pp.(Ree also 110-3776.) gem

15- 3026-102 P000: Prograsser-OriestedGraphics Operettas. 111. W. gosh., W. R.Laub, S. Mobley, J. 2. Richer. Jane1,640.

descripties al POGO, a folly opecatiems/spates for easy istersativ* cospetergraphics prograssimg. POGO is eel& waitedto the iaterplay of coeputetiosia program"vith aiphoesseria end carve tope* mud atm-play, thesgh sot to highly dysamia Later-ploy with geosetyLa masipsiatiess. TheP OGO system 'salads.: (1) 0 design Pc0-gram toe cosposieg aostrol displays at thegraphics rem:sole amd imtiortaalsg them toa FORTRAN program. (2) A progran to tracecurves vie the RASO Tabled into speaitiedPORTSall arrays. (3) A program to outputcurves from specified POSTstAll arrays oat°the 2250 display acmes. Developuest re-quired one mita-year with 100 cossole-hours.Once the user han denigned his controlpages by semis of the Rano Tablet, he nenpress a button to punch out a set of cardsthat will recreate the display at anytime. Although the design program mod thecurve-tracing program require the eASI)Tablet, the Test of the POGO pages (in-cluding those aosposed with the designprogram) will run on a configuration havingonly a light pen and keyboard input. Aglossary of computer graphics terninologyis appended. 44 pp. Ref. (RV)

51-5883-PR Digital Cosputer Sisule-tion: Computer Programming Languagen.P. J. Kiviat. January 1969.

A 416041*Alos ot sieelatioe lamgeages,!het, th4teCtiethett44, the teen044 tat*gaol thee, ead their wilvvetages sod 410-etaventalea totally. to othec kinds ot pro-eteemieg lesiwages. Itteelatiam 14144441*5are *Moos to oboist s the 4**44to ofsieulaties odels thimega ',sett ,i'vot14viev,40 to expedite copputet pro:pi:cowriesthroeffh their special purpose, high-levelleteseste, od to escovrage peeper oodelaselyats threelh their date collectios,eselysis, mud reportiog features. Tenparticelarly importest siselatios pro-geessiag lasgesge Mestere* ere idesti-fled: sedelieg 4 system's static stet*,andel**, erste. &puppies, statisticalseepiisg, data collectios, aselysis aiddisplay. Posttests, tied debeggiag, mei=tiatiltatioe sod ittegeage usability. ex-espies ed each of the toot simulatiott lea-,sages. arss, SlOSCOIPT XX, SIMLA, andCOL, are *se& to illustrate how these fee-tares are loplesested la diftoreat an-gsaqss. The fetere development of simele-time progressial lasiseges Ls depeedent oeadvasses is the fields et computer lam-googols, coepeter graphics, end time star-isg. Dose =wrest reseerch is meted, ando*tstaading research areas are idestified.110 pp. sot. (as)

RD-3923-ain Am Isteractive GraphicsProgram for Stedyteg Models of RiseticChesical System'. G. T. Grower, It. A.Decease O. O. Oeirechteldt. Jam 1969.

This isterective cospeter graphics systempermits biologists to steal, soaels ad ki-&wile climatical nyntees end cosputer sates-iists I. lovestigate interactive modeling.The program rens oil am XOR 360/110 computerand is istemded to provide a convenieut404411 of (1) describisg a model via chemi-cal egoatioss; (2) observing the behaviorof a model during simulative; (3) editingoutput formats and modifylag the model.The seer cosessicates vith the cospetervia the BAWD Tablet used is conjusetionwith a 2230/hod. I CST display device.Tile program has neveral desirable fea-tures: (1) It simulates multiphase chest-col syntess having both fast amd slewreactions. (2) The eons may ester camel-cal eguetious by pristing then, as on apiece of paper, and the program displaysits interpretation as a check. (3) Theneer can interwove. is the simulation atasy time, exasias any reactant plotted onany linear scale agaient any other reac-tant or time, reseal', curves, or deletethen. (a) A comet capability permitsbacktrack for correction or to return agraph to a previous state. 62 pp. (RO)

72

OR-3111-TO toeTRio Pfolt4Osetlo5latco4ectioa to 21SICelP7 ft. R. 4.Shetiate Retch 1969.

This stiedy is intimated to iatcodece theTOMAS ptogtesset to **se of the Datecoecepts *ad teateres ot the titst threelevel* of SIRECOIPT it--the Move's whichcoestitete ea aliebraic coppiler. Rapha-el* is on the peeve' mod flexibility thatstsscritrr glee* the prograsser. Amos,the distiective teeturett ate (1) theSleSCRIPT preamble: (2) the pooemblestateeeets, seek as 1101MtAl11, DtPIOR,Ottfsg TO OUP: (2) the fact that aspuenber of coaditioaal expreseioss eau bexecuted it a logical cosditios is set:te) the ability to reread the same cocottein differest forsets. Saute MIMS,SIIISCIXPT passes argesost values ratherthas crispest locatioss between subpro-grass. The method of coestructing scrapsis radically differest. The SIRSCRIPTprogrammer can cosserve core storage,comstrect ragged %abler, imitate treestrecteres, amid do list processMng withrelative ease, aud his progress can beread rather than deciphered. 33 pp. (OW)

15-34117-Pit Oelatiosal Date Tile: Re -perisece with a Systen for Proposi-tional Data Storage and Inforemce Rx-locution. R. R. levies. April 1969.

An overview of the prototype OelatiostalData Tile, a conputer data bask distis -washed by the storage of data ia a se-ries or separate Platoon* of ose binaryrelational seeteace each, aa4 the abilLtyto retrieve data sot explicitly storedthat can be inferred from stored data.The prototype ROT' coateins 70,000 sen-tences extracted from sciestifle and tech-nical source item:. Each sestesae Lsencoded le four 36-bit computer words,with symosyns astosatically translated tostandard fors amd asbigaities flagged formensal correction. Dew estries is thesysonyoy/ashigeity dictionary update allstored data. Rack accepted mestesce isguadreplicated and stored is four sub-titles by each of the key elesests. Astring dictionary decodes emtriem for out-put. A. special retrieval lawless*,XITEORX, allows retrieval throegh anyisferesce scheme that can be expressed Authe predicate calcelas aod set theory.The ROT structure seems well suited forvery large data bases where sou types ofdata are continually being added amdother types removed and where data areincomplete (as inrapidly charging fields),redusdant, or unpredictable. 36 pp. Ref.(AW)

12

NOWS99,-AOPA The GRAIt Peoject: Asfaperleest is Rakk-eachiee COMOftsiCi..tioes. T. O. Ellie. J. P. 'Weiser,V. t. Sibley. September 1969.

As tete:active software-hardware coupe-tee-graphics system has bees developed iswhich tbe displayed costests of a cathodecal tube (CRT) cam be sesipulated directlyasisg a RAND Tablet aed styles. Thedesigs goals for this systee wore (1) toprovide eas-machime coemealcatios umiagoaly the CPT display asd real-tise Later-protatios of styles 'Reties, (2) to nisi--size esbigeoms remposses and sake theoperatic& apperest, (3) to make the sys-tee reapossive with simisal distraction&ad delay, asd (4) to make the systemcoopete as a problee-solviag aid. Com-puter progressing vie flowcharts easchosen to desonstrate the technics's.System respoases ea the CUT include lo-catios of the virtual positioa of thestylus, Lek track represeatiag its se-ttee oe tbo tablet, changes is displayistessity, pictorial sodificatios, &adenglish-langeaso tatesemts. The leper-taut remelt of this investigation is thedemonstration of feasibility of sech asapproach. This is the first pact of afinal report on GRAIL. 26 pp. Ref.(See aLso 15-6001, 10-6002.) (RT)

Rs-6000/1-PR Soviet Cybernetics:Recent News Items, Vol. 3, No. 1.Rdited by D. McDonald, V. S. Rollamd.Janita=y :969.

7he January 1969 SC:RNI, tho first issuetK; appear in the RS series, features anarticle by Slant Factory director V.Goledbotg suggesting that Soviet computerpc:wit:cern be made vesponsible for thelstroduction, installation, servicing,ine basic software of their products (atpcosent, syntems are often shipped umaseenabled). Another article diecusses re-guitements for high-level compiler law-guages tor engineering problems. Al-though 60 new journals have been addedsince 1966 ead older ones enlarged, thebacklog of uswublished results grown andlead time atter subminsios averages 16soothe. Academy natural-science journalswill give at least ono-fourth of theirspace to brief communications and annota-tions of reports that are mot printedbut deposited tor regoont copying; in-stitutes are urged to give authors edi-toriai help and to distribute reprints.Also included; specifications for proc-ess control computers that are not wetby present Soviet equipment; a cutawayview of the Soyuz-3 spacecraft; Georgianresearch on voice recognition; ACS0Didindevelopment of pneumonic (airjet) con-trols; demographic forecasting in theUkraine; biographical sketch of radio

DeLemtimat R. A. Adtel'Aii0W. The Acad-emy of Sciesces has treaslated into Nan-stem the lateet editios of the sanwalfor the norwegias simulation lasgmage.SIROLA. 73 pp. (Re)

SR-6000/2-P1 Soviet Cyberaetics:Secant News Items, Vol. 3, No. 2.'Nacos by D. McDosald, N. S. Selland.February 1969.

This issue features a brochure for theair, a smell computer for scientific andengineerisg calculatioss that acceptsalphameric and mathenaticel symbol inputvia oa-liose typewriter. A cospeter Logicthat can handle aataral-langsage faputwithout a translator is described is anarticle by elsabkov. t vestal bureau forequips:kat seeded eel' besperarily by oci-estific amd edscatio..ai iastitstioss isdiscussed la a short article. Three arti-cles and five short itess are cosceraedwith medical cybersetics, particularlyspace sedicise. Reports by four high of-ficials on automation asd instrnmestatios,extracted from Supreme Soviet discussionsot tho 1969 econosic plan, rer4ectgreeter coecers this year with automationand instrument comstroction. This is dueto R. X. Redseves Miaistry of InstrusentComstruction, Saabs of Automatics, andControl Systems, which is mote oriestedtoward isstrosentatioa and office equip-meat them toward computers amd large lags-tens. Anoeg other itess are those on the*nit of ceepetere ie Ohraislem ferroussetallurgyi past and future comforencesOD iDde.striii psychology, progressed is-structioa, and automata and artificialintelligence: and scientific otgamixationof Labor in Latvia. Articles es hardwareinclude the Polish ORTS-10 computer: anew 1011-450 computer for procossing net-work diagrams without programming; theMoscow autosatic traffIc coetrol system:and five papertape readers. 112 pp. (104

RR-6000/3-FR Soviet Cybernetics;Recent News Items, Vol. 3, No. 3.edited by D. McDoseld, N. V. Holland.larch 1969.

This issue features an article on smallcomputers and a progress teport on theState Network of Computing Centers. Twoarticles, Gee popular end ose technical,describe the planned Sirena-1 system forairline reservations. The system differsfrom Nesters systems in two respects:(1) It does not apply to all of Aeroflot'sticket wales and reservations, but onlyto the Roscow airport, with sone tie-insto other major airports for return flightsto Roscow. (2) It provides automatedprinting for individual pansenger tickets.

gm. 41%0-

71

A description of the computer science cur-ricular and nurport activities af RoscoeState Usivernity Is provided by an arti-cle on the University Conputer Center.Other items of interest include (1) abiography of Academician, Engineer-AdmiralAkael I. Berg, on the occasion of his75th birthday; (2) a critique on howscientists spend their working hours;(3) am article on the Lvov InformationCostrol System (desigued by Clushkov forthe Lvov TT Factory), which the UkranianAcadesy of Sciences has ordered to begeaeralized tor use La a wide range offactories engaged in sass prodectLon ofa limited variety of products. 69 pp.(Be)

211-6000,14-PR Soviet Cybernetics;Recest News Items, Vol. 3, No. 4.Edited by D. BcDoseld, V. S. Holland.April 1969.

The April inane features am extruded dee.scription of the BESN-6 hardware, soft-ware, asd limt of instructions; the com-puter does mot appear well suited to then ultiprograsming for which it was de-signed. Soviet game theory is describedes similar is level to that of the gaitedStates, but is ot different coetest. Ithas bees applied successfully to controland productivity (often as a game agniustN ature, 4115 in catching fish or planniagtransmission lises). In view of theshortage and inferiority of Soviet coe-pater*, a political economy faculty call:far hardware, software, and services sis-liar to those of the capiteliet states--if necessary, by licensing foreign pat-e sts. Otber articles give criteria torinstalling automatic control systems;defend the usefulness of mathenaticaloptimisation ethods; recommend forecast-ing of techuical developmests through thestudy of patents; report work on noscryam.talline semiconductors used as vidicons;and describe medical applications of cos,paters. 14S pp. (Be)

RH-6000"-PR Soviet Cybernetics:Recent News Items, vol. 3, Vo. S.Edited by D. McDonald, N. B. Holland.Pay 1969.

The Bay issue features au article om automated management information systems iswhich it is clearly indicated that theSoviet labor force is feeling the effectsof automation. Three articles oe fore-casting show that prognostics is begin-ning to take hold in the Soviet Union andthat it is being dealt with by sone veryprestigious scientists. Academician G.Harchuk's article on the centralisedmanagemont of the conpuber industry re-

-ir%

Llocta the thinking of Soviet loaders inconputing about the USSR's needs, partic-ularly relative to the importance ofdisc utorage units. Hardware discussedincludes the ante, and Ramis, the 11-S4,and some East Germs* machines. Other ar-ticles describe cosputer-assisted andcosputer-managed instruction in electri-cal engineering; autonation of a heavysachine plant; cosferences oo industrialand general psythology and on nathemati-cal methods in geology and hydrogeology;research at Science City and Kiev; anddevelopment of the State Network of com-puting Centers. 135 pp. (RV)

1111-600016-PR Soviet Cybersetics Review,Vol. 3, No. 6. Edited by W. B. Holland.JGRO 1769.

The Jose issue initiates a new title forthe former soviet CvberneticgiBela Item*. One article gives the firstconcrete evidence of a new direction inSoviet cosputers toward third-geserationmachines that are prograsp-compatible withthe IBS System 360; the B-1000, -2000,and -3000 are the first being developed.Other hardware discussed are the Oral-14,Razdam-3, BESU-4, Ruta-110, Hinsk-22, -23,and -32 computers and the Robotrom-300high-speed data processing coupler. Onearticle coacludes that a multimachineoperating node promises more efficiencythan does multiprogransing. Severalarticles stress the importance of fittingcospeters for national ecemosic planningand automated control systems. In anarticle on modeling artificial intelli-gence, the leading Soviet researcher onsedical cybernetics points out that thecreatioa of large-scale intelligence isonly a setter of time. However, salonsit is not an automaton bat a personality,with a program of conscionemess and imagi-nativesess, intelligence like man's cannotbe approximated. 125 pp. (CD)

15-6000/7-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 3, So. 7. Edited by V. B. Holland.July 1969.

This special issue is devoted to program-ming and programming languages. A revo-lution conparable to the FORTRAN II erais U.S. computing has been taking placein Soviet software, particularly in thedevelopment of algoritisic languages andtranslators. While ALGOL remains thebasis of Soviet progranniag languages,interest is growing in FORTRAN, COBOL,and SIRSCRIPT, and local languages havebeen developed. New directions in Sovietcomputing are evidenced by trends towardlarge machines and third-generatioe (m?)cosputers that are compatible with the

74

IBM Series/360; integration of hardwareand system design; and new concern withmaa-machine interaction. Manifesting thisheightened interest, the First All-UnionConference on Programming was held in Nom-vember 1968. The issue contains abstractsof the papers presented and a full trap*.lation of a report on the use of automatatheory in resolving problems in the man-machine interface. 120 pp. (CD)

15-6000/8-PR Soviet Cybernetics Re-view, Vol. 3, No. B. Edited by V. B.Holland. August 1969.

This issue includes two conference reportson the design program for ASV!' modularhardware, and two articles discussing theeAuses of the tine leg in impleseuting newtechnology. A summary of the Soviet viewof writing programming languages is givenin an article announcing the ALGOL60-based ALPHA language, now used to com-pile BESN-6 code on the 11-20 computer. TheRecursive Functions Algorithmic Language(REFILL), used on the BESN-6, is also dis-cussed. Articles on computer hardwareinclude discussions of the (1) UP-1two-way analog/digital converter usingSral-10 modules; (2) Promine computer toprocess experimental data; (3) Kaktus sys-tem of computer-monitored instruction; (4)KVW-5 device for automatic vacuum spray-ing of thin films; (5) ChARS reader fortypewritten data; (6) VNIIem-3 controlcomputer for industrial use. A new bookon the problem of optimality is of con-siderable interest (1) because optimalityis one of the important problems now beingstudied by cybernetic methods, and (2)because of the publisheres foreword anddisclaimer. 155 pp. (MV)

RN-6000/9-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 3, No. 9. Edited by V. B. Hclland.September 1969.

This issue features articles and photo-graphs of computers displayed at the Auto-mation-69 Exhibition in Moscow, especiallythe Mir-1 and Ruta-110. Also discussedare the Doze analog computer for radiolog-ical dosage; "on-the-fly" output printers;other ways to increase computer speedand productivity; and the plannedultra-high-energy 1000-0ev t-/nchrotron.Two articles give opposite approaches tothe structuring of the State Network ofComputer Centers, those of the CentralStatistical Administration (which has theresponsibility) and of Gosplan (whichwants it). Programmed instruction has beensidetracked by lack of production facili-ties for an excellent design; L. Landa,leading Soviet authority on the subject,calls for a self-supporting educational

technology institute to do research, pro-duction, installation, imelementation,and to give courses open to any citizenat a nominal fee. Other articles discussthe effects of automation on the workforce; mathematical training and research;computers in economics; the Latvian Academyof Science research; and the Delphimethod of scientific forecasting. 139 pp.(RV)

15-6000/10-PR Soviet CyberneticsReview, Vol. 3, no. 10. Edited byV. B. Holland. October 1969.

