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DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 129 565 SE 019 499

TITLE Physics in Perspective Volume II, Part C, StatisticalData.

INSTITUTION National Academy of Sciences - National ResearchCouncil, Washington, D.C. Physics Survey Committee.d

PUB DATE 73NOTE 326p.; For Volume I of this series, see ED082942; Not

available in hard copy due te,numerous small printand marginal legibility of original document

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS.DESCRIPTORS Econonic Factors; *Financial Support; Graduate Study;

*Higher Education; *Manpower Needs; ManpowerUtilization; *Physics; *Research; Science Education;*Statistical Data

ABSTRACTStatistical data relating to the sociology and

economics of the physics enterprise are presented and explained. Thedata are divided into three sections: manpower data,.data on fundingand costs, and data on the literature of physics. Each sectionincludes numerous studies, with notes on the sources and types ofdata, gathering procedures, and interpretations. Additionalexplanatory notes are found in the appendices, such as questionnairesamples, term definitions, and a list of physics subfields. (MH)

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PHYSICSINPERSPECTIVE

VOLUME IIPART C

StatisticalDataAuxiliary MaterialCollected by the Staffand Some Members ofthe Data Panel

Physics Survey Committee National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, D.C. 1973

3

NO'FICE: The study repor led herem was undertaken slider the aegis id. Ole Colnlmtlee on Scienceand Public Policy (LOSPITI of the National Acaderm, of Sciences National Research Counvil,with the epress approval of the rioverning Board of the National Rey-lieh Council,

Responsibility for all aspects of tills report rests with the Physics tiorsey Committee, to whomsim'ere app teem t Ion is here e pressed .

rho report has not been submitted for appn,val io the AcadernY tneinhership or to the Councilbut, in accordanee with Academy procedures, has been res leWed and .ipPr0ed t'N' the Comnutteeon Science and Public Policy. I, is being distributed. followmg tins re vie%%. with Bic approval of thePresident or the Academy.

LIBRARY 01' coNGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

National Research Council. Physics Survey Committee.Physics in perspective.

"Undertaken under the aegis of the Committee on Science and 1,oblie policy of the NationalAcademy of SciencesNational Research Cduneil."

Includes bibliographical references.PARTIAL CONTENTS: v. 2. pt. A. The core subfields of physics,---v. 2. Pt ki. The interfaces.I. PhysiesResedrchUnited States. 2. ScienceUnited States.v- 2, pl C. Statistical Data.

I. National Research Council. Committee on Science and Public Poliol.QC9.U5N28 530%0973 72-84752

ISBN 0-309-02101-4

Committee on Science and Public Policy

MELVIN CA LVIN. University of California, Berkeley, ChairmanHA R VEY BROOKS. Harvard University, Past ChairmanGEORGE BACKUS., University of California, San DiegoGERALD CLEM ENCL, Yale UniversityPAUL DOTY, Harvard UniversityROBERT CARRELS, University of HawaiiARTHUR IIAS LER, University of WisconsinLEL AND J. HAWORTH, Associated Universities, Inc.RUDOLF KOM PFN ER, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.JAY LUS II. towa State UniversityROBERT K. MERTON, Columbia UniversityHER SCHE L 1. ROMAN, University of WashingtonHARRISON SHUL.l, Indiana UniversityI. M. SINGER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ROBERT E. GREEN. National Academy of SciencesExecutive Secretary

.5

Physics Survey Committee

D. A L AN BRONI I. h V , Yale University, Chairman*DAN IE L ALPERT, University of IllinoisRAYMOND BOW FR S, Cornell UniversityJOSEPH W. CIIAMBER LAIN, The Lunar Science InstituteHERMAN FESHBACH, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyGEORGE B. FIELD, University of California. BerkeleyRONALD GEBALLE, University of WashingtonCONYERS HERR !NG, Bell Telephone Laboratories. Inc.ARTHUR R. KA NTROWITZ, AVCO-Everett Research LaboratoryTHOMAS LAURITSEN, California Institute of TechnologyFRANKLIN A. LONG, Cornell UniversityE. R. PIO R E , International Business Machines CorporationE. NI. PURCELL, Harvard UniversityROBERT G. SACHS, University or Chicago

*CII A R LES H. TOWNES, University of California, BerkeleyA LV1N NI. W EINBERG. Oak Ridge National LaboratoryVICTOR F. WEISSKOPF, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

*Members of original Survey Committee. Other responsibilities precluded these physi-cists from participating in other than the early deliberations.

vi

6

PhyAic S'nrrel.

Ex (J.1P(1,,

II ARVEY BR Oo K S, liarard UniversityI.. I (;()I.l)w ASSI. , National Accelerator LaboratoryH. \V 11.1.IA K o II, ,American Institute or PItysiesRoN1 N SMOLUcHOWSK I, Princeton University

NSIILTA NTS

MARVIN Got BE I(;I R , Princeton UniversityHO BF R I W, KEYES, Internatitmal litisiness Nlachines Corporation

LIAISON REPRESENTATIVES*

C. N I. I I. A M NI F R NIA N, Department or Defense\V, U. ARMSTRONG, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNI A R CF L BA R DON , National Science Fou11d:11kmDONALD F. CUNNINGHAM , National Science FoundationPAUL F. DONOVAN, National Science FoundationWAYNE R. t;tt LINER , National Science FoundationGEORGE A. K 0 LSTAD , Atomic Energy Commission.101IN J. M cC A NI RH (DUE. Department of DefenseWILLIAM METSCHER, Department of DefenseSIDNEY PA SS M A N. National Science FoundationJACK T. SANDERSON, National Science FoundationA. W. SC II A R DT, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMILTON NI. SLAWSK V. Department of DefenseHENRY SMITH, National Aeronautics and Space 'ministration

GE01;E W. WOOD, National Academy of Sciences, Executive Secretury

Stuff Olj icers

BERT IT A I, . COM PIONBRUCE N. GREGORYCHARLES K. REED

*In general, no agency was represented on the Committee or any of its Panels by morethan one person at a time.

7

Statistical Data Panel

PANEL MEMBERS

CONYERS HERRING, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., ChairmanTIIOM AS LAIIR ITS N, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chairman(until

May 1970)IAY AJZENBERG-SETWIE, University of PennsylvaniatEl GRoDZ.INS. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (from January 1971)ROBEIt F itERMAN, General Motors Corpora tiont; I.: u FREY KELL ER. The Ohio State UniversityRO BE K r W. KEY Es, International Business Machines t orporationBit mit' M . o RS , Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyARTHUR t I ROSENFELD. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratoryto u is B. SLICIITER, University of California, Los Angeles

Esv is st..AIK. American Institute of Physics

STAFF SCIENTIST

DALE T. TEANEY. International Business Machines Corporation

LIAISON REPRESENTATIVES

WALTIAt C. CHRISTENSEN, Department of DefenseWAYNE It, GRUNER, National Science Foundationw A LTErt E. HUGHES, Atomic Energy CommissionA. W. SCIIARDT, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

CONSULTANT

BEVERLY PORI ER, American Institute of Physics

* Contributors to this report.

8

PREFACE

The Physics Survey Committee was appointed by the President of theNational Academy of Sciences in mid-1969 to survey the status, op-portunities, and problems of physics in the United States. VolumeI of Phyvic;; Pc:ropact7:ve constitutes the full report of theCommittee. This and the companion parts of Volume II, complete thereport of the survey.

The Survey Committee early concluded that it was essential thatit obtain detailed information from experts in each of a number ofphysics subfields and interface areas. For each of these subfieldsand interface areas a chairman was appointed by the Chairman of theSurvey Committee, and groups of recognized experts were broughttogether to survey and report on their respective subject areas.

Several of the subfields have relatively well-defined andtraditional boundaries in physics. Included are the core subfieldsof acoustics, optics, condensed matter, plasmas and fluids, atomic,molecular, and electron physics, nuclear physics and elementary-particle physics. The reports of these panels constitute Part A ofVolume II. In addition, there are several important interfaceareas between physics and other sciences. These are examined inPart B of Volume II. In the case of astronomy, where activity isparticularly vigorous at the interface and is overlapping, thePhysics and Astronomy Survey Committees agreed to form a jointpanel that would report on astrophysics and relativity, an area ofspecial interest to both. The bioad area in which physics overlapsgeology, oceanography, terrestrial and planetary atmospheric studies,and other environmental sciences was defined as earth and planetaryphysics, and a panel was established to survey it. In coveringthe physics-chemistry and physics-biology interfaces, the broaderdesignations "physics in chemistry" and "physics in biology" were

9

chwion [0 dy,11 ii i ito th0 tei i 11,1111Thi to the alteadvttaditional boundaries s. iltordk, iplinarv tieldh.

Although oath particularly thwic re,ipoulithlo for thocore hublields. .was asd to tqeilder the interaction of its sub-

tiefd with technology, the Cemmittee anticipated !hat the emplhilhwould he on recent developm entn that advanced the state of the artand on what in generally dencribed an Therefore,to include more npe.Afically the active inntrumentation interfacebetween physics .nnt the more traditional manufacturing sectors ofthe economysteel, drugs, chemicaln and consumer goods, to nameonly a few, in which many old parametern are being measured andcontrolled in new and ingenious ways--a separate panel wasentahlished.

Panels were also appointed to centralize the statistical data-collection activities of the survey and Co address the questions ofphysics in education and education in physics. In addition, anextended report on the dishomination and use of the hiformation ofphysics was prepared by a member of the Committee. With the excep-tion of the one on statistical data, all these reports are includedin Part lb of Volume [if the Statistical Data report constitutesPart C of Volume II. The Survey Committee is deeply grateful toConyers Herring, Chairman of the Statistical Data Panel, who sawthis (Cfort through to completion and to others who assisted inthe gathering and analysis of thl2 statistical material that formsthe basis for this report.

Support for the survey activity has been provided equally by theAtomic Energy Commission, the Department of Defense, the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration, and the National ScienceFoundation. Additional assistance has been provided through grantsfrom the American Physical Society and from the American Instituteof Physics.

To these agencies and to other organizations and individuals whohelped to make this survey possible through their contributions, Iexpress both my personal thanks and that of the Committee and itspanels.

D. ALLAN BROMLEY, ChairmanPhysics Survey Committee

1 0

CON I 1

1 INTRODUCTION 1467

Nature of this Report, 1467Sources of Data, 1468

2 MANPOWER DATA 1478

Studies Based on the National Register and otherNationwide Sources, 1478

Samples of Special Populations, 1567

3 DATA ON FUNDING AND COSTS 1576

General Survey of the Various Sources of Supportfor Physics Research, 1576

Support of Physics Research by Major GovernmentAgencies, 1584

Industrial Support of Physics Research, 1596Physics Research Support from University Funds, 1607Growth in Costs of Research in Physics, 1622

4 DATA ON THE LITERATURE OF PHYSICS 1625

Production and Distribution, 1625Use and Usefulness, 1647

5 INDEX OF DATA

1 1

APPENDIX A: SELECTED TAHLES ERIN THE PI11S1 I ON

oF THE NATIoNAL REGISTER OE SCIENTIFIC ANn TECHNICAI,PERSONM

mpEND ALLocAT 0;4 op NAT I oNAL itp(; !.; rER .;1,1

TIES TO PHYSICS SUPFIELW;

1 2

!AL-

17/1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nature of This Report

When the Physics Survey Committee was established by the NationalAcademy of Sciences in 1969, it was decided that among its numer-ous panels there should be one charged with coordinating the col-

lection and analysis of statistical data relating to the sociologyand economics of the physics enterprise. The reasons for setting

up such a panel were of two sorts, which may be categorized as

"internal" and "external." To make the work of the Survey Com-mittee internally consistent, the various subfield panels obviously

needed to adopt uniform definitions and, whenever possIble, to ob-

tain data from comparable sources. Moreover, the gathering of datafrom external organizations, such as government agencies, indus-

tries, and universities, obviously could be carried out more ef-

ficir_ntly and with less inconvenience to these organizations by a

single Data Panel than by many independent subfield panels. There-

fore, as much of the gathering of socioeconomic data as possible

was to be channeled through the Data Panel.In addition to its primary function of serving the Survey Com-

mittee and the subfield panels in the manner just described, itwas also thought that, after the data needed by these groups hadbeen collected and turned over to them, the Data Panel might pre-

pare an exhaustive and systematic compendium of data relevant to

the functioning of the physics community. If such a compendium

could be prepared, and periodically updated, it would be tremen-

dously useful to physicists, research and educational organiza-

tions, government agencies, and the like. Unfortunately, this

report is not the compendium that was envisaged. The demands on

the time of the Data Panel and its staff proved of longer duration

than had been anticipated, and almost no time was left for a

1467

1 3

1468 PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

leisurely assembling of data on a large scale. Moreover, fundsavailable to the Survey were limited, and it seemed wasteful to re-publish data already presentee elsewhere, especially in the earliervolumes of Physics in Perspective, merely to have all the data pre-sented together.

The philosophy adopted for this report is, therefore, not en-cyclopedic but rather a philosophy of making publicly available,in as orderly a manner as possible, those 'rems of data in our pos-session thaemay be of interest to the phy.,-s community and othersand that have not been presented elsewhere. Because of the lattercondition, the resulting collection is something of a hodgepodge.We have tried to ameliorate this situation to some extent, however,by occasional cross-references to data presented in other volumesof Physics in Perspective, and by including, in Chapter V, a con-densed but we hope usable index to data presented in the figuresand tables of this and the other volumes.

1.2 Sources of Data

1.2.1 TYPES OF DATA AND SOURCES

Most, though not quite all, of the data of interest to us arerepresented by numerical values of some dependent variable y,shown in their dependence on one or several independent variablesx, which may or may not be identified by numbers. One encountersthe following types of dependent variables y:

1. People: i.e., numbers of persons or fractions of some popu-lation. Thus, the entry in a table or the ordinate of a figuremay be "number of physicists," "number of students," "fraction ofrespondents," etc.

2. Money: Typical quantities tabulated or graphed are dollaramounts of support, salaries, costs, etc.

3. Publications: i.e., such things as number of papers, frac-tion of papers, number of books or reports, etc.

4. Miscellaneous: The number of quantities other than thethree types mentioned above, for which numerical data can be given,is of course large. They can be as diverse as "average age,""maximum voltage of accelerators," "time lag between submissionand publication," etc. However, it is not unreasonable to groupall these together in a miscellaneous category, as all such itemstogether seem to constitute a rather less bulky fraction of thematerial of interest to a study such as ours than do the threepreceding categories.

We shall use these four categories as the basis for the organi-zation of our index in Chapter V. Table 1.1 gives some crude in-dicators of the relative bulk of material one is likely to en-counter in each of these categories. The top row of figures re-fers to an extensive bibliography of sources of data about physicsand physicists compiled a few years ago for.the American Institute

1 4

Introduction 1469

of Physics (AIP) by Professor A. L. Harvey.* Here, the numbers

represent the number of documents the principal emphasis of which

is on data of each of the four types. In the other rows of

Table 1.1 the entries represent numbers of figures and tables, the

ordinates or entries of which represent data of each of these types.In sheer bulk, it appears that in all cases data on people are the

most voluminous.

TABLE 1.1 Distribution ofMajor Categories

Data in Various Collections over Four

Number of ItemsPresenting (orEmphasizing) Dataof Each Category

CategoryPeople Money Publications Misc.

Mcuments referred toin the Harvey Reporta

334 73 :15 174

Figures and tabdes in 184 184 40 122

Physics in PerspectiveVols. I, IIA, 11B

This volume, excluding 168 21 29 18

Appendix

aFrom its "Index by Data Category." The numbers add to consider-

ably mure than the 220 documents indexed, because many documents

contain important data of more than one type. The entry L, in the

publications column is a guess based on scanning titles of docu-

ments.

Usually the interest of data of any of these types lies in its

dependence on various auxiliary variables. The important cate-

gories of such variables are the following:

1. Time. It is nearly always of interest to know how any given

quantity has been changing over the years.2. Discipline or type of activity. One may compare physics

with other sciences and subdisciplines of physics with one another

-.or contrast basic research with applied research, with teaching,

etc.

*Harvey, A. L. Statistical Data Resources of Physics and Physi-

cists: An Index. New York, N. Y. :Education and Manpower Divi-sion, American Institute of Physics (Pub. R-228), 1970.

15


3. Geographical or institutional entities. For example, one

may compare different countries with each other, universities withindustrial or government laboratories, research funded by differ-ent agencies, etc.

4. Characteristics of persons. When the dependent variable yis a number of people or a fraction of a population, it can be'presented as a function of various other characteristics or quanti-ties besides the ones just named. Examples are age, sex, posses-

sion of certain degrees, academic rank, etc. Table 1.2 shows the

extent to which each of these various types of independent variablehas been used in the figures and tables of this report and in thoseof the earlier parts of Physics in Perspective.

TABLE 1.2 Frequency of the most Important Types of IndependentVariables in the Figures and Tables of this Report and of theEarlier Volumes of Physics in Perspectivea

Type of IndependentVariable

Physics inPerspectiveVols. I, HA,

This Volume (Exclud-ing Appendix)

IIB

Time 515 235

Discipline or activity:Field of science 449 232

Type of activity 24 23

Geographic or organi-zational:

Geographic region 462 228

Working institution 107 111

Source of support. 64 50

Personal characteris'frs:Age 1'; 23

Degree or rank 112 148

aNumber of figures or tables in which entries for two or more val-

ues of the independent variable are compared.

Data of any of these types can be obtained from a variety ofsources. Many of the data of interest for a study such as ourscan be acquired by consulting tabulations rhat have been preparedby various other organizations, especially those of governmentagencies. We shall discuss some of these sources briefly in Sec-tion 1.2.2. Here, we wish only to classify the means by which theoriginal gathering of a mass of data can be performed. Among themany possible sources of data, three are of particular importancefor the type of material of interest to us:

16

Iftroduction 1471

1. Individuals. Questionnaires filled out by individuals con-stitute an epecially important source; we shall discuss theirutility and limitations presently. Alternatively, one can gatherinformation from individuals by interviewing them in person or byimpersonal observation.

2. Organizations. Organizations, private or governmental,have statistics and records that can be used as data sources eitherby examining them directly or by asking officials of the organiza-tions to fill out questionnaires.

3. The scientific literature. Unlike many other objects ofsocioeconomic_study, a scientific discipline like physics leavesa record of much of its most important activity in the form ofjournal articles and other publications. These are, in turn, col-lected and indexed in the secondary literature. Thus researchjournals, abstract journals, and the like provide an extraordin-arily rich mine from which to extract information on many subjects:for example, who is doing physics where; how different subfieldsand disciplines interrelate; or how much impact certain types ofphysics work have and where it is felt.

Questionnaires deserve a special comment. Those mailed to

random fluctuations are minimized. But., unless they are intelli-gently managed and carry high prestige, the percentage of nonre-spondents is apt to be high, and one must then worry about whetherthe nonresponding population has the same statistical character-istics as the responding population. One should also think of thecost to the nation represented by the expenditure of time requiredfrom those who fill out the questionnaires. For example, it hasbeen estimated that the time invested by respondents in fillingout the forms for the 1970 National Register of Scientific andTechnical Personnel could well have been of the order of $2 mil-lion.* Thus a sensible policy is to use large-scale question-naires sparingly, restricting them to cases like the NationalRegister (unfortunately now discontinued) in which comprehensivedata are of vital importance and in which the prestige, regularity,and good management of the enterprise combine to ensure a highlevel of response. Similar considerations apply, though slightlyless strongly, to comprehensive questionnaires circulated to allorganizations of a given type, for example, to all universityphysics departments. Such questionnaires tend to be more compli-cated than those circulated to individuals, and although the num-ber of recipients is smaller, they are apt to be very busy people.

*Testimony of C. Herring before the Subcommittee on Science, Re-search, and Development, Committee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives, February 29, 1972.

1 7


The loss if they fill out the questionnaire sloppily can be great.

Many types of data can be collected more quickly and efficiently

by sampling techniques. The success of public opioion polls in

this country attests to the effectiveness of such methods for even

quite large-scale surveys.In our work we have made use of existing data sources whenever

possible. The following section is devoted to a be ief discussion

of some of the more important of these. However, we found it neces-

sary to collect a considerable amount of new data. Our philosophy

in doing this, and a list of the major data-gatheriVg projects we

undertook, will be given in Section 1.2.3.

1,2.2 PRINCIPAL OLDER SOURCES

We have mentioned briefly the Harvey Report,* a rather cornprehen-

sive and quite useful bibliography of sources of Osca about physics.

This report, prepared at the AIP during 1969, with Che supp ort of

the National Science Foundation (NSF), describes soMe 220 documents,

issued by government agencies, learned societies, slid other groups

in the United States since 1960, plus a few foreigo items or items

of earlier date that are of particular value. The coverage is in-

tended to be fairly exhaustive for manpower, educational, and fund-

ing data assembled in this country in the 1960s. As we have seen

in Table 1.1, however, coverage of data on publications was appar-

ently not attempted. Practically all the documents referenced are

available in the files of the AIP. The report also lists a number

of earlier indexes and bibliographies.Having directed the reader to a fairly complete source of infor-

mation about earlier collections of data, we may oow limit our men-

tion of particular collections of data to a few tb0- proven

especially useful for the work of the Physics SurveY Committee.

We shall group these according to type of source ga::::tion.