The October 1969 issue introduces previewsynopses of new Soviet books of specialinterest to Western readers, and addscoverage of the nem cPSD Central committeenewspaper. An overview of Soviet infor-mation retrieval work in science and tech-nology is given in several articles andbook excerpts, which decry the lack ofadequate hardware, software, and personneland the °intolerable" slowness of thepublication process. System analysts,system programmers, and applied mathema-ticians trained in specialized highereducational institutions are particularlyneeded. Sciometrv, a new book on the"science of science," lists the problemsencountered by Soviet researchers, includ-ing lack of informal participation ininternational exchanges, delays in receiv-ing foreign journals, the need for acentralized reference source and computer-ized information services, publicationdelays, and the two-way language barrier.Translated articles cover the nominationfor a State Prize of the manufacturer anddesigner of the BESN-6; the SUCC; a logicdevice based on neuronlike structures; aPERT method for troop control; automaticindexing work and a new document retriev-al language. 129 pp. (NV)

RM-6000/11-PR Soviet Cybernetics Re-view, Vol. 3, No. 11. Edited by V. B.Holland. November 1969.

Soviet efforts in designing third-genera-tion computers are discussed in two fea-tured articles, which describe (1) thedevelopment and production of integratedcircuits, and their role in computers, and(2) the use of amorphous chalcogenideglass in lasers, infrared devices, andsemiconductors. To bridge the gap betweenscientific theory and application, a cy-berneticist suggests production-orientedbranch research institutes at universities,and a university rector calls for reorgan-izing higher education along U.S. lines.Computer centers operate more efficientlyunder the profit and loss system, butpricing policies have not yet been estab-

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lished. Hardware discussed includes theMinsk-32, a multi-processor with multima-chine capability; teletype-input cRT dis-play for the BESM-6; the Alpha structuralmechanics computer; speech recognition(41 words) by the BESM-3; remote-processcontrol via telegraph line; and a heuris-tic approach to checker-playing on an11-20. 122 pp. (NV)

RM-6001-ARPA The GRAIL Language andOperations. T. 0. Ellis, J. F.Heafner, V. L. Sibley. September 1969.

The important organizational concepts ofthe flowchart language are the sequentialflow of control, the hierarchy of subrou-tines, and the language (flow diagrams)that pictorially relates their interde-pendence. A fundamental facility of theman-machine interface is the automaticrecognition of appropriate symbols, whichallows the an to print or draw appropri-ate symbols freehand. GRAIL's text-edit-ing features include placement, replace-ment, and deletion of characters, charac-ter-string iasertion or deletion, andline deletion. Control functions includedisplaying text page-by-page, requestingspecified display frames, moving symbols,and test line editing. The flowchartprocesses may be compiled and executed atCPU speeds or the man may control inter-pretative execution by direct stylusactions. He may use overlay displays orsplit screen displays to debug. This isthe second part of a final report onGRAIL. 34 pp. Ref. (See also RM-5999,RM-6002.) (NT)

RM-6002-ARPA The GRAIL Systea Imple-mentation. T. O. Ellis, J. P. Heafner,W. L. Sibley. September 1969.

Interactive use of the RAND Tablet/Stylusand a CRT display demands that many inde-pendent data packages be accessed in realtime without the man's being aware ofsystem operational tasks. The internalrepresentation of the man's program con-sists of its picture form, data structuresto denote properties implied by the pic-ture, and positional information to relatestylus location to the other forms. Dyna-mic storage allocation is automaticallyprovided because of the large number ofdata sets. Algorithms are described whichhandle scheduling, priority, synchroniza-tion, and parallel processing. This isthe third part of a final report on GRAIL.66 pp. Refs. (See also R11-5999,RM-6001.) (MT)

RM-6018-PR An On-Line Symbolic Mathe-matics System Using Hand-PrintedTwo-Dimensional Notation. F. V.Blackwell, R. H. Anderson. December1969.

A description of a system being developedat Rand for the on-line manipulation ofsymbolic mathematical expressions. Theuser hand-prints his formulas, and themathematical rules to be followed, on aRand Tablet in ordinary two-dimensionalmathematical notation. The system recog-nizes the characters and interprets thewhole expression from the spatial relation-ships, in accordance with a previouslyinput syntax. The user at his consoledirects the computer to apply various rulesof transformation that he has input. Hemaintains as much control over the trans-formations and the displays as the desires.Because the parser is entirely syntax-di-rected, the user can solve a wide varietyof problems and can introduce novel opera-tors as long as he declares their proper-ties. Syntaxes that handle matrix nota-tion and arbitrary directed-line graphshave been written and tested on the parser.25 pp. Ref. (MV)

RM-6027-ARPA An On-Line Debugger forOS/360 Assembly Language Programs.V. H. Josephs. August 1969.

A description of DIDE, an on-line debug-ging prograa for use by assembly-languageprogrammers on third-generation IBM com-puters. _The ability to debug a program on-line can ean a significant reduction inthe programmer's debugging effort. Manysuch on-line systems are available forother computers, notably DDT end its deri-vatives for the PDP computers, but noneis widely known for the 360 system operat-ing under OS, where dumps and off-linetraces must be used. DYDE (Dynamic Debug-ger) provides the programmer with DDT-likecapabilities of break-point insertion,modification of data and code, and symbo-lic-label references. It can operate underany option of OS/360, using only a small,user-written aping-pongn SVC and communicat-ing with the programmer by means of the1052 operator's console (employing VTO andVTOR) or,.preferably, the 2260 graphicsconsole (using the OS Graphics AccessMethod support). 28 pp. (MV)

RM-6028-ARPA Extensions to the PL/ILanguage for Interactive ComputerGraphics. R. H. Anderson, D. J. Far-ber. January 1970.

A proposed combination of the IBM Con-versational Programming System (CPS) andthe Rand Programmer-Oriented GraphicsOperation (POGO). CPS is entirely type-

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writer oriented and uses a subset of PL/Iwith the ON-conditions and complete fileI/0 that are necessary in building an in-teractive graphical language. The facil-ities of POGO, which allow the user todraw on a screen the objects he wishesdisplayed, to label and name objects, andto define where to display appropriateitems, are provided by these extensionsto the language: (1) one new statement,DISPLAY, signalling the creation of anamed display page; (2) additional op-tions in the PUT and GET statements; and(3) an additional ON-conditiono PUSH,that relates light-pen actions to asyn-chronous program responses. The require-ment of command and control computer sys-tems for flexibility, computation, graphicdisplay, and user interaction will beserved by such a connection of interactiveand graphic capabilities. 24 pp. (MT)

RM-6032-PR Graphic ROCKET: Scenarioof a Filmed Report. B. W. Boehm, V. R.Lamb, R. Mobley, J. E. Riebar. June1969.

An illustration of the use of GraphicROCKET, an interactive computer-graphicssystem for the analysis of aerospace vehi-cle designs. The system permits the userto specify or modify a design and flightplan and to see the resulting performancecurves displayed. Graphic ROCKET runs onan IBM 360/40 computer. The interactivegraphics terminal includes an IBM 2250cathode-ray-tube display with a light pen,keyboard, and function keys. Hardcopy isprovided by and S-C 4060 graphic output de-vice. The program language consists of aseries of "pages," created and interfacedvia the POGO System (RM-5825), and dis-played on the cathode-ray tube, for spe61-Eying initial conditions, environmentalmodels, and flight plans. Control boxeson each page permit the user to skip frompage to page with the light pen as he de-fines the problem he wants to solve.Graphic ROCKET is shown in terms of areal-life problem of designing anair-launched satellite booster for photo-graphing hurricanes. This memorandum isthe text of a demonstration film presentedat the Design Automation Conference inJune 1969. 54 pp. Ref. (MN)

RM-6047-RC Biosciences at Rand. Editedby E. C. DeLand, C. Gazley, Jr., L. L.Colbert. April 1970.

Describes Rand's current programs andpotential new projects in the biosciences--biochemistry, biomathematics, and bio-engineering--which apply the physical,mathematical, engineering, and computers,ciences to biological and medical prob-

lens. These applications can clarify com-plex physiological mechanisms and developbetter diagnostic and clinical procedures.Current studies way be grouped in 3 generalcategories: (1) physiological models andcomputational techniques to analyze andquantify the biochemistry of human phys-iological systems and phenomena; (2) anal-yses of the mechanics and neurophysiologyof human vision, pattern recognition, andimage enhancement to facilitate informationtransmittal; and (3) clinical applicationsand diagnostic techniques. Potential fu-ture projects include additional funda-mental research in all the biosciences,investigations of complex biological andhealth care systems, and development ofcomputer support for bioscience programs.This memorandum does not address studiescentered in experimental laboratories orthose primarily concerned with the eco-nomics, sociology, or administration ofhealth care systems. 77 pp. Bibliog.(LC)

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RM-6104-ARPA User's Manual for APAREL:A Parse-Request Language. R. M. Balzer.January 1970.

A description of the present implementationof APAREL as a set of subroutines callablefrom PL/I. The memorandum mentions fea-tures not yet implemented, use restric-tions, new additions, and methods for useof the prograa. Added features include aNOT function and the ability to redefineparse requests dynamically, to trace aparse request dynamically, and to forcethe system to parse every character in theinput string. An on-line syntax checkingprogram for use with the IBM 2260 alpha-numeric display unit is appended to aidthe user in specifying and testing his syn-tax in APAREL format. The on-line inter-action is supplied by a set of PL/I cal-lable routines written at Bell Laborator-ies. A BNP definition of APAREL's syntaxlanguage is also included. APAREL wasdeveloped not only to explore newer areasof man-machine communication but also toassume responsibility for establishing itsvalue to the military via prototype sys-tems. 46 pp. Ref. (see also RM-5611-1.)(MW)

RM-6112-PR Computer Graphics forSimulation Problem-Solving. T. E.Bell. December 1969.

A description of the use of interactivecomputer-graphic analysis in simulating,and then designing aad developing, Rand'sVideo Graphics System, which will providelow-cost, high-capability, responsive,graphic computer access to many userssimultaneously. Simulation began before

7 7

the system was fully defined, as an aidto design. The graphic displays werepresented on an IBM 360/40; Cne user en-tered data via the RAND Tablet. Of thethree types of display--Statistics, Varia-ble Graph, and Gantt Chart--the latter wasused most. Graphic analysis cut totalmodeling time approximately in half.Since much hard copy was pasted into stripcharts, these should be produced automa-tically. Graphics capabilities facili-tated analysis of a large volume of simu-lation output to examine the model indetail and to discover anomalous behavior;ongoing simulation proved a valuable aidto design. 28 pp. Bibliog. (MR)

RM-6114-PR POGO User's Manual: I.General Aids to Graphic Programming.J. E. Rieber, V. R. Lamb. January1970.

Detailed operating instructions for thecontrol page design and interactive graphicfacilities of the Programmer-OrientedGraphics Operation. POGO supplements thefacilities of IGS for the IBM 2250 graphicsconsole by freeing the user of many te-dious chores and repetitions coding. WithPOGO, the user creates his displays free-hand at the RAND Tablet. Information maybe handprinted, drawn, or typed in. Afterthe display has been designed, POGO filesthe digital information. The user canthen write a simple FORTRAN program con-taining calls to the POGO execution-timeroutines, which will Interact with hisdisplays. Appendices give program sourcelisting, the Job Control Language forrunning POGO jobs on the IBM 360, and the2250 buffer management routines. POGOhas been used in the geographical deploy-ment of men and artillery for a computermodel of tactical air-ground interactions,aerospace vehicle trajectory analysis, andmap data digitization. 192 pp. Ref.(See also RM-5531, RM-5825.) (MW)

R15-6132-NASA ECSS: An ExtendableComputer System Simulator. N. R.Nielsen. February 1970.

Describes the major design features ofECSS, a programming language for simulat-ing computer systems as an aid to designand evaluation. In its prototype version,ECSS is implemented as a translator intoSIMSCRIPT II with extensions to add fur-ther capabilities. ECSS can model flow-oriented as well as discrete-event simu-lations, having added to SIMSCRIPT theSIMULA-like process, which is both anentity and an event subroutine, and theHOLD UNTIL and WHEN TRUE statements. Theemphasis throughout is on ease of use,freedom in modeling, and on minimizing

programming and debugging time. Standardfeatures can be simulated merely by re-questing the facilities and inputting data;for nonstandard features, the user writeshis own description in SIMSCRIPT and usesas much as he wishes of the ECSS facili-ties. Unused facilities do not affectexecution. Implementation of the ECSStranslator is now under way. 53 pp. Ref.(MW)

RM-6200/1-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4, No. 1. Edited by V. B. Holland.January 1970.

The January issue features a major histor-ical survey of Soviet computer technology,including photographs of nearly all Sovietcomputers in operation today. The articlecovers Soviet computer development, begin-ning with an analog device in 1941 andcontinuing through current efforts to in-corporate integrated circuit technology,including the Ryad project which is aimedat eventual production of System/360-com-patible hardware. The Mir-2 computer withgraphic terminal light pen is discussed.Overheating in vacuum tube computers, anagging problem for the Soviets, is ex-plored. Other articles probe computerizedcrime detection, automated machine systemdevelopment, computerized national econom-ic planning, automation in the State Bank,and use of computers in planning WesternBasin fishing fleet operations. 87 pp.(TC)

RM-6200/2-PR Soviet Cybernetics Re-view, Vol. 4, No. 2. Edited by W. B.Holland. February 1970.

Discussion of an ambitious Soviet projectto totally automate airport operationshighlights this issue. Automated controlsystems for flight scheduling, passengerservices, aircraft maintenance, and otheroperations will be introduced in the coun-try's 20 largest airports by 1975, theRussians claim, beginning with Moscow'sVnukovo Airport. An SCR feature surveysSoviet use of computers in medicine, not-ing achievements in computer diagnosis ofcardiac diseases, computer use in brainand cancer research, and in treatment ofparalytics in Soviet health resorts. Otherarticles consider the proposed role of theCentral Statistical Administration in im-plementing the State Network of ComputerCenters; the organization of national coh-trol systems; use of the computer in musi-cal composition; and Soviet work in linearprogramming. 46 pp. (TC)

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RM-6200/3-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4, No. 3. Edited by W. B. Holland.March 1970.

Four articles devoted to process controland industrial automation are featured.One summarizes progress in the introduc-tion of automated control systems in 5Leningrad plants. Leningrad is secondonly to Moscow in Soviet R8D. Anotherdetails the use of computerized nystems bythe Soviet railroad network, includingsystem shortcomings. Of interest are plansfor an automated ticketing and seat reser-vation system the Soviets say will stream-line passenger handling, trim employeeworkloads, and completely pay for itselfin 4 years. It is scheduled for intreduc-tion by 1975. Other articles examinetrends in the development of process con-trol systems, computer selection of spe-cialization curricula in computationalmathematics, and use of the computer tosimulate experiments in psychology. Arecent Pravda item reveals that basic de-sign of the M-1000 was conducted. under theauspices of the Tbilisi Scientific ResearchInstitute of Instrument Construction andMeans of Automation, a group not previous-ly identified with any significant Sovietcomputer developments. 53 pp. (TC)

RM-6200/4-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4, No. 4. Edited by W. B. Holland.April 1970.

Featured are 3 articles by top Soviet com-puter scientists: V. M. Glushkov discussestrends in computer technology in 2 arti-cles, specifically computer center Orga-nization. Leading computer designer S. A.Lebedev writes about the conversion tothird-generation design techniques andlarge-scale integration. An articlesurveying solid-state technology coverssuch subjects as integrated circuits,elionics (electron- and ion-beam tech-niques), optoelectronics, dielectronics,and acoustoelectronics. An article on thethe ASP automated design system, which usesthe M-220 computer, examines ASP's basicdesign stages and designer/computer inter-action during mathematical modeling andmachine design. Other articles consider:(1) the new Dnepr-2 control system, (2) ahybrid analog-digital system for use inphysics and chemistry research, and (3)the use of activated alkali halide crystalsas luminescent storage cells. A Pravdaeditorial on the burgeoning glinformationindustry', is also included. '52 pp.- (TC)

RM-6200/5-PR Soviet Cybernetics ,Review,Vol. 4, No. 5. Edited by W. B. 'Holland,May 1970.

This issue features an identification of

the new Kashatan computer, and also theAvtopriz-Autevo system, which was jointlydeveloped by the Russians and East Germansto solve industrial production controlproblems. A highlight of the issue'streatment of software problems is thetranslated abstracts of papers from 8 ses-sions of the Second All-Union Conferenceon Programming, held in February. Onearticle continues a discussion begun inApril's 2CR over whether implementationof national control systems should beginon a state-wide basis or at the locallevel. A discussion of software develop-ment advocates concentrating computers inlarge centers to increase efficient com-puter use. Other articles (1) probe closeties between the VUM Plant (Kiev Plant ofComputers and Control Equipment) and theInstitute of Cybernetics, (2) outline 4 op-timal schemes for complex control systems,(3) examine faltering automation plans inthe textile industry, (4) announce estab-lishment of a control processes facultyat Leningrad University, and (5) discussspace and naval research at the Instituteof Cybernetics. 59 pp. (TC)

RM-6200/6-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4, So. 6. Edited by W. B. Holland.June 1970.

Featured in this issue is a report by atop Soviet computer expert to the FirstAll-Union Conference on Programming.Topics'oovered are: the 5-year programming gap, hardware design shortcomings,and repetitive research. A photo-featuretracing the history of teaching machineuse identifies prominent figures in thefield and describes an array of hardware,from simple machines to complex computer-controlled classrooms. . Two articlesreview problems of the computer industry,demanding stringent collective use systems.Other articles include: (1) organizationaldetail of the Central Economic MathematicsInstitute; (2) a survey of computer use InArmenia and Belorussia; (3) two pieces onthe BES1I-6 computer, one that details itsuse in linear acceleration experiments;(4) an overview of neurobionics: (5) adiscussion of training programming teach-ers; and (6) an examination of cyberneticsin the scientific revolution. 61 pp. (TC)

BM-6200/7-PR Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4, No. 7. Edited by W. B. Holland.July 1970.