Government Documents. Since the early 1950(s, che NSF has is-

sued annually FederaZ Funds for Research, Develop-7160, and Other

Scientific Activities. Obligations incurred by the various federal

agencies for the support of basic research, applied research, and

development in the various fields of science and eote7tralm are

listed for each of three consecutive fiscal years,these being.represented by the budget submitted to Congress but not

yet passed. The degree of detail provided can be PidicaCed by the

following remarks: Some data are given only for 'physical scienc:..s,"

others for a finer subdivision, in which physics is broken down into

four subfields; performers of the work are separated into intramural

government organizations, industrial organizations, federally funded

research and development centers, colleges and universities, non-

profit organizations, and foreign organizations; 4y for the funding

entities, several subagencies are listed for the DePertments of

Defense and Health, Education, and Welfare and other large depart-

ments, although the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the NSF, and

others are not subdivided. Although valuable as a general guide

Harvey, A. L., op. cit.

1 8

Introduction 1473

to the pattern of government support, this publication has a numberof limitations that should be borne in mind. The separation intobasic research, applied research, and development is based on themotivation for Ihe work being pursued; the distinctions are neces-sarily somewhat ambiguous and may be interpreted differently bydifferent agencies when they report their figures to the NSF. (In

Section 111.1.1 we shall present our philosophy on the separationof "research" from "nonresearch.") The subdivision of physics isnot as detailed as was needed for the work of the Physics SurveyCommittee. Most serious of all is that there is no effective super-vision of the judgments made by the different agencies in reportingtheir figures. We shall see in Section 111.2.2 that a quite unrea-sonable picture can sometimes result from taking the figures attheir face value.

Another important publication of the NSF, biennial until 1971,has been American Science Manpower. This was a tabulation of datacollected by the National Register of Scientific and Technical Per-sonnel. In its detailed tables, scientists are divided by disci-pline (physics, chemistry, etc.), and occasionally by subdiscipline(acoustics, nuclear physics, etc.). For each discipline, scien-tists are further subdivided according to the most important pairsof the variables age, highest degree, employment status, type ofemployer, primary work activity, years of professional experience,major subject of highest degree. Extensive data are also given onmedian salaries, Peographical distribution, number receiving feder-al support, and ew other characteristics. The only shortcomingsof this compilation for our purposes are that since it covers somany disciplines it cannot give as much information about physicsas was needed for the work of the Physics Survey Committee. More-over, the subfields used although comparable in size with those ofthe Physics Survey Panels are not identical with them.

A third publication of the NSF is the annual National ScienceFoundation Grants and Awards, which lists, by field of science,state, institution, and principal investigator, the titles, dura-tions, and dollar amounts of all grants and awards for researchand other science-related activities. Some totals appear in the

NSF's internal Databook.Similar to this publication is the quarterly one, NASA's Univer-

sity Program, issued by the Office of University Affairs of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Here again,

titles, institutions, principal investigators, durations, and a-mounts are given for all grants or contracts supported by NASA in

universities. The different disciplines are separated, as are thedifferent NASA subagencies responsible for funding.

The AEC issues annually A Statistical Summary of the AysicalResearch Program, which gives data on manpower, publications, andfunding for work in federally funded research and development cen-ters, educational institutions, research institutes, and industrial

laboratories. The data are subdivided according to eight AEC dis-cipline categories, and various other statistics are given.

Although their data are rarely broken down to as fine a special-ty as physics, the compilations of the Bureau of Labor Statistics

are of especial interest in that they are obtained by intensive

1 9

1474 PHYSICS IN PERSPECTTVE

surveys of the civilian economy and are independent of such common-ly used other sources as the National Register. Of particular in-

terest in connection with demand extrapolations is their bulletin1648, PhD Scientists and Engineers in Private Industry 1968-8(y.

Publications of the American Institute of Physics. The PhysicsManpower series, published every few years by the AIP, provides aconvenient assemblage of statistics from the National Register,U.S. Office of Education, National Education Association, and othersources, most notably the data collected by AIP from physics depart-ments throughout the country. Over half is devoted to physics edu-

cation. Data on employment of physicists are broken down by salary,work activity, type of employer, highest degree, age, and subfields,

much as in American Science Manpower. However, the data on physics

are much more accessible and are often presented in graphical form.

The annual Directory of Physics and Astronomy Faculties listsall North American colleges and universities, with the names andranks of all faculty members in physics, applied physics, and astron-

omy departments. This infc=mation is obtained by direct contact

with the departments involved.The AIP has also issued some useful studies of the literature of

physics, most of which are not indexed in the Harvey Report. Two

studies of particular value are Journal Literature Covered by

Physics Abstracts in 1965, by S. Keenan and F. G. Brickwedde (Re-port ID 68-1, 1968) and Institutional Producers of Physics Research,

by M. Cooper and H. M. Watterson (Report ID 69-3, 1969).Publications of the NationaZ Academy of Sciences-National Re-

search Council. The Office of Scientific Personnel 9f the NationalResearch Council maintains a Doctorate Records File containing de-

tailed information gathered, with the cooperation of graduateschools throughout the country, from essentially all recipients ofdoctorates in the United States. Extensive data from this file

have been presented in Doctorate Recipients from United States Uni-

versities 1958-1966 (NAS publication 1489, 1967) and in supple-mental yearly summaries issued since. Geographic and institutional

distributions are given in considerable detail. Although most oY

the data are broken down only into major disciplines (i.e., physics,

chemistry, earth sciences), some 14 subfields of physics, unfortu-nately not identical with those of the panels of the Physics Sur-

vey Committee, are separated in the totals. Of particular interest

is the inclusion of information on initial postdoctoral employment.

A study directed especially to this subject is EMployment of New

PhD's and Post-Doctorcas in 1971 (Report OSP-MS-5, 1971). This

study was based on rather detailed special questionnaires sent to

academic departments.A number of extensive studies have been made by the Office of

Scientific Personnel based on questionnaires to samples drawn from

known doctorate recipients of past years and designed to explore

the subsequent development of their careers. These studies report

extensive data on geographical migration, salaries, types of em-

ployment, and the like. However, discipline specialization of the

data is usually not on a fine scale, and many figures are reported

only for "physical sciences."

2 0

Introduction 1475

Two studies, similar in nature to that of the Physics SurveyCommittee and in closely related fields, have been in progress al-most simultaneously with ours, and each has also made use of a datapanel. One is that of the Astronomy Survey Committee, whose datagathering is described in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1970's:Volume 2, Reports of the Panels, Chapter 9 (NAS, 1973). The other

is that of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and En-gineering, whose Summary Report is to be published shortly by NAS,and whose subsequent detailed report is expected to contain an ex-tensive section on manpower, funding, and literature data for thematerials field.

Miscellaneous Sources. The Organization for Economic Coopera-tion and Development (OECD), whose membership consists of most ofthe nations of Western Europe plus Japan, Canada, and the UnitedStates, has prepared a series of Reviews of National Science Policy,which surveys science and technology in various leading member andnonmember countries. Although the data are nearly all from offi-cial or other public sources, and are xarely specialized to as finea scale as phYsics, they are sometimes discussed with useful criti-

cal insight. The studies are also of value simply because they tryto discuss many countries from a unified point of view. The OECD

has also issued a series of Statistical Tables and Notes on re-search and development in meffiber countries that contains much in-formation on manpower, funding, and organizations in the govern-mental, industrial, educational, and nonprofit sector of the var-

ious countries. Further valuable studies on international migra-tion of scientists and engineers have been conducted.

In the discussion of material from the AIP we mentioned thatstatistics on publications in physics provide valuable indicatorsof the scale and distribution of research and the interrelationshipof different geographic and intellectual areas. Without namingfurther data sources specifically, we would like to stress herethe utility of many data that can be found in the documentation

literature. Among the organizations that have sponsored usefulcollections of such data special mention should be made of the Ab-stracting Board orthe International Council of Scientific Unions.

1.2.3 NEW DATA GATHERING PROJECTS

The sources of data discussed in the preceding section, thoughextensive and useful, failed to answer many questions that were ofinterest to the Physics Survey Committee. Manpower and fundingdata, even when broken down according to subfields of physics, havenot been available for subfields as finely subdivided and as clear-

ly defined as was needed. As we noted in Section 1.2.2, fundingdata from government agencies have been particularly ambiguous;this ambiguity is clearly apparent, for example, in the Pake Re-

port.* There have been almost no quantitative data on the support

rtPhueics: Survey and Outlook (NAS-NRC, 1966).

2 1


of physics research in industrial laboratories or on the output ofthese laboratories to the physics literature. The resources in-vested by universities from their own funds in the physics researchenterprise have also been inadequately investigated. And one canthink of a host of small but intriguing questions on the sociologyof physics to which none of the previously available sources sup-plies answers. Although the resources and abilities of the DataPanel were far too limited for it to attempt to fill all these gaps,there obviously were many useful things that it could do.

In Section 1.2.1 we mentioned some of the disadvantages of large-scale questionnaires. We decided not to attempt to gather informa-tion from the physics community in this way. It was clear, however,that a rich mine of potential data existed in the tapes on whichthe complete store of replies to the National Register question-naires were recorded. In addition to the obvious possibility ofobtaining more detailed tabulations and cross-correlations of datapertaining to physicists than had previously been published, thetapes offered possibilities for obtaining entirely new types ofinformation. As described in more detail in Section 11.1.1, thereplies on specialty of present employment and on additional spe-cialties of competence afford a wealth of information on the close-ness of different specialties to one another, or their remoteness,and provide a tool for fairly objective separation of physicistsand their specialties into groupings corresponding to major sub-fields of physics, for example, the subfields to which the variouspanels of the Physics Survey Committee were assigned. In addition,the tapes for different years have been used to generate longitu-dinal files in which data from the same respondent, if he has an-swered questionnaires in a succession of years, are collected,and changes in employment, specialty, salary, and the like can bestudied statistically. (Respondents, of course, remain individual-ly anonymous.) It was decided, therefore, to examine the Registertapes in considerable detail and to make a small-scale study ofthe available longitudinal files.

Only one other data-gathering project of a comprehensive naturewas undertaken. This was a survey of the records of the principalagencies of the federal government responsible for the support ofphysics research, to isolate the amounts of such support and allo-cate it to the various subfields of physics, as defined by the do-mains of the various panels of the Physics Survey. This study wasdone through the courtesy of officials in the agencies involved,who worked in close collaboration with the Staff Scientist of theData Panel, to ensure uniformity of definitions from one agency toanother. However, not all agencies could be studied adequately,and, as we shall see in Section 111.2, a great deal of intelligentguesswork fortified by a variety of auxiliary studies was requiredto round out the funding picture.

The most important of the remaining projects undertaken by theData Panel were sampling studies of one kind or another. Most ofthe questions encountered were of such nature that an approximateanswer would be enormously better than no answer at all anclthat ahighly exact answer was almost impossible to define. The speed and

2 2

Introduction 1477

convenience of sampling studies therefore make them especially at-tractive, the more so since with this approach it is often possibleto reformulate a question after the study has begun.

The most extensive sampling study undertaken was an article-by-article survey of about 4500 articles randomly selected fromentries in Physics Abstracts. This survey was designed to revealthe distribution of physics research activity, as it is manifestedin publication, among different countries, different types of in-stitutions, and the different subfields of physics. As the Surveyprogressed, we became increasingly convinced that the literatureof a science like physics is the best possible indicator of whatcan be called research activity. The British physicst, J. M.Ziman, has pointed out in a perspicacious little book* that whatgives science its power and distinguishes it from many other worth-while human activities is the wide dissemination of new resultsthroughout the scientific community, followed by extensive criti-cism, leading to ultimate consensus. Thus, as we describe atgreater length in Section 111.1.1, we believe that it is possibleto make a fairly clear distinction between "research" and "non-research" but that the distinction between basic and applied re-search is necessarily exceedingly fuzzy. In the studies of feder-al funding mentioned previously, and the studies of other types offunding to be discussed in subsequent sections, we therefore en-deavored to isolate the funding of activities leading to publish-able results. As we shall see in Chapter III it is useful to havethe opportunity to check the general consistency of the findingsof investigations of funding with those of studies of the literature.

Studies of industrial and university funding of research andother characteristics of physics research in these two environ-ments necessitated obtaining data from some of the organizationsinvolved. The data needed were not always easy for these organi-zations to supply, and we were conscious of how painful would bethe demands on the time of anyone to whom we addressed inquiries.Fortunately; we were able to select small samples of institutionsof both types, which at the same time were adequately representa-tive of the diversity of the national populations, yet were repre-sented by persons to whom we could appeal for help by use of closepersonal contacts. This procedure ensured a high percentage ofconscientious responses. We wish to express our profound grati-tude to the representatives of these organizations who were willingto devote so much time to make our projects successful.

A number of smaller studies of samples of people, documents,or merely data from government publications were made. These,some of which will be discussed at appropriate places throughoutthe report, often proved helpful in filling in our picture of thefunctioning of some part of the physics community.

Ziman, J. M. PUblic Knowledge: The Social Dimension of Science.Cambridge University Press, 1968.

2, ,r3

II

MANPOWERDATA

11.1 Studies Based on the National Register and Other NationwideSources

11.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF SCIENTIFIC ANDTECHNICAL PERSONNEL

Much of the information on manpower in Physics in Perspective, andparticularly in Parts 11.1.2 and 11.1.3 below, was based on datafrom the NSF National Register of Scientific and Technical Person-

nel. Therefore, a detailed discussion and evaluation of this ma-jor data source seems in order.

From the mid-1950's until 1970, the NSF conducted a series ofbionnial questionnaire surveys called the National Register ofScientific and Technical Personnel. The various scientific soci-eties-in physics, the AIP-were responsible for identifying the spe-cialties that comprised their fields, setting criteria for inclu-=sion, and collecting the data. Statistical tables of data from

these surveys; for a wide variety of sciences, were then regularlypublished in the NSF's American Science Manpower series.

The Register was in two respects unique. First, it was designedto be a complete survey of manpower in various sciences rather than

a sampling operation. Second, unlike the surveys of the Bureau ofLabor Statistics and other NSF surveys, it was directed to the in-dividual scientist rather than to his employing institution. The

uniqueness of this data source increases the difficulty of measur-ing its reliability.

The Physics Survey depended heavily on National Register data

for several reasons. Most sources presented data on physical sci-ences, sometimes with a further breakdown for physics as a whole;

the National Register was one of the few sources in which physics

1478

2 4

Manpower Data 1479

was subdivided into specialties. Since the Physics Survey was asconcerned with the subfields of physics as with the overall field,this feature was most useful. Second, because the Register hadbeen a continuous operation throughout the 1960's, comparative da-ta over time could be derived. Finally, both current (1970) andpast comparative data from the Register were available on computertape. This availability on tape was particularly valuable, because,as a result, data analysis was not limited to published definitions,categories, and table layouts. Register subfields could be rede-fined to fit more closely the scope of the subfield panels of thePhysics Survey.- Categories such as employer type could be revisedto show separately the federally funded research and developmentcenters,major employers of physicists. Work activity groupingscould be redefined so that categories of no relevance to physicswere eliminated. Data could also be made more nearly comparableover time. Working directly with the Register computer tapes per-mitted a flexibility seldom possible with other data sources.

Although Register data have many advantages, problems occur intheir interpretation. To deal with the numbers presented, the userneeds to know how representative they are and the nature of anybiases. In the following subsections we shall consider severalpoints relating to the opportunities and limitations presented bythe Register and our use of it.

11.1.1.1 Adequacy of Coverage

A basic question one should ask about the Register data is: Howcompletely do they cover, physicists? Professional societies iden-tify the groups of scientists who are to receive their question-naires. Thus scientists who are not known to a society are not in-

cluded. In the case of physics, this source of error is probablyrelatively small, for the AIP attempts to identify and include inthe survey physicists who are known from a variety of sourceseven though they are not members of one of the AIP societies. Cov-erage also is incomplete to the extent that persons receiving thequestionnaire fail to fill it out and return it.

Completeness of coverage is probably most useful in the case ofdoctoral scientists. They are almost automatically included in any

count of scientific personnel. At lower educational levels thedefinition of a scientist is less clearcut and varies widely amongsocieties and sources. The AIP's criterion for inclusion as aphysicist was anyone with an advanced degree in physics or a bac-calaureate in physics plus two years of professional experience inphysics or an equivalent background. It is difficult to estimatethe size of such a population.

Perhaps the most exhaustive attempt to assess Register coverageof doctorates was that of the Commission on Human Resources andHigher Education.* The Commission based its study on a comparisonof the Doctorate Records File (maintained by the National Academy

*Folger, J.K., H.S. Astin, and A.E. Bayer. Human Resources and

Higher Education. New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970.

2 5


of Sciences Office of Scientific Personnel) and the National Reg-ister. Information for the Doctorate Records File is obtained di-rectly from universities and supplemented by a questionnaire to befilled out by the graduate. The File is believed to include 99percent of all the doctorates awarded in the United States. TheCommission attempted to identify by name in the 1964 National Reg-ister all persons who received a science doctorate in the UnitedStates between 1957 and 1962. A number of auxiliary studies wereconducted to correct for deaths and immigration and emigration.The basic datum sought was the number recorded in the DoctorateRecord File as having a U.S. baccalaureate and doctoral degree whoappeared also in the National Rer;ister. Possession of a U.S. bacca-laureate degree was interpreted de-evidence that the individualwas a permanent resident of the United States and would seek em-ployment in this country. The Commission found that 78 percent ofthe physics doctorate recipients appeared in the 1964 NationalRegister; therefore, this number could be used as an estimate ofcoverage of the Register in physics. A lower coverage was estimatedfor most other scientific disciplines.

How important is completeness of coverage? If no bias in cover-age exists, that is to say, if nonrespondents are similar to re-spondents, figures can be inflated to the proper expected total byusing the inverse of the rate of no response. In the mid-1960'sthe NSF conducted a special survey of nonrespondents and found fewdifferences from respondents on major variables such as level ofdegree and type of employer.

The National Register, therefore, appears to have been, forphysics, a relatively complete and unbiased source of informationon manpower. However, in attempting to compare data in a particu-lar Register with another source or with Registers of earlieryears, problems still exist. Such problems result principallyfrom variation in basic definitions. One cannot use Register orother data without clearly understanding what they relate to. Afew examples illuscrate problems related to coverage and defini-tions and show the need for caution in the interpretation of data.

As a first example, we compare physics and astronomy facultymembers included in the National Register and in the AIP's annualDirectory of Physics and Astronomy FacuZties. The Register reportsnumbers of faculty members by self-reported faculty rank. The AIPindependently obtains actual name listings from the heads of col-lege and university physics departments for inclusion in the Direc-tory of Physics and Astronomy FacuZties, which is probably a morenearly complete and valid source, at least for regular faculty.Table 11.1 presents the results of this comparison.

The second row in Table 11.1 shows the number of faculty ineach academic rank reported by the AIP for the 1966-1967 academicyear. The first row shows the numbers reported in American ScienceManpower 1966. Since most physics departments were growing at thistime and AIP figures for 1966-1967 represent data for a later datethan those of American Science Manpower, data for 1968 from thissource are shown in the third row. In the three professorial ranksthe mean of the numbers reported in American Science Manpower forthe two years is between 78 percent and 83 percent of the number

26

Manpower Data 1481

TABLE 11.1 Number of Faculty Members by Rank

Source Prof. Assoc. Prof. Asst. Prof. Instructor Other

ASMa

1966A1P

b1966-1967

ASMa

1968

169124492128

132218301713

183226862345

7931389757

1056641

1057

aAmerican Science Manpower.bPhysics Manpower 1969 (American Institute of Physics, New York,1969).

reported by A1P, or slightly higher than the 78 percent Registercoverage reported for physics PhD's by the Commission on HumanResources and Higher Education.

In the two lower ranks, however, discrepancies appear. If theInstructor and Other categories are added, the National Registercoverage for them appears to be 90 percent of that of A1P. If

the figures are inflated by the factor used previously, the re-sult suggests that the Register is including approximately 260more faculty members in the lower ranks than the AIP, a 13 percentoverinclusion. The difference results primarily from a differencein definition between the individual and department head. Appar-ently some individuals in lower ranks considered themselves (orwere considered by the Register) faculty members, although depart-ment heads did not define them as such. The breakdown at lowerfaculty ranks varies even more. Individuals are more restrictivein defining themselves as instructors than are department heads.For the user of Register data,.these findings suggest that lowerfaculty ranks are probably overrepresented and that any break-down of lower faculty ranks should be treated with extreme cautionas academic rank at these levels has not been standardized.

The attempt to examine the growth of a borderline subfield ofphysics that includes many nonphysicists, such as acoustics, pro-vides another example of the effect of varying definitions, asTable 11.2 shows.

According to the Register data, the population of acoustics,with some peculiar fluctuations, has been virtually stable. How-ever, membership directories of the Acoustical Society of Americaand publications in its journal show growth. Membership increasedby more than 50 percent in the nine-year period, and publicationsby almost 90 percent.

Has the Register missed physicists in acoustics? To answer thisquestion is difficult, because the Acoustical Society has notcollected data on the educational and employment background oftheir members. A general feeling, substantiated by a more recentsurvey, is that the Society's membership is exceedingly diverse,consisting of physicists, engineers, psychologists, and a varietyof other scientists. Although complete figures on these groups arenot known for the years indicated in Table 11.2, probably morethan half of those who are identified with acoustics are fromdisciplines other than physics.

2 7


TABLE 11.2 Growth of Acoustics

Year ASMa

ASAb

Membership Pages Published in JASAC

1960 1260 2782 17811962 1454 3301 20791964 1381 3735 25251966 1261 4007 29791968 1296 4403 3369

aIn American Science Manpower series, scientists indicating first

Fompetence (1960-1966) or present work experience (1968) in acoustics.Acoustical Society of America.

cJournal of the Acoustical Society of America.

ClearLy, as Table 11.2 shows, acoustics has been growing; how-ever, growth rates by discipline may differ. The physics componentof acoustics has apparently remained approximately stable, whereasthe other components-engineering, psychology, and the like-haveincreased.