The Ukraine figures prominently in threearticles in this issue. The first is basedon the 1969 Annual Meeting of the UkrainianSSR Academy, at which the subject of eco-nomic cybernetics was discussed. The workof the Academy's various economic insti-°

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totem is outlined, summarizing sone of theniehliebts of research it sathesatical eco-nomics and lostrol systeas. The secondetticle on the Urals* discusses achieve-greats and problems of computer systems inthe Repeblic, particularly industrial ap-plicatiose for process control. The finalarticle la a popelarized description of theastesatic computer design systes developedat the Kiev lestitute of Cybernetics. Alsoteetered ace photographs and description ofthe Bute-1100, the first Soviet disc memorysalt es display in Moscow at the Exhibitionof Batiosal Bcoponic Achievements. Otherarticles on cosputer activity analyze thedispute that is currently raging in Polishteckstcel circles and on the system of com-peter pesters in Aomania. Vith this issue,

ciecietIcs lowielr initiates a bi-llet%

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publication policy. 48 pp. (K8)

89-4200/0-PB Soviet Cybernetics Review,Vol. 4. Wo. 8. Edited by V. 8. Holland.Septeeber 1970.

Soviet BIB Is redirected toward industrialseeds. Besides compaters and automation,Major attention is on power engineering,eltectroeics, nuclear applications, chem-istry, earth sciences, economic control,asd sicrobiology. Wicroorganisms are thrreagents is the first large-scale produc-tiee of proteist from petroleum hydrocep-halus. Automatic diagsosis of brain tumorswas OS perceat successful by coMpnter, 90percent by diagnostic. table. Convitersare little used for accounting. 3krainiaessclestIfic/tscinical information systemincludes a fund of over 2500 algorithas,programs, and user's guides. Romaniansisctroeic progress is reported. TheOnset cosplalmts of inefficiency, waSte,And delay of automation appear,:as do thesr*el Deports of savings. Tbilisi emerges4* A major computer designcenter with the

prOCess comtroller and 11-1000,tient of the third-generation modularSoviet cosputers. The BESM-35 read/writeteed wears out tapes. Other hardware isdiacessed or pictured. 77 pp. (RV)

81-6200/10-PB Soviet Cybernetics Re-view, Vol. 4, No. 10, 1970 (Index).Edited by W. B. Holland. August 1971.

A sot of indexes to the 1970 issues ofmaul Cybernetics Review, mud a bibliog-raphy with abstracts of 18 other Randpublications in the field. As in previousyears, therm are detailed indexes of sub-jects, of personalitiesincluding arAthors,pmcsoms mentioned, and persons pictured--ofOrldniCatiOnn, and of hardware/softwareitem. 69 pp. (20 is available tO non-govetnnent organizations by yearly sub-

scription at 348. Single issues: $10.)(MW)

911-6213-PR Sone Information ProcessingImplications of Air Force Space Mis-sions: 1970-1980. B. N. Boehn. Jan-uary 1970.

Text of a briefing to the kir Force Scien-tific Advisory Board on problems in spaceand flight computing. Off-the-shelf in-formation processing is inadequate forreal-time image processing, multisensoranalysis, decision-oriented displays, andthe Space Transportation System. Unde-tected program errors could lead to dan-gerous strategic confrontations or inca-pacitate a key defense at a critical time.The kir Force should (1) push developmentof a high-capability, high-capacity,floating-point on-board computer; (2)buy at least 50 to 100 percent more com-puting capacity than is absolutely nec-essary, to avoid complex space-savingprogramming; (3) begin serious work onthe STS software now; and (4) study thefeasibility of an Air Force softwartesting facility comparable with hazdwaretesting facilities. 53 pp. Ref- (MW)

RN-6248-PR JOSTRAN: An InteractiveJOSS Dialect for Writing and DebuggingFORTRAN Programs. V. R. Grahan, D. C.Haceeilage. February 1970.

A description of JOSTRAN, a JCSS dialectthat expedites the construction of FORTRANprograms. JOSS is an interactive, on-lineconputer system developed at Rand underAir Force funding, and now used extensivelythroughout Rand, the DOD, and industry.JOSS-language programs are list-processed;i.e., each statement is interpreted atexecution time. FORTRAN is the principallanguage for.programming digital computersto,perform numerical calculations. Becausemost FORTRAN programs are batch-processed,the programmer cannot immediately examinethe output. The JOSS language permitsgreater flexibility and subtlety, butFORTRAN can handle larger calculations.'JOSTRAN, a specified FORTRAN-compatibledialect of JoSS, combines the advantagesof both languages. It allows the user toexploit JOSSes interactive, list-processingfacilities while writing and debugging aprogram, and facilitates the translation ofthe JOSTRAN program into FORTRAN. Thetranslation is verified by test calcula-tions in both languages. 15 pp. (LC)

911-6255-PR Tracking Error Propagationand Orbit Prediction Program. R.Mobley, L. N. Rowell, M. C. Smith.

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July 1970.Description of TEPOP (Tracking Error Prop-agation and Orbit Prediction Program),a Rand-modified FORTRAN IV program usedin the AFSC/ADC Joint Mission Analysis onSurveillance of Objects in Space. TEPOPsimulates spacel-vehicle tracking data fromas many as 54 sensors. Rand improvements:Sensors may be satellite-based, may rotate,may be limited in azimuth, ele7ation, andrange; drag bias can be included; the JPLepbemeris tape is used; the program wasconverted to double-precision. Besidesdetermining a target's path from realdata, TEPOP can be used to generate syn-thetic data for objects orbiting earth,sun, moon, Mars, Venus, or Jupiter, or on aninterplanetary course; to study the effectsof introducing random and systematicerrors; and to generate confidence regionsfor position and velocity. The referencecoordinate system is automatically centeredon whichever body influences the trackedobject at the time. 74 pp. Ref. (MW)

RM-6271-PR A Preliminary Inquiry intothe Software Estimation Process. J. A.Farquhar. August 1970.

Reviews the literature of software estima-tion and reports a small experiment compar-ing Delphi with face-to-face group judgmentto predict the time necessary to programan inforMation system--in this case, theAir Force's PDSO (Personnel Data System--Officers). Planning software productionis necessary but almost impossible at pres-ent. Cost to completion depends cu-nanyfactors, some unknown at the,time and allhard to quantify (the difficulty of thetask, the programmer's ability and famil-iarity with the procedures involved, thedegree of definition provided him, andabout 80 other factors). The experimentsundertaken failed to establiSh the utilityof either estimation method. Primary rec-ommendations for further-research are:(1) more effective data collection., (2)

analysis of characteristics of good-esti-mators, and (3) formal-inquiry into thetechniques used by-'estimators- 56 pp-Ref. (MW)

RM-6297-PR Statistical Concepts inComputational Mathematics. M. L.Juncesa. November'1970.'

Discussion of the strong'dependence of com,puter science onprobability andStatistics.This Rand study in computatiOnal, mathe-maties and its applicationsoffers a numberof examples,io illustrate this dependence:*,and isa potentialliv'prolitablethOurce Of"-research problems ilithe interfice,tretWeenprobability and :Statisticsand coiputer"science. Some examples deal with: numeriCal

processing of algebraic quantities, stabi-lizing solutions of equations, and computeraritbmetic processes. As a consequence ofthe dependence noted, it is recommended thatcomputer science education planners includea prerequisite of probability and statis-tics. In addition, numerical analysts andother computer users involved in numericaldata processing rill find the examples andthe list of references useful in seekingmethods to control rapid numerical errorgrowth in their computations. 36 pp. Ref.(KB)

RM-6313-PR Use of Magnetic Tape forReporting Cost Information. J. String,Jr. September 1970.

As an alternative to the current practiceof submitting cost reports on paper, thisstudy suggests incorporating the capabil-ities of electronic data processing Inthe design of reporting systems and usingmagnetic tape as the primary medium forreporting and storing data. Instead ofsubmitting printed reports, a contractorwould provide documentation of bis account-ing system and work assignment structureat the initiation of a procurement program,and provide periodic tape copies of hisinternal accounting records during theacquisition'T.hase. A sample program vasselected as a test case and all major taskswere performed, including in-depth reviewsof the contractor's accounting system andthe procurement program's work breakdownStructure. A series of specialized paperreports were printed using a generalizedreport-generating program written for theproject. No problems were encounteredthat could be attributed to the basic con-cepts of the system or to the principalelements of implementation. 55 pp. (DGS)

RM-6338-ARPA A Dynamic Programming Ap-proach to Network Problems: A Modelfor On-Line Computer Systems. L. J.Pipes. August 1970.

Derivation, documentation, and listing ofa dynamic programming model on JOSS forfinding optimal solutions (minimum-costpaths) to network pkoblems. The networkrepresents the possible connections betweendecisions and expresses costs of going fromone to another. The model encompasses avalue-iterative algorithm which succes-sively converges to the solution. Theprinciple of optimality, which permitsfinding the minimum-cost (shortest) pathas a function of the maximum number ofarcs allowed, is: Regardless of how aparticular state was arrived at, the re-maining decisions as to what path to takeenroute to the terminal must themselvesconstitute an optimal solution. The costs

83.

of traversing arcs may be input, recalledfrom other files, or calculated by JOSSfrom input functions. Model flexibilityallows for testing the sensitivity of adecision process to changes in the ter-minal point. 28 pp. Ref. (MR)

PAPERS

P-2584 Operating Systems. G. H.Mealy. May 1962.

A discussion of operating aystems, definedas the whole complex of programming, de-bugging, and operatiemal aids with whichthe programmer deals. The components cfan operating system are divided into in-put-output systems, processors, and super-visory systems. Input-output systems arecodes nsed in conjunction with the hard-ware to get data in and out of the machine.Processors are codes that transform data.Supervisory systems are codes that areresponsible for job or task sequencing andfor communication between the programmerand the components of the operating sys-tem. The provision of a coherent set ofcommunication conventions is emphasizedto promote flexibility of constructionand use. 95 pp.

P-2586 Benchmarks in Artificial In-telligence. F. J. Gruenberger. June1962.

A list of tasks, presently performable bymost human beings, that may eventually behandled successfully by computers. Thesetasks may serve as milestonea in the fieldof artificial intelligence. 13 pp.

P-2593 The Use of Computers in-theProcessing and Analysis of GeographicInforaation. R. C. Mao. December 1963.

An assessment of the iapact of higIrspeedcomputers on the collection and use ofdata in geographic research. Thefollow-ing are discussed: (1) the way in whiChthe impactis felte (2)geographic.,prOb--lens likely to arise with the increasinglywidespread use Of high-speed computers,(3) adOption of a nniwersaI mappingays-tem, and (4) problems facing users Of :geo-graphic data. 28 pp.

P-2597 ComputerTraining and Education:ThePictureruenberger. jUly:1962.

A discussion of the probleyrof education

and training in the world of computers.The author describes,: (1) the differencebetween this educational and trainingproblem and the problem for masses of peo-ple in any other skill or technology and(2) the difficulties in training and/oreducating masses of people in coaputertechnology. It is suggested that theeducational discount on computers be aban-doned in the near future. 11 pp.

P-2602 99-GATE. T. A. Van Wormer.August 1962.

A primer for instruction in the 99-GATElanguage. 99-GATE is a system in whicha computer may be instructed to performalgebraic computations. Specifically,99-GATE is: General Algebraic Translatorextended for the IBM 709/7090. The authorindicates the rules to be followed and thetechniques to be used in instructing thecomputer. 48 pp.

P-2608-I What is DETAB-X? S. L.Pollack. October 1962.

A description of a computer language basedon the use of decision tables, DETAB-X(Decision Tables, Experimental). Thepaper traces the evolution of computerprogramming and the steps in its develop-ment. The desirable features for a prob-lem-analysis technique are discussed to-gether with a comparison of DETAB-X andCOBOL-61. DETAB-X was developed at Randas part of a continuing effort to devisemethods that will permit the Air Forceand other large users of computers to re-duce costs and time-lags involved in de-signing and implementing data systems.26 pp.

P-2610 Bow Cities Should Approach DataProcessing. R. J. Mason. July 1962.

A discussion of the impact on governmentoperations of advances in data-processingequipment. Future equipment will improveall five of the data-processing activitiesand will be available in the size, capa-bility, and price to.neet any city's needs.The ideal system for cities is one inwhich environmental data gathered by alldepartments are filed in unified, centralrecords describing persons or parcels ofreal property: Tlese central files willreplace many existing files, since theywill be available to all departments foruse in their normal operations. Eventu-ally, these central files will cover morethan one city. Proper use of data-process-ing equipment will lead to better deci-sions based on more inclusive data, and'

82

ultimately to significant operating econ-omies and improved city operations. 9 pp.

2-2658 A Quick Look at SIMSCRIPT.H. W. Karr. October 1962.

A description of SIMSCRIPT, a general pro-gramming system specially adapted to theproblems of writing simulation programs.The advantages of SIMSCRIPT are that itreduces the time needed to program simula-tions of even moderate complexity and pro-vides increased flexibility in modifyingsuch models in accordance with the find-ings of preliminary analysis and othercircumstances. Although SIMSCRIPT may beused as a computer language for nonsimula-tion problems, the author emphasizes itsapplication to simulation. Detailed in-structions and forms for applying SIMSCRIPTare also provided. 14 pp.

P-2674 Anatomi of an Assembly System.G. H. Mealy. December 1962.

A description of the GAS (Generalized As-sembly System) language and of the organ-ization of the GAS processor. One of thefeatures of GAS is that routines may bedefined and added to the assembly systemat assembly time. This allows the possi-bility of changing the syntax or semanticsof the source language during assembly.Therefore, the programmer who wishes tochange GAS must know how it is constructed.The possibility of this, in any practicalsense, is dependent on the organization ofthe assembly system and on its documenta-.tion. The author attempts to provideenough information about GAS to allow mod-ification of this language at assemblytime. 30 pp.

2-2687 Status Report of DETAH-X (De-cision Tables, Experimental)... S. L.Pollack. January 1963.

A status report on DETAB-X (DecisionTables,ExperiMental). This potentialbusinesS language:was intrOduced at aDecisiOn-Table Symposium in New York,20 September 1962. DecisiOntables'in,general are set up in a tabular format.,containing a set of Aecision rules basedon A:given set of conditions. Each de-cisiOn rule describes_the setS of condi-.tionS that.mnst be satisfied for 4 giyensegUenCe:Of actions to be taken. The,

sYstePS Gro.aP.dev0.6,PeAsPe4fica- .

tions for, DETAB-X, a decision7table'structure usin4-modified'.COHOL-:61.or busi-ness-problem, description:, :As DETAB-x..has prov.en to0e,al,si_gnificaot A6velPPoeo.tin data iroceising 4nd a valuablP additionto COBOLthe CODASYL Systems Group will

probably propose that DETAB-X be adoptedas an addition to COBOL. 7 pp.

P-2697 DETAB-X and the World of Bank-ing. S. L. Pollack. February 1963.

A description of DETAB-X (Decision Tables.,Experimental), an experimental languagethat combines COBOL-61 and decision tables.The use of DETAB-X in business-orientedproblem description is discussed with par-ticular reference to banking systems. Itis felt that programs written in DETAH-Xwill provide improved communication be-tween system designers, programmers, andfunctional specialists. DETAB-X is alsoexpected to increase the accuracy and com-pleteness of problem statement achievableby existing languages. 12 pp.

2-2714 Electronic Data Processing forCities--The Broad Look. E. F. R.Hearle. February 1963.

A summary of what electronic data-process-ing equipment can do for cities now and inthe near future. Modern automatic data-processing equipment greatly increases thecapability of municipal agencies to handleinformation, especially if an over-all,integrated system serving the entire muni-cipal organization is developed, ratherthan a piecemeal mechanization of familiarclerical operations. 11 pp.

2-2768 The Why and How of Computingin the Secondary Schools. F. J.Gruenberger. September 1963.

An argument in favor of including computingin the high school curriculum. Consideredare the reasons for teaching it in highschool, the problems of acquiring a com-puter for high school use, the proper placeof computing in the curriculum, And themain.types of problems that high schoolsicoUld'usea, computer. to sOlVe. 9 pp.(Seedlsol)2786.)

P-2782 Programmer Selection Report forSHARE XXI. R. R. Reinstedt. August

'A discussion of personnel problems.inhiring.programmers .fdr,Computers. 14 pp.

P-2786 WhAt .ShoulA We Compute?. Gruenbeeger. --September, 1963.A discusSion of tlie efficient'use,of a.computet. Seven crit6ria Are given' as aguide-lindetermining-.Whether. the use of

.

a 'coMputer is justified for a particulAr.-

.,

83

problem or whether some other method ofcalculation would be preferable. 14 pp.(See also P-2768.)

P-2791-1 Computers and InformationFlow. R. L. Patrick. March 1968.

An introduction to computers for the de-cisionmaker who needs a layman'sknowledge of the field (updated from a UCExtension lecture). Hardware, software,rental arrangements, and programmer rela-tions are described. Useful classifica-tions of types of computing include thenisnomers "scientificn (meaning littleinput-output and much arithemetic) andnbusiness" (meaning very high input-outputand very simple computations, as in pay-rolls). Also defined are batch, on-line,and real-time processing. Process controland military command and control are discussed as on-line applications, the in-dications of a latent computer need usuallyare: (1) a volume operation of which thethe repetitive portions can be defined andthe exceptions recognized; (2) any ex-tremely complex job; (3) a need for im-mediate results; (4) a large file that mustbe current and accessible to several users;(5) extremely precious data that requiresterile handling. 19 pp.

P-2793 The Prograamer in a ChangingWorld. W. H. Ware. September 1963.

An inquiry into the role of the profes-sional programmer in the future computingworld. The programmer may continue to beneeded for unusual machine problems and incomputer research, but it may be that theability to present a machine to its useron his terms will improve so rapidly thatprogramming as a specialty will become arelatively siall professional field or asecondary skill shared by people from awide variety of professional disciplines.5 PP

P-2826 Simulating with SIMSCRIPT.8. M. Markowitz. November 1963.

An examination of two aspects of SIMSCRIPTwhich enable it to reduce the prcgrammingtime required for simulation. These areits world-view of the model to be simu-lated and its method of communicating tothe computer the world to be simulated.15 PP.

P-2863 liggr-,-a'nd Better Mathemati-ciams, R. E. Bellman,,RebrUaty:1964.

jiatneMaticians urgently need much 'largerand faster computers for solving A:l.arge

category of practical problems. Workshould have begun five years ago on digi-tal computers 100 to 1000 times fasterand 1000 to 1,000,000 times larger thancurrent computers. Attention, however,seems to have been diverted by "giamickery"and the glamour of "thinking machines."The author sees little hope of improvement.6 pp.

P-2864 GASP--A General Activity Simu-lation Program. P. J. Kiviat, A.colker=. va.hrnsavy 1964.