As a third example, physicists employed in industry are shownin Table 11.3, which is based in part on figures collected by theNSF and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.*

TABLE 11.3 Numbers of Physicists (Thousands) Employed in U.S.Industrial Organizations

Year American Science Manpower NSF-BLS Survey

1960 8.6 12.51962 9.8 14.01964 9.0 15.61966 8.3 16.2

According to the National Register, the number of physicistsin industry remained stable during the years indicated. However,the figures in the third column of the table show fairly substan-tial growth. The problem again stems from definitions. The Regis-ter obtains information from individuals and sets clear criteriafor who is and is not a physicist; the NSF-BLS survey obtains in-formation from employers and leaves the categorization of individu-als to them. Anyone to whom an employer gives the title of physi-cist is recorded as such, regardless of his background education

*Employment of Scientists and Engineers in the United States.Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation and Bureau ofLabor Statistics, 1968.

2 8

Manpower Data 1483

and training. With so loose a definition, inflated figures mightbe expected; but the problem is even greater, for there is no wayof knowing how such loose definitions change with time. During aperiod of increasing demand, such as the early 1960's, there couldwell be an increasing number of employer-defined physicist posi-tions but little change in the number of AIP-defined physicists soemployed. The additional positions could have been filled by engi-neers and technicians. It must be remembered that while industrialdemand was growing in the early 1960's so, too, was academic de-mand, and academia usually has been the preferred home of physi-cists.

These examples and comparisons indicate not that one source isgood, another bad, but rather that each is measuring somewhat dif-ferent phenomena. If, for example, one wanted to examine the num-ber of physics faculty members by the strict standard of the de-partment chairman, one would use the faculty directory; if onewas studying the number of physicists employed by universities,the National Register could be used, with the necessary inflationfactor. If one was interested in the growth of acoustics, broadlydefined, one would use the Acoustical Society membership or publi-cation figures. If one needed information on the change in thephysics component of acoustics, the National Register would be theappropriate source. And if one was concerned with the change inphysics positions in industry, as defined by employers, the NSF-BLS statistics would suffice. Changing participation of physicistsin industry would be shown by Register data. Comparisons of datasources can lead to useful hypotheses, for example, about the com-ponents of growth in acoustics, but cannot be taken at face valueas indications of data source deficienc.ies, for the sources oftencannot be equated.

With this background on advantages and problems in the use ofRegister data, we will look next at the way in which the Data Panelused these data and at some additional problems related to theirinterpretation.

11.1.1.2 Cross-Sectional Studies

Most of the manpower data used in the Physics Survey came from the1964, 1968, and 1970 Register computer tapes. The American ScienceManpower series provided data for other years, and AIP student.surveys were useful for obtaining data on physics baccalaureates,graduate students, and new PhD's. The 1970 Register data were themost current available at the time of the Physics Survey. Datafrom 1964 and 1968 were used for comparative purposes to examinechanges during the late 1960s.

A layout of the major analyses needed for these years was de-veloped. The tabulations decided on will be described in Section11.1.2; they are summarized there in Table 11.4. The totality oftabulations for the three years runs into the thousands. Many ofthese tabulations were used by the Data Panel in developing specif-ic analyses. A selection oE tables considered of greatest interestwere reproduced from computer printouts and appear in Appendix A.

2 9


Additional tables are available at the NAS or the AIP to qualified

persons for research purposes.

11.1.1.3 Mapping the Subfields of Physics

The collection of data on the physics population was the centraltask of the Data Panel; however, the Panel recognized that dataon the various subfields would also be most useful. Such data

could provide information not previously available on the unityand diversity of physics.

A major problem of the Data Panel was the allocation of themany categories and specialties of the National Register amongthe 11 subfields established for the Physics Survey. The Registerdata contained 19 major physics categories and 236 detailed physicsspecialties in addition to several specialties in other sciencesthat could be defined as interdisciplinary areas or interfaces withphysics.

Using the 1968 Register data (available at the start of the Sur-vey), two panelists assigned Register categories and specialtiesto the various subfield panels. Many of the specialties were clear-

ly appropriate to particular panels. Others were less easily as-signed. For example, where did electronics or health physics be-long? A number of Register specialty groups appeared to be direct-ly related to several subfields. How to allocate these in the mostmeaningful way was a major question.

The initial step in the procedure finally adopted was to iden-tify the_specialties that were clearly related to each of thePhysics Survey panels. These groups were later termed Panels Prop-er. The next step was to identify single or groups of specialties

that could be considered borderline cases. These specialties mightbe related to several panels. Thirty-six of these borderline groupswere developed. Initially Herring and Keyes examined each of these

and made an educated guess as to what their allocation should be-what proportion of the practitioners of a particular borderlinegroup, for example, should be assigned to condensed matter, optics,

and so on. However, when this task was completed there was a cer-tain degree of dissatisfaction with this subjective allocation of

relatively unknown groups. At this point it was decided that ele-ments in the Register questionnaire might be used to develop amore objective and consistent method of allocation for these 36

borderline cases.The Register questionnaire included both a question on special-

ty of present work activity and one on specialties of additionalcompetence. It was thought that individuals whose *specialties ofpresent work activity were among the borderline groups would havea majority of their specialties of competence either in the border-

line group or in the appropriate Panels Proper.On the basis of this assumption all borderline groups (that is,

individuals indicating one of the borderline groups as specialtyof present work activity) were sorted in terms of specialties ofadditional competence, including both Panels Proper and borderlinegroups. For example, individuals currently working in electronics

were examined to determine the specialties of additional compe-

3 0

Manpower Data 1485

tence; some indicated other electronics specialties, and othersone of the Panels Proper, such as condensed matter. (Initially dis-tributions on first and additional specialties of competence wereexamined separately; however, comparisons showed that second, third,and fourth competences were merely reflections of the first. De-terminations were then made on the basis of specialties of firstcompetence.)

Allocations were based on the percentage distributions of com-petence responses. If examination showed that an overwhelming pro-portion of competence responses were to a single Panel Proper,then this specialty or group of specialties was assigned to thatPanel Proper. In most instances, a split allocation was indicated-50 percent condensed matter, 50 percent nuclear physics, or 25percent optics and 75 percent atomic, molecular, and electronphysics.

Whether this was the best way to deal with borderline cases isopen to question. Many of the borderline groups were eventuallyassigned to the same panels as they had been with the earlier sub-jective judgment procedure. Subjective re-examination showed dif-ferences when they occurred to be consistent, if not expected.

Appendix .8 shows the allocation of 1968 Register specialtiesamong subfield panels. Those that were allocated by means of theanalysis of borderline groups are listed at the end of each sub-field section. The remaining specialties that did not clearly fitinto Survey Panels were combined into a miscellaneous category.This category included a large number of people whose specialtywas physics teaching, others with specialties outside physics inchemistry, engineering, or computer science, and a few that couldnot be classified. The fractions following each overlap group in-dicate the proportion allocated to a particular subfield.

The Data Panel believed that this method of specialty alloca-tion, although not perfect, was the most objective and consistentresponse then available to the problem of defining physicists andtheir subfields, which has always presented difficulties. We shalldiscuss the analogous problem of classifying the literature ofphysics in Section IV.1.1.

11.1.1.4 Other Problems of Definition

A few additional problems among the data for the 1964, 1968, and1970 Registers can be briefly summarized.

1. Increased coverage between 1964 and 1970 could be expected,although for physics this factor should have little effect as pro-cedures did not undergo major change. In making comparisons, theincreased coverage would imply a slight exaggeration in figures ongrowth.

2. Questions dealing with competence varied slightly between1964 and 1970; further, in data collected from the Register tapesthe Data Panel used specialty of present work activity, whereastables from American Science Mcznpower used data on specialty offirst competence.

3 1


3. In the three years examined, the Data Panel treated .cderal-

ly funded research anddevelopment centers as a special category;

published material from American Science Manpower distributed these

institutions according to administrative groups, such as university

or industry, rather than presenting a separate tabulation.

In comparing Register data with other sources it is often

necessary to examine the exact phrasing of the questions; therefore,

to aLd in such comparisons Appendix A includes copies of the 1964,

1968, and 1970 Register questionnaires.

11.1.1.5 Longitudinca Studics

In addition to cross-sectional studies, several longitudinal

studies based on two longitudinal files were conducted. The first

of these fides, referred to as the 1960-1966 Longitudinal File,

was developed from Register tapes by Robert McGinnis of the De-

partment of Sociology, Cornell University, with the cooperation of

the NAS. The Data Panel used information from this file on all

PhD's who responded to all three Register surveys in this interval

and who were defined by ALP as physicists in 1964. The data ob-

tained showed mobility among subfields of physics, between physics

and other sciences, among types of employers, among work activities,

and among regions of the United States and other countries. (These

relatively complex tables are available at the AIP to qualified

researchers.)In addition,the Data Panel worked with data on AIP-defined

physicists, both PhD and non-PhD, from a 1968-1970 longitudinal

file developed from Register surveys for these two years. The

groups considered were

1. Physicists responding to both surveys who were PhD's (or

non-PhD's) in both years2. Physicists responding to both surveys who were non-PhD's

in 1968 but PhD's in 19703. Physicists responding only to the 1968 survey

4. Physicists responding only to the 1970 survey

Analyses of data on the first two groups showed patterns of

mobility among subfields, types of employers, work activities,

and geographic areas. Further analyses of the second group also

showed how new PhD's differed from other PhD respondents. The

third group was studied to determine the characteristics of indi-

viduals who responded in 1968 but not in 1970. This type of analy-

sis gives insight into the nature of the nonrespondent group.

Analyses of the fourth group yielded information on characteristics

of new respondents-whether they were older physicists who had

failed to respond in 1968 or new entrants to the field.

A few definitional problems occur when comparing longitudinal

with cross-sectional data. First, correlating 1964 specialties with

3 0

Manpower Data 1487

those of 1968 and 1970 had presented some difficulties, which weregreatly increased by additionally correlating those of 1960, 1962,and 1966. Neither specialty categories nor physics remained thesame during this interval. Further, between 1960 and 1970 the point

of reference of specialties changed. From 1964 on, specialties ofpresent work experience were included on the questionnaire in addi-tion to specialties of competence. As a result of these variations,subfield mobility based on current work specialization can be dis-cussed only for the 1964-1966 and 1968-1970 intervals. Care mustbe exercised in the interpretation of data on mobility for theother years, for change in specialty of competence is differentfrom change in specialty of employment. Changes in definitions oftypes of employers also occurred over the years, especially in re-gard to federally funded research and development centers. Thedata for 1964-1966 and 1968-1970 again appear to be the most con-sistent. Finally, none of the Register surveys made provision forthe heavily university-based postdoctoral group. Consequently,when examining mobility from the university to other work environ-ments, it is difficult to determine the number who are departingpostdoctorates and those who are leaving regular positions. Thepostdoctoral group greatly proliferated in the late 1960's, whichincreases the difficulty of interpreting and fully evaluating themovement from the universities in the two time intervals.

Some of these problems were handled through age subclassifica-tion. This technique does not completely solve the problem of dis-crepancies but does throw light on major patterns.

As this and other portions of Physics In Perspective show, care-ful understanding and manipulation of a data source can produceuseful analyses many steps beyond a simple tabular layout of rawfigures. It is hoped that this effort will stimulate and guidefurther analyses of Register and other data.

11.1.2 TABULATIONS FROM THE PHYSICS PORTION OF THE NATIONAL

REGISTER

Through the courtesy of the NSF, extensive analyses were made,first, of the 1968 National Register computer tapes, then extendedto 1964, and, when the returns from the 1970 questionnaires be-came available, to that year also. Studying but one field--physics--we were able to make much more detailed tabulations and cross-correlations than those published biennially for the totality ofscience in American Science Manpower. Moreover, having grouped thespecialties into the various subfields corresponding to panels ofthe Physics Survey Committee and the Astronomy Survey Committee,we were able to break the tabulations down by subfield wheneverthis seemed desirable. Such a breakdown is, of course, not avail-able in American Science Manpower.

The wealth of possible subdivisions and correlations in thedata can be appreciated from an examination of the National Regis-ter questionnaire, which is reproduced, in its 1964, 1968, and

1970 versions, in Appendix A. The 1964 and 1968 questionnaires

3 3


were almost identical in regard to all the entries used for ourtabulations, but there were some minor differences:

1. The wording of the question on professional identification(8 on the 1970 form) has varied slightly.

2. The questions on student and employment status (7 and 9 onthe 1970 form) were a single question on the 1964 form.

3. Although all three questionnaires had a question on thespecialty closest to present employment (13 on the 1970 form), thewording of the question on additional competence (18 on the 1970form) has varied. In 1964 and 1970, the four specialties ofgreatest competence were requested; in 1968, four specialtiesother than the one closest to present employment were requested.

4. The alternatives offered for present principal employer (11on the 1970 form) have varied slightly, as have the alternativesfor first and second most important activity (12 on the 1970 form).

5. Academic rank (10 on the 1970 form) was not included on the

1964 form.6. The 1970 questionnaire allowed responding physicists to iden-

tify themselves as theorists, experimentalists, or both.

With the possible exception of the slight difference in theidentification of areas of additional competence on the 1968 form,these variations in the questionnaire were all sufficiently minorthat it was possible to prepare tabulations that would be compar-able for different years. These were obtained in the form of ta-bles, with rows corresponding to possible alternative answers tosome one question, columns to alternative answers to some otherquestion; a selection according to answers to a third question, afourth, and so on could be made simply by preparing many tables,one for each combination of the latter answers. Except for sometables that were prepared only from the 1970 tapes, the totalityof tables developed for the three years is described, in a con-densed notatation, in Table 11.4. Here the rows correspond to dif-ferent categories of tables, in the order in which they appear inAppendix A. Each such type of table has its rows and columns cor-responding to the items in the black-bordered boxes. The number ofrows of columns is the number indicated in the black-bordered box,augmented where so indicated by a total (t) or a grouping intoquartiles (Q's). There is one such table for every combination ofthe variables indicated without a black-bordered box. Thus, forexample, there are 3 X 19 X 7 = 399 tables of type 1 for any givenRegister year, one for each combination of a degree status (PhD ornon-PhD Or total), an employment specialty (one of 18 physics andastronomy subfields or total) , and an employer type (one of fivecategories, "no response," or total). Each such table has rowscorresponding to the seven possible types of primary work activity,and "no response" and total, and columns corresponding to the samealternatives for secondary work activity. Where 12 subfields arelisted instead of 18, all subfields of astrOnomy except the border-line field, astrophysics and relativity, have been grouped into one.

A few additional tabulations were made from the 1970 tape.These were (a) subfield of employment by subfield of first compe-

3 4

Manpower Data 1489

tence for theorists, experimentalists, those identifying them-selves as both, and nonrespondents to this question (type 16); (b)employment specialty by age and degree status for these fourgroups (type 17); and (c) employment specialty by professionalidentification and degree status for the same groups (type 18).

Printouts of all these tables are available for study at theNAS. We have made a selection of some of the most interesting ones,which are reproduced in Appendix A. This selection consists of thefollowing:

1. Fourteen tables of type 2 (PhD or non-PhD; only t for sub-field specialty; and 6+t possible answers to the employer typequestions)

2. Twenty-six tables of type 3 (PhD or non-PhD; five employertypes with t for work activity; seven types of work activity witht for employer type; t for all types of work activity and employer)

3. Twelve tables of type 8 (PhD or non-PhD; 5+t employer types;only 5 for subfield of employment)

4. Fourteen tables of type 8 (PhD only; 14 subfields of employ-ment; only t for employer type)

5. Ten tables of type 9 (PhD or non-PhD; four combinations ofsex and student status plus t)

6. Fourteen tables of type 10(14+t subfields of employment;only t for employer type)

7. Two tables of type 11 (PhD or non-PhD; only t for subfieldof employment)

8. Eighteen tables of type 12 (PhD or non-PhD; 81-t answers toquestion on employer type; only t for subfield of employment)

9. One table of type 13 (non-PhD only; only t for subfield ofemployment)

10. Fifteen tables of type 13 (PhD only; 144t subfields ofemployment)

11. Two tables of type 15 (PhD or non-PhD; only t for subfieldof employment)

12. Six tables of type 16 (PhD only; 54t employer types)

TABLE 11.4

Tabulations Available from the 1

Question or Dimension

Table Number and Name

o f. I C 0 z ..... q

-- ..o

a.

Subfield

Specialty

Group

.elru m :,..

E, W W T o .-I 0. E r.4

Work

.by

.9Activity

Maturation

Year

Groups

u u C . ...., 0 Q.

0x

oo

U.3

<4.

1U

..0

0

....1 -,-. m 0 .ii CJ ..0 ,-

M 0

0 ,-

1<

.....

,

...4

m.o

."-'w

ao

-1-1 ..0

"..

u: gle,

eso

Ln-r

iI

+-I

C.

...loc.,

c.yz

-

= a. ,4-1 ° -0 .-1 C

J .-

-.-,

-.4

.0:..

--'

o z c 0 'V 7r4

;b: 4

-b CJI

--.

-c)

g 0

:U :J

.7cs

) :r

s,-

,, co al G 7 5, 0 ,-1 m E :0

, 14 RI

,2 0 31 m Pt1

s 0 0 M 54 L :,-

4.,

,-,

cm

0C . .

5,...

... .

0L

C-1

-.-I

CU

a.-0

4-b

E-0

CJ

ty ..

-. <

CI.

-v.

)0

co44

.-1

4-: 0

.-1

0 - 0 c...) '-,

,>

,M

W'0

mc

E0

-,I

UW

C.1

P...

cs)

1. Work activity

2. Work activity

Employment specialty vs

3. 1st additional competence

4. 2nd additional competence

5. 3rd additional competence

6. 4th additional competence

Work activity

7. By years experience

8. By age

9. Employment status

10. PhD field by activity

11. Academic rank by age

12. Salary vs totil income

13. Citizenship and birth by ag

14. Additional employment

417ny tho 10711

r.1.

...1.

"-4-

-- ..

1-__

-

2+t

18+t

6+t

18+t IMEI

2+t

18+t

6+f

rgrlIBTE-c

7 -t

2+f

12+5

12+t

5 -t

2+t

12+t

1

12+t

2+t

12+t

12+t

2+t

12+t

12+t

2+t

12+t

5+t

I 8+f I

19+r1

2+t

12+t

5+t

184-E-1

Mil

2+t

PhD-112+tf

4+t

p+ti

18+t

5+t

+2+t

id+t

+Q's

2+t

e2+t

12+t

7+t

p+ZI)3+tf

12+t

112+tI

4+t I

2+t _,._

,__

18+t

__, _

6+t

[6+ti

.-

- .

..

so

usaresown separately as well as combined,

Bo the numbers 12-t and 18-t in this column become 14-t and 20-t, respectively.

cNumber of possibilities in these columns varies according to whether the "no

response" category is in-

Not available 1964

cluded.


11.1.3 DATA ON CHARACTERISTICS AND MOBILITY OF PHYSICISTS

Chapters 9 and 12 of Volume 1 of Physics in Perspective describethe flow of physics manpower from initial training to employmentand present data on the employing institutions and work activitiesof physicists in various subfields. The sections that follow sup-plement these data with material on such characteristics as sex,citizenship, employment status, income, and the like and examinein greater depth the way in which physics as a discipline and phys-icists as a community changed during the late 1960's.

11.1.3.1 Demographic Characteristics

11.1.3.1.1 Sex The population of physics is principally male.Females represented approximately 2 percent of the PhD's andslightly more than 5 percent of the non-PhD's in both 1968 and 1970.Table 11.5 shows differences in employment status of male and fe-male physicists in 1968. The main difference relates to part-timeemployment; 1 percent of the males and 12 percent of the femalesare employed part time.

TABLE 11.5 Employment Status by Sex, 1968a'b

Employ-mentStatus

PhD Non-PhDMale Female Male Female

Number % Number % Number % Number %

Fulltime

13,389 97 219 78 10,713 97 428 68

Parttime

129 1 34 12 136 1 67 11

Unem-ployed,seeking

42 6 2 75 1 22 3

Unem-ployed,notseeking

13 11 4 25 104 17

Otherc 230 2 10 4 151 1 7 1

Total 13,803 100 280 100 11,100 100 628 100

cData on nonstudents only.b 1968 data presented because of minor problems in the interpre-

tation of the 1970 data on non-PhD's.

cTncludeR retired and no response to question on employMent status.

A second difference pertains only to non-PhD's. Those who are

not employed and not seeking employment are regarded as outside

3 7


the labor force, at least temporarily. As Table 11.5 shows, 17

percent of the female, non-PhD physicists have dropped out of the

labor force, compared with less than 1 percent of the males. This

finding could result from a lower degree of commitment among non-PhD women physicists, temporary family responsibilities, or lesser

job opportunities.Register data on women physicists also show the following.

1. Women PhD's are more likely to be employed in universities

and colleges and less likely to be employed in industry than are

men.2. Women non-PhD's are more likely than male PhD's to be em-

ployed in secondary schools and junior colleges.3. Women physicists' salaries are lower than those of male

physicists, regardless of type of employer.4. Women physicists less frequently receive government support

than do male physicists.

11.1.3.1.2 Age The median age of PhD physicists in 1970 was 37.4

and that of non-PhD's, 32.9. Table 11.6 shows the age distribution

of physicists. Approximately 50 percent of the PhD's are in the30-39 age group, and about 50 percent of the non-PhD's are in the

25-34 age group.