An introduction to the capabilities ofGASP (General Activity Simulation Program).GASP can be understood by engineers aswell as by computer programmers. It pro-vides uniformity in system descriptionand includes as many automatic error de-tection and debugging systems as possible.GASP cannot compete with SIMSCRIPT butserves well those who have only a smallmachine or who use several computers withno common language. 9 pp.

P-2865 On the Explosion of Automation.R. E. Bellman. February 1964.

Comments on the impact of automation on acapitalistic and democratic society.While automation would increase evenwithout computers, its effects are intens-ified by them. Coupled with an increasein general efficiency and in advancedtechnology, automation will remove manyjobs from industry. The author pointsout the need for training and retrainingof the resulting unemployed. 5 pp.

P-2879 On Cybernetics, InformationProCessing,'and Thinking. M. E. Baron.March 1964.

An examination of the origins, development,and present status of those key cyberneticnotions that provide an information-flowframework-,within which to,attack one as-pect of the question of how a personthinks; i.e., the question of the infor-mation mechanisms and processes which'underlie'and are correlated with thinking:Defined and analyzed are (1) the originsAnd Scope of-Cyberneticai (2) informationprocessing-in:artifiCial and natural sys-tems,;A3) the probleM Of artificial intel-,ligence, andA4)cybernetiCs, neurOphysiol-ogy,:andepitemology. '41 pp. Bibliog.

P-2 9 08 Science, Technology and theAutomation Explosion.. R. E.. Bellman.May 1964.

A consideration of the serious effects of

84

our economic and political structure aris-ing from the rapid spread of automation.£3 it takes over sore and more routineoccupations, people will be required toengage more in personal and certain pro-fessional services. The author feels thatsome attempt must be made to face the prob-lem now instead of wishfully letting thematter take care of itself. 6 pp.

P-2922 JOSS: A Designer's View of AnExperimental 0a-Lins System.J. C. Shaw. August 1964.

A description of JOSS (JOHNNIAC Open-ShopSystem), an experimental on-line, time-shared computing service. The paperemphasises those features vhich have madeJOSS a convenient new tool. 33 pp.

P-2967 Prograaming Language Selectionfor Command and Control Applications.J. P. Haverty. September 1964.

A discussion of major considerations inselecting a programming language forcommand and control applications: (1)

systems considerations; (2) language andcompiler requirements. The paper illus-trates the difficulties of programminglanguage selection by citing recent Ameri-can work in measuring effectiveness. Theproblems of standardization are alsomentioned. 25 pp.

2-2998 The Teaching of Computing.F. J. Gruenberger. October 1964.

A discussion of the characteristics ofthe teaching of computing and the waysin which it significantly differs fromthe teaching of other subjects. 5 pp.

2-3006 The Logic of Interrogating aDigital Computer. M. E. Naron. Novem-ber 1964.

An attempt to clarify the problem of howa computing machine must be organized todeal with language in order to respond tointerrogation as if it understood meaningsand relevance. The paper is divided intothree parts: (1) an outline of the originsand scope of the information sciences andthe impetus they have given to this search;(2) a look at two sub-problems, literaturesearching and data retrieval, to suggesthow these problems should be framed; and(3) a consideration of the question ofcomprehension with the aim of specifyinghow some aspects of knowing can be dis-cussed in a mechanical way and related tothe information organization required to

generate comprehension-like behavior.23 pp. Bibliog.

P-3044 The Role of the Computer inSecondaty Schools. F. J. Gruenberger.January 1965.

In the five years since stored programcomputers have been used in secondaryschools, a pattern of solid academiccourses has emerged. The paper listseight reasons to justify continuance ofthe program. 4 pp.

P-3086 Use of Hybrid Computing inDesign Automation. A. J. Rowe, P.Brock. March 1965.

A discussion of computer-aided design forengineering use. The automatic draftingproject of the Hughes Aircraft Company isdescribed, including the development ofADRA, the machine and the language. Theconcept of the engineering inforaationcenter is discussed. 22 pp.

P-3109 A Charting Technique for theAnalysis of Business Systems. R. A.Nelson. May 1965.

Description of a charting technique foranalyzing business systems and studyingthe information economics of firms. Thistechnique facilitates establishment ofcriteria for system effectiveness byportraying details and interrelationshipsof functional tasks, management decisions,organization structure, information flows,and data processing. 17 pp.

2-3131 JOSS: Examples of the Use ofAn Experimental On-Line ComputingService. J. C. Shaw. April 1965.

A presentation of examples of the use ofJOSS (Johnniac Open Shop System) for thesolution of small numerical problems.10 pp.

2-3141 Simulation Programming andAnalysis of Results. A. S. Ginsberg.Nay 1965.

A discussion of techniques for simplifyingand speeding simulations and bar increas-ing the meaningfulness of results. GeneralPurpose Systems Simulator II (GPSS),SINSCRIPT, and programming by question-naire are discussed as examples of simula-tion programming. 9 pp.

65,

85

P-3144-1 Cybernetics. N. 2. nerve.December 1965.

A review of the concepts of cybernetics.Communication theory and the digital coe-pater are discussed as forces that shapethe development of cybernetics. Currentinterpretations of the meaning of cyber-netics are also discussed. 9 pp. Bibliog.

P-3146 JOSS: Conversations with theJohnaiac Open-Shop System. J. C. Shaw.Ray 1965.

A brief descriptioa of JOSS and examplesof conversations in which the system isdirected in a high-level algebraic lan-guage. 5 pp.

P-3149 JOSS: Uperience with An Ex-perimental Computing Service for Usersat Remote Typewriter Consoles. J. C.Shaw. May 1965.

A report of the history and benefits ofJOSS (Johnniac Opea-Shop System), a com,puting service which monitors ten type-writers and.serves up to eight users con-currently. It has been in daily use atRAND since January 1964. The author dis,cusses both the hardware and software, andthe training necessary to operate the sys-tem. 18 pp. Bibliog.

P-3163 what Is the "Social Responsi-bility" Problem? F. J. Greenberger.July 1965.

An inquiry into the effects of automatic&on employment and the problems confrontingsocial and computer scientists in assesaring the magnitude of these effects. 8 pp.

P-3168/1 NOSY: A Core-saving Operat-ing System. I. L. Finkle, L. Scantlin.July 1967.

A revision of P-3168 to reflect the changein RAND'S computer system from an IBM 7040coupled to a 7044, to the 7044 alone. ThisPaper describes the NOSY (NonSYS) softwarefor use with programs that exceed availablestorage on the 7044. Converting codes fromFORTRAN II to FORTRAN IV causes loss of corestorage because the IV compiler in mostcasen produces more instruction words thanthe II compiler, and because the IBSYS nu-cleus requires so much storage space. TheNOSY method eliminates the nucleus duringexecution, thus releasing core storage atthe cost of less efficient input/output.It vas devised originally for a RAND two,dimensional hydrodynamic model that con-tinued to exceed available storage evenwhen a chaining procedure was used. 12 pp.

n ribPN

P-3235 Communications, Computers andPeople. P. Baran. November 1965.

Discussion of the impact of computer tech-nology on communications and the effect oflow cost digital communictions on com-puter systems. The paper presents thesocial consequences of the reciprocal ac-tion and suggests remedies for the prob-lens that may rise. 20 pp.

P-3236 Is the Data Processing FieldSo Different? F. J. Greenberger.September 1965.

A consideration of the need for companieswho plaa to install electroaic data proc-essing equipment to seek the guidance ofRDP experts. Cost analogies for similarprofessional services are given. 4 pp.

P-3279 Future Computer Technology andIts Impact. V. R. Race. March 1966.

Text of a paper presented to the Board ofTrustees and the Air Force Advisory Groupin November 1965. The author discussesthe digital computer as an informationprocessing machine, describes the advancesmade in computer hardware in the 15 yearsof its conseccial lifetime, suggests fu-ture computer achievements, aad considersthe impact on society, business, industry,and the military. 29 pp.

P-3281 Are Small, Feee-Standing Con,peters Sere to Stay? F. J. Greenberger.December 1965.

An assessment of computing-power per dollarin snail aachLnes. It is increasing rapid-ly and will continue to do so. It present,distinct advantages are to be found in thefree-standing machine over a large, time-sharing facility, depending on the particteler project. The Paper speculates that, intime, developments will allow a free-stand-ing machine to be hooked nis to a large cen-tral facility for short bursts, and thussecure the best of both systems for users.8 pp

P-3313 JOBVIIIK Eulogy. V. R. Vara.March 1966.

Text of a talk at the decommissioningceremonies for the RAND-built computer,JORWRIAC, held 18 February 1966. Thehistory and development of JORNVIAC aretraced from the early search for morecomputing power in 1950 to the very re-cent use of the computer as a researchtool. The press release of JORNNIAC'sdemise is appended. 14 pp.

86

P-3314 Introduction to the SIMSCRIPTII Programming Language. P. J. Kiviat.February 1966.

Presentation of the design pLilosophybehind SIMSCRIPT II. The paper notes theincorporation of accumulated experienceinto the programming language, describesthe impleeentation and structure consider-ations, and reveals some of the language'simportant features and innovations.. 7 pp.

P-3348 Development of New DigitalSimulation Languages. P. J. Kiviat.April 1966.

An article prepared for nil gouraml 21Industrial Zneineerinq. It includes:(1) an examination of theories of simula-tion and modelling and programming; (2)a description of the design aims and afew language statements of SIMSCRIPT II,a second generation simulation programminglanguage; and (3) comments on a probablefuture for simulation languages and simu-lation programming. 21 pp. Bibliog.

P-3349 Simulation Language ReportGenerators (or, I Hear You but I Don'tIteow What You're Saying). P. J.Kiviat. April 1966.

Pat)er prepared for the Symposium on Silva-lation Techniques and Languages, London,May 1966. The author discusses simulatictprogramming languages and their particularneed for specialized output statements.The structure of future simulation lan-gua4e report generators is predictedthrough descriptions of the programmers'and managers' need for reports about orfrom simulation models and programs. Aset of programming statements that satisfythese needs is presented and related tothe simulation programming languages oftoday and the future. The programmingstatements are in SIMSCRIPT II, but theuse is illustrative only; they have notbeen implemented. Examples of the reportsgenerated by the hypothetical atatementsare included in the Appendix. 25 pp.lihliog.

P-3365-4 Bibliography on Automationand Technological Change and Studiesof the future. A. Harrison. March1971.

Last published in 1967, this current bib-liography lists works associated withtwo ongoing Rand projects: Automationand Technological Change, and a relatedinformal study of future national and in-ternational problems. Alphabeticallyarranged, the bibliography contains ap-proximately 800 entries, consistinj of

the asseabled works of project members,together with some 400 additional entriespublished after 1967, selected largelyfrom the Library of Congress card catalog.The appendix lists private organizationsengaged in, or planning to engage in,future-oriented work. The bibliographywill continue to be updated periodically.58 pp. (SM)

P-3408 Relational Data File I: DesignPhilosophy. M. E. Baron. July 1966.

The design philosophy and general objec-tives of the Relational Data File, anautomatic question-answering system. TheFile permits factual data to be stored ina digital computer so that the machine canrespond appropriately, giving answers toquestions based on the stored information.(One of two related papers presented atthe Third Annual National Colloquium onInformation Retrieval, 1966.) 26 pp.Ref. (See also P-3411.)

P-3411 Relational Data File II: Im-plementation. R. H. Levien. July 1966.

The techniques used for implementation ofthe Relational Data File, a computer-basedsystem for the storage, retrieval, andlogical analysis of factual data. (Oneof two related papers presented at theThird Annual National Colloquium on Infor-mation Retrieval, 1966.) 26 pp. Ref.(See also P-3408.)

P-3453 Development of Discrete DigitalSimulation Languages. P. J. Kiviat.September 1966.

A discussion of the history, currentstatus, and possible future of computerlanguages that are used for describingthe structure and dynamics of dis-crete-time systems. The author discussesprincipal features of the numerous simula-tion programming languages in current Useand predicts eventual merger into one ortwo general-purpose languages that can beused to construct special-purpose simula-tion languages. 16 pp. Ref.

P-3466 The Coming Computer Utility--Laissez-Faire, Licensing or Regula-tion? P. Baran. April 1967.

The growth of the computer industry, whichpresses upon existing regulatory processes,makes necessary a re-examination of theentire regulatory structure for data trans-mission. At present, communications sup-pliers are highly regulated, while compu-ter companies are not. The cost for com-

cb 7

87

putation is dropping .Jo rapidly that thecost of the communication needed to tietogether many users of a single machine isncy the overriding cost limitation. Con-centating the traffic from a large numberof users in order to share expensive trans-mission circuits is illegal unless a singlecompany is involved (giving a dispropor-tionate advantage to large companies). Themost basic regulation mechanisms needed byfuture computer utilities are: profession-al licensing standards to aid in safeguard-ing privacy of information; removing theeconomic advantage to large companies; andproviding free exchange across systems.27 pp.

P-3476 The Catalog: A Flexible Struc-ture for Data Storage. T. W. Ziehe.November 1966.

An overall view of the Rand text andcatalog system described in RM-4390 forprocessing natural language text for com-puter storage in large files. The sys-tem provides freedom to reorganize thefiles at will. Organization is based onthe dependency tree. Data within any oneclass may be encoded in any form, disrregarding the rest of the file, and thenature of the coding is indicated on thecatalog ap (index). Catalogs can benested, and each catalog may be structuredseparately. A valuable space-saving de-vice is the null datum, in whicb headingswithout any data fulfill their organizingrole without occupying any physical space.Computer programs convert text into itsinternal representation. Formats havebeen defined for 7-bit magnetic tape and36-bit-word core storage, and others willbe added. Catalog transformation schemesare also planned for the future. /Pre-sented at the Conference on Computers inHumanistic Research, Texas A. & M., No-vember 1966.) 22 pp.

P-3478 Computer Aspects of Technolog-ical Change, Automation, and EconomicProgress. P. Armer. February 1966.

Reprinted from the report of the NationalCommission on Technology, Automation, andEconomic Progress. A self-styled technorlogical radical and economic conservative,summarizes progress and trends in computertechnology and applications to banking,government, health, engineering, and otherfields. The amount of raw computing poverin the U.S. has been doubling yearly; the.author believes that this trend will con-tinue and that computing power will becomeavailable like electricity or telephoneservice. Full omployment can be main-tained despite the increased productivity,but ways must be found to minimize the

88

hardships of the displaced. Education'must be a continuing process throughoutlife and society must provide financialsupport. With centralized information incomputer files, privacy becomes a majorissue. 28 pp.

P-3484 Current Trends in AerospaceComputation and Some Implications.B. Boehm. November 1966.

A discussion of current trends in aero-space computation. Total U.S. computingpower is expected to increase by a factorof 1000 in the next ten years. Whilecomputers are becoming faster and moreefficient, computer softvare remains ahandicraft industry, custom-made and toofrequently idiosyncratic. Programs oftensubtly distort the projects they are in-tended to assist. Conversion from onemachine to another is time-consuming.Programmers should strive for interchange-ability, using machine-independent pro-

'gramming languages and modular units.Continuous reexamination of goals is nec-essary. (Presented at the SSD/AerospaceWorkshop on Spaceborne Computer Softwareat Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo.)16 pp. Refs.

P-3486 JOSS: Introduction to the Sys-tem Implementation. G. E. Bryan. No-vember 1966.

A description of the concept, capabilities,hardware, software, language, and usage ofJOSS, an on-line time-shared interactiveplug-in computing system. JOSS was designedfor casual use by problem-solvers ratherthan for system programmers. The inter-active method of thinking at the consoleis estimated as being ten tiaes faster thanthe usual problem-inception-to-problem-so-lution approach to a computer. Every 24hours, about 3 million JOSS statements arenow processed in an average 5.5 milli-seconds. Average oomputation per sessionis 20,000 statements, leaving enough un-used capacity to accommodate 100 consolesor more. Complete hardware description,flow charts, and sample programs are given.(Presented at the Fall Symposium of theDigital Equipment Computer Users Society,November 1966.) 19 pp.

P-3501 Computers and Our Future.M. E. Maron. December 1966.

A statement of information needed for arealistic attack upon the questions ofpredicting the future impact of computerson society, the Smcial and moral implica-tions, and the actions that eight betaken to alter some of the possible con-

88

sequences. Among the topics are the im-plications for invasion of.privacy, im-proper manipulation and control; the in-.fluence of information feedback and over-load; the problem of obtaining individualtreatment in a computer-based selectionsystem. What values do we wish to foster?And how fast can corrective action becomeeffective? 10 pp.

P-3504 System Implications ci Infor-mation Privacy. H. E. Petersen, R.Turn. April 1967.

A detailed account of vays to protectcomputer systems, especially remotelyaccessible on-line time-sharing systems,from invasions of privacy. Communicationlinks cannot be physically secured (seeRM-3765) ; the only broadly effectivecountermeasure against wiretapping meth-ods is privacy transformations (secretcodes), which may require additionalhardware. Other countermeasures includeonce-only passwords; electromagneticshielding to prevent radiation pickup;systematic verification of the integrityof hardware, software, and personnel;checking up cn accidental interferenceand overlong computer session. Hardwarebreakdowns and the shielding of proces-sors to prevent "tuning in" present un-solved problems. It appears possible toengineer information systems so that thecost of privacy protection is proportion-al to the amount- desired. (Prepared for1,resentation at the Spring Joint ComputerConference, Atlantic City, April 1967.)44 pp. Ref.

P-3522 Some Aspects of Man7ComputerCommunication in Active Monitoring ofAutomated Checkout. L. Chesler,,Turn. March 1967.

Wherever hazards exist, tightschedulesmust be met, and costs of failure arehigh, human judgment le needed toAetectand react to malfunctions inautomatiCcheckout equipment, incorrect program de-sign or execution, and,unexpeC!ted eventS.The liuman monitor must knowexActly whatthe programs should be'doing and What theyare doing at each instant;the monitorshould be able to look,ahead, review thepast, specify the level of detail of in-formation, and controlthe rate of check-.out. The Moving network: display:.withon-linegraphical techniques' .(RM-5183)..isoutlined as an exampleof effeCtive"in7formation display-. Meed: for suck,asystemincreases as existing factorY chOOkout Hsystems approach the limitof:theitabiLity tohandle equipMent complexityandASH:manual systems are automated.: (Prepared

for the Fourth Space Congress, CocoaBeach, Florida, April 1967.) 34 pp. Ref.