TABLE 11.6 Age Distribution of PhD's and Non-PhD's, 1970

AgePhD's Non-PhD's

Number Percent Number Percent

24 and under 5 -- 815 4.6

25-29 1808 11.1 5411 30.7

30-34 4467 27.5 3844 21.8

35-39 3188 19.6 2409 13.7

40-44 2494 15.4 1732 9.8

45-49 1953 12.0 1537 8.7

50-54 966 6.0 874 5.0

55-59 631 3.9 548 3.1

60-64 408 2.5 331 1.9

65-69 231 1.4 121 0.7

70 and over 78 0.5 21 0.1

TOTALa 16,229 17,643

aTotal refers to those whose employment was known. There were 19

PhD's and 36 non-PhD's who did not provide data on age.

Because of the heavy influx of new PhD's during the 1960's, the

median age of the PhD group dropped from 38.2 in 1964 to 37.4 in

1970. Table 11.7 shows the change in median age by subfield and

convergence toward the overall median age in 1970. Such cluster-

3 8

Manpowor Data 1493

ing about the median suggests heightened competition within agegroups.

TABLE 11.7 Median Ages of PhD's by Subfield in 1964 and 1970

Subfield 1964 1970 Change

Astrophysics and relativity 34.7 34.7 --

Atomic, molecular,and electron 36.5 35.3 -1.2

Elementary particle 34.1 34.2 +0.1

Nuclear 37.3 37.8 +0.5

Plasma physics and physicsof fluids

36.7 37.0 +0.3

Condensed matter 36.7 36.4 -0.3

Earth and planetary 38.1 37.4 -0.7

Physics in biology 40.6 37.2 -3.4

Optics 40.3 38.7 -1.6

Acoustics 42.2 40.1 -2.1

Astronomy 37.4 35.0 -2.4

Miscellaneous 42.8 41.4 -1.4

All subfields 38.2 37.4 -0.8

in the 1970's the expected decline in new PhD's should resultin a slowly aging community. The now young, heavily academicallybased populations in some subfields will show an increase in aver-age age as academic positions decrease; the currently somewhat old-er, nonacademically based populations might increase slightly innumber and decrease in average age.

11.1.3.1.3 Place of Birth and Citizenship In 1970, 75 percent of

the PhD physicists in the United States were U.S.-born citizens.Approximately half (1700) of those who were foreign born becameU.S. citizens; 1900 retained their foreign citizenship. The number

of PhD physicists who were U.S.-born citizens increased by 50 per-cent between 1964 and 1970; however, the foreign-born PhD physicistpopulation in the United States nearly doubled. The noncitizengroup could be somewhat larger than the figures reported in theNational Register survey, for many who do not become citizens area transient group, often returning to the country of origin, and

such groups are unusually undercounted in surveys.Characteristics of the U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born U.S. citi-

zen, and noncitizen groups vary. Table 11.8 shows the distribution

of these groups by age in 1970. The foreign-born U.S. citizenshave a median age of 43.7 and constitute a relatively high propor-tion of the older 060) age cohorts. In sharp contrast, the non-U.S. citizen group has a median age of 35, with four fifths of themin the 25-39 age range. The decrease in the number of noncitizensin the older age cohorts could result from return migration or nat-uralization.

3 9

TABLE 11.8

Birth and Citizenship Status of PhD's by Age in 1970

Age

Total

Number

Percent

U.S. Born

Citizen

Foreign Born

-

U.S. Citizen

Noncitizen

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

20

00

00

ga.

20-24

5100

120.0

04

80.0

CD

25-29

1,896

100

1,536

81.0

64

3.4

218

11.5

1-.

.e.

%o

.e.

30-34

35-39

40-44

4,537

3,220

2,521

100

100

100

3,498

2,290

1,789

77.1

71.1

71.0

201k

275

367

4.5

8.5

14.6

687

530

286

15.1

16.5

11.3

45-49

1,975

100

1,486

75.2

313

15.8

107

5.4

50-54

982

100

730

74.3

159

16.2

41

4.2

55-59

647

100

483

74.7

126

19.5

15

2.3

60-64

434

100

305

70.3

103

23.7

10

2.3

65-69

296

100

202

68.2

71

24.0

2.7

70-

99

100

69

69.7

22

22.2

33.0

All ages

16,612

100

12,389

74.6

1,704

10.3

1,903

11.5

No response

19

12

31

Median age

37.4

37.0

43.7

34.9

TABLE 11.9

Distribution by Subfield of Citizen and Noncitizen PhD'sa

Foreign-Born

U.S.-Born Citizens

Citizens

Noncitizens

Tota1c

Subfieldb

1964

1968

1970

1964

1968

1970

1964

1968

1970

1964

1968

1970

A&R

78.5%

68.8%

69:8%

10.8%

11.2%

8.6%

10.8%

15.2%

17.6%

65

125

255

AME

75.3

74.7

73.0

13.2

10.3

10.1

11.5

11.8

13.3

660

1004

1102

EP

71.9

67.9

68.3

11.5

9.9

9.9

16.4

18.5

18.4

898

1294

1440

NP

80.9

76.7

74.6

9.6

9.4

9.4

9.4

10.7

12.3

1287

1802

1824

P&Fd

72.8

67.5

68.5

16.0

15.5

15.0

10.7

11.2

13.1

707

931

1118

CM

75.8

72.3

72.6

12.5

11.0

10.3

11.5

12.4

13.3

2748

4107

4235

g.,.

1-

.4,

E&P

PB

74.0

72.9

79.8

76.2

76.1

76.9

11.3

11.5

16.7

11.2

9.4

11.2

14.5

11.5

3.5

7.3

10.1

9.7

311

114

572

206

724

277

Immt

w LaOp

77.0

72.7

74.1

13.0

14.1

11.1

9.7

8.5

10.0

483

752

1110

Ac

80.1

76.5

78.6

14.6

12.8

9.6

5.3

6.7

7.2

226

298

332

Astron

78.0

73.9

75.7

12.1

9.9

10.3

9.8

12.8

10.9

396

710

643

Misc.

84.9

81.1

81.3

10.6

9.7

9.3

4.5

4.9

5.8

2556

2485

3552

Totale

78.3

74.2

74.6

11.9

10.9

10.3

9.6

10.9

11.5

10451

14286

16612

Med. age

38.3

37.5

37.0

41.9

42.9

43.7

34.2

34.2

34.9

aTable presents data for all

ages; data are available by five-year age cohorts.

bSubfield abbreviations used:

A&R, astrophysics and relativity; AME, Atomic, molecular and electron;

EP, elementary particle; NP, nuclear; P&F, plasmas and fluids; CM, condensed matter; E&P, earth and

planetary; PB, physics in biology; Op, optics; Ac, acoustics; Astron, astronomy; Misc, miscellaneous.

Some percentages do not add up to 100 because of 3.7 percent in 1970 whowere in an "Other" category

composed of incomplete responses and U.S.-born noncitizens.

d1970 figures for plasmas are 69.0, 13.3, and 14.2 (N=542); 1970 figures for fluids

are 68.1, 15.0,

and 12.2 (N=576).

eBased on total known; five did not respond on age in 1964, 25 in 1968, and 19 in 1970.


Table 11.9 shows the distribution of citizen and noncitizengroups by subfield of employment. The noncitizen group is somewhat

more heavily concentrated in the so-called intrinsic subfields than

in the extrinsic ones such as optics, acoustics, physics in biology,

and earth and planetary physics. Some of this difference may re-

sult from age, for certain subfields tend to attract young people,

and the noncitizens are a comparatively young group. The variation

by subfield still occurs, however, if one controls for age by con-

sidering a single age group, for example, the 35-39 year old groupin which the highest proportion of noncitizens (16.5 percent) is

found. Table 11.10 shows the proportion of noncitizen PhD's in

this age group in each subfield. More than one fifth of the 35-39-year-old population in such major subfields as astrophysics andrelativity, elementary-particle physics, and plasma physics and

physics of fluids is noncitizen.

TABLE 11.10 Proportion of Noncitizen PhD's, 35-39 Years of Age,

in Each Subfield

PhysicsSubfield Percent Foreign-Born Noncitizens

Astrophysics And 25.0

relativityElementary Particle 22.5

Plasmas 21.9

Physics of Fluids 20.2

Nuclear 18.7

.Atomic, molecular, and 18.6

electronCondensed-matter 17.2

Earth and planetary 14.9

Optics 14.5

Astronomy 14.0

Miscellaneous 10.8

Acoustics 8.5

Physics in biology 7.1

All subfields 16.5

Only about 10 percent of the non-PhD physics population in 1970

was foreign born. The small number could result from the entry offewer non-PhD foreign physicists to the United States or to less

adequate figures on foreign pre-PhD students than on foreign PhD's.

The data on foreign-born physicists do not show how many came

to the United States for education or specific work experience and

returned to the country of origin or the number who remained. The

U.S. Department of Labor estimates indicate that some 4000 physi-

cists have immigrated to the United States since 1949. How many

had training at the time of immigration sufficient for them to be

4 2

Manpower Data 1497

regarded as physicists, their age distribution, and the rate ofreturn migration are not known. According to the 1970 NationalRegister the number of foreign-born physicists is higher than theDepartment of Labor's estimate--about 6000. However, there are nodata on when these physicists immigrated--before or after 1949, be-fore or after becoming a physicist.

The Doctorate Record File affords data on the postdoctoral des-tination and activity of new PhD's in physics and astronomy from1958 through 1970 (see Table 11.11). Of the 1918 noncitizen PhDrecipients, 53 percent remained in the United States and 40 per-cent of these went into postdoctoral study. Twenty-three percentof the noncitizen group left the United States, and these wentmore often into employment than postdoctoral study. The destina-tions of 24 percent were unknown.

TABLE 11.11 Location and Activity of New PhD Physicistsa

Postdoctoral Study EmploymentCitizenship U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Unknown Total

United 1695 420 6024 152 1979 10,270

StatesForeign 392 139 626 301 460 1 918

12,188b

aData from the Doctorate Record File; U.S. Doctorates, Physics andAstronomy FY 58-70.

bThere were 303 PhD's on whom data were incomplete, bringing thetotal to 12,491.

11.1.3.1.4 Driployment Before discussing the changing employmentand mobility patterns of physicists, some background informationon their employment is needed to place the analyses in context.Table 11.12, showing employment patterns of PhD physicists from1964 through 1970, is repeated from Physics in Perspective, Vol-

'time I, page 832, for it presents data on several topics that wewill discuss further--type of employer, subfield of employment,and changes in these with time.

Much of the discussion that follows deals with comparisons ofthose in academic and nonacademic employment. When relevant, thenonacademic group is subdivided, as in Table 11.13.

The distribution of academic and nonacademic physicists amongsubfields shows many similarities (see Table 11.14). Exceptionsare optics and condensed matter, which have somewhat higher per-centages of nonacademic than academic physicists, and elementary-particle physics, which is principally university-based. A sub-stantial number (23 percent) of the nonacademically employed PhD'swork in general physics or other sciences.

4 3

TABLE 11.12

Changes in Employment Patterns of PhD Physicists, 1964--1970

Phy

sics

Sub

field

Tot

al P

opul

atio

n(e

xclu

ding

nonr

espo

nden

ts)

Col

lege

or

Uni

vers

ityIn

dust

ryG

over

nmen

tR

esea

rch

Cen

ter

Oth

er In

stitu

tions

1964

1968

1970

1964

1968

1970

1964

1968

1970

1964

1968

.197

019

6419

6819

7019

6419

6819

70

Ast

roph

ysic

s an

d0.

030.

020.

070.

020.

060.

090.

050.

070.

090.

080.

040.

02

rela

tivity

6312

325

20.

830.

810.

73

op.

Ato

mic

, mol

ecul

ar,

and

elec

tron

649

998

1,06

50.

460.

510.

540.

220.

210.

230.

110.

120.

090.

170.

110.

100.

030.

040.

04

Ele

men

tary

-par

ticle

889

1,28

91.

409

0.54

0.75

0.76

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.05

0.03

0.03

0 24

0.19

0.17

0.05

0.02

0.02

W.1

4.N

ucle

ar1,

277

1,79

41,

782

0.41

0.50

0.52

0.08

0.10

0.10

0.07

0.08

0.06

0.39

0.27

0.25

0.05

0.05

0.07

Pla

smas

and

flui

ds70

793

01,

104

0.31

0.44

0.48

0.22

0.23

0.20

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.35

0.21

0.19

0.04

0.03

0.03

Con

dens

ed-m

atte

r2,

707

4,06

44,

157

0.36

0.43

0.43

0.38

0.33

0.35

0.08

0.09

0.09

0.14

0.11

0.09

0.04

0.03

0.03

i-, .0.

Spa

ce a

nd p

lane

tary

309

567

712

0.31

0.38

0.38

0.22

0.20

0.23

0.22

0.23

0,22

0.15

0.13

0.13

0.10

0.06

0.04

%C

rP

hysi

cs in

bio

logy

111

203

274

0.41

0.47

0.46

0.13

0.11

0.11

0.17

0.10

0.09

0.04

0.07

0.09

0.25

025

0.24

Co

Opt

ics

477

743

1,07

80.

200.

250.

270.

510.

520.

500.

090.

090.

100.

150.

060.

080.

050.

060.

05

Aco

ustic

s22

329

532

40.

300.

370.

310.

370.

370.

410.

130.

150.

190.

110.

050.

050.

C9

0.05

0.05

Oth

er2.

528

2.38

33,

457

0.51

0.56

,..0,

580.

230.

220.

210.

080.

080.

070.

120.

070.

070.

060.

070.

08

TO

TA

L P

HY

SIC

S9,

940

13,3

89 '

15.6

14 '

0.43

0.49

0.50

0.24

0.23

0.24

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.19

0.14

0.12

0.05

0.05

0.05

Mtr

onom

y39

3'68

9 '

634

'0.

580.

630.

590.

050.

070.

070,

170.

160.

180.

120.

090.

110.

080.

050.

05

TO

TA

L10

,333

14,0

8716

,248

0.43

0.50

0.51

0.24

0.23

0.23

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.19

0.13

0.12

0.05

0.05

0.05

Noo

resp

onde

nts=

119

.N

onre

spoo

denl

s= 2

11.

,Non

resp

onrk

nrs

= 3

73.

Non

resp

onde

nts=

123

.N

onre

spon

dent

s= 2

24.

Non

resp

onde

ms=

383

.

Manpower Data 1499

TABLE 11.13 Percentage Change in PhD Employment, 1964-1970

Employer 1964 1970

Percentage ofYearly Change('

College and university 4,478 8,223 0.139

Industry 2,450 3,805 0.092

Government 917 1,468 0.100

ReseaEch center 1,930 1,912 -0.001

Other 558 840 0.084

TOTAL 10,333 16,248 0.095

a 1970-19641196416.

bIncludes high school, junior college, hospital, and other non-profit organizations.

TABLE 11.14 Distribution among Subfields of Academically andNonacademically Employed PhD's in 1970

PhysicsSubfield

Employment (%)

Academic Nonacademic

Condensed-matter 22 29

Optics 4 10

Atomic, molecular, and electron 7 6

Plasmas and fluids 6 7

Nuclear 11 11

Elementary-particle 13 4

Other 8 23

Earth, planetary, astrophysicsand relativity, and astronomy

9 10

Teaching of physics 20 0

Figure 11.1 depicts the distribution among subfields of PhDphysicists employed in industry, government, and research centers

in 1970. Major emphasis in industry is on optics and condensedmatter, and in research centers, on nuclear physics, elementary-

particle physics, and plasmas and fluids. Most nonacademicallyemployed physicists in earth and planetary physics, astronomy,and astrophysics and relativity work for the government.

Regardless of where a physicist is employed, at least part ofhis work generally is supported by the federal goverpment. In

1970, 9491 PhD physicists who responded to the National Register

4 5


(59.4 percent of the total respondents in physics) acknowledgedgovernment support.* Twenty-one percent of these physicists wereemployed by the government or by federally funded research anddevelopment centers; however, 52 percent of those in nonfederalemployment received some government support, as Table 11.15 indi-cates.

40%

NDUSTRY

GOVERNMENT

F1RESEARCH CENTER

CON- OPTICDENSEDMATTER

nATOM C, ASTRO- PLASMAS NUCLEAR ELEM. OTHERMOLEC,, PHYS,, AND PARTICLEELEC EARTH MA3 FLUIDS

PLAN.,ASTRON.

FIGURE 11.1 The distribution of nonacademic PhD employment bysubfield.

The fraction of the physics population receiving federal supportdecreased by 11.5 percent between 1968 and 1970, although the ab-solute number receiving such support increased by 4 percent. Thefederal programs in which physicists work appear in Table 11.16.Defense, atomic energy, and space programs account for three fourthsof the funds acknowledged by Register respondents. The DOD, AEC,and NASA account for 91 percent of the federal expenditures inbasic and applied research in physics. The distribution of feder-al obligations for basic and applied research in physics is shownin Table 11.17 for comparison with the distribution among federalprograms of support acknowledged by Register respondents shown inTable 11.16. The acknowledgments of support suggest that physi-

The 634 astronomers shown in Table 11.12 are not included in theanalyses and comparisons of funding. Although some physicistsworking in astrophysics and relativity and earth and planetaryphysics may receive funds under federal astronomy programs, thedistortion in manpower figures is likely to be small in compari-son with the distortion in support figures that would be introduced

by inclusion of federal obligations in astronomy.

4

Manpower Data 1501

TABLE 11.15 Fraction of PhD Physicists Not Employed by the Federal

Government Who Acknowledged Some Federal Support

Employer Percent Indicating Federal Support

University 56

Industry 42

Other nongovernment 61

Total nongovernment 52

TABLE 11.16 Sources of Federal Support Acknowledged by PhDPhysicists in 1970a

Program

Percentage ofFunds SupportingWork in Physics (%) No. of PhD'sb

DefenseAtomic energySpaceSubtotal, defense/space

32

27

15

74

3,8613,2281,854

8,943

Education 8 1,011

Health 4.5 541

Housing, public works,transportation, andurban development

2.5 307

Agriculture, natural re-sources, and ruraldevelopment

2 260

Other 8 946

Subtotal, nondefense/space

25 3,065

TOTAL 12,008 12,008

aExcludes astronomy.

bIncludes multiple responses. Of 15,987 PhD's, 9491 reported at

least one source of government support.

,47


TABLE II.1Z Federal Obligations for Basic and Applied Researchin Physics

Percentage Distribution of $613 Mil-Agency lion Obligated, FY 1970 (%)

DOD 30

AEC 38

NASA 23

Subtotal, defense/space

NSFOther

5.5

3.5

91

Subtotal, nondefense/space 9

aSource of data: FederaZ Funds for Research, DeveZopment, and

Other Scientific Activities. National Science Foundation(NSF-70-38) (Volume 19).

TABLE 11.18 Acknowledgments of Federal Support by Subfield

PhysicsSubfield

Percentage of PhD's AcknowledgingSupport from the Government (%)

Plasmas 86

Acoustics 78

Nuclear 74

Elementary-particle 69

Earth and planetary 81

Astrophysics and relativity 57

Physics of fluids 73

Optics 61

Atomic, molecular, andelectron physics

61

Condensed matter 55

Miscellaneous (includingteaching)

46

All subfields 61

4 8

Manpower Data 1503

cists are finding work in fields other than the traditional onesof defense and space. It is not clear in the Register data whichprogram, education or other, a respondent supported by the NSFwould indicate. The major finding from this comparison is thatsupport from agencies other than those concerned with defense andspace, although amounting to only 9 percent of the federal obli-gations for physics research, affects one fourth of the physicistssupported, at least in part, by government programs.

Physicists in some subfields receive more federal support thanthose in others, as Table 11.18 indicates.

Another source of information on the support of physics researchis acknowledgments of support in published journal articles. Thesedata are presented and discussed in Chapter III, especially inTables III.2--III.6 and Figure 111.1. This Chapter explores indetail the support of physics in research by government, industry,and universities.

Multiple employment is a characteristic of professional life.For the academically employed physicist its economic benefits can-not be overlooked, and it generally offers a point of contact be-tween academic and nonacademic institutions that is valuable.Register data suggest that such interaction has been sharply re-duced between 1968 and 1970, presumably as a consequence of in-creasingly stringent economic conditions. In 1968, some 400 uni- -

versity-based PhD's reported additional employment outside the uni-versity and 400 nonacademically employed PhD's reported a secondaryjob, usually in a university. By 1970, these numbers had decreasedby about a factor of 2. Since the questionnaire does not detine ad-ditional employment, the data are likely to represent a lower bound

on personnel interchanges--those individuals for whom a second jobrepresents a substantial commitment of their total professionalobligations.

Funds generally regarded as discretionary have been severelyaffected by the economic situation; consequently, there has been amarked decrease in summer employment of faculty and exchanges ofpersonnel among academic and nonacademic institutions. Such ex-changes, which are highly cost effective in terms of productivity,are highly vulnerable to budget expediency.

Professional employment includes a number of specific work ac-tivities--for the physicists, principally research, teaching, andthe management of research and development. Rarely does a singleactivity adequately describe the work of a particular physicist.The individual ordering of such activities varies with institution-al setting and over time with the development of a professionalcareer. The following statistical analysis provides a descriptionof the major work activities of physicists in th% socioeconomiccircumstances that prevailed in the late 1960's. Taken togetherwith the preceding data on employment, this analysis provides aquantified picture of the traditional employment of a physicist.In interpreting this picture and assessing its relevance.to futureprojections, one must take into consideration that what a physicist

We are indebted to Hugh Odishaw for a critical discussion ofthis point.

4 9

TABLE 11.19

Distribution of Work Activities of Academically Employed PhD's

Primary

Secondary Work Activity (%)

Distribution

Work

Basic

Applied

Develop-

Mgmt.

Mgmt.

of Primary

Activity

Research

Research

ment

R&D

Other

Teaching

Other

Work Activitya (%)

crt

tr,4,

F..