P-3523 Remarks on the Question ofPrivacy Raised by the Automation ofMental Health Records. P. Baran.April 11-67.

It is necessary to face issues of theindividual's right-to-privacy raised bythe future automation of information sys-tems. Systems will be interconnected forboth economy and performance, buttime-shared computer file systems willnot at first have adequate safeguardscommensurate with the sensitivity ofthe information they contain. The prob-lem is thus how to obtain the greatestbenefits from such systems with the leastdanger.to privacy. (Presented to theAmerican Orthopsychiatric AssociationWorkshop, Washington, D.C., March 21-23,1967.)

P-3527 The Professor and the Computer:1985. B. W. Boehm. February 1967.

A short scenario of a 1985 conversationbetween a professor and a computer, whichreflects the author's belief that extrapo-lations into the future should point outnot only the prospect but also the prob-,lems of implementing future technology.5 pp.

P-3533 Keeping the Upper Hand in theMan-Computer Partnership. B. W. Boehm.April 1967.

A discussion of the future capabilities ofthe computer and its role in augmenting hu-man creativity. Rapid increases in hard-ware performance (e.g., the large-scaleintegrated circuit) and new organizationmethods (e.g., the multi-processing con-cept) have permitted the design and imple-mentation of more flexible systems, withno /oss of computational efficiency. Theon-line interactive computing systempromises to achieve a significant man-com-puter partnership. The increased produc-tivity of the computer, however, shouldnot be considered an end in itself. Sys-tems analysis will provide a continual re-examination of the rele4ance of the user'sefforts to his goals, and thus ensure thatthe,computer is used to stimulate creativ-ity, not to perpetuate mediocrity. 29' pp.

P-3544 Security and Privacy in Com-puter Systems. W. H. Ware. April,1367.

Outlines the configuration of a typicalremote-access, multi-user resource-shar-ing computer system and identifies someof its vulnerabilities to unauthorizeddivulgence of information. In militaryterms, this is the computer securityproblem; in civilian terms, the computerprivacy problem. The latter is lessclearly structured from both legal andpractical viewpoints. There are vulner-abilities of personnel, hardware, soft-ware, and especially communications.Eavesdropping, wiretapping, copying, oroutright theft of files are possible.Could reasons of national interest leadthe professional intelligence effort ofa foreign government to focus on a com-puter network? This paper presents ter-minology, outlines the problem,,and sug-gests design considerations; detailedtechnological countermeasures are givenin P-3504, "System Implications of In-formation Privacy." (Presented at theSpring Joint Computer Conference, Atlantic'City, April 17-19, 1967.) 32 pp.

-P-3560 JOSS: Rubrics- C. L. Baker.March 1967.

A collection of principles to be kept inmind when designing a JOSS-like system,'contemplating additions:to the JOSS lan-'guage, or comparing JOSS with other in-teractive on-line, time-shared remote com-puting systems. 5 pp.

P-3562 Urban Node in.the InformationNetwork. P. Baran, M. Greenberger.April 1967.

A discussion of the technologies of com-puters and communications in terms of themajor contemporary problems of cities.Since the communication of informationmay well be the most central andy mostvital function of an urban complex, theinformation-based technologies could bethe next major force in the evolution cfthe city. Computer-communication tech-nology could foster a widening, sparserdistribution of people around the world,with urban pockets of active personalinteraction among intelleCtual, commer-cial, industrial, and political leaders.Such urban centers would be sources ofideas and top-level decisions and wouldserve as input nodes in national andtransnational information networks.25 pp. Bibliog.

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A method for using sequential positionalinformation to recognize handprinted Chi:7nese characters, and a computer programthat uses this method to provide a trans-lation aid. The desired character is .

drawn on the RAND graphical input tabletand is reproduced on the CRT display page,which includes the asked-for character to-gether with its pronunciation and itsIdentification number in the standard Chi-nese-English dictionary. The program canbe used for any forms that are drawn in aparticular sequence of strokes. Bothrecognition routines (Chinese and Romancharacters) analyze the point-by-pointlocations as each stroke is being drawn,and identify it within milliseconds after.completion. The program could be used inpreparing a.hardcopy dictionary index orteaching aids by use of a graphical outputprinter. (Prepared for publication inIEEE Transactions on Electronic ComEmters.)21 pp. Ref. (See also RM-5016.)

P-3581 An Approach to Software Evalua-tion. J. D. Tupac. April 1967.

Software evaluation is discussed withinthe context of RAND's experience in eval-mating its computer system. Software hasbecome more significant because of in-creased dependence on it for system opera-tion and performance. At the same time,it has become more difficult to evaluatebecause of increased complexity, greaterflexibility and functional capability, andsheer size. Any organization, undertakingan evaluation of its system, must considertwo major areas: functional capabilitiesand performance based on the organization'srequirements and goals. At RAND, workloadand capacity requirements, desired through-put and accessibility, and cost constraintswere used to determine an acceptablecost/performance range. Estimating soft-ware performance is the weakest link inan evaluation. If an organization's out-put is 1arg4Aly dependent on accurate per-formance prc,41...mtion. it Must select onlyfrom systems with working software. 12 pp.

P-3568 On-Line Computer' Classificationof Handprinted Chinese Characters as aTranslation Aid.: G. F. Groner, J_ F.Heafner, T. W. Robinson: April 1967.

P-3599 Computer Simulation Program-ming Languages: Perspective and Prog-nosis. P. J. Kiviat. September 19670

An overview of the languages devisedespecially for programming computer simu-lations developed since 1959. Some arebased on transaction flows (GPSS), otherson cause-and-effect relationships ex-pressed in events (SnISCRIPT), activities(CSL), or processes (SIMULA). Other prin-ciPal differences ar4:. static or dYnanicstorage allocations 'Levels of indirectreferencing, and ability to form complexdata structures. Languages may be ex-

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ecuted interpretively by a control pro-gram (GPSS), may be direct extensions ofgeneral-purpose compilers (SIMDLA ofALGOL), source languages to compilers(early SINSCRIPT and CSI., GASP, andFORSIM IV to FORTRAN) or compile directlyinto assembly code (SINSCRIPT 1-5, Ex-tended CSL, CSL-2). The trend is awayfrom terseness toward readability anddescriptive power.. 22 pp.. Ref.

P-3600/1 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 1. Edited by W. B.Holland. February 1967.

The first issue of a periodical reviewprepared by the staff of the CyberneticsData Research Project in the ComputerSciences Department of RAND, to appearapproximately monthly. Excerpts from theSoviet press on computers, ,automatic con-trol, and related material are tranSlatedor summarized. _The feature article is acompilation of data on the newest, fast-est, and most highly publicized Sovietcomputer, the BESM76. Includes a bibli-egraphy of relevant articles and one ofphotographs in 'Pravda and the weeklyEconomics Gazette for December and Janu-ary, and in Izvestiva f or January only.A bibliography of CDRP publications,with abstracts, 'is appended.. 74 pp.

P-3600/2 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 2. Edited by W. B..Holland. March 1967.

The second issue of a periodical reviewprepared by the staff of the CyberneticsData Research Project in the ComputerSciences Department, to appear approxi-eately monthly. Excerpts from the Sovietpress on computers, automatic control, andrelated material are translated or sum-marized. The March issue features eight-een pages of computer photographs fromthe book Mathematical Control Maghi.,the table of contents from the collectionMagnetic Elementg in Computer Engineering,an article advocating a return to three-address machines with microprogramming,seven other articles, and short newsitems.. Relevant articles and photographypublished during February in Pravda, Iz-vestiva, the weekly Economics Gazette,and_ the English-language weekly MoscowNews are listed. 65 pp.

ticle on heuristic programming claims thatSoviet mathematicians are appreciablyahead of their U.S. colleagues in machinepattern recognition and medical diagnos-tics, probably in chess playing, but be-hind in breadth of work and in equippingthe projects with the best computer hard-ware. Other items report technical data,research budgets, new construction, atabular comparison of 'U.S. and USSR com-puters, and a symposium on the mse ofredundancy in information and control sys-tems. Relevant articles and.photographspublished during March in Pravda, La-

:vestiya, the weekly Economics Gazette,'and the weekly English-language Moscow-News are listed. 86 pp.

P-3600/4 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 4. Edited by W. B.Holland. May 1967..

This issue includes a specie:: ceport onthe BESM and M-20 series of c,..7imputers de-veloped in the Soviet Union. Items trans-lated from the Russian include reports onelectronics in the administration of thenational economy and on the characteris-tics and costs of several computers. Rel-evant articles and photographs publishedduring April in Pravda lzvestiva, ggo-nomics Gazette, Moscow News, and Rand pub-lications on Soviet cybernetics and com-puter technology are listed. 68 pp.

P-3600/5 So7,i_et Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, Nor 5. Edited by W. B..Holland.. June 1967.

The fifth issue of a periodical reviewprepared by the staff of the CyberneticsData Research Project in the Computer Sci-ences Department. The June issue featuresarticles on management science and systemsanalysis in the Soviet Union, developmentof high-productivity computer systems, anda first description and photograph of theM-220 computer. 101 pp.

P-3600/3 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No.. 3. Edited by W.. B..Holland.. April 1967.

The April 1967 issue features a survey ofresearch on automatic character recogni-tion and text reading. A translated ar-

P-3600/6 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items,'-No. 6. Edited by W. B..Holland. July 1967.

The July issue features three articles onproblems in the Soviet computer indUstry.The Ministry of the Radio Industry, whichmanufactures computers, does not equipthem with input-output devices, with stand-ard programs, algorithms, or compilers foralgorithmic languages. Users must createtk.-.;ir own. The best models operate relia-

y for several hundred hours, but-input-output devices break down nearly everyday. Magnetic tapes are noninterchange-a.ble, and information can be stored on

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tape for no longer than a month. Otherertieles describe the RITM and BESM-3Mcoepnters, computer work in Armenia andnomosibirsk, and the new Kiev ManagementInformation system. Also included are an-notated listings of relevant articles ap-pearing in the Soviet Press in June 1967,eed some photographs. 94 pp.

P-3600/7 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentYews Items, No. 7. Edited by W. B.Rolland. August 1967.

This issue includes a translation of ananticybermetics polemic, nielom Does Cyber-netics Serve?" published in the SovietOnion in 1953, a report on soviet Cyber-setics highlights for 1966, and articleson problems of dialectics and logic inthe development of an understanding ofseders natural science and on cyberneticsackimes of the future. Articles andphotographs published in the soviet pressduring July are listed. 72 pp.

P-3600/8 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentN ews Items, no. 8. Edited by W. B.Rolland. September 1967.

This issue features a series of articleson problems confronting the computer in-dustry in the Soviet Union. one of themajor controversies is that between large,self-supporting, multiple-user computercenters and smaller, self-containedcenters attached to individual plants ande nterprises. Another is that of largemachines versus small machines. The is-sue also includes a report on an informa-tion retrieval conference and an articleon the technical specifications of the8-20, 818811-35, 815R-4, and 1-220. 120 pp.

P-3600/9 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentN ews Items, No. 9. Edited by W. B.Rolland. October 1967.

The October issue features a 30-page arti-cle by one of the world's leading cyber-neticists, Academician V. M. Glushkov, onprospects for automating computer design.other articles and excerpts deal withUkrainian computer usage, automationlevels and goals, and production history;heuristics as a science; research person-nel statistics. USSR and Latvia; announce-ment of the Nairi-2 computer;.design ofthe Avrora computer by the 1-20; an ad-vertisement for the Polish ODRA-1013; andan annotated listing of relevant items inthe Soviet press during September 1967.96 pp.

P-3600/10 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 10. Edited by W. B.Holland. November 1967.

The November 1967 issue features a 25-pagearticle on the logical organization of theVNI/EM-3 control computer. The issue alsoincludes articles on heuristic programming;the Pattern Recognition Laboratory atNovosibirsk; the Glushkov survey of man- ,

agement systems; the management system at'the Harnaul Radio Plant; and on the auto-mation of national planning calculationsat the Ukraine GOSPLAN. This latter ar-ticle mentions problems caused by hardwareshortcomings, unreliable tapes, slow in-put/output, lack of organized program ex-change, and shortages of programmers andmathematical economists. The monthly sum-mary of relevant press items reports thatMoscow traffic is to be unjammed by sen-sor- and TV-controlled signals.' The pres-ent fiveyear plan calls for over '600 newautomated management'control systems and230 computer centers. 81 pp.

P-3600/11 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 11. Edited by W. B.Holland. December 1967.

The December issue features 50 pages onthe most important achievements in cyber-netics, computer technology, power engi-.neering, bioengineering, and mathematicsduring 1966. Progress in computer medicaldiagnosis for gastric disease, heartdisease, and cancer is reported. Otherarticles list the characteristics of Sovietcomputers, development of a nationwide'production coding method, and new graphicaldata-handling devices. The Kiev Engi-neering-Construction Institute is coordi-nating a new annual collection of articleson programmed instruction. The Ministryof Defense daily newspaper, Red Star, hasbeen added to the Press Review section.103 pp.

P-3600/12 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 12, Index to Issues1-11. _Edited by W. B. Holland; com-piled by J. J. Schneider, W. B. Holland.31 December 1967.

An index of subjects, personalities, or-ganizations, and hardware/software of the1967 issues of SC:RNI. A special indexis included of material on the problemsand shortcomings in Soviet computing andrelated fields. An annotated bibliographyof Rand publications on Soviet cyberneticsand computer technology (16 items) is ap-pended. 60 pp.

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P-3600/13 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 13. Edited by W. B.Holland. January 1968.

This issue features an article from Pravda:Cybernetics,-XXI.Centuryll by-V. M. Glush-kov., An article by K. Rudnev, Ministerof Instrument Construction, Means of Auto-mation, and Control Systems, discusses thenew system of planning and economic stimu-lation employing computer techniques forthe compilation of optimal productionplans. A 13-page article on programmedinstruction, translated from the Ukrainian,calls for application of PERT methods:andfor a Marxist-Leninist theory. The secre-tary of,the Scientific-Research Instituteof Planning and Norms, A. Petrov, in aaarticle on the needs and--difficulties ofscience management, urges that the Insti-tute, coordinate all production managementresearch (contradictory advice now comesto managers from half a dozen institute's).The Izvestiva Sunday Supplement, Nedelva,has been addedYto_the Press Review sec-tion. 72 pp.

P-3600/14 Soviet,Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 14.. Mdited by- W.A3.Holland. February 1368.

A 32page article,- translated from theUkrainian, covets the content, teachingand programming MethodS, and hardware ofprogrammed:Instruction.HThe process ismodeledas a complex nonhomogeneous dis-crete Markov chain. Adaptiveteachingmachines that respond to the student'sentire instructional history-.-not justthe latest answerindividualize instruc-.tion.,and save:muchtime The best way tocut costs:iSto transfer to the studentsuch funCtions aSchecking answers andsearchingfor the nextbranch of a pro.-gram. Other ,articlesgive:statistiOs onRussian stientificand technical organi-,zations;'describe theOkean hydrographiccomputerland a very Small ferrite diodecontrol coMputer for tracking systems;:comment on 4 lag-Au the applicationof op7timal industrial::plans;::describe ths,LatEvia University COmputer'Center; predictthe future of cybernetics; and disCusS,cybernetics and troopcontrol theory.95 pp.

P-3600/15 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 15. Edited by W. B.Holland. March 1968.

This issue features a long article on theATSEMS-1 hybrid analog-digital computingsystem; research at the Belorussian Engi-neering Cybernetics Institute; programmingautomation and new computer languages inEstonia; computerized retrievalEstonia; computerized retrieval for legal

Information; automation of microcircuitproduction, using the Kiev-67 unit. Brief-ly described are the Syntax-1 electronicmachine that checks computer programs forerrors, the M-3M computer, the new scienceof-documentation, and what appears to bethe first Soviet use of the light pen (forprocessing amplitude reoliation spectra).72 pp.

P-3600/16 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 16. -'Edited by P. L.Stephan. April 1968.

The April issue features (1) a detaileddescription of the MiUsk-23 computer;(2) a critique of computer usage in 70higher educational institutions; (3);.;ost factors for the VNIIE11-3- productioncontrol system, which runs to 662,000rubles overall; and (4) computer assist-.ance to researchers. Shorter articlesdescribe remote diagnosis of electro,-cardiograms transmitted by telephone,with 95 percent accuracy:in myocardialinfarction cases; the first automatedsystem for producing TV sets;'feedbackinstruments for training 4thletes4.theATsS production control and managementsystem; publishing Activities of theUSSR Academy of Sciences; and a new .

method for automatic modeling. which usesa multichannel self-teaching optimizerdeveloped ut a Latvian institute.- 78 pp.

P-3600/17 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 17. Edited by D.McDonald. May 1968.

Several articles in this issue discusshow economic planning is hampered by short-ages of computers, desk calculators andabacuses, repairmen, and mathematicaleconomists, by lack of coordination, andby the data problem. Econoxists and math-ematicians spend too much time collectingraw data. The Institute of Automation andRemote Control found that 90 percent ofdata from the petroleum administrationswas never used. An 11-page article de-scribes the Ukrainian achievements in thealgorithmizaticn of complex productionprocesses. Other articles discuss mag-netic elements in'computer engineering,cybernetics in agriculture, the ninthpneumohydroautomation conference, and theinstitute'for designing research facili-ties. Yuri Gagarin's forthcoming Psychol-smy and Apace is excerpted. 55 pp.

P-3600/18 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 18. Edited by D.McDonald. June 1963.

The feature article in this issue is a

93

19-page summary of the official guidelinesfor designing intermittent-process controlsystems. Also included is a translationof the illustrated brochure for theMinsk-22 computer system, which has multi-programming facility. Other articlesreport on Hungarian work on automation;space tracking; a symposium on reliabilityof complex man-machine systems; electionsto the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences; andthe USSR's first industrial character-read-ing device, which inputs 150 characters persecond with 1 error in 250,000 typed char-acters. A reprint of a newspaper articlediscusses music composed by the "Ural-2"from programs compiled by Soviet mathema-tician Rudolph Zaripov. News excerpts in-clude reports on the first automated coalextraction unit and on plans for a single,nationwide weather forecasting service.92 pp.

P-3600/19 Soviet Cybernetics: 11.4centNews Items, No. 19. Edited by D.McDonald. July 1968.,'

This issue features a 10-page technicalarticle describing the automatic program-ming of hybrid computers via:the analogunit, with a process control computer asits partner. It ,also includes an inter-view with Academician Engineer-AdmiralA. I. Berg, president of the Academy cy-bernetics council, who states that de-fectless production is under way in over5000 enterprises with over 5 millionworkers, yet pedagogy is so defectivethat 2 million out of 75 million studentsare left behind each year. Most pedagogi-cal'operations can be done by simple, in-expensive devices Made of substandardradio'parts. Other articles-provide in-formation on (1) specifications'of 15digital computers; (2) an appeal fromPoiand's deputy chairman for socialistcountry cooperation in computer produc-tion and programming; (3) 5 new computercenters and automated factories; (4)achievements of the'Armenian Power En-gineering Institute; 15y workof 5 Balticcybernetics institutes;. (6) researchplansof the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences; (7)use of computers in prospecting'for gold;.(8) a computer: taught torecognize 50spOken wOrdS. 72 pp.

laboratory of Moscow University. Ever-in-creasing production Of calculating:equip-7ment still lags far behind demand, andexisting computers are often inefficientlyused, due partly to lack of trained per-sonnel. A number of econceic institutesdo not even have punchcardequipmentandIt may be necessary for them to bUY equip-ment abroad. Each rubleintested in R&Dadds 1.45 rubles to the national-Income,compared With only 39 kopeks gain fromordinary capital investment. Severalbrief reports are incldded on (1)_ccinfer-ences on automata theory, on control Sys-tems, on optimizing production and dis7tribution, And on the eathematization ofknowledge; (2) the contributions of Ukrain-ian eConomiSts; (3) the possibility of atimesharing computer systed; (4) design-ing water supply net:workson the:mAVRanalog computer; (5i the use of computersin education and statistical linguistiCS;(6) automated control syStems, partice7larly in electrical poWer, Chemistry, andmetallurgy; (7) chess and heuristic pro-gramming. 88 pp.::

P-3600/20 Soviet cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 20. Edited by D.McDonald. August 1968.

This issue features a 16-page survey ofSoviet computer technology, as well as anumber of other informative articles: Acomputerized linguistic information sys-tem is being developed at the new struc-tural typology and linguistical statistics

P-3600/21 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 21. Edited by D.McDonald. September 1968.

Three major articles are featured in thisissue: (1) A 14-page survey of data stor-age devices discusses the field's history,current trends, and future prospects._(2) A 13-page article outlines resolutionsadopted toward the development and intro-duction of computer technology in areasof production, planning, accounting, andmanagement by the Central Committee ofthe Ukrainian SSR. (3) A 17-page trans-lation of excerpts from a book on theorganization and techniques of scientificresearch deals,with dissertations. Otherbrief articleS provide information oncomputers designed by computers; use ofcybernetic methods in military affairs;optimization in space flights and gametheory; measuring information systemsand biological analysors; high-speed com-puters in physics research; large com-'puter systems; information processing atMoscow's "frezer" plan (manufacturer ofcutting Instruments); the "Rita" systemfor accounting and control; computers inmilitary construction and building ma-terials industry; and reports from con-ferences on biological-psychologicalproblems and on problems of the scien-tific control of industry. 120 pp. (Cc)

..

P-3600/22 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No.' 22.. Edited by D.McDonald. October 1968.

Beginning this issue, comments are provided

94

on the context and signifiCance of articles.October analyses highlight the continuingpower struggle between central planners andthe ministries of particular industries.That the balande is tipping toward ministe-rial control is indicated by an article onautomated control of maChine-building andtwo articleS describing the plans of theMinistry of Bigher and Secondary Special-ized EduCation for its own nationwide net-work of computerized information centers.Continued emphasis oh PERT nnd CPB_methodsis reflected In an article urging'a net-work planning And controlservice in.eachscientific organizationYand another fromRed'Star Advocating mathematical MethodsforiCoMmandetS down to the company andbattalion 'level's", with exanples. Generalopinion.seemS to bp that OR' is useful onlyat higher levels. An Unusual artialestates that although nathemaiical methodscannoteXpress complex biological pro-cesses, it will Soon be possible to ex-press,the huMan psyche in: equations.Bardware information includes the factthat Poland is now the seCond Communistcountry producing cOmputers. 84 pp. (MW)

2-3600/23 : Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, Bo. 23. Edited by D.'McDonald. November 1968.

This'issue features excerpts from two arti-cles. The first diScusses the problem ofnegative social Consequences Of automationin a sodialist economy. :Denying that auto-mation is simply an extenSion of the indus-trial revolution and that technicalrprogress has:only poSitive social Consequences,the author,admits A high degree of scienti-fic and technical progreSs in capitalistcountrieS and'introduces the thought that,even under SocialiSmautOmation has: pro7duced. negative social aspects. 'The secondarticle is a report Of:thegeneral meeting'of the JISSR:'Acadeliyof 'sciences, whidh /n-dicates.thatthe:C6untry's first,Ttime-shar7ing sys,tem, 4sMowHOperating, but_that es-sential researctLis being neglected because Of'fragmentecirespOnsibilityaiOngthe more thaM tenMi.n.iStries Concernedwith:machine;building.SOftware -problemscontinue:as a focns.of attention.: .:Re7

,

search at the Academy CoMputing:CenteremphasiZeS BESM.7.:,6:softwarewhich'liaS not T'been completed-' when it is themain: Soft=ware effOrt Will:be2deiOtedto, titne*shart.ing.Otherarticles'disOlissCybernetiCsin criMinaliSticsitrendSin hetiork4lan7:.:ningTand Contr0Iispadectaft trajeCtOrieSHincreasing .conpotoi efficiendlontrolling groUp behaviOrliith drugsinutonatiOnof:.inventorycontrOltwoteaching:maChines, ind neOltechnIqueS,InCOMPuter

:12,4

P-3600/24 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, NO. 24. Edited by D.McDonald. December 1968.

This issue features an article on the re-organization of R&D efforts. Henceforth,there must be a rational accounting forthe work of research organization, theiroperations will be subject to sets ofregulations, and they will be requiredto produce on schedule and to stand be-hind their work; in retnrn, a series ofincentives will reward the successful.An artidle by Academician A. I. Berg,dealing with the information explosion,points out the Serious implications ofthe paper shortage and a lack of:foreignlanguage training. Other artic1e3 dis7cuss the need for training in expe:-imentplanning and for the information7consulta-tion centers, Computerized management oftrade and comaercejAilizing the theoryof information measurement, the AnnualMeeting of the Estonian Academy ofSciences, a sdrveyof the computer in-dustry in Czechoslovakia, the conversionof scientifidjournalsto abstractingpublications,,the :results Of the KaskadProduction Controlsystem experiment,the Arkus HybridConputer, :the Asor72Computer:for network: planning,.and theneed for centralized compUter,for account-ants. 102 pp. (MJP)

P-3600/25 Soviet Cybernetics: RecentNews Items, No. 25. Edited by D.McDonald. 31 December 1968.

A seven-page summary of highlights of theyear's contents is followed by three de-tailed indexes, arranged by subject, bypersonality, and by organization. Anannotated bibliography of 18 Rand publi-cations on Soviet cybernetics and compu-ter technology is appended. 92 pp. (MW)

P-3606 Use of Multiple On-Line,Time-Shared Computer Consoles laSimulation and Gaming. G. M. Northrop.June 1967.

A progress report on the interactive nseof on-line, time-shared JOSS computer con-soles in war gaming at Rand during the sixmonths since publicly accessible fileswere added to JOSS capabilities. By pro-gramming consoles to interrogate certainfiles periodically, a crude but highlyserviceable realntime store7and-forwardcommunication'system is created. The sim-ple JOSS programming language is perhapsthe most important feature, since,it makesit possible for.game players to,coatributeto the inprovemeut of programming- Whenthe automated Tactical Air Control Systemsimulation was exercised by five ArmyROTC students, the Litton Digital Message

95

Entry Device (DMED) format proved toorigid to cover all FAC information needed,and that the Fighter Duty Officer needsthree CRT displays: for PAC requests,aircraft status, and his own assignmentsof aircraft to missions. A text-onlydiplomatic message simulation and adata-only sub-launched missile duel arealso included. Teletype consoles (Type33 and 35) can be used as JOSS consoles,permitting participation, regardless oflocation, through conventional teletypeor dataphone connections. 66 pp. Ref-.

P-3608 Statistical Considerations inComputer Simulation Experiments. G. S.Fishman. May.1967. .

A tutorial given at a symposium.ovt thein-terface between computer science and sta-tisti6S sponsored by UCLA Extension, The HAmeriCan Statistical'Association-(SouthernCalifornia Chapter), and the Associationfor Computing Machinery (LosAkngeles Chap-ter)., February 1, 1967. This paper de-.scribes some fundamental statistical prob-lems that should be recognized at allstages'of:a system simulation that is, orcontains, a:queueing netwOrk, sach as in-ventory models and job shop manufacturingfacilities. Such a simulation is thegeneration:of stochast10 ProceSsea byMonte Carle methods. While zimulationlanguages such as SIESCRIPT: anUGPSS havebeen deireloped andrefined during the pastdecade, Very little work has been done inapplying'statistical methodology to theanalySis of computer simulations. 7 pp.Ref. (See also RN-4880, RN-5288.)

P-3625 Soe Implications of AutomatedDesign on the Engineering Process.L. S. Hill. July 1967.

The use of computers in three categoriesof engineering design operations: draw-ing, theory, and applications. The useof CRT displays for contemporary projectsis probably the most exciting developmentin design automation. In theoretical de-sign activities, preliminary design engi-neers may eventually use all aspects ofcomputerized design as adjuncts to theirwork. At present, parts that can be de-fined mathematically can be designed bymeans of.tbe computer. Applied to engi-neering computations, computers provide ameans of refining a design by the constanttesting and retesting of Certain elements.They decrease the possibility of concep-tual enrore in design by 'providing a capa-bility for investigating aany alternativecourses and the'use of simulation models.Technological problems remain, however,and cost advantages are'hard to prove be-cause engineering cost records are 111-de-

fined- Competitive pressures will be aparamount force in the increasing automa-tion of engineering. 15 pp. Ref.

P-3626 The Computer in Your Future.W..H. Ware. Novenber 1967.

An expanded and popularized version ofP-3279, explaining present computersand computer programming procedure insome detail as a background for predic-tion of future developments, Such as thefollowing: Computing power will bereadily available, like telephone serv-ice. Computers 4111 be small powerful,inexpensive; easy to use, and will aCceptnatural language and graphical input.Perhaps a broadband communication cableWill carry all:the information Servicesinto each home and siokkPlace:video, facsimile newspaper, data trans-mission,: coiputing service. Design pro-totypes andpreliminari_ models will bereplaced bycOmputer simulation:studies.The comPuter will touch man in every partof his life, modify his career, transferblocks of jobs frem oneAnduetry to an-other, and force rapid and frequentchange apon him- Retraining and reedu-cation will be the Way of :life for every-one except those retiring befOre 1972.47pp,'

P-3641 The Systems Gap. P. Ammer.August 1967.

This paper was written as a guest editor-ial for the August 1967 issue of Datama-tion. It compares recent information withobservations made in 1959 while the authorwas in the Soviet Union as a member of theU.S. Computer Delegation. In spite of theintelligence, vigor, and dedication ofSoviet computer specialists, the systemsgap between the U.S. and the USSR has notbeen closed. Lack of a profit motive toprovide incentive, as well as alternativecourses for creative individuals, and toweed out incompetence is cited as the pri-mary cause of this failure. 8 pp.

P-3642 Social Implications of theComputer Utility. P. Ammer. August

As information, as a commodity, becomesinexpensive,,widely marketed, and readilyavailable with increased utility-likedistribution of computing power, threatsto privacy will arise in both public andprivate sectors. A system of controlswill be needed to strike, a 'balance be-tween the common good and the individual'sright to privacy. 16 pp. Ref.

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P-3648 Data Automation Developmentand Systems Implementation--Some Prob-lems and Conclusions. A. E. Wessel.August 1967.

A discussion of the problems involved inbuilding an information processing systemhelpful in planning and decisionmaking,and an example in the form of a JOSS pro-gram for patent searching (retrieval byindex terms). Operational requirementsare difficult to state and are constantlyChanging. System developers and computermanufacturers often talk decision theorybut build administrative data flow andcontrol systems--not direct mancomputerinteraction for higher-level activities,such 'as patent examination. An exampleof such an interactive system is theRand-.U.S. Patent Office experimental sys-tem; which is implemented on JOSS. Weare just now inputting real patent num-bers and real index terms. The buildingof subject index term lists is one of thereasons forthe experiment. 30 pp.

P-3656 The Computer-.-Heto or Villain?M. Greenberger. August 1967.

The computer has been praised as a boonto civilization and damned as a despoilerof humanistic values; assessments of itscapabilities range from "electronic brain"to "glorified slide rule." Today, realitylies a little left of center. Althoughthe computer does not yet participate di-rectly in the.education process, it hasthe potential to provide a mass of data,such as performance statistics, that_ifproperly anterpreted Cannot but improvethe instructional System. Prolific dom-Puters as well,as prolific authors havebeen blamed for the information explo-sion, an explosion that'may soon be set-tled by a computerized information system.Such a system would beas indispensableto the research.worker. as the library istoday. Whether the computer becomes ahero will be determined by the intelli-gence man displays in its use. 16 pp.Ref.'

P-3660 Graphical.Aids toAerospace.Vehicle MissiOn.AnalysiS. B. W. Boehm,

October 1967:Graphic:ROCKET, aninteractivscomputergraphicS,SYsteM fOr'aerospaCe trajectory',analysiS,,4snOwbeing developed. It 4san'adaptation, Of, RAND.I.s0WhibuS'Calculator'of KinematiCS:of,.Earth: TrajectorieS:-.GraphICRUC$ET. hastewer.btanches:, :An.:on7line .Usertanluaitto,See -theiresults of_basjirstrUn befOre specifyingvariations.By reducing the total nuMber of runs ie-guited, interactiVeoperatiOns can provide

,

moreefficient.machine Usage, despite the

overhead cost, as well as acceleration ofthe design process. Even a good batch-modeprogram needs considerable redesign to re-orient it toward interactive processing.Emphasis should be on user language, pro-gram efficiency, and ease of extendingmodels and considering alternatives. Thesystem designer should not attempt closeoptimization, but. should build a flexiblesystem. 12 pp. Refs.

P-3661 The Dynamic Characteristics ofComputer Programs. G. E. Bryan. Au-gust 1967.

A discussion of ways to achieve more effi-cient use of computing facilities. Sta-tistics gathered on actual program runsat Rand demonstrate that substantial gainsare possible.through a multiplexed mode ofoperation. A major gain is the easing ofproblems of storage allocation and second-ary storage utilization. 27 pp.

P-3685 Communication Policy I-sues forthe Coming Computer Utility. P. Baran.May 1968.

An expanded version of P-3466 (which ap-peared in the Summer 1967 issue of PublicInterest) revised for computer systempersonnel and users of time-shared com-puter systems. Remote time-sharing sys-tems are very ill served by telephone sys-tems designed for voice communication. Insome computer utilities now under consider-ation, communications account for more thanhalf of the system cost. Present FCC regu-lations prevent computer users or ownersfrom banding together on a time-sharingbasis to concentrate their highly inter-mittent traffic. Radio or microwavetransmission promises great efficiency indata transmission and very low costs, ifnewer forms of signal processing such asspread spectrum are allowed and if-li-censing red tape can be reduced. The veryhigh channel use of a shared data linkprovides a strong case in the competition'for space on the frequency spectrum.Federal li6ensing of system personnelShould be considered,, to protect users'privaCy- 24 pp.

P-3697 Cm the Problem of Directnessin Computer Graphics. T. O. Ellis,W. L. Sibley. March 1968.

A brief commentary on the Rand interactiveman-compUter graphical system, designed tosupplement the film, The GRAIL Proiect.The cathode-ray-tube screen is conceivedas a common .working surface for both manand computer (the man writes or draws ontoit by writing or drawing on the associated

97

RAND Tablet surface). The CRT displaymust be updated every 30 or 40 millisecondsto allow the user to keep his attentionfixed effortlessly on the screen whileinteracting with his problem. The systemdepends heavily on veal-time symbol recog-nition. Functions can be invoked by press-ing "virtual buttons"--that is, by pressingthe equivalent spot on the Tablet--andthere is one hardware button to return thesystem to sign-in condition. The bulk ofthe paper consists of sample CRT displayformats. 19 pp. Ref. Bibliog.

P-3722 IGS--The Integrated GraphicsSystem for the S-C 4060. G. D. Brown.November 1967.

A description of the Integrated GraphicsSystem, a machine-independent package ofFORTRAN subroutines which may be calledfrom FORTRAN, COBOL, PL/1, or machinelanguage programs to produce graphic out-put on the S-C 4060. 1GS eliminates theusual FORTRAN restriction that preventsprogrammers from addressing a single char-acter directly. The GRAFPAC mode-set con-cept vas used: subroutines can be modi-fied without changing the program by sim-ply adding a footnote to the coding orspecifying an option. 1GS accepts usercoordinates and translates them internallyinto machine rasters (unless otherwisespecified). Special control characters .

are provided for specifying typographicalcharacters beyond those on the usual key-punch. Users may also produce their ownfonts by specifying the vectors. Grids,linear or nonlinear on either axis, areautomatically plotted. One subroutinedraws an entire graph with a single call.14 pp. Ref.

P-3734 Computer Simulation in UrbanResearch. J. P. Crecine. November1967.

Restricting the term "computer simulation^to models which are surrogates forreal-world urban processes, this paperdiscusses those developed for use in twomajor areas of emerging research: (1)urban growth, development, and spatiallocation; (2) local government decision-making. It also comAders two hybridefforts aimed at simulating a synthesisof economic, political, and administra-tive elements of an urban system. Thefuture in the area of decisionmaking ap-pears bright, since progress is beingmade in the technology for translatingabstract ideas, concepts, and symbolsinto computer language. In the area ofurban research, however, a lack of datais limiting development. 27 pp.