Basic

research

4.85

2.44

0.60

1.11

0.20

26.5

2.36

38.4

CJ

Applied

research

0.48

0.22

0.25

0.25

01.9

0.14

3.25

Development

0.06

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

00.16

Management,

R&D

0.73

0.39

0.01

0.11

0.25

1.17

0.11

2.75

Management,

other

0.61

0.10

0.01

0.49

0.42

2.71

0.10

4.43

Teaching

35.4

4.74

0.15

0.82

4.68

3.26

1.83

50.9

Other

0.11

0.02

00.01

0.03

0.10

0.15

0.43

aN = 8032.

TABLE 11.20

Distribution of Work Activities of Nonacademically Employed PhD's

Primary

Secondary Work Activity (%)

Distribution

Work

Basic

Applied

Develop-

Mgmt.

Mgmt.

of Primary

Activity

Research

Research

ment

R&D

Other

Teaching

Other

Work Activity

Basic

research

6.05

13.0

1.16

4.86

0.17

2.3

4.77

32.3

Cel

1-u, o u,

Applied

research

8.35

4.88

7.9

5.1

0.13

1.0

3.92

31.2

).....i

Development

0.15

2.28

0.88

0.52

0.06

0.05

0.46

4.54

Management

3.48

9.23

2.14

2.18

2.4

0.39

2.27

21.81

R&D

Management,

Other

0.10

0.2

0.2

1.45

0.59

0.3

1.16

4.04

Teaching

0.29

0.18

00.06

0.18

0.37

0.22

1.29

Other

0.51

1.09

0.39

0.4

0.33

0.15

1.73

4.61

aN = 7864.


can do may be qualitatively different from a statistical picture ofwhat he currently does. Such differences could become significant

in the 1970's. Future changes, of course, cannot be quantified,but one can get some insight into the modes of change by examiningpatterns of mobility of physicists, discussed in detail in 11.1.3.2.

Respondents to the National Register specify their primary andsecondary work activities, and the aggregation of these responsesprovides a more detailed picture of the distribution of activitycharacterizing the employment of a physicist. The pattern of ac-tivity for all age groups taken together appears in TalAes 11.19and 11.20. A single work activity adequately describes the pro-fessional employment of but 13 percent of the physicists. In aca-

demia research generally is combined with teaching; in nonacademicsettings basic research typically is combined with applied researchor development, and both types of research are often combined withthe management of research and development.

A major difference between PhD's working in academic institutionsand those in other types of employing institutions is, of course,involvement in teaching. More than four fifths (84 percent) ofthe academically employed PhD's had teaching responsibilities, and69 percent combined teaching and research. Research was a major

work activity in all employment settings. As adding the first two

columns in Table 11.21 will show, approximately 85 percent of thePhD's in industry, government, and universities reported some in-

volvement in research. An even higher percentage, 94 percent, ofthose working in federally funded research and development centerswas engaged in research. Among the PhD's working in other typesof institutions (5 percent of all PhD's), 70 percent had research

responsibilities.Figure 11.2 presents a comparison of the research involvement

of physicists in various types of nonacademic employment.Emphasis on basic research in the universities and research

centers has remained essentially constant since 1964; however,

basic research in industry and government, always a relatively smallfraction of the total activity of such institutions, has declinedfurther, as shown in Chapter 12 of Physics in Perspective, Vol-ume 1, Figures 12.24 and 12.25. Thus basic research is becoming

increasingly isolated in the universities and research centers.If the university population is subdivided into those who are

primarily research oriented and those who are primarily orientedtoward teaching, the pattern indicated in Table 11.22 and Fig-ure 11.3 results. Although minor fluctuations in percentage mustbe interpreted with care, the data suggest a shift toward moreresearch-oriented activities between 1964 and 1968 and'a reverseshift back to teaching between 1968 and 1970. The university ad-

justed to the changing research climate by slightly altering its

work activities. It is doubtful that such flexibility will be pos-sible in the future, with projected decreases in both universityteaching and research functions.

The priorities assigned to the various activities that comprisea physicist's professional life change over time. The emphasis onbasic research that characterizes the early years gives way to

5 2

Mdnpower Data 1507

TABLE 11.21 Researcha

and Otherb Activities of PhD Physicists in

1970 by Employer

EmployerResearch andDevelopment

Research andDevelopmentand Other Other Only Total

University 720 (0.09) 6008 (0.74) 1304 (0.13) 8,032

Industry 1789 (0.48) 1411 (0.37) 533 (0.15) 3,733

Government 573 (0.40) 658 (0.44) 201 (0.16) 1,432

Research 932 (0.50) 828 (0.45) 116 (0.05) 1,876

,tenter

Other 231 (0.28) 345 (0.44) 247 (0.28) 823

Total 4245 (0.26) 9250 (0.58) 2401 (0.15) 15,896

a Research includes basic research, applied research, and develop-

mentb In the university, other refers predominantly to teaching; in non-

academic employment, other refers predominantly to management.

cTotals may vary somewhat from earlier employer totals because a

small number of people did not respond to the work activity

question.

TABLE 11.22 Research and Teaching Orientations in Universities,

1964-1970 (%)

Orientation 1964 1968 1970

Research oriented 40 47 44Research and other 14 16 15

Research and teaching(research primary)

26 31 28

Teaching oriented 59 51 55Teaching and research(teaching primary)

38 37 40

Teaching and other 21 14 15

5 3


100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

BASIC RESEARCH

BASIC and APPLIED

APPLIED RESEARCHand DEVELOPMENT

_

Or//,',

/ A\\,

,--

;0411r

'27%

,

r

\

\

\

:5?'APPUED RESEARCH,

__DEVELOPMENT andOTHER

'...

'...

\'0 *:

OTHER(NON RESEARCH)

,I.

- '

X4

INDUSTRY GOVERNMENT RESEARCHCENTERS

FIGURE 11.2 The work activities of nonacademically employed PhDphysicists in 1970.

increasing management responsibilities. In universities the com-bination of research and teaching shifts toward teaching and man-agement, and in nonacademic institutions a career is likely tomove from basic research into applied research and development,then into the management of research and development, as illus-trated in Tlble 11.23. The data in the Table are based on respon-dents to both the 1968 and 1970 Registers who remained in the sametype of employing institution, a sample of approximately 70 per-cent of the total 1970 Register population. Comparison of the

1968 and 1970 combined work activity for this relatively stablegroup shows that the changes in such activity follow the age gra-dients implied by the data of Table 11.23.

TABLE 11.23

Median Age in 1970 and Distribution of Combined WorkActivities of PhD Physicistsa

Combined Primary and

Secondary Work Activities

University

Industry

Government

Research Center

Percent

(N = 5742)

Med.

Age

Percent

(N= 2365)

Med.

Age

Percent

(N = 952)

Med.

Age

Percent

Med.

(N = 1268) Age

Basic research

2.9

30.5

2.3

35.9

6.9

38.8

5.6

38.5

Basic and applied research

2.5

32.0

19.3

36.5

23.4

37.0

15.3

37.8

1-,

vi o

Applied research and devel-

opment

0.4

31.3

20.0

37.5

4.6

42.5

8.5

38.6

,0

Research and teaching

71.0

36.8

1.3

38.2

3.9

37.7

2.7

37.7

Research and management

3.5

43.5

33.5

41.8

33.2

42.6

20.9

43.1

Management of research

and development

0.1

44.5

2.4

46.2

3.2

46.5

1.4

46.9

Teaching only

3.1

44.2

00

0Management and teaching

10.9

45.9

0.4

46.5

0.5

49.5

0.4

51.5

Other management (than R&D)

0.6

51.2

0.8

47.5

0.4

49.5

0.1

34.5

Other combinations

5.0

42.5

19.9

43.2

22.8

44.9

11.3

38.4

All work activities

37.9

40.0

41.4

40.0

aThe samples includes only respondents to both the 1968 and 1970

National Register surveys who remained

in the same type of employing institution.


6 0

5 6

5 2

4 0

3 6

1964 1968 1970

FIGURE 11.3 Variations in teaching and research orientation inuniversities, 1964.1970.

11.1.3.2 Subfield Mobility

The distribution of young PhD's among subfields closely resemblesthat of graduate students and university-based physicists in gen-eral, as Table 11.24 shows. This comparison reflects a patternof early choice that persists despite the change of status fromgraduate student to PhD. By age 30, 44 percent of the physicsPhD's have left university study or employment and have adaptedtheir interests to new environments. Within this pattern of per-sistent interests, however, substantial mobility among subfields

occurs. The subfield transition matrix in Table 11.25 depicts

this mobility. The striking feature is that 25 percent of the 971who remained in the eight major subfields changed from one of these

subfields to another.In addition to mobility among subfields, there also is a sub-

stantial flow into other areas, for example, teaching, computerscience, and other fields. Seventy percent of the 178 PhD's mov-ing into other areas went into general physics and teaching; theother 30 percent (4.3 percent of the degree mobile cohort) went

into other sciences. The imbalance between outward and internal

5 6

Aunpower Data 1511

TABLE 11.24 Subfield Distribution of Graduate Students, YoungPhD's and University-Based PhD's

PhysicsSubfield

GraduateStudents

a

W = 9000

PhD's<30N = 1813

University-Based PhD'sN = 8208

Condensed-matter 27.3% 27.0% 21.8%Elementary-particle 15.7 13.8 13.0Nuclear 14.8 11.4 11.3Atomic, molecular,and electron

7.4 8.0 7.0

Plasmas and fluids 3.4 6.4 6.4Optics 2.6 4.8 3.4Physics in biology 1.3 2.1 1.6Acoustics . 1.1 1.4 1.2Astronomy.andastrophysics

4.9 7.9 6.7

Other 21.5 17.0 26.4

a Source of these data is American Institute of Physics publicationNo. R-207.2.

mobility could have been biased by the selection of a sample popu-lation consisting only of physicists; however, a longitudinal anal-ysis of the entire PhD population between 1960 and 1966 indicatesthat this trend is not artificial.

New PhD's who leave the university are more likely to changesubfields than those who remain. In our sample which includes 44percent of all physics and astronomy PhD's granted in 1968 and1969, the 466 young people who left the university were 36 percentmore likely to change subfield than the 614 who remained. Of thosewho remained, about 250 were probably postdoctorals, a status oftenused for advanced specialization rather than diversification.

The pattern of youthful interest in physics subfields differssignificantly from that of the physics population as a whole.These differences are reflected in a comparison of the age distri-butions of the various subfields, a comparison that is facilitatedby constructing a set of appropriate cohort ratios. Table 11.26presents a comparison of the ratio of the under 30 cohort with the40-45 cohort.* The variations from average among the subfieldsillustrates a distinct pattern of youthful interests compared withmature interests, which is depicted in Figure 11.4. The generalpersistence of this pattern since 1964 also is indicated in Fig-ure 11.4, although some changes are evident. Interest in physicsin biology has increased, and that in elementary-particle physics,which still attracts the young, clearly is decreasing. Interest

The analysis is not sensitive to the particular choice of a maturecohort. A rank ordering of the subfields by median age illustratesthe trend.

5 7


TABLE 11.25 .Subfield Transition Matrix for Physicists Receiving

the PhD between 1968 and 1970a'

Subfieldin 1968

Subfield in 1970 Op& A&R, Total1968AME EP NP P&F CM PB Ac E&P Other

AME 44 1 3 5 15 4 14 4 23 113

EP 0 109 10 2 7 0 3 10 26 167

NP 5 5 107 4 11 2 2 6 23 165

P&F 2 1 0 52 6 0 5 3 10 79

CM 11 2 6 10 272 6 34 4 65 410

PB 1 0 3 0 1 12. 2 0 3 22

Op&Ac 6 0 0 0 7 0 29 1 9 52

A&R,E&P 2 1 2 2 4 0 8 108 19 143

Other 1 4 2 1 10 2 8 4 70 102

Total 72 123 133 76 333 26 102 140 248 1251°

1970

aSubfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in

Table 11.9, footnote b.bAge characteristics of the sample: lower quartile 28.6; median

30.2; upper quartile 32.9. Mobility with regard to type of employ-ing institution: mobile 37 percent; static, academic 49 percent;static, nonacademic 14 percent.cThere were 604 additional respondents whose responses on subfields

were incomplete.

in astronomy and earth and planetary physics has increased consid-erably, and that in plasmas and fluids has diminished. The over-

all regularity and persistence of the interest profile suggeststhat the emphases of the previous decade do not persist in the sub-

field age distribution; subfield mobility effectively dissipates

fluctuations in fashion.The profile of youthful interest depicted in Figure 11.4 is

similar to the profile of foreign involvement in U.S. physics dis-

cussed in Chapter 8 of Physics in Perspective, Volume 1 and shown

there in Figures 8.9 and 8.10. The concentration of foreign-bornphysicists varies with subfield in the same way as the concentra-tion of young physicists and the median age of the foreign groupis inversely correlated with concentration; that is to say, sub-

fields that attract many foreign physicists also attract principal-

ly young foreign physicists.A significant feature of the data of Table 11.26 is that the

relative concentration of young PhD's is not correlated with dif-

ferential subfield growth. Although this finding may reflect to

some extent limitations on the available options in graduate edu-

cation, it is clear that the rapid growth of astrophysics and rela-

tivity, earth and planetary physics, and optics results from in-

tellectual mobility at all ages. Optics provides a representative

example.

5 8

TABLE 11.26

Age Characteristics of PhD Physicists by Subfield,

1964 and 1970a

1970 y2pulation

1964 Population

Median

Subfield

Age

Total

<29

40-44

Ratio

<29/40-44

Median

Age

Total

,Ratio

30/41-45

Growth

Total 70/Total 64

PB

37.2

274

39

73

1.39

40.6

111

0.40

2.46

EP

34.2

1,407

250

.37

1.33

34.1

889

2.70

1.59

Astron

35.0

633

106

BO

1.32

37.4

392

1.45

1.61

&SR

34.7

250

40

1L

'."1:.

34.7

63

1.72

3.97

AME

35.3

1,065

145

14b

1....1

36.5

649

1.20

1.65

C.7t

1-,

Ln 1-,

CM

36.4

BO

37.4

4,152

712

489 85

664

119

0.74

0.73

36.7

38.1

2707

309

1.07

0.78

1.54

2.30

CZ

wNP

37.8

1,782

206

315

0.65

37.3

1277

0.90

1.40

P36.0

F38.1

567

534

63

51

96

92

0.661

0.56 I

36.7

706

1.26

1.56

Op

38.7

1,077

86

159

0.54

40.3

477

0.625

2.26

Ac

40.1

324

26

49

0.53

42.2

223

0.460

1.45

All

37.4

12,877

1589

1971

0.806

38.2

7803

1.15

1.65

.subfields

aSubfield abbreviations are those indicated in Table

11.9, footnote b.

RE

LAT

IVE

SIZ

E O

F T

HE

YO

UT

HF

UL

CO

HO

RT

(per

cent

var

iatio

n fr

om a

vera

ge)

- f-

-I-

rV-1

=.

00

01 ca 0

I a) 0I 4> 0

I iv 0C

oo

01

PH

YS

ICS

IN B

IOLO

GY

03 c) m E

LEM

EN

TA

RY

PA

RT

ICLE

S

AS

TR

ON

OM

Y 0

s-

I1

1

AS

TR

OP

HY

SIC

S a

nd R

ELA

TIV

ITY

CO

ND

EN

SE

D M

AT

TE

R 0

--

0--

6-

0

EA

RT

H a

nd P

LAN

ET

AR

Y

NU

CLE

AR

PH

YS

ICS

/P

LAS

MA

S

FLU

IDS

/0-

--.-

OP

TIC

S

/0o

-A

CO

US

TIC

S

LL_

0

0 CA o

Lr.

AUnpower Data 1515

Between 1964 and 1970 approximately 700 PhD's went into optics.(The increase of 600 shown by Register data is about 85 percent ofthe total.) In this same interval the Doctorate Records File shows80 new PhD's in optics. To have met the actual growth rate withphysics graduate students (assuming 100 percent retention of newdoctorates in the subfield) would have required an 875 percent ex-pansion of university facilities as well as a promotional campaignto reverse what is apparently a rather well-established motivationalpattern. There is no evidence to suggest that optics received anyspecial external stimulation, such as increased federal supportduring this period of growth.

Table 11.27 shows changes in optics manpower between 1968 and1970. The major interchanges with optics were with atomic, molec-ular, and electron physics and condensed matter, subfields withwhich considerable overlap might be expected. However, a nontriv-ial interchange with all subfields is evident. Among establishedPhD's only about 300 remained identified with optics in both years;471 entered from other subfields and another 303 left. The staticcomponent in the subfield is relatively small compared with themobile population and the net change in optics is the differencebetween two large numbers. All ages participated; the median ageof inward mobile components correlates roughly with the median ageof the subfield of origin. An examination of simultaneous changesin type of employing institution among optics PhD's between 1968and 1970 provides no evidence that external circumstances had anyparticular effect on manpower interchanges in tht subfield. Ofthe 289 established PhD's who worked continuously in optics, 10percent changed type of employing institution; of the 471 PhD's whoentered the subfield, 13 percent changed type of employing insti-tution. Taken together, 11.6 percent of the 1970 optics manpowerhad made a change in type of employing institution since 1968, thesame percentage as for the overall physics population. The move-ment into optics, then, is largely an in situ process.

The pattern of subfield interchanges for all PhD's in the 1970Register for whom adequate responses were also available in 1968appears in Table 11.28. The sample amounts to 80 percent of thePhD's in the 1970 Register, an estimated 65 percent of the totalU.S. physics PhD population. On the basis of this classificationscheme (an 11 by 11 matrix), some 34 percent of the physics PhD'schanged the subfield in which they were working between 1968 and1970. Some subfields had a higher proportion of mobile PhD's thanothers, as Table 11.29 shows. This Table ranks the subfields ac-cording to the inward mobile fraction of the 1970 totals. In someinstances, the apparent variation results from the diversity ofspecialties that comprise a given subfield. In condensed matter,for example, a major change in scientific interest from supercon-ductivity to high-pressure physics would not show in the matrix ofTable 11.28. In contrast, elementary-particle physics, anothersubfield of low mobility, is defined by only six specialtieshadrons, leptons, photons, high-energy cosmic rays, quantum fieldtheory, and other. This brief list adequately describes the in-

terests of 84 percent of the 1970 elementary-particle Physics pop-

ulation. The actual magnitude of the mobility inferred from such

6 1


TABLE 11.27 Changes in Optics Manpowera between 1968 and 1970

Subfieldin 1968 New PhD's Doctorates before 1968

or 1970b Entrants Leavers Entrants Med. Age Leavers Med. Age

Op 19 298 41.6

AME 14 6 92 38.7 60 43.0

EP 2 0 10 34.0 4 35.5

NP 2 0 26 45.2 5 51.5

P&F 4 0 27 37.5 5 36.2

CM 25 5 211 41.3 95 39.2

E&P 4 0 11 41.5 19 39.9

PB 1 0 8 47.5 6 48.5

Ac 0 0 7 41.5 2 36.5

Astron 0 1 11 33.5 4 41.5

Gen. phys. 7 4 47 41.0 65 47.5

& teach.Othersciences

1 1 21 44.0 38 47.3

1970total

79 769 40.9

Othersubfields:Entrants 60 471

Leavers 17 303

1968total

36 601 42.4

aBased on respondents to both the 1968 and 1970 National Register

surveys. Such respondents amount to 64 percent of new PhD's and

about 65 percent of all established PhD's.

bSubfield abbreviations used are those indicated in Table 11.9,

footnote b.

a transition matrix depends, of course, on the dimensionality of

the matrix; the finer the distinctions, the greater the numerical

magnitude of the mobility.Table 11.30 presents a comparison of established PhD's with the

degree mobile cohort and shows that established PhD's are about as

likely to change subfields as are new PhD's. More scientists move

away from the discipline-intensive physics subfields than enter;

the flow to other sciences amounts to 3 percent for established

PhD's compared with 4 percent in the young cohort.* The higher

*A 10 percent flow of new physics and astronomy PhD's to other fields

is reported by the Office of Scientific Personnel in 1969 (OSP-MS-3,

April 1970). The difference results from different definitions.

We have included some chemistry, earth sciences, and biosciences

in physics subfields.

6 2

Manpower Data 1517

TABLE 11.28 Transition Matrix between 1968 and 1970 by Subfieldof Employment for all 1970 PhD's"

. 1 _ + - . - _ , - . - _ - -4 ^ +

,011 Am- 19681964 6M4 Er NP Phf CM FAP PH op Ac trun Mime Total

_. ......