P-3742 Curve Fitting and Editing ViaInteractive Graphics. A. S. Priver,B. W. Hoch.. December 1967.

A brief description of an interactivecomputer graphical system that allows theuser to enter a curve into an IBM 360/40computer via a RAND Tablet and to tryva6:ious ways of fitting, editing and dis-playing the curve on an IBM 2250 displayscope. The aim was to extend the analysisof multivariate functions described inRM-4639 from tabular to polynomial meth-ods. Control is by the Tablet stylus ex-clusively, using software-sensitized areasfor pointing and Groner's character recog-nition scheme (RM-5016) for alphanumericinputs. (Presented at the /CM Symposiumon Interactive Systems for ExperimentalApplied Mathematics, Washington, August1967.) 5 pp. Ref.

P-3766 An Interactive Graphic Systemfor Curve Fitting and Editing. A. S.Priver. September 1969.

Documentation without printout of a setof computer graphic routines that allow auser.to enter a curve into an IBM 360/40by tracing it on the RAND Tablet and inter-actively to specify various ways of fit-ting, editing, and displaying the curve onan IBM 2250 scope, thus visualizing theresults of using certain methods in approx-imation theory. Routines are provided toleast-squares smooth the data in variousways and to compare the results with acubic spline (the smoothest of all twicecontinuously differentiable functions).The cubic spline curve, the least-squarespolynomial curve, and the original hand-drawn data curve may be displayed separ-ately, together, or in pairs, with thesystem resealing the axes as needed. (TheHIGH SPEED SPLINE FIT mode eliminates re-sealing.) Pointing the Tablet stylus atPUNCH DATA outputs a set of cards thatwill recreate the display at any time.To conserve storage, certain small rou-tines are repeated under different names(e.g., ENDPT and ENDPT2) rather than over-laying them. 89 pp. (MW)

P"-3780 On the Future Computer Era:Modification of tIte American Characterand the Role of ttngineer, Or, ALittle Caution in the Haste to Number.P. Baran. October 1968.

A warning that unintended but disastrouseffects on society have resulted from im-proved and computerized recordkeeping,owing to (1) the habit of limiting thenumber of variables considered to thoseeasily quantified, (2) the tendency touse records and scores instead of judg-ment, and (3) the use of information to

98

maxieize private profit without regardto the damage inflicted by everybody do-ing this at once. Using computers, loanand insurance companies screen out thehighest-risk groups. Fire or burglaryinsurance cannot be obtained.in areaswhere business development is most needed.Many people are rendered uninsurable and/or unemployable on the basis of health,education, or past failures or infractionsthat former generations would have suc-cessfdlly concealed. Vhat future havethe 40 percent of all urban youth (90percent Negro) who will have some brushwith the law, when an arrest record barsthem forever? Those who understand tech-nology have an obligation to lift theireyes from minimizing subsystem costs andat least be an early warning system forthe rest of society. 14 pp. (MN)

P-3810 Block Programming in 0/S-360Assemnly Code. R. R. Balzer. Hay1968.

A description of a block-programmingfacility that Rand has incorporated intothe basic IBM-360 software. This new fa-cility alters the fora of the machinelanguage enough to change the way pro-grammers conceive of and code problems.By means of a set of macros, users canwrite a program as a hierarchical set ofinstruction blocks whose execution iscontrolled by conditional statements,thus providing, at the assembly code lev-el, the IF-THEN-ELSE facility of ALGOLand PL/I. Other conditional statementscan occur within an IF block. A format-ting program automatically indents theprogram listing to reflect its structureand provides headings for the beginningand end of each block, adding greatly toprogram readability and self-documenta-tion. Lines added by the program areimmediately recognizable because the linenumbers are suppressed, distinguishingthem from lines produced by the 0/S as-sembler. 9 pp.

P-3822 Privacy Aspects of the Cashlessand checkless Society. Testimony Beforethe Senate Subcommittee on !dainistra-tive Practice and Procedure. P. Ammer.April 1968.

A discussion of the problem of maintainingprivacy in an age of computerized credittransactions, and a proposal that somegovernment agency be charged with theresponsibility for protecting citizens"privacy. Cost and convenience will ulti-nately force to use some form of inter-connected electronic payment and book-keeping network for most transactions,instead of checks and currency. The

danger of personal surveillanceelectron-ic snooping--depends largely on the com-pleteness and centralization of recordsand the speed of transmission. Airlinereservation systems (which can includehotels, car rentals, etc.) are a presentexample of large amounts of current per-sonal information instantly avialable.There is little sanctuary for economicprivacy in a system where any sizablecash transaction is conspicuous. Accessto the files must be limited to a fewpersons who can be trusted. 19 pp. Ref.(See also BM-5495, P-3642.)

P-3838 GRAIL/GPSS: Graphic On-LineModeling. J. P. Haverty. June 1968.

A status report on the RAND-developed ca-pability for interactive modeling of dy-namic syatems using the GPSS flowchartingtechnique on the GRAIL (Graphical InputLanguage) facilities. Analysts are dis-satisfied with the long lead time requiredto translate a proposed simulation from alogical flow diagram to a detailed set ofcomputer instructions to be keypunched.These steps can be bypassed by working ata GRAIL console, drawing on the RAND Tab-let and having the symbols recognized anddisplayed by the character recognitionprogram. Using the GRAIL/GPSS system in-creases the analyst's efficiency tenfoldto a hundredfold. GRAIL capabilities notyet incorporated include shrinking, en-largine, and moving geometric figures,and notitoring on-line execution of theflow diagram. (Presented at an IBM Semi-nar on Operations Research in the Aero-space Industry: Models in Planning andControl, Newport Beach, April 1968.)14 pp. Refs.

P-3861 Simulation Programming UsingSIMSCRIPT II. P. J. Kiviat. Septem-ber 1968.

Description of a computer simulation ofproduction and sales, designed to illus-trate as many as possible of the program-ming features of SIMSCRIPT II in a natural,problem-oriented setting. The paper de-scribes the system to be modeled; outlinesproblems the model is designed to study(namely, to determine the number of ma-chines needed to provide adequate customerservice); lists the complete SIMSCRIPTsimulation program, well annotated; andgives a set of typical data cards. Thelast section works through the program insome detail, explaining the syntax andsemantics of the statements. 22 pp.

99

P-3892 rhe 360/65: RANDIs Next Com-puter. G. D. Brown. August 1968.

A description of the IBM 360/65 computersystem to be installed at BAND, and adefinition of the terms used in third-generation computing. Time is measuredin nanoseconds--billionths of a second.The basic storage unit is a byte (8 bits,1 character). The CPU is 3 times as fastas our old 7044. Twice as much core stor-age will normally be available to eachuser, and more commands can be containedin a given amount of core. Most datasets (files) can be permanently mountedon disk packs; disks are random-access,can be read twice as fast as tapes, andavoid rewinding. The change froa a 36-bit to a 32-bit word means that singleprecision decimal arithmetic decreasesfrom 9 to 7.2 significant digits. Lan-guages available include COBOL, SIMSCRIPT1.5 and II, P1./1, RPG (Report Program Gen-erator), MARK IV for file maintenance, JCLfc,r job control. There are two FORTRANcompilers: a fast one with excellent diag-mostics for debugging, and a slow one thatproduces efficient code. Multi-programmingwith time-slicing makes even I/O-bound jobslike tape sorting economical. It alsosupports the new interactive RAND VideoGraphics System. 11 pp.

P-3894 Computer Software: The Evolu-tion within the Revolution. G. W.Armerding. July 1968.

As the cost of developing and maintainingcomputer software approaches (perhaps, ex-ceeds) the cost of hardware, programs arebeing recognized as salable and patentableitems in their own right. The cooperativespirit of the pioneers is giving way tocompetition. Some management informationsystems are being sold by software housesin competition with those offered free bycomputer manufacturers. The trend willcontinue, and reckless competition is sureto come: every programmer is a potentialsoftware entrepreneur. The evolution nowtaking place among those who write compu-ter programs gives rise to the question ofwhether or not professional programmerswill disappear. People who "call" them-selves programmers may begin to diminish,but the total of "realm programmers andothers who perform functions that could becategorized as programming will increase.Special-purpose time-sharing systems areevolving into general-purpose ones. In-creased performance, at lower cost per an-swer, more than compensates for the over-head cost of software. However, the designloop between hardware and software is notsolidly closed; feedback from programmersis inadequate. 14 pp.

P-3903 Third-Generation Coe2uterTrends. B. W. Boehm. August 1968.

A review of trends in computing. By 1975,due primarily to large-scale integratedcircuitry, we may expect computers 200times faster, 1000 times smaller, and 500times cheaper. Total U.S. computer powerwill increase by a factor of 1000. How-ever, the speed-versus-storage and effi-ciency-versusr-versatility tradeoffs willcontinue. Computer-systems are built andused with very little feedback, so thatthere is very little systematic buildingupon experience. When a study is made ofjust how engineers are using computers,results may be unexpected. One companyfound its engineers using old designsrather than new because programs wereavailable to analyze them. System engi-neering techniques are seldom applied tothe production of computer software. Suchan analysis of Rand's Graphic.ROCKET de-velopment resulted in POGO, a program thatcut graphics control page development timefrom days to hours. To design computersystems properly, it is necessary to learn;more about how men perceive, how they%.11ink, and how they create. 13 pp. Ref.(Prepared for presentation at the 1968Joint Engineering Management Conferencein Philadelphia.)

P-3940/7 The JOSS Newsletter: November1967-June 1971. S. Marks. July 1971.

A final compilation of R4 issues of theJOSs Newsletter, which has been issuedmonthly since November 1967 to users ofJOSS. Rand's interactive, time-shared com-puter system designed for the solution ofsmall rumerical problems. Although theNewsletter has been discontinued, the JOSSsystem will continue to be used until ren-ovation is no longer practical. A finalversion of the JOSS Program Library Catalogwas issued in March 1971. Although nomore JOSS programs will be abstracted,the read-only protection of the libraryfiles will still be available for JOSSprograms offered to other users in Randdocumentation or by personal communication.This final edition of the NewSletter re-places previous editions of P-3940.157 pp. (mW)

P-3977 GAPSS (Graphical Analysis Pro-cedures for System Simulation). T. E.Bell. January 1969.

A discussion of two types of computergraphics displays used to analyze datafollowing simulations done in the GPSSlanguage. The results showed that thehybrid display showing changes over time(and utilizing a Gantt chart) was supe-rior to the display sequentially present-

100

ing individual states of a system. Addi-tional general conclusions are that (1)an analyst almost never views simulationdata the right way on the first try; (2)computer graphics helps an analyst 3den-tify relationships obscured by summarystatistics; (3) computer graphicS dis-plays should be tested for usefulness bythe people for whom they are designed.13 pp. Ret- (MJP)

P-3998 The Tenth Rand Computing Sympo-sium. Edited by F. J. Gruenberger.December 1968.

An edited and condenSed transcript of theTenth Annual Computer Symposium held at TheRand Corporation, 13 November 1967. Sched-uling the symposium one day prior to thePall Joint.Computer Conference allows topmen in the information-processing field tocontribute their time and talents. Thistranscript, edited from the original byeach of the attendees, reflects serious butunprepared thoughts on the topic, "TheTeaching of Computing." The questions dis-cussed included the people to whom comput-ing should be taught; the grade leVel atwhich computer education should begin; thetraining of programmers and of teachers ofcomputing; and the advice that should begiven to high schools, junior colleges,and trade schools to help them initiatecomputer education programs. 114 pp.(MJP)

P-4014 A Graphic Capability for NARKIV. H. Casali, D. Cohen. January 1969.

Prospects of embedding MARK IV in SGS toestablish a usable on-line file manage-ment system. SGS (Simultaneous GraphicsSystem) is a small time-sharing%sYstem thatsupports six terminals, designed-to provideremote access to an IBM 360 comp'uter usingIBM 2260 graphic terminals. The user isprovided with a full range,of teXt-editingfacilities and has the ability to add, de-lete, or modify data in a file. In manyapplications, it is desirable to'separatedata into different files: JCL' statementsfor one, MARK IV requests for another. 'Totest a MARK IV master file of registrationcards and three SGS data files, runs wereinitiated via the 2260 terminal to caia7.logue the file definitions and,prepare a.series -of reports. ImProvements, in enter-ing formatted data need.to be_implemented.Additional storage devices and reriote'con7- .

soles, as well as conversion to:a multi'programming system such as-OS/MNT:woUldprobably enhance the-capabilities of-thesystem. 8 pp. (KB)

P-4019 Computers and the Delivery ofMedical Care. E. C. DeLand,W. F.Raub, R. W. Stacy,B. D. Waxman. Feb-ruary 1969.

The Introduction to gompattLa in Biomedi-cal Research, Vol. III, evaluating'accom-plishments over a 3-,year period and pre-dicting areas for future emphasiS. Char-acteristics distinOishing recent computersystems from those:in ihe past includeincreased complexity, flexibility, andcapacity for improving health-care ser-vices. Work is being done to implementpresent image processing techniques and,in addition, to 'promote computer-aidedinstruction inj:egard to biaiiiedicine. Inthe future, mathematical models combinedwith graphic and flexible forms of datapresentation:could become an integral Partof researCh hospitals monitored patient'wards and clinics, and basicreSearchlaboratories.; Interactive computer ter-, ,

minals and the:attendant central proces-sorsoftwarei will be'useful lor hospitalcomMtinications, for moderhuilding andhypothesistesting, 'for patient autoinier-view, for:Perusing files of dataandfor other tasks requiring the transfer oranalysis of data. 20 pp. (KB) ,r

P-4208 On Limits in Computing Power.W. H. Ware. October 1969.

A paper presented at the 1969 Air ForceAcademy Meteorological Technical ExchangeConference, on the fundamental physicallimits to computer speed. Heat dissipa-tion is the most serious apparent-con-straint. Switching cannot be faster. than10 (exp -11) sec because of cooling, or 10(exp -15) sec because of indeterminancy-Present production devices switch at about10 (exp -8) sec, so 100- to 1000-fold im-provement seems to be the limit--not enoughto handle complex environmental problems.Beyond that we must look to multistream(rather than serial) processing, as plannedfor Illiac IV. This may offer a 100-foldincrease (its builders hope for many hun-dreds). If problems prove to be moreparallel than we think, and if we pushtechnology to its limits, the overall im-provement could move toward 100,000-fold.Such a computer would require special fund-ing, though probably less than a largeparticle accelerator. 8 PP- Ow)

P-4214 Testimony Before the AssemblyStatewide Information Policy Committee.W. H. Ware. October 1969.

A statement before a State Assembly com-mittee on the problem of protecting com-puter information. The main policy issueis that of the invasion of privacy. The-computer-based files of information com-

'Irrat!tVr4!f.T:r.,,C,A,re.7rr,.I.I=!vr

101

piled for ease in checking credit do bene-fit the citizen, but nonetheless threatenhim because of the current'lack of legalor industry controls on information dis-semination. Technically, the problem isone of lagging system-design expertise,which would be alleviated through thestimulation provided by legal constraints.Self-policing among file operators is un-likely, and legal penalties may have to .

be 'imposed in-the civilian sector similarto those for defense classified systems.The high reliability in protecting cot--puter-based file itformation in the de-fense systems Is duo to a concerted effortto coordinate hardware, software, manage-ment, and physical protective schemes.Only this .combination could secure compu-ter systems in the civilian sector, aswell. 7 pp: (EB)

2-4221 The Parallel, Pipeline, andConventional Computer. W. R. Graham.October 1969.

Analysis of parallel and pipeline com-puters, giving two quantitative bases forcomputer selection and program construc-tion: (1) the single stage and programexecution times required by the two typesof machines, and (2) the single stage andcomplete program efficiencies. Comparisonshows that in execution time the resultsare mixed and it is possible for the ad-vantage to shift between the two machinesas the number of steps in a stage in-creases. Program efficiency is expressedas the ratio of the time required to exe-cute a program if the computer is operat-ing at unit efficiency to the actual exe-cution time. Conceptually new, the par-allel computer is based on the idea thattwo conventional machines can work attwice the rate of one. The pipeline proc-essor gains its edge on the conventionalmachine by starting retrieval of a secondoperand before the first result has beenreturned to the memory. 8 pp. (TC)

questions that are 'nunreasonable." Itis shown that a logical characterizationof permissible input queries is possibleana that this characterization can beexpressed in terms of machine-recogniz-able sufficient conditions- 32 pp. Ref.(Author)

2-4313 Computer Aided Advanced Designand Performance of Airborne Vehicles.J. R. Gebman. March 1970.

Description of an operations research toolfor easily determining the gross design andperformance parameters of almost any pro-posed airborne vehicle: a comprehensivesystem of computer routines, modularizeddown to the level of basic analyses of fun-damental hardware components, and assembledinto logical subsystems that are indepen-dent of vehicle Oonfiguration. A prototypeFORTRAN IV implementation, including over130 subroutines, 18,000 IBM cards, and17,000-element data bank, can be used byemploying only 10 or 20 cards. It com-prises RuGSTS, for determining empiricalmeight-estimating relationships throughmultiple regression.analysis, and AIRSIS,for design and performance analysis. Pro-gramming a final version would probably bIttoo burdensome for any oee organization,but the overall program is so arranged thatseparate aerospace research groups couldcontribute their proved programs to make atool usable by all. (Intended for the MORS1970 Symposium, the document consistsmainly of 0riefing charts.) 28 pp. (MW)

2-4329 Computer Data Banks and SecurityControls. W. R. Ware. March 1970.

Guidelines for controls that protect pri-vacy of information within the computer andgovern its divulgence to authorized users.Five technical safeguards are needed: (1)

protection oi ceatral and demountable com-pute.v storage media; (2) encrypticm orphysical protection of the circuits; (3)computer hardware safeguards of the time-sharing system; (4) software safeguards tonouitor user access to files; and (5) ad-ministratiwe'and management controls thatare security conscious. Government regu-lation may be required to protect the pri-vacy of persona/ files, since there is nodata bank nindustryn or trade organizationfor self-policing, and since the operator,who is necessarily.profit-oriented, maynot know ner care to what use his clientvants to put the data. Consequently, safe-guards should be formulated before databanks Proliferato-widelY and without con-trol. 12 pp. (MT)

2-4251 Logical Aspects of Ques-tion-Answering by Computer. J. L.Kuhns. December 1969.