42 1q

1 2 4 -----7 ----1-1----01646 36.9 41.5 15.5 19.5 17.5 12,', 100) 12.0 36.2

2 440 9 16 17 10 4/ 10/ lq 9 106 I 14 155 925Allf 15.5 16.9 19.0 11.2 14.4 14.5 17.6 15.5 39.2 0.5 32.4 11.5 35.2 39.3 17.0

11 15 895 hi 7 1 10 25 28 2 12 4 140 121061, 15.0 15.5 14.4 15.9 14.0 31.5 0.8 31.0 31.0 36,5 33.5 32.5 219.5 14.0 34.3

6 18 54 115h 12 14 20 89 21 16 28 4 235 1674NP 35.5 11.8 41.8 18.7 17.5 11.1 14,5 19.5 15.5 36.1 43.5 14.0 41.5 39.3 38.7

1 17

6

202 11 215 45 12 2 10 4 1 52 367F 55.5 41.0 11.1 17.5 40.9 11.1 40.5 18.7 14.5 37.5 16.5 14.5 29.5 41.2 39.3

1 12 6 26 110 156 14 11 1 21 1 I 29 450P 35.5 37.8 41,0 41.5 13.9 37.2 36.8 36.5 41.5 31.5 35.5 27.5 11.5 39,9 37.2

2 29 12 228 343 571 59 21 3 31 5 2 81 825IMF 4',.'., N.5 1/.5 40.5 19.9 16,9 37,9 17.9 36.2 33.5 35.5 33.5 30.5 40.4 38.1

2 115 11 48 88 13 101 2634 26 25 236 38 3 478 3759CM 51.5 17.0 16.7 42.5 16.3 35.5 36.2 37.1 18.5 16.2 39.8 35.4 47.5 39.9 37.5

h 9 15 2 4 1 7 17 323 1 15 2 37 52 486FAP 42.5 0.5 17.7 32.5 41.5 13.5 35.5 40.0 38.5 35.5 39.0 55.5 37.7 40.0 38.6

1 22 4 4 6 112 9 6 1 17 19UPH 51.5 18.5 15.5 15.5 45.5 19.0 47.0 37.5 41.5 37.5 39.1

66 4 5 2 3 5 100 19 6 117 2 5 108 637op 40,0 15.5 51.5 36.5 36.0 36.2 18.7 19.9 48.5 41.1 36.5 36.0 46.7 41.6'

I 2 6 1 7 24 2 9 7 171 26 249Ac 43.5 51.5 37.5 35.5 35.5 40.5 45.5 38.0 41.5 43.6 46,5 43.0

75 12 7 2 2 2 4 6 55 3 11 1 391 91 658Astron 0,7 40.5 37.5 43.5 38.5 33.5 34.5 32.5 35.4 47.5 33.5 31.5 36.6 42.1 36.19 34 31 59 51 10 61 179 55 15 76 22 17 1327 1885Hine 39.0 42.5 34.8 40.0 42.0 46.5 42.7 39.4 44.7 47.5 41.5 43.8 43.5 44.2 43.5

Tots) 195 781 1064 1190 441 146 817 1748 581 701 948 ?57 604 2721 124091970

31.2 32.1 31.3 33.0 13.9 32.5 33.2 32.3 32.7 33.0 33.7 34.5 31.3 34.6 32.835.4 37.4 34.9 38.7 39.1 36.6 37.8 37.2 38.3 38.6 39.7 40.8 36.6 42.3 38.340.7 44.7 40.8 45.3 45.9 42.6 44.3 43.4 45.1 47.7 47.3 50.4 44.2 49.8 45.6

''Subfield abbreviations used are those identified in Table 11.9, footnote b.

"lover quartile, median, and upper quarttle.

subfield mobility of new PhD's is associated with the major upheav-al that takes place between graduate school and postdoctoral em-ployment.

Established PhD's change jobs from time to time, and such changesafford opportunities to undertake new scientific interests. Be-tween 1968 and 1970, 11.9 percent of the established PhD's changedtype of employing institution; Table 11.31 compares the concurrentchanging of subfields of the mobile physicists with interchangesof those who remained in the same type of employment. Clearly,those who change jobs are 20 percent more likely to change sub-fields than are those who do not. However, a substantial amountof subfield changes occur within one type of employment. Thosewho move into and leave universities--the major component of em-ployment-change group-- may_jo,so. a5 a result of the pursuit ofa certain type of research, or they may redirect their intereststo be compatible with a more satisfactory employment circumstance.Employment mobility produces, on the whole, no more than a 20 per-

63


TABLE 11.29 Subfield Mobility between 1968 and 1970, Ranked

According to the inward Mobile Fraction of the 1970 Total

PhysicsSubfield

Inward Mobile an a Fraction of1970 Total (Z)

Elementary-particle 15.9

Nuclear 17.8

Condensed-matter 18.9

Astronomy 19.8

Plasmas and fluids 31.8

Acoustics 33.5

Atomic, molecular, and electron 43.8

Physics in biology 44.3

Earth and planetary 44.4

Astrophysic9 and rolativity 57.9

Optics 62.6

Miscellaneous 51.2

TABLE 11.30 Subfield Mobility, 1968 to 1970

PhD's

Internal Mobilityamong Eight MajorSubfield Groupingsa Outgoing

b Incomingb

NewEstablished

257. 14.2% 2.5%

21% 10.7% 4.6%

a Percentage of the 8 X 8 group.

bPercentage of the total population.

TABLE 11.31 Subfield Mobility of Established PhD's, 1968 to 1970

Type of Internal Mobility

Employing among Eight Sub- Out- In- Med.

Institution Percent field Groupings going coming Age

Mobile 11.8% 25.8% 12.2% 5.0% 35.9

Static 88.2°. 20.1% 10.8% 4.8% 39.8

cent enhancement of subfield mobility. The employer-mobile popula-

tion is distinctly younger than the employer-static part of the

established PhD population, but, as age characteristics of mobility

6 4

gmp000p Oata 15L9

wilt show, this finding suggests, tt anything, an even greater en-hancement of subfield mobility due to simultaneous employmentmobility.

To examtne the age dependence of subfield mobility, we examineddata on the employer-static, established PhD's. The results appearIn Table 11.32. The myth of youthful Intellectual. mobility wasunsubstanttated. If anything, it appears that the Likelihood ofdiversification of scientific interest is correlated with profes-sional maturation. This result was checked against Register dataon an earlier interval, 1960-66. The results are shown in Table11.33, The upward trend displayed by the youngest cohort probablyis a consequence of degree mobility; about 25 percent of that co-hort received the PhD shortly after the survey in 1960. The pat-tern of subfield interchanges between 1960 and 1962 is generallycomparable with that between 1968 and 1970. Although variation ofmobility patterns with age is almost nonexistent in both sets ofdata, there were some differences in overall mobility. At thebeginning of the decade there were fewer interchanges among majorsubfields than at the end of the decade. A balanced interchangebetween the major subfields and general physics and other sciences,which prevailed in the earlier period, became a discernible out-flow by 1970. The actual magnitude of these changes is not large,but the trends are clear.

In regard to mobility by subfield, the data were generally simi-lar for the two intervals. Those subfields broadly related toothers are characterized by high mobility at both times; the moststriking changes occurred in optics and physics in biology, twosubfields of intense current interest.

An examination of the dependence of subfield mobility on type ofemploying institution suggests that changes with time are relatedto stresses on the physics community. These data appear in Table11.34. Clearly, the circumstances at the end of the 1960's haveincreased the subfield mobility of industrial physicists and de-creased that of university physicists. The differences are notan artifact of a restricted definition of subfields, as the secondcolumn of Table 11.34 shows. There mobility is estimated on thebasis of an expanded matrix that takes into account teaching, gen-eral physics, and other sciences. Again data on an earlier periodshould be examined. In 1960-62 and 1964-1966 subfield mobility wasessentially the same in all types of employing institutions; withinthe eight major subfields, 15 percent from 1960 to 1962, and forthis same population of 4415 PhD's, 13 percent, from 1964 to 1966.The recent increase in subfield mobility among nonacademic physi-cists is asociated with the reordering of research priorities. In-deed, the high mobility within the industrial group suggests averitable scrambling about for new directions together with theshift in emphasis away from basic research. In the universities,on the other hand, the erosion of research budgets has reduced thenumber of new projects that can be undertaken.

At any point in his career a physicist carries with him varyingdegrees of competence in a variety of subfields. This catalogueof subfield competence represents the accumulated experience of

6 5


TABLE 11.32 Subfield Mobility of Employer Static Established

PhD's by Age, 1968 to 1970

Cohort Agein 1970

Internal Mobilityamong Eight Subfields (%) Outgoing (%) Incoming (%)

27 31 19.2 9.9 3.0

32 36 19.2 8.8 3.9

37 41 20.8 9.5 4.3

42 46 21.8 10.4 4.6

47 51 25.3 14.5 5.7

52 bl 25.2 13.6 5.3

Total 20.7 10.7 4.6

(N = 10,013)

TABLE 11.33 Subfield Mobility of Established P.tD's, 1960---1962,

1964-1966

Cohort Based on 1960-1962 1964---1966

Year of PhD (10 x 10) Mobilea (10 x 10) Mobilea

1956--1960 1366 27.1% 40.5%

1950--1955 1596 25.5% 36.7%

1949 1453 27.2% 39.4%

TOTAL 4415

aBased on a 10 x 10 matrix that includes eight major subfieldgroupings plus teaching and other sciences.

previous mobility as well as a developing sr-r of knowledge that

can nurture new directions of scientific ento.tly. An analysis of

research emphasis and scientific competence of a population pro-

vides a measure of the shared interests of that population at a

particular time. The distribution of subfield competence thatresulted from our analysis had essentially the same features as

that of subfield mobility.The distribution of first competence for PhD's working in var-

ious subfields in 1970 is shown in Table 11.35. Again the general

dispersion of subfield proficiency is evident. The breadth of an

individual's competence can be further explored by looking at data

on second, third, and fourth competences. A typical pattern of

external compared to internal competences emerges, as Figure 11.5

shows. For about one fifth of the PhD's first competence was out-

side the subfield of employment. For lower levels of competence

66

Nimpowop Vata 1521

TABLE II.34 Subfield Mobility of Established PhD's by Type ofEmploying Institution, 1968 to 1970

institutionInternal Mobility

x 8)2(%)Total Mobblity(16 x 16) (7.)

University 15 31Industry 29 42Government 22 35

Research centers 22 32

TOTAL 20 35

aBased on eight major subfield groupings; see Table 11.29.

bIn the 16 x 16 matrix, optics, acoustics, astrophysics and rela-

tivity, earth and planetary physics, and astronomy are separatedand the other category is subdivided into general physics, teach-ing, computer science, other science, and other.

the percentage was, of course, higher. The fraction of competenceoutside subfield of employment provides a measure of the related-ness of subfields comparable with that used in the analysis ofmobility, in which internally mobile group was compared with thetotal in the subfield. The average external competence for thephysics population was 47 percent. Some subfields were character-ized by a higher percentage of external competence than others.Based on Table 11.35 and like tables for successive levels of com-petence, a rank ordering of subfields was developed (see Table 11.36).The sequence is much like that obtained for inward mobility (Table11.29). Changes in first competence form a pattern like that ofsubfield mobility, but the magnitude of intellectual diffusion atthe level of first competence is considerably greater than it isat the level of actual scientific employment.

Thus, we can look at three demographic measures of the diffusionof knowledge in physics: subfield mobility, external competence,and first competence mobility. Taken together these measures forma consistent pattern, as shown in Figure 11.6. The data in thefigure can be read from left to right as follows: In, for example,plasma physics and physics of fluids, we see that inward subfieldmobility accounts for 32 percent of the 1970 population (see Table11.29); concurrently, the first subfield of competence has changedfor about 45 percent of the subfield; finally, individuals workingin this subfield typically report about 56 percent of their com-petence in other subfields (see Table 11.36). Although the numer-ical scale of these measures depends on the way in which we definea subfield, comparisons are possible within this set. Generally,the greatest inertia, or the most stable intellectual relationship,is associated with a physicist's particular subfield of researchemphasis. Surrounding this subfield of research interest is a

6 7

TABLE 11.35

Subfield of First Competence Compared with Subfield of Employment for All

1970 PhD'sc

Subfield

of First

Competence

A&R

AME

EP

NP

FP

P&F

CM

E&P

PB

Op

Ac

Astron

Misc

MR

200

12

11

12

44

10

015

29

AME

1711

23

21

11

718

102

22

13

117

316

182

EP

218

1187

80

23

531

15

716

54

153

al

NP

537

63

1467

14

620

61

34

15

32

43

263 62

CO

'1.-

t.n NI

NI

F P P&F

1 0 1

9 6

15

0 4 4

2 5 7

391

11

402

17

435

452

408

446

854

66 11

77

11

11

22

3 1 4

18 8

26

6 2 8

2 6 8

31

93

CM

791

13

44

72

880

3344

26

43

200

42

11

492

ESP

41

41

41

55

446

412

151

52

PB

01

09

00

05

0147

56

016

Op

2106

512

76

13

181

20

10

541

519

146

Ac

14

02

50

529

24

8213

030

Astron

14

10

20

25

45

16

0458

63

Misc

6.2

35

45

72

25

26

51

159

51

18

72

21

35

1729

Total 1970

243

1016

1334

1692

543

502

1045

3964

676

263

1022

306

614

3158

aSubfield abbreviations used are those identified in Table 11.9, footnote

b.

Manpower Data 1523

u_ w0 2tf)

o

cc

iTERNAL COMPETENC

EMPLOYMENT I 2 3 4LEVEL OF COMPETENCE

FIGUEE 11.5 Competence in physics su!,Cields. For those employeti

in a given subfield, additional competence in that subfield isproportional to A2, and competence in other subfields is propor-tional to A

1 .The example above is the average for PhD physicists.

6 9

1524 PHYSICS TN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE 11.36 External Competence of PhD's by Subfield, 1970

PhysicsSubfield External Competence (%)

Condensed-matter 27

Elementary-particle 40

Nuclear 43

Earth and planetary 51

Plasmas and fluids 56 -

Atomic, molecular, and 57

electronAstrophysics and relativity 60

Acoustics 62

Optics 65

Physics in biology 70

Average 47

OPTICS

ASTROPHYSICSRELATIVITY

PHYSICS inBIOLOGY

and ELECTRON

ACOUSTICS U.:',1::::::;.;:::.!:.;,..r.:,;*'.f.'.:::.::i'..;,!:!':-;,::-.......i!.;;A:Vit'jir,:::"/01;.j"?.1 ... t.)ku

N..... 14,

>. .., 1...

PLASMAS and [77.7.773,77.57.74....jpi,:,..);,..1 gqz. Lu

41t:.

FLUIDS . 4 caVCI IQ at

tselI.IQ4.

(kla,

ol cl 1/4,

EARTH and LLAPLANETARY '--

1.,!;:..?:.;;;;;;-;7;;;;7's* .t.:-.:;,no.i7,3tp.A NUCLEAR

KINISEN

Ecti ,LARPIrIRYLT:

CONDENSEDMATTER

I I I I I I

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%INWARD MOBILITY AND EXTERNAL COMPETENCE

70%

FIGURE 11.6 The comparison of inward mobility of employment sub-

field, subfield of first competence, and the degree of external

competence for physics. The scale is linear in the ratio of ex-

ternal to internal relatedness.

7 0

Manpower Data 1525

radius of competence in other subfields. Changes in the catalogueof competence are both extensive and frequent compared with changesin research activity. If the pattern of demographic diffusion(Figure 11.6) is compared with the pattern of extrinsic versus in-trinsic relationships among subfields developed on the basis ofscientific criteria (see Physics in Perspective, Volume 1, Chapter5), a remarkable unity of scientific judgment and scientific be-havior is evident.

11.1.3.3 Non-PhD Physicists

More than half (55'percent) the non-PhD physicists work in indus-try and government in jobs related to applied research and develop-ment. Thirty percent are engaged in teaching, with the majorityof these teachers employed by high schools and two-year colleges.Non-PhD physicists are qualified for inclusion in the NationalRegister by a bachelor's degree or its equivalent and a minimum oftwo years' professional experience in physics. Sixty percent ofthe non-PhD group, has a master's degree, and 74 percent belong toprofessional societies, usually one of those represented by theAIP. Thus, the non-PhD's in the National Register population areclosely identified with physics through education, experience, andmembership in professional associations, and this identificationis made by the AIP on an individual basis. We :Than examine therelationship of this population to physics-reial.ed employment andconsider its principal demographic characteristics.

11.1.3.3.1 The Physics Labor Force and the Non-PhD PhysicistOf a total of about 1.7 million scientists and engineers in theUnited States, approximately one third is scientists and two thirdsare engineers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) conducts anongoing series of employer surveys of this population. A strati-fied sample of employers is drawn from a universe of 500,000establishments employing 33 million workers. What a physicist is,as distinct from a chemist, metallurgist, geoscientist, or otherphysical scientist, is the decision of the responding employer,who is instructed to count only those "who are actually engaged inscientific work at a level which requires a knowledge of the phys-ical sciences equivalent to that acquired through completion of afour-year college course with a major in one of the physical sci-ence fields, regardless of whether they hold a college degree."

The employment distribution by BLS occupational sector of thephysicists in the BLS survey appears in Table 11.37. Based on theassumption that the PhD's in the Register physics population arelikely to be among those employed in physics, the second columnof Table 11.37 distributes the estimated total PhD physicistsaccording to BLS categories. The estimated employment of non-PhDphysicists, the third column in this table, results from the dif-ference between BLS population and Register PhD physics population.*

*Since estimates of the PhD population are based on individual re-sponses from 83 percent of the estimated physics PhD universe, theuncertainties in this part of the calculation are regardeei asnegligible.

71


TABLE 11.37 Estimated Total Physics Labor Force, 1970

BLSOccupationalSector

BLS Physicistsa PhD'sb

Estimated BA (orequivalent)Non-PhD sc

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

UniversityIndustryGovernment

TOTAL

21,20020,0006,800

48,000

44

4214

11,8006,4001,800

20,000

5932

9

9,400 34

13,600 48

5,000 18

28,000

aThe 1970 total of 48,000 is apportioned by occupational sectoraccording to the distribution of the 1968 total of 46,000 (BLS data).

&rile distribution of the 20,000 estimated PhD's is based on the16,600 PhD respondents to the 1970 National Register.

c Difference between BLS numbers and numbers of Register PhD's.

The distribution of non-PhD professional physicists in the 1970

National Register by BLS occupational sectors is shown in greater

detail in Table 11.38. Clearly, the Register population in a given

year represents about half of the universe of non-PhD physics em-

ployment, and the representation by sector is entirely consistent

with that universe. The professional non-PhD population represented

by the 19,700 Register respondents in 1970 is difficult to estimate

because of migration to and from this group. Some indication of its

size can be made by means of a calculation that yields a correct

answer when applied to PhD Register respondents. There were 3677

qualified respondents in 1968, having a median age of 34.5 years,

who did not respond again in 1970. If we assume an equal number

were not heard from in either 1968 or 1970, the nonrespondent com-

ponent of the Register-qualified population is about 7400, of whom

a few would be students, about 600 would be high school teachers,

and the remaining 6800 would be in the work force. The total num-

ber of Register qualified non-PhD's in the work force is, thus,

about 20,200, or 72.5 percent of the BLS total. We estimate, then,

that professionally qualified---on the basis of education, exper-

ience, and professional self-identification---non-PhD physicists

amount to about 72 percent of the BLS-employer estimated non-PhD

physics work foLce. Responses to the combined 1968 and 1970 Reg-

ister surveys amount to 83 percent of the qualified work force;

1970 respondents alone amount to 67 percent of those who are quali-

fied. In addition, the respondents include representative popula-

tions of high school teachers as well as advanced graduate students

and others who will be entering the work force.

The distribution of non-PhD physicists according to the type of

employing institution used in previous tables based on Register data

is shown in Table 11.39, with PhD's included for comparison. Not

surprisingly, non-PhD's are much less likely to hold faculty posi-

tions in universities than are PhD's; however, junior college

7 2

Manpower Data 1527

TABLE 11.38 Labor Force Distribution of Non-PhD Respondents

to the 1970 National Register by BLS Occupational Categories

BLS Occupational SectorNon-PhD'sNumber Percent

University and Coilege 4,600 34

University:Faculty 2,000FTE student employeesa 1,300

Junior college 800University operated federalresearch centers

500

Industry 6,300 47

Industry 5,350Industrially operated federalresearch centers

400

Other 550

Government 2,500

Subtotal (BLS occupations) 13,400

Other Occupations 6,300

Students (not included above) 2,100High school teachers 1,600Military 600Unknown employer 2 000

Total, 1970 National Register 19,700

gThe full-time equivalence (FTE) of 2600 university teaching andresearCh assistants on the 1970 Register is estimated at 50 per-cent on the basis of NSF data. The NSF (Report NSF 70-16) givesthe FTE of 84,391 graduate students in part-time employment as40,443.

teaching is done largely by non-PhD's. An extensive study of jun-ior college teachers in 1967 (NSF 69-3) shows that about half ofthose teaching physics did so full time. There were 496 full-time physics junior college teachers then, and 5 percent of thephysics courses were.taught by PhD's. In the 1970 Register sample,there were 845 physicists in junior colleges, 7 percent of whomwere PhD's. The growth implied is consistent with overall physicalscience faculty growth in these institutions, but the NSF and Reg-ister populations are not strictly comparable. It is evident,however, that the rapid growth of two-year colleges has not entailed

7 3


an accelerated recrvirment of PhD's dutiag the 1.367-1970 interval.To an.even greater e::ceat, the teaching cf physics in high schoolsis done by non-PhD's.

Ind6stry and th2 iederal.goverpment provide employment !:or 55percent of the non-PhD's compared with 38.5 percent for PhD's.Research centers employ only 6 percent of the non-PhD's comparedwith 14 percent of nhe PhD's. These diffarences are consistentqith the relatively greater emphasis on applied research and de-velopment in the employment of non-FaD's.

TABLE TI.39 Employing Institutions of Non-PhD's and PhD's, 1970

EmployerNon-PhD's PhD's


University (faculty)IndustryGovernmentResearch centerOther

Secondary schoolJunior collegeKilitaryOther

SUBTOTALa

University (non-faculty)

Unknown

TOTAL

1,9905,3462,545

8773,588

14,346

3,319

2,026

19,705

1,628791

650533

13.937.217.86,124.3

16.1

8.2

5,7233,8051,4681,912

840

31

54

113

642

13,748

2,500

383

16,631

41.627.710.813.96.1

0.6

5.5

Median age 32.9 37.4

aThe non-PhD sample represents an estimated 67 percent of the uni-verse of Register qualified full-time professionals; the PhD sampleis approximately 85 percent of the PhD universe.