The problem of computerized question-an-swering is considered from the point ofview of relational logic. Three aspectsof the problem are defined and interre-latedtransforming natural-language ques-tions into symbolic questions (retrievalprescriptions), structuring the file,calculating value sets (answering thequestion). An experimental program forautomatically producing symbolic questionsis explained. Finally, the.problem ofcalculating value sets is discussed. A

key issue here is the identification of

102

P-4401 The Impact of Future Develop-meats in Computer Technology. W. R.Graham. June 1970.

Compares the relative advantages of tvonew computers, the University of Illinois'parallel-organized /LLIAC IV and the Con-trol Data Corporation's pipeline-organizedSTAR,. Both increase computing speed bytheir overall organization. The paralleldesign drives many_Identical copies of theconventional computer's arithmetic unitwith only one control unit, which obtains,decodes, and issues instructions. Thepipeline processor starts retrieving asecond set of operands, located in memoryadjacent to the first, before the firstresult has been returned to the memory.The STAR and an ILLIAC IV quadrant havecomparable speeds for adding, though theILLIAC forms a few sums more quickly.In multiplication, the ILLIAC is alwaysfaster. In division, the STAR is abouttwice as fast as the ILLIAC in finding asingle quotient, but the ILLIAC is about1.4 times faster in calculating a longsequence of quotients. 15 pp. (LC)

P-4410 Modeling Continuous Systems withBIOMOD--A Preliminary Report. R.Clark, G. F. Groner, R. A. Berman.August 1970.

Models a fluid reservoir system using thecurrent version of BIOMOD, an interactivecomputer-graphics system for biologicalmodeling. The BIOMOD system features in-teraction with immediate feedback, hierar-chical model structuring, and user-orientedmodel-definition languages. It operates onan interactive graphics console comprisinga CRT- screen, a RKND Tablet, and a-key-board. The user may draw block diagrams,handprint or type text, push displayed"buttons" to initiate certain actions, ,andmove labels. He may represent a model bYa block diagram, each component of whichmay be defined by another block diagram.This facilitates devising complex modelsone portion at a time. When BIOMOD iscompleted, the user may define model com-ponents by chemical equations, differentialequations, or data,curves, rather.thanhaving to translate his model descriptioninto a conventional simulation language.During model simulation, the user may dis-play curves for different variables,change scales, or alter simulation param-eters. 41 pp. Ref. (LC)

P-4417 Programming-The..Quiet Evolu-tion. G. . Brown.;0 Jury 1970.

.The, glamour, period 'of,prograiming is,over.,Disenchanted by errors in,billing ancrbal-lot counting, and dissatisfied'withthequality of computer output,Ahapublic

wants reliable products more than newideas. Reprogramming for third-generationhardware has taught programmers to value.compatibility--known in other fields astradition and consistency. Old programminglanguages never die; each new one givesprogrammers more to learn. In the future,programmers will spend less time codingnew algorithms and more lime maintainingexisting programs. Eighty percent of "theirtime and effort willAoto the unexcitingbut necessary. tasks of checkout, documen-tation, and production engineering ofprograms for usefulness. The gain in,quality meanS a loss in diversity,aspicturescue old-timers are replaced bysober computer science graduates more-like accountants. No economies ,of scale -

are discernible. It remains true thatthe fewer programiers working on a task,the better'its chances for Success. 11 pp.(MW)

P-4428 MAX: A FORTRAN Chess Player.J. J. Gillogly. July. 1970.

Describes MAX, a chess-playing programwritten in standard FORTRAN IV that usesa standard alpha-beta lookahead search ofselected portions of the move tree. Theprogram has played several complete gamesand many incomplete ones between frequentperiods of major revisions; its qualityof play ranges from poor to fair. 8 pp.Bibliog. (Author)

P-4446 . Evaluation and Innovation inUrban Research. G. D. Brewer: August

Analyzes the methodology of computer-simu-lation in the social sciences and itsability to manage complexly organized sys-tems.' .The "in principle" arguments ad-vanced in support of-the method have beeninsufficiently'tempered by honest ap-praisal of past "in practice" experience's.kcontinuation of the'existing trends .

could harm both the mdthod-and the pro-cesses of problemsolving, in a 'social con-text.. An ,initial-problem is.the develop-

, ment of.an 'appraisal. function--.i.e., 'a7tseries of 'questions or criteria againstwhich' a ,cOmputer sidulation,aay be judged.The experiences,from 2 empirical-Contextsare related in efforts to constrUct:a so7.,called .policy-aSsisting,claSs-of simulationmodels. Deficiencies.in the appraisalincluded the vastly:different orientationsof PaCticipants:interviewedsalesmanship,and varioUS,technical and:theoretical:,shortComings.' '47 pp. (KB)

.4 (V41.CI O.

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P-4448 Comparing Behavior at variousComputer Display Consoles in Time-sharedLegal Information. J. H. Carlisle.September 1970.

An xperiment at Tale Law school insearching for legal precedents on the HeadData Central time-shared information re-trieval system. Subjects used either ateletype or the complicated-to-use CcIvideo console to access the 300,000,000character Ohio Bar Association data base.The UCLA IMBED multiple discriminantprogram was used to analyze the results.Contrary to expectations, subjects spentmore tise at the video console, despitethe longer transmission time of the tele-type. Bore cases were retrieved andbrowsed at the video console, relevancescores were higher, and subjects weremore satisfied. Trolly also made 300 percentmore errors. Relevance correlated highlywith number of cases retrieved and nega-tively with tine spent searchingcontraryto the beliefs of systm designers wholimit retrieval to save time. Those whoretrieeed least information took the long-est time and achieved the lowest relevance=Ores. The negative relation betweentime aad relevance is even more markedfor the video console users. 46 pp. Ref.(NT)

p4499-1 Bow To store It. B. Pox.lamb 1971.

Storage layout for branch-and-bound al-gorithms is discussed. A composite branch-ing rul, alternating between backtrackingand branching from the point correspondingto the minimum bound, is recommended asthe best compromise between reducingstorage and the number of iterations.

pp. Ref. (Author)

P-4469 Ono of 5C4060-Produced Hicro-file Output in Pseudocolor Transforma-tions. J. C. Lamar. September 1970.

A pseudocolor transformation is producedwhen each discrete density level in anoriginal, coatinuous-tone, black-and-whiteisage is represented as a different spec-trig/ hue in the transformation. The SC4060has been employed to produce microfilmoutput for sop in 2 pseudocolor processesthat have beea developed at nand. Thispaper discusses the computer programs andteehnigues for producing specific densitylevels in the film and the pseudecolorprocesses using the film. 10 pp. Ref.(Authoc)

P-4486 A Stochastic Network Approachto Test and Chckout. L. J. Tatters,

0

M. V. Vasilik. October 1970.Demonstrates the usefulness of GERT simula-tion for modeling and evaluating policiesand processes in the area of test andcheckout (see GERT: Graphical Analysis andReview Technique, RM-4973). Some of thelatest developments and extensions to aGERT simulation program are employed tomodel a test plan development process, ageneral test and checkout process, andspecific cases of the latter. (Presentedat the Fourth Conference on Applicationsof Simulation, sponsored by AIIE, ACM,IEEE, SHARE, SCI, and TINS, in New York,December 1970.) 31 pp. Ref. (Author)

P-4503 Interactive Simulation of Con-tinuous Systems: Progress and-Pros-pects. G. A. Hekey, E. C. Deland.January 1971.

The development of a simulation systemthat would provide both the interactive,user-oriented features of analog computersand the precision, memory, and computingpower of the digital computer has been adesign objective for many years. Thispaper reviews the background of present-daycontinuous systems simulation techniques,with emphasis on interactive,graphic-oriented systems. The state ofthe art is discussed, particularly as itconcerns user convenience, interactivefeatures, the use of block diagram de-scriptions, and graphic displays. DIOMOD,a system recently developed for .simulationof biological systems, is used as an.ex-ample. Limitations of present-day systemsand prospects for near-future developmentare discussed. 21 pp. Ref. (Author)

P-4532 Admatch, A Computer Tool forUrban Studies. A. H. Rosenthal. De-cember 1970.

Description of Admatch, a set of computerprograms for matching geographic codes froma reference file to local data records thatcontain house addresses. The geographiccodes may include zip codes, census tracts,congressional districts, and marketingareas. Admatch requires two machine-read-able files: a local data file and a ref-erence file. The preprocessing programuses expandable tables that allow varia-tions in street name configurations oralternative spellings of street or streettype. The matcher program specifies thelevel of disczepancy that can exist betweenthe Deference file and the data file andsrLiil permit the record for the data fileto be matched. The postprocessor programcombines rejects from the preprocessingstep with the accepted records from thematching step. Discussion covers the rolethat Rand has played in testing and de-

104

veloping the Admatch Programs, defines theequipment, and forecasts applications tourban studies. 13 pp. (KB)

P-4536-1 The Use of Computer SystemAccounting Data To Measure the Effectof a System Modification. R. A. Watson.March 1971.

Nearly all computer systems in operationare equipped with an accounting systemthat records the computer resources usedby each job processed. These data, al-though having a great potential for usein the measurement and evaluation of com-puter system performance, are seldom usedfor anything other than charging for com-puter services used. This paper discussestechniques for reducing and analyzing ac-counting data to use in measuring the ef-fect of a system modification. Two dif-ferent methods are used in analyzing thedata, both involving the use of statisticalanalysis. One method uses regressionanalysis while the other method usescluster analysis. 15 pp. (Author)

P-4581 Potential Uses of the Computerin Criminal Courts.P.-W. Greenwood.February 1971.

The computer is often touted as the poten-tial savior of organizations finding them-selves inundated by paperwork--a positionin which-the courts find themselves today.Some exaMples of information systems forcourt ase are presented that illustratevarious levels of man-computer interaAionin the decisionmaking process. A propoSalfor experimenting with videotape and com-puters to solve many of the nroblems as-sociated with long trials is also described.Its chief benefits would be a large reduc-tion in time required of jurors for-eachtrial and a tremendous cost saving forretrials. Problems of living with the com-puter are also discussed, along with adviceon how to avoid these problems.: ,(Presentedat a Chief Judges and Court AdministrationConference sponsored by the National Collegeof State Trial Judges, Williamsburg, Vir-ginia, February 1971.) 11-Tp. '(Author)

P-4585 Computer Memory Management atRand. A. C. Shetler,, S. Glaseman.May 1971.

Describes and lists some relatively.simplemodifications to the initiator of Rand's360/65 computer software that enable theRand Computation Center to run batch jobsat one high speed while running'on-lineand remote entry jobs in 2 kinds oflow-speed memory. The change became 'neces-sary with the addition.of the slowest mem-.4 fl

. .

ory, LCS, which requires 8 times as manyprocessor cycles for a given job as corestorage. The new fixed initiators, whichtake less than 100 bytes of nonresidentmemory, have exceeded expectations inmanaging 3 access speeds of storage, whileguaranteeing on-line access and protectingbatch jobs from accidentally executing atlow speed. Certain regions of memory toosmall for user tasks are left unfenced, toprovide for operation aids and batchreaders and writers. The bulk of the paperlists the modified control sections.106 pp. (MW)

P-4600. Instructional Uses of the Com-puter in-Higher Education. R.,E..Levien. March 1971.

Some conclusions about developments in thecomputer's capabilities.and costs; methodsof providing,computer Service and instruc-tional materials;.and effects .k highereducation. Two major trends hold specialpromise: the development Of large, cen-tralized computing facilities shared bycustomers; and the creation of inexpensiveminicomputers, using an exchangeableme-dium such as magnetic tape cassettes.These could provide a market for computer-based instructional materials; such amarket is critical in achieving thede-sirable level of computer use in instruc-tion. National policy should see that

. access to the computer is, possible whereverits use is cost-effective, and that itsuse is refined and'improved to broaden'the range Of instructional Value. Thefederal government should support (1)R&D on hardware and software, includingterminals, minicoiputers,.and intercomputercommunications; (2) development of in-structional materials; (3) computer ex-periments; and (4) consideration of com-puter requirements in copyright and patentlawS,and communications industry regula-tions. 20 pp. (SM)

P-4629 A Selective BibliOgraphy of:Computer ,Graphics.April 1971.

An'unannotated'liSting of recent books,articles, thesesii papers, andreportSfonSelected aSpeCts,:of computerAraphids,andfilts illuStrating cotputer gaphiCs re7search:and ApplicationSH Items are listedbyHfirst author mentioned,,undertheseheadingd: general;(2) graphics ap-plications; A3) Oomputeraided. design;,-((4) animation teChniquds; (5)' cotputer-generated graphic art6) graphics lan-guages and:Subroutine packageS; (7) graphictext manipulation, programming, and de-bugging; (8)list and ring Aata'structures;

0049) data structures,for,associative access;

105

(10) picture languages and grammars; (11)projections and transformations; (12) hid-den line elimination and surface shading;(13) hardware; and (14) films. Not in-cluded are image processing and enhance-ment, or pattern recognition or characterrecognition by other than linguistic means.34 pp. (MW)

P-4640 Institutions, Innoiration, andIncentives. R. E. Levien. May 1971.

A discussion of the importance of achievingeffective innovation in computer-assistedinstruction.. keaningful innovation can beaccomplished only by changing the system--that is, by changing not only the technol-ogy, but also the institutions and personsinvolved. The author presents 2 case his-tories: design of the proposed NationalInstitute of Education, supporting creationof an RED base for educational innovatiOn;and design of the system of institutionsand technology needed to make instructionaluse of he computer in.higher educationtruly effective. To.achieve innovation,one must plan institutions to encourageand facilitate it, paying Careful attentionto financial incentives. InstructionalUse of computers today has a cottage-in-dustry character. Two trends may changethis situation: commercial timesharedcomputer service and cheap, standardizedmini-conputers programmed through an ex-changeable medium such as a cassette.Change would require the concerted effortsof higher educational institutions, time-sharing industries, publishers, and thegovernment.. 15 pp, jlef. (SM)

P-4673 The Data Reconfiguration Ser-vice--An Experiment in Adaptable, Pro-cess/Process Communication. R. H.Anderson, V. Cerf, E. F. Harslem, J. F.Heafner, J. Madden, H. Metcalfe, A.Shoshani, J. P. White, D. Wood. July1971.

Describes the Data Reconfiguration Servicenow being implemented at MIT, UCLA, UCSBand Rand for the ARPA computing network.In this nationwide experimental network,widely separated computers of differentmakes, models, sizes, speeds, hardware,and software are interconnected viastore-and-forvard switching by small spe-cial-purpose computers called InterfaceMessage Processors that route trafficadaptively over leased lines. Participantscan remotely access programs, data, andunique hardware facilities anywhere in thesystem. The DRS is designed to overcomethe hardwaze and software incompatibilitiesby automatically performing needed datamanipulations, such as converting charactersets and graphic codes, adding or deleting

messages, packing or unpacking repeatedsymbol strings, inserting message countersand flags, transposing data fields, andreformatting files. The syntax and seman-tics of the network connection module andthe "Form Machine" are described. TheForm Machine is a module that accepts andapplies the definitions of data reconfig-urations (forms). 23 pp. Ref. Bibliog.(MR)

P-4684 Computers In Society's Future.W. H. Ware. August 1971:

A discussion' of some of the problems andeffects ofcomputer information Systemsrelative to society. Although society's:size and complexity-demand computerizedrecordkeeping,' the opportunities for mali-cious misuse of personal infornation--orfor spreading misinformation--are increasingas more and more dossierS exchange informa-tion automatically. Some medical informa-tion gets into data systems:- There is nolegal frameliork to protect the individual,to.fix liability for leaks, or to providefor award, of damages, although the U.S.Pair Credit.Reporting Act is a start. Wede not yet understand how to design or testsystems that protect the information. they-contain, and often do not use the protec-tive mechanisms we do know about. The prob-lem is real, the urgency is great, andaction is needed nom. 9 pp. (See alsoP-4329.) (MW)

134693 The Probable State of.ComputerTechnology by 1980,:with Some Implica7.tions for Education. Y. W. Blackwell.:September 1971.

Reviews significunt computing developmentsthat will probably be in common use:by1980L -.Large computers--meaning fast andpowerful, but not physically'aarge--andminicoMputers that May be the size of,todars portable radioS will both contrib-ute-tOthe feasibility ofindividualizedcomputet-assisted instxuction4 the,formerHthroUgh.multiprogramMing'And switchable:microprograMS- Rhile,childtek shouldprobablyA.eutOte type, exCessive reliance

: on Icelboard:Input will be reduced by.qraPhidsterminals.- Spoken input :willprobably nOt:bewidespread by 1980,-::wt-acces-s:tb computerS:Viasimple ftiglishvritteOCOMmandsshoUld be:routine:: Joro-grams SloUld be:aSuccesSible aS :.books !axenow. Conputing,netvorkS,ShouldbeComieni.:linking smalllocaLcomputers to largerAistantmachinep.. IMprOved C9nnnniC4tion'llks,:probablyincludiug tsioVaT:.cableTV,,:da.n_bring:equalcomPuter Opportunitytoteachers:, :stUdents", and,adminkstraters-of All schools--if economic::And institu

106

tional barriers can be overcome. 10 pp-Ref. (MW)

P-4710 Limits in Computing Power.W. H. Ware. October 1971.

Digital computer performaace speed hasincreased by about 8 orders of magnitudesince .computerp were invented in the 1930s.However, such large, compAex 'problems ashigh-esolution image processing and modelsof atmospheric behaviot.will requite evenfaster.operation. This paper estimatespotential computer speed's, identifies theprinciples of physics that will ultimatelylimit thei, and discusses the social value

of supetcomputers. Theoretically, speedcould be significantly increased by repre-senting nuMbers in remainder or residu&fOrm rather than in conventional positionalnotation, but 'practical cotsiderationshinder suth procedures. CPilutilization,typically about 50% to 60%, could be in-creased With multistream or pipeline pro-cessing.- The small size and denpe pack-aging necessary to fast computerp are.in-coneistent With heat disSipatioa, bUt'thesize and deasity limitp,have not neen evenapproached. cbmputere 100e_or even 10,000times faster than the hest machines tOdaTare poesikle.. SUch a Machine would:he ofenormOus value to Society. 21 :p.p. Ref,(LC)

5

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