11.1.3.3.2 Educational Mobility of Non-PhD PhysLcists Some 60percent of the non-PhD physicists hold a master's degree. Between1968 and 1970, departmental surveys indicated that there were about8000 graduate students in the third year of training or beyond.This pool of qualified non-PhD physicists is one fifth the size ofthe nonstudent professional work force, estimated at 20,000 non-PhD's and 20,000 PhD's. Most of these students are employed, 60percent of them part time and 19 percent full time, usually tnuniversities. Graduate students thus represent the supply of po-tential professional physicists aad their employment demonstratv9a demand for non-PhD 'physicists, especially in universities.

The mobility of physicists in regard to student status between

1968 and 1970 is shown in Table 11.40. By 1970, 77 percent of the

7 4

Manpower Data 1529

TABLE 11.40 Educational Mobility of Qualified Non-PhD Physicistsbetween 1968 and 1970

Status in 1970Status Student Nonstudentin 1968 Full Time ParL Time Non-PhD New PhD 1968 Total

Stud,2nt

Full time 899 73 1,055 1,624 3,651Part time 81 226 1,277 226 1,807

Subtotal 1,279 2,332 1,847(23%) (43%) (34%) 5,485a

Nonstud

Non-PhD 149 169 8,738 - 9,056

Subtotal 318 8,738 9,056(4%) (96%)

1970 total 1,129 486 11,070 1,847 14,514

Median age 28.3 31.6 36.8 29.9

aln 1968 there were 7800 graduate students beyond the second year oftraining.

'The Doctorate Records File counts 2874 new PhD's in academic years1967-1968 and 1968-1969.

1968 advanced graduate students had entered the nonstudent workforce, 34 percent as new PhD's and 43 percent generally as terminalnon-PhD professionals; 23 percent continued their training. Re-turn to graduate study was reported by 4 percent of the regularlyemployed non-PhD population.

11.1.3.3.3 Subfield Distribution of Non-PhD's The subfield ofemployment of nonstudent non-PhD's and advanced graduate studentsappears in Table 11.41. To a large extent the subfield distribu-tion of non-PhD employment is negatively correlated with the employ-ment of young PhD's shown in Table 11.26 and Figure 11.4. However,

a positive correlation exists between the subfield employment ofnon-PhD's and mature PhD's. The subfield interest profile of grad-uate students corresponds to that of PhD university faculty, shownin Table 11.24, and is negatively correlated with non-PhD employ-ment. The most striking mismatches between graduate training andnon-PhD employment occur in optics, acoustics, and earth and plan-etary physics. These three subfields, which employ a greater thanoverage number of non-PhD's, are those least represented in thezntio of student emphasis to non-PhD employment. Whether graduateeducation is an adequate source of non-PhD physicists, the profileof specialized training in graduate schools does not correspond tothe profile of specialties characteristic of the employment ofnon-PhD's.


TABLE 11.41 Subfield Distribution of Non-PhD Physicists---Studentsand Nonstudents--1970

PhysicsSubfield Students Nonstudents

Astrophysics and relativity 80 79

Elementary-particle 437 413

Nuclear 443 1,168

Atomic, molecular, and electron 286 576

Plasmas and fluids 195 503

Condensed-matter 1,005 2,573

Earth and planetary 157 567

Physics in biology 53 135

Optics 233 1,936

Acoustics 67 704

Astronomy 145 344

Miscellaneousa

857 6,749

TOTAL 3,958 15,747

aOther physics, 27 percent;,teaching, 46 percent; other sciences,

27 percent.

As is true of PhD's, subfield mobility among non-PhD's providesthe means of adjusting manpower supply to the prevailing patternsof use. Of 5759 non-PhD's in eight major subfields in 1968 and1970, 73 percent remained in the same :;ubfield throughout the two-year interval, a percentage equivalent to that for PhD's.

A measure of subfield mobility among relative/y established non-PhD's can be derived by using the population who did not changetypes of employing institution between 1968 and 1970; For thisgroup the mobility among major subfields was 23 percent, comparedwith 20 percent for established PhD's. One difference between non-PhD's and PhD's is that the simultaneous subfield mobility of em-ployer mobile individuals is considerable enhanced--38 percent ofnon-PhD's compared with 23 percent of PhD's changed type of employ-ment, and 26 percent of non-PhD's compared with 20 percent of PhD'schanged subfield also. Non-PhD's apparently are somewhat more like-ly to adjust subfield emphasis to suit new employment than are PhD's.An important similarity between non-PhD's and PhD's is that sub-field mobility shows a negligible dependence on age. In a two-yearperiod, changes in subfield among the eight m'ajor ones comprisingphysics by approximately one fourth of the physics population seemsto be characteristic of professional physicists, regardless of ageor degree status.

Since industry and government are the major employers of non-PhD's, we examined the subfield distribution of non-PhD's thus em-

pliayed. As shown in Figure 11.7, employment outside the discipline-specific subfields amounts to approximately 30 percent for those in

both types of employing institutions. This miscellaneous category,

7 6

Manpower Data 1531

ACOUSTICS

CONDENSEDMATTER

OPTICS

ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, and ELECTRONand PLASMAS and FLUIDS

GOVERNMENT

INDUSTRYNUCLEAR

MTEMMO1 EARTH and PLANETAR Y,and ASTRONOMY

MISC.

1 I i 1 I 4

10% 20% 30%DISTRIBUTION OF SUBFIELD EMPHASIS

FIGURE 11.7 Subfields of non-PhD physicists in industrial andgovernment employment.

for both industry and government, can be subdivided into generalphysics (48 percent), computer science and mathematics (30 percent),and other sciences (22 percent). Optics and condensed matter to-gether provide about 50 percent and 30 percent of the non-PhD em-ployment in industry and government, respectively. The percentagesFor PhD's thus employed were 60 percent and 30 percent. Other than:1,1sed matter and optics, industrial and government employment

uraiig about the same mix of acoustics; atomic, molecular, and

7 7


electron physics; plasma physics and physics of fluids; and nuclearphysics, although the proportion engaged in these subfields isslightly greater among government-employed non-PhD's. Earth andplanetary physics, particularly atmospheric physics, and astronomyare the subfields of a greater number of non-PhD's in government

than in industry.

11.1.3.3.4 Work Activities of Non-PhD Physicists Like their PhDcounterparts, the major work activities of non-PhD professionalphysicists are research and development. The difference is thatfor PhD's research is the primary activity; for non-PhD's develop-ment is primary. Figure 11.8 compares work activities of PhD'sand non-PhD's in industry. The same differences prevail in alltypes of employing institutions, as Table 11.42 shows. Clearly,

the development work done by professional physicists is performedlargely by non-PhD's. In regard to primary work activity alone,about 7 percent of the total professional work force is engaged indevelopment and 85 percent of these are non-PhD's. Because devel-

opment is a major activity of private industry, which is the prin-cipal employer of non-PhD physicists, we examined the developmentactivities of physicists in industry in greater detail in Table

11.43. Development-related work activity constitutes 37 percent

of industrial employment. For about half of those involved indevelopment, it is a secondary activity, particularly for PhD's,and it is more likely to be secondary to basic and applied researchfor PhD's than for non-PhD's. If full-time involvement in primaryand secondary development activity is assumed to be equal, 78 per-cent of the industrially employed physicists in development arenon-PhD's.

Consistent with their major role in development, non-PhD's repre-sent a correspondingly large fraction of the physics population inindustry that is engaged in activities other than research and de-velopment. About 9 percent of the physicists in industry are em-

_ployed in activities other than research and development; of these84 percent are non-PhD's (see Table 11.44). Just as devel,r-was frequently combined with research, other activities are com-bined with research and development by another 24 percent of thephysicists in industry, 72 percent of whom are non-PhD's. It isclear from Table 11.44 that management responsibilities are highlycorrelated with non-research-and-development employment of physicists.

The use of qualified non-PhD physicists by industry has a certainrelevance to projected industrial PhD use. To the extent that re-search and development level or decline is a fraction of the grossnational product, increased employment of PhD physicists in otheractivities than these by industry is inevitable. The aggregateexperience of professionaly qualified non-PhD physicists providesa model for the kinds of changes that are likely to take place inPhD use patterns. The adjustments appear to be essentially con-tinuous, starting with increased involvement in non-research-and-development activities in conjunction with research and develop-ment, and, if the changes follow pre-existent motivational patterns,one can expect an increased emphasis on the management role of phy-icists, already a substantialfeature of professional employment.

7 8

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

Mdnpower Data 1533

BASIC RESEARCH

..-

BASIC and APPUED

_

APPUED RESEARCHand DEVELOPMENT

_

I..- -...-

//

. w

//

. .

,.

-7

%

2 %--/

-

..-

....-

.

...'" e0.: .E(I.4. .

%AC 4:::'

Aft .1..<

kp0

e .*.iMIX,70.

4IWRNS 4

e

APPUED RESEARCH,_ DEVELOPMENT and

OTHER

OTHER(NON RESEARCH)

0"):.ki.E*4 .1a6

0049 --

.XVPX$YA

i

0.A

-:f.1

PhDsINDUSTRY

Non-PhDs

FIGURE 11.8 The comparison of work activity priorities of non-PhD and PhD physicists in industry. (See caption to Figure 11.1for exact definitions of groupings.)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

The NSF predicts a substantial demand in the next decade for non-academic, non-research-and-development PhD physicists, a demandthat is not reflected in current functional distributions or in thetrends in these distributions. The NSF estimates that 42 percentof the nonacademic employment of new PhD's will be in activitiesother than research and development. If this projection is basedon a demand rather than an absorption process, increasing numbersof 2hD's could be expected to assume a status-consistent modifica-tion of the traditional roles of non-PhD physicists. Thus non-PhDprofessionals could be providing a certain de facto leadership forthe physics community and, possibly, leadership away from tradi-tional physics.

7 9

TABLE 11.42

Comparison of Primary Work Activities on Non-PhD and PhD Physicists by Type of

Employing Inatitution

Primary Work

Activity

00

University (Age 40-60)

Industry

Government

Research Center

Non-PhD

PhD

Non-PhD

PhD

Non-PhD

PhD

Non-PhD

PhD

Basic research

Applied research

Development

Management of

research and

development

Other

8.2%

7.5

1.2

4.7

78.4

24.2%

3.47

0.1

5.4

66.9

3.6%

33.4

22.4

16.4

23.0

19.3%

39.0

6.7

24.0

8.9

16.4%

37.9

8.4

19.2

18.1

48.4%

18.9

0.9

23.4

8c .

26.9%

30.7

12.6

13.0

15 2

.

44.3%

28.2

3.5

18.4

4.7

Manpower Data 1535

TABLE 11.43 Performance of Development In U.S. Industry byProfessional Physicists, Universe Total,a 1970

Priority ofDevelopment Non-PhD PhD Total

Primary activity 1780 310 2,090Secondary activity 1800 740 2,540Basic and appliedresearch primary

47% 72%

Other activityprimary

53 28

Total in development 3580 78 1050 22 4,630 (37%)Industry total 7980 63 4620 37 12,600

auniverse totals are estimated from Register respondents, assumingan 83 percent response from PhD's and a 67 percent response fromnon-PhD professionals.

TABLE II.44 Comparison of Research and Development, Non-Researchand Development, and Management Responsibilities of Non-PhD's andPhD's in Industry, 1970

Responsibilities

Research and developmentResearch and developmentResearch and developmentplus management

Research and developmentcombined with non-reseatchand developmentCombinedCombined plus managementNon-research and developmentNon-research and develop-ment

Non-research and develop-ment plus management

Non-PhD (N = 5273)a PhD (JV = 3733)b

61% 77%

71% 62%29 38

27 19

57 54

43 46

12 4

51 45

49 55

aEstimated universe = 7980.

hEstimdted universe = 4620.

8 1

1536 PHYSfCS IN PERSPECTIVE

11.1.4 SPECIAL IN-DEPTH STUDIES

in the foregoing discussion of physics manpower employment, andmobility, attention has been directed primarily to physics as awhole, although with some indication of variation by subfield. Itis also possible to use the Register data to provide in-depthstudies of different subfields. Two interdisciplinary subfieldshave been selected as examplesastrophysics and relativity andearth and planetary physics.

11.1.4.1 Manpower in Astrophysics and Relativity

The distinction between astronomer and physicist is especiallydifficult to draw in astrophysics and relativity. However, we canidentify these scientists by the detailed specialties in whichthey are engaged. The specialties that comprise astrophysics andrelativity appeared in Table VIII.1 of Volume II, Part B, ofPhysica in Peirapective, reproduced here as Table 11.45.

TABLE 11.45 Core Manpower in Astrophysics and Relativity, 1970a

Specialty PhD's Non-PhD's

Gravitational fields, gravitons 26 8

Cosmology 16 8

Galaxies 45 17

Quasars, pulsars, and x-ray sources 84 40

Relativity, gravitation 77 35

248 108

Otherb

9 51

Total respondents 257(627) 159(38%)

Student respondents 80

aData in the table are based on the National Register of Scientific

Bnd Technical Personnel.Respondents definitely in astrophysics and relativity, but for

whom some items of Register data are missing.

Some 250 PhD's indicated that their major scientific work was in

one of these specialties. For comparison, the specialties thatcomprise our Register definition of astronomy appear in AppendixB; 635 PhD's were identified with these specialties.

Characteristics of scientists in astrophysics and relativitysuggest multiple subfield relationships. Important in identifying

manpower at the interface of physics and astronomy is earth and

planetary physics, with 725 PhD's, the specialties of whom alsoappear in Appendix B.

To count astronomers and physicists in this interrelated com-

8 2

MaNpower Data 1537

munity is an oversimplification; however, to compare these datawith those resulting from the questionnaire circulated to institu-tions by the Astronomy Survey Committee, we shall undertake sucha count. Many PhD's working at this interface would, of course, becounted by astronomers as astronomers and by physicists as physi-cists. The use of Register specialties to define the populationobviates such double counting.

The Register also obtains the self-idel.tification of respon-dents. The results of this self-identification appear in Table11.46. The astronomers identified by institutions should includeboth self-identified astronomers and astrophysicists, a total of867 respondents, whom we estimate to be 85 percent of a total.population of some 1030 self-identified PhP astronomers.

TABLE 11.46 PhD Self-Identification

PhD Self-IdentificationRegister Space Other SubfieldSubfield Astronomy Astrophysics Physics Physics Total

Astrophysics 55 72 9 121 257

and relativityEarth and 15 61 :9': 458 724

planetaryAstronomy 286 209 50 99 644

Other physics 92 86 119 14,709 15,0'66

TOTAL 448 428 367 15,387 16,631

An institutional definition of an astronomer, however, is onnwho is working on what, in the management's view, is astronomy.All thNose working in the Register specialties classified as astro-physics and relativity and astronomy would surely be included insuch an enumeration, and some fraction of the earth and planetaryphysicists would be counted as well. The latter fraction could beestimated by establishing the way in which management would clas-sify each of the relevant specialties in Appendix B. As Table11.46 shows, about 20 percent of the earth and planetary physicistsidentify themselves as astronomers or astrophysicists; that is tosay, about 150 of the 725 PhD's in earth and planetary physicscould be identified with the institutions of astronomy.

Table 11.47 summarizes the results and shows 1050 PhD respon-dents whom we believe could be readily identified as astronomersfrom the viewpoint of managers of institutions working in physicsand astronomy. If we assume an 85 percent rate of response, thenthe population of permanent U.S. resident PhD 'astronomers insuch institutions would amount to 1240 as of January 1970. Thisfigure can be compared with the 1257 full-time, PhD-equivalentastronomy personnel, including teachers, postdoctorzl fellows,

8 3


locally paid staff v130_ing elsewhete, and visitors paid locally,

who were reported by managers to be employed in 171 astronomyinstitutions in the 1.1:Uted States and'Galapagos Islands, whichwere surveyed by the 4stronomy Survey Committee.

TABLE I1.47 Identification of PhD Physicists and Astronomerswith the Institutions of Physics and Astronomy

PhD's in Register Subfields Institu-

Earth S Astrophys. tional

Institution Phv "lanetary & Relativ. Astron. Totals

Physics related 11. '5

Both physics 50

and astronomyrelated

Astronomyrelated

250

650

15,975

1,050

FIGURE 11.9 depicts the interrelationship of physics and astron-omy in these two subfields--astrophysics and relativity and earth

and planetary physics.

FIGURE 11.9 The interpenetration of physics and astronomy.

8 41

Manpower Data 1539

The curacteristics of manpower in astrophysics and relativity

are depicted in Tables Employment is concentrated in

universities and the university-based PhD's are principally engaged

in research. The distribution by academic rank is characteristic

of a research-oriente .! group with a large number of young univer-

sity-based researchers. Emphasis on theory is greater than in

either physics or astronomy. Consfstent with this emphasis, the

production of jourrl articles is high; in 1968 the subfield ac-

counted for 0.9 percent of the physics community but produced 1.6

percent of the articles in a sample from Physics Abstracts (see

Chapter IV).

TABLE 11.48 Distribution by Employing Institution of Physicists,Astronomers, and Those in Astrophysics and Relativity

Subfield ofDiscipline University

Research

Industry Government Center Other

Astrophysicsand relativ-

. ityAstronomyPhysics

73%

63%50%

7% 9%

7% 18%

24% 9%

9%

11%12%

4%

5%

5%

TABLE 11.49Group

Distribution u Work Activities of University-Based

Primary WorkActivity

AstrophysicsRelativity

&

Astronomy Physics

Basic research 66.3% 60.4%

Teaching 29.37 28.8%

Other 4.4% 10.8%

37.2%49.7%13.1%

TABLE 11.50 Distribution by Academic Rank

Astrophys. &Relativ. Astronomy Physics

Rank Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Full profes- 24 102 28 2421 29

SOTAssociate 31 17 49 13 1697 21

Assistant 46 25 104 28 2101 26

Faculty total 120 66 255 69 6219 76

Other univ. 61 34 116 31

employment

1989 24

Total PhD's 181 371 8208

8 5


TABLE 11.51 Distribution of Theoreticians and Experimentalists

Nature ofWork

Astrophysics andRelativity(%) Astronomy(%) Physics(%)

Theoretical 51 28 25

Experimental 30 40 50

Both 19 32 25

TABLE 11.52 Distribution by Degree Level

r-ubfield or Nonstudent Non-PhD's

Discipline PhD's Non-PhD's per PhD

Astrophysics 5 reia- 250 79 0.3

tivity

Astronomy 650 344 0.5

Physics 15,600 15,700 1.0

TABLE II. Median Age of PhD's in 1970

Sample Astrophys. & Relativ. Astronomy Physics

Theoreticians 33.9 33.8 35.0

Total 34.6 35.0 37.4

TABLE 11.54 Median Age of PhD's in 1970 by Academic Rank

Rank Astrophysics & Relativity P:Isica/Astronomy

Full professor 46.0 46.8

Associate 36.7 37.4

Assistant 31.9 32.4

The subfield is cmnposed of a comparatively young group, with amedian age of 34.6. It affords relatively little opportunity forqualified non-PhD's.

The data show that scientists in astrophysics and relativityare somewhat more like asEronomers than physicists i resul.t that

could largely be expected from the institutional c.:aracteristiczof a nonapplied discipline. To describe the interl lationshir ,fphysics, astrophysics and relativity, and astronomy, apart fromthe overriding institutional correlates, we can Look at 6.-a onfield of PhD, subfields of additional scientific competenr andsubfield migration, Tables 11.55--II.58. Astro-..nyol,l; ald relativ-

8 6

Manpower Data 1541

ity is populated largely by physics PhD's. The data on specialtiesof first and second competence other than specialty of employmentshow that for those in astrophysics and relativity specialties offirst competence usually fall also within this subfield (82 per-cent so indicating). Astrophysics and relativity clearly is not asecondary pursuit; the secondary competences, physics and astron-omy, are the intellectual and practical foundation for the cre-ative thrust of this subfield.

TABU, 11.55 Field in Which PhD Was Obtained

Field of PhD

Field of Current ResearchAstronomy Physics asas a Whole(%) a Whole(%)

Astrophysicsand Relativity(%)

PhysicsAstronomyOther

36 80

57 5

7 15

70

25

5

TABLE 11.56 Additional Subfield Competence of PhD's in Astro-physics and Relativity, Astronomy, and Physics

Subfield of Subfield of EmploymentAdditional Astrophys. & Relativity Astronomy PhysicsCompetence Number Percent Number Percent Number

First levelAstrophys. &relativity

200 82 15 2 44

Astronomy 15 6 458 75 124

Physics 28 12 141 23

Total first 243 614 15,000Second level

Astrophys. &relativity

85 35 57 10 82

Astronomy 42 17 279 46 158

Physics 117 48 261 44

Total second 244 597 15,000

TABLE 11.57 Numbers of PhD's in Ast,':,-`,7s1cs and Relativity,Astronomy, and Earth and Planetary P. ,s, 196-1970

Astrophys. and Earth TotalYear Relativity Astronomy Planetary Physics/Astronomy

1964 65 397 311 10,4001966 - - - 11,8001968 125 711 572 14,300970 250 644 724 16,600

8 7


TABLE 11.58 Mobility into Astrophysics and Relativity and Earthand Planetary Physics

1968 Sources1970 PhD'sAstrophys. and Relativity Earth and Planetary

Same subfield 82 323

Physics 37 203

Astronomy 75 55

Longitudinal sample 195 581

1970 Register total 250 725

Growth in this subfield displays the explosive charactertypical of rn exciting new research area of physics. Growth inboth astrophysics and relativity and earth and planetary physicsshows that substantial manpower is shifting into these subfieldsfrom traditional astronomy subfields. The patterns of growth alsoillustrate the close interrelationship of these subfields tophysics and astronomy.

Figure 11.10 depicts the components of growth in astrophysicsand relativity. The largest input, 75 PhD's with a median age of33.7 years in 1970, came from astronomy; only seven PhD's wentfrom astrophysics and relativity to astronomy. Of tho-e who enteredfrom astronomy, 25 percent were under 31 years of age, and 25 per-

,-o 20E' z

; F= - <

r;u. u.

=

. 0 .

A and R ( x10 in wen )250 Ph CYs

FIGUKEII.10 Growth and interchange, 1968--1970. Numbers are

1910 Register populations.

8 8

MityowaP Data 1543

cent, over 38 ycars of age; therefore, this subfield can hardly besaid to attract only young astronomers. The interchange withphysics was more nearly reciprocal. Thirty-seven came into thesubfield from physics in 1970, and 21 left it to move into physics.Six came from nuclear physics, 11 from elementary-particle physics,6 from earth and planetary physics, and 14 from other subfields.Of those who Left, one went into nuclear physics, 9 into elemen-tary-particle physics, 8 itP., earth and planetary physics, and3 to other subflelds.

11.1.4.2 Manpower in Earth and PZanetary Physics

The study of the physical environment, the earth and its surround-ings, clearly is a multidisciplinary activity that includes notjust physicists but atmospheric, geological, and oceanographicscientists. About as many scieatists are identified with earthand space science fields as with physics, perhaps 40,000 in each.An identifiable group of about 2000 physicists, those in earthand planetary physics, are working in earth and space sciences.If we look only at research effort, it appears that the earthand planetary physicists account for as much as 20 percent of theeffort in earth and space studies.

The characteristics of.earth and space scientists are drawnlargely from National Register data; however, other data areavailable from BLS, NASA, and the Civil Service. We have used theRegister data in our analyses, first, to depict the overall dimen-sions and characteristics of atmospheric, geological, trid oceano-

graphic populations and research effort and, second, to describein detail the special characteristics of the earth and planetaryphysics population. Supplementary data, based largely on employersurveys, lack definitional consistency and are piecemeal, but theyaugment the manpower from the Register, giving in some casesquite different totals.

There are some 33,000 earth and space scientists and some40,000 physicists. More than 1600 physicists work in earth andspace sciences, but only a few earth and space scientists workin physics.*

Table 11.59 shows the number' of scientists working in earthand space sciences and physics. A scientist is classified as work-ing in a field on the basis of his statement of a detailed special-ty that most nearly corresponds to his principal work activity.The assignment of specialties provides a working definition ofdiscipline and subfield.

Deciding what kind of scientist a respondent is is by nomeans as simple as deciding what science one is working in. Ifa Register form is returned to the AIP but the respondent seemsmore like a geo,:ientist than a physicist, his form is sent tothe American Geological Institute (AGI) for review and inclusion

These figures are based on an estimated 85 percent response to theRegister, which is conservative for PhD's and somewhat arbitraryfor non-PhD's. For non-PhD's, definitions of professional standards,job classifications, and fields become rather fuzzy.

8 9

CO

TABLE 11.59

Manpower in Earth and Space Sciences-

Field of Employment

No. of

Scientists

Principal

Processkng

Society

No. lden-

tified

with AIP

No.

Holding

PhD

Percentage of to-

tal Represented by

AIP Scientists(%)

Percentage

of Total

with PhD(%)

Atmospheric sciences

5,232

AMS

453

639

8.7

12.2

Structure and dynamics

1,127

378

435

33.6

38.6

Other

4,105

75

204

1.8

5.0

Geological sciences

17,198

AGI

197

3,040

1.1

17.7

Geophysics

2,873

171

431

6.0

15.0

Other

14,325

26

2,609

18.2

r cli

Oceanography

,

Total atmospheric, geological,

end oceanographic sciences

730

23,160

AGI

53

703

203

3,882

7.3

2.7

27.8

15.7

.A

Space science

816

AIP

626

399

76.7

49.0

Physics specialties

25,801

AIP

11,405

100

44.2

Astronomy

1,325

AIP

733

100

55.3

Electronics

1,504

AIP

485

100

32.2

Identification

Physics

32,491

AIP

14,311

44.0

Earth and marine sciences

23,746

AGI

4,957

21.0

Atmospheric and space

sciences

5,745

AMS

514

9.0

aData are based on

Am

eric

anScience Manpower 1968 (NSF 69-38) (Table A-48) and on the 1968 National

Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel.

bSociety responsible for the collection and processing of data in a particular discipline. These

societies

are the American Institute of Physics, American Geological Institute,

and American Meteorological Society.

Manpower Data 1545

with their respondents if qualified. In Table 11.59, the secondcolumn gives the processing society of most respondents in eachcategory, thus the major professional identification of peopleworking in earth and space sciences.

The data in Table 11.59 are also depicted in Figure 11.11, ina so-called "Fuji" representation.

In our earlier discussions of other populations, the overallsize has been estimated on the basis of all scientists regardlessof their specific work activity. However, in this section weshall look principally at the research function to get a clearerindication of the relative role of the physicist compared Ilthearth and space scientists in the performance of research.

Before we examine the Register population in detail, we willlook briefly at a special group. Scientists working in "physicsof the earth in space" were convened by the National Academy ofSciences for study programs in the summers of 1968 and 1969. Fifty-WO scientists participated, with continuity provided by 12 whoparticipated in both summer sessions. We assumed that this groupconstituted an elite -epresentation of scientific personnel inearth and space sciences. Table 11.60 presents a tabulation oftheir scientific backgrounds and professional identifications.

TABLE 11.60 Field and Degree Background of a Select Group ofEarth and Space Scientists

Fields

Field of Sciencewith which Identified Field of DegreeNumber Percent Number Percent

Physics 17 38 21 58Space physics 5 11 -

Astrophysics/astronomy

8 18 4 11

Geophysics 7 16 4 11Radio physics 4 . 2

Electrical en-gineering

3 4 11

Aeronomy 1 -

Physical chemistry 1 1

TOTAL 46 36

Data on 41 of the 52 were found in American Men of Science(11th edition). We looked particularly at major fields of profes-sional identification (such as physicist or geophysicist), fieldof PhD, and society membership. The results suggest predominanceof physics, with expertise in astronomy also a major constituent.

Society membership sometimes is regarded as a useful indica-tion of subject emphasis; for this group it should be reasonablyindicative because these are mature scientists whose economicstatus probably would override financial barriers to multiple

9 1

1546 PHYSICS TN PERSPECTIVE

FIGURE 11.11 Scientific manpower in earth and space sciences,physics, and earth and planetary physics.

memberships. Further, being acknowledged as successful in re-

search, they would nut be expected to join a society for reasons

of status. Table 11.61 presents data on souiety membership of this

group. The distribution implies asustained involvement with the

physi, :=munity. Because of the small percentage reporting de-

gree hac,round in geosciences, membership in the American Geo-

physic..11 Union, indicated by 56 percent, apparently reflects ac-

quired identification with this community. A clear v:end toward

a connection with astronomy also is indicated, alti ugh it is

difficult to say whether this association is traditional or ac-

quired, for astronomy typically has relied on a substantial in-

flux of PhD's from physics.These simple data on th- elite group suggest that-research

at the so-called frontiers uf the earth and space sciences is

done by people with a strong background in physics, who generally

maintain connections with the physics and astronomy communities

and have acquired a relationship to the geophysics community.

Indeed, professional mobility is a prominent characteristic of

the group.We must examine properties other than size of various popula-

tions to get a quantitative idea of the relative role of physi-

cists in earth and space sciences. The PhD concentration of a sub-

field or discipline is significant, because we find that publica-

tion patterns are strongly correlated with PhD distributions. The

degree concentration, distributed according to professional identi-

fication appears in Table 11.59, as well as concentration among

work arv.As. Physicists clearly are concentrated in areas charac-

terized by a high concentration of PhD's. Apparently physicists

tend to be more strongly involved in advance& subject areas in

which PhD training is important rather than in operations in

which the generalist training of a physicist is usually considered

a special cachet.

9 '1,

Manpower Data 1 47

TABLE 11.61 Society Membership of a Select Group of Earth and

Space Scientists

Society

Membership Indicated MembershipDistribution(%)Number Percent

American Physical Society 1.5 37 21.

American Geophysical Union 23 56 32

American Astronomical 15 37 21

SocietyInstitute of Electrical and 12 29 17

Electronics EngineersAmerican Meteorological 5

SocietyAmerican Chemical Society 1

Total memberships 71

Total on which this infor-mation was obtained

41

Other comparisons to show the place of physicists in this

interdisciplinary iceberg require the comparison of earth and

planetary physicists and earth and space scientists. Nonoverlap-

ping groups can be defined with reference to Table 11.59. Earth

and planetary physicists represent the physics (A1P) population.

Earth and space scientists represent the earth and marine sciences

(AGI) and atmospheric and space (American Meteorological Society)

populations. We shall compare 26,000 earth and space scientists

in 1968 (most recent American Science Manpower data) with 700

earth and planetary physicists in 1970, for we want to present the

most recent picture of physicists against the more slowly chang-

ing background of earth and space sciences. When Possible, PhD's

and non-PhD's will be compared separately. Special characteris-

tics of earth and planetary physicists will be discussed in de-

tail in a later part of this section..The distribution of earth and planetary physicists, compared

with all physicists, among employing institutions appears in

Table II.62. Clearly, research centers employ many 9f these

earth and planetary physicists. Although American Science Man-

power does not show research center as a separate category, com-

parison without data can be achieved by allocating research centtxPhD employees to universities (69 percent), industry (22 percent),and other employing institutions (9 percent). Table 11.63 presentsthis comparison and shows that the nonuniversity employment pat-tern of earth and planetary physicists is more like that of earth

and space scientists than of physicists. Nearly as many earth andplanetary PhD's work for government as for industry, which resem-bles the employment pattern of earth and space scientists anddiffers from that of physicists among whom there is a three-to-oneindustry/government ratio of use.


TABLE 11.62 Employment Patterns of Earth and Planetary Physics

PhD's and Non-PhD's Compared with Those for the Total Physics

Populationa

Employing Earth and Plan- All Physics Earth and Plane- All Physics

Institu- tary PhD's PhD's tary Non-PhD's Non-PhD's

Lions N=,712(%) N=16,631(%) N=673(%) N=19,705(%)

College anduniversity

38 51 33 28

Industry 23 23 20 33

Covernment 22 9 31 15

Research 13 12 4 6

Othercenter

4 5 12 18

,zData are from the 1970 NSF National Register of Scientific and

Technical Personnel

TABLE II.63 Employment of PhD's in Earth and Space Sciences

Field

EmployerAcademic Industry Government Other

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Earth and plane-tary physics

338a 475a 184a 26.0a 154a 21.6a 362 50a

Earth and spacesciences

3198 55.9 919 17.0 922 16.6 234 4.5

Earth andmarine

2906 61.0'865 18.1 796 16.7. 197 4.1

Atmosphericand space

292 57.5 44 8.7 126 24.8 47 9.3

Physics - 59.0 - 26.0 - 9.0 - 5.0

Geology 1229 46.4 572 18.4 448 21.7 148 7.6

Geophysics 187 43.7 161 37.1 51 11.9 29 6.8

Oceanography 123 62.5 16 8.1 45 23.0 13 6.6

aEstimated

bThese groups are derived from numbers working in these fields

(see Table 11.59) and are commensurate with the other groups in

this Table (11.63). The numbers are listed only for comparison of

distributions.

Earth and planetary physicists are less often employed in uni-

versities than are physicists in general. In Table 11.64, earth

and planetary physics faculty is tabulated separately from uni-

versity employees; comparisons are presented for physicists in

general, nuclear physicists, astronomers, and AGI and American

Meteorological Society populations. Faculty is defined as academic

employees who specify academic rank of lecturer or above. Of 272

earth and planetary physicists in universities, 173 acknowledged

9 4

',fanpowop Mta 1549

TABLE 1I.64 Faculty Members in Earth and Planetary Physics,sics, and Earth and Space Sciencesa

Field of TotalDegree Fnculty

Professoror Dean

AssociateProfessor

AssistantProfessor

Instructoror Lecturer

Physics 7427 2625 2047 2753 702

Earth andplanetaryphysicsPhD l73 66 46 55 6

Total 206 69 51 68 18

Nuclear phys-ics

798 264 229 246 59

Astronomy 289

Earth and spacesciences

3868 1141 939 1213 575

Earth andmarLne

3580 1042 865 1135 538

Atmosphericand space

288 99 74 78 37

PhD 2632 1048 768 774 42

aGrouped according to research specialty rather than academic de-partment. Data on physicists are based on the physics section ofthe 1970 National Register; those on earth and space sciences onAmerican Science Manpower 19s.

faculty appointments; an additional 36 of 221 non-PhD's alsoclaim such appointments. Table 11.65 summarizes data on facultyroles of PhD's employed in uriversities presented in Tables 11.63and 11.64. Clearly, earth and planetary physicists are not heavilyengaged in teaching; they are not only less likely than eitherphysicists or earth and space scientists to be employed in univer-sities, but those who are thus employed are less likely to fillfaculty positions. If earth and planetary physics is to assume amore prominent place in the physics curriculum, substantialmobility will be required. There are about 175 self-acknowledgedearth and planetary physics PhD faculty members, not all of whomare in the 2000 U.S. physics departments. Increased emplisis onfaculty responsibilities could lead to an influx of earth andplanetary physicists from the immediate academic surroundings. npool that amounts to some 150 additional PhD's. A second source

is academic physicists who are competent in earth and plane-ary

9 5

1550 PRYS1CS IN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE 11.65 Comparison of Rotes in Academic InstItutionsa of

PhD's in Earth and Planetary Physics, Physics, and Earth and Space

Sciences

Field

Faculty Other


Earth and planetaryphysics (1970)N 338

Physics (1970)N . 9700

Earth and space sciences

113 51

6430 62

2632 82

165

3270

566

49

38

18

(1968) N = 3198

a Includes research centers operated by universities.

ohics but who are not currently working in this subfield. Their

vumber amounts to another 50 to 60 PhD's currently in college or

.sliversity employment. Taken together these two sources do not

nresent a large pooL, ccnpared with, for example, nuclear physics.

, Lear that expansion of earth and planetary physics in thecurriculal would be manpower limited. A third kind of

fity, intellectual mobility of subfield switching, would be

ded. A favorable outcome is possible from this third source,intellectual mobility is a major characteristic'of the physics

pwlslation.T-hle 11.66 shows the production of students in 1968 in the

fields with %thich we are concerned. Although the total production

is about the same for physicists and earth and space scientists,

,he concentration of PhD's is twice as high in physics. As Table

11.67 shows, patterns of degree production differ from those of

use. Only a fraction of nonPhD's enter scientijic work in any

case, but the pattern is quite different for physicists and earth

and space scientists.Table 11.68 summarizes the primary work activities of earth

and space scientists and earth and planetary physicists. The differences in work patterns are striking. A high proportion of PhD'sand nonPhD's in earth and planetary physics are engaged in re .

search (67 percent and 64 percent, respectively). The comparablefigures for research for all physics are 55 percent for PhD's and47 percent for nonPhDls. In the earth and space sciences, the

9 6

1771.

TABLE 11.66 Degree Production, 1968':

PhD as Percent-Field BS MS PhD Degrees/Faculty

age of Total(Z)

16 1.3

8 1.2Physics 5500 2000 1400

Earth and space 2900 1100 438

sciences

Earth sciences 341

Oceanography 49

Meteorology 48

a ources of data presented in this table are the American Insti-

tute of Physics, American Geological Institute, and NRC Doctorate

Records File.

TABLE 11..67 Production and Use of Physics PhD's in Physics and

Earth and 5pac.e Sciences

Field PhD Production(%) PhD Use in Field(%)

Ph;sics 16

Earth and space sciences 8

44

18.5

figures are 32 percent (PhD) and 18 percent (non-PhD). This find-

ing reinforces the conclusion, derived from almost all types of

data on these fields, that patterns of activity and employment in

earth and planetary physics differ from those for both the earth

and space sciences as a whole and physics. The especially high

research commitment among non-PhD earth and planetary physicists

suggest that they function much more in the way that PhD's do than

is the case in other fields.Table 1.1.69 shows numbers and percentages of PhD's and non-PhD's

engaged in research in various employment settings. The emphasis

on research that characterizes the earth and planetary physicist

clearly is not a function of type of employing institution, and

the estimated allocation of 20 percent of the total research ef-

fort in earth and space cciences to ea:th and planetary physicists

probably is conservative. Even non-PhD.s in earth and planetary

physics amount to 12 percent of the research-oriented non-PhD

total.

9 7

1552 PNYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE 11.68 Primary Work Activities of Earth and Space Scientistsa

'york Actfv1tles(7)

Degree and Field Research' Teaching,R & DManagement

15

Other

5PhD's

Earth and planetaryI = 707)

67 13

Anr crientists 3(3 42 9 19

C.' = 4689)

AmS scientists 50 23 16 10

(..I = 493)

Non-7hD'sEarth and planetary 64 7 11 18

(N 657)

AGI scientists 17 18 6 59

(V = 21,146)

AMS scientists 20 5 7 67

(II .-- 5413)

aData for the American Geological Institute and the AmericanMeteorological Society respondents are based on American ScienceManpower 1P68; those on earth and planetary physics are based onthe 1970 National Register survey.bResearch includes basic and applied as well as the design anddevelopment category, which has a negligible effect in thesegroups.cThe other" category includes exploration and forecasting, which

are major activities of many scientists in the geological and

meteorological groups.

In the academic community in which the teaching-research func-tion is especially important, the commitment of earth and plane-tary physicists to research again is striking. Tables II.7CaII.70d compare primary and secondary work activity of university-based scientists. One fourth of tne earth and planetary physicists

indicated research as both first and second major activity. Another

one fourth reported research as primary and teaching secondary,

and 14.6 percent combined research with some other secondary

activity, the other category including such activities as adminis-

tration and management. In all, 64.6 percent indicated research

as the primary work activity. Although 14.4 percent of the earth

and planetary physicists are primariiy engaged in work that is

neither research nor teaching, approximately five in seven of them

report a secondary commitment to research.

9 8

anpower Data 1553

TABLE 11.69 Distribution by Employer of Those Engaged in Research

Degree and Field TotalAcademic Industry Government OtherNo. % No. No. % No. %

PhD's 2135 859 4n 441) 2n A99 11 117 A

Earth and plane- 474 206 23 129 29 116 18 23 17tary physics (22%)

Earth and space 1661 653 76 311 71 533 82 114 83sciences (78%)AGI scientists 1415 513 292 517 93AMS scientists 246 140 19 66 21

Non-PhD's 3550 1123 728 1422 284Earth and plane- 420 173 15 82 11 138 10 27 10tary physics (12%)

Earth and space 3137 950 85 646 89 1284 90 257 90sciences (88%)

AGI scientists 2310 683 541 970 116AMS scientists 827 267 105 315 141

TABLE II.70a Primary and Secondary Work Activity of University-Employed Earth and Planetary Physicistsa

Primary Work Secondary Work Activity(%)Activity Research Teaching Other Primary Totals(%)

Research and 26.4development.

Teaching 16.6Other 5.7

23.6 14.6 64.4

3.3 1.1 21.08.7 14.4

ALL degrees included, N = 493 (1970 National Register).

The data in Table 11.70 must be regarded as semiquantitative.Figures 11.12 and 11.13, which compare earth and planetary physi-cists with earth and space scientists, depict the ditferences in

these data for the two groups.

We shall now examine the data on earth and planetary physicistsin greater detail-self-identification, degree background, work ac-tivities and competence, and changes in these characteristics withtime.

9 9


TABLE II.70b Primary and Secondary Work Activity of UnIversity-

Employed Physicistsa

Primary Work Secondary Work Activity(%)

Activity Research Teaching Other Primary Totals(%)

Research and 16.9

developmentb

Teaching 29.4

Other 2.1

23.7

7.32.9

6.5 47.1

1.3 44.0

3.8 8.8

a.All degrees included, N = 13,532 (1970 National Register).

DDevelopmunt and design = 0.6 percent of primary research and de-

velopment activity.

TABLE II.70c Primary and Secondary Work Activity of University

Employed American Geological Institute Scientistsa

Primary Work Secondary Work Activity(%)

,- Activity Research Teaching Other Primary Totals(%)

Research and 6.9 11.1 3.6 21.6

developmentbTeaching 39.0 12.6 13.4 65.0

Other 3.2 10.0 13.4

a10.1 degrees included, N = 5479 (Ar/7 erican Science Manpower 1968).

'Development is generally negligible.

TABLE II.70d Primary and Secondary Work Activity of University-

Employed American Meteorological Society Scientistsc

Primary Work Secondary Work Activity(%)Activity Research Teaching Other Primary Totals(%)

Research andb

22.2 20.2 13.5 55e7

developmentTeaching 18.7 2.1 6.6 27.4

Other 6.5 13.3 16.9

a.All degrees included, N = 782 (American Science Manpower 1966).o Development is generally negligible.

100

MaNpowor 2f-z!;,1 l555

TEACHING

MANAGEMENT andOTHER

FIGURE 11.12 Work activities of universistyemployed earth andplanetary physicists.

11515HP

TEACWNG

MANAGEMENT andOTHER

FIGUREII.13 Work activities of unlVrsityemployed geoscientistsand meteorologists.

101


The composition of earth and planetary phyt4ies, based on self-

identification of its manpower, appears n Table 11.71. We empha-

size that the group is constructed from people generally identi-

fiable as physicists who are working in earth and planetary physics;

the distribution of self-identification that is found by reading

across the top row of Table 11.71 is a description of thOse people

rather than a means of identifying them. The nature of professional

self-identification becomes clearer as one reads down the columns

of the table, noting that, for example, 51.5 percent of the ALP

space physicists are working In earLh and planetary physics, 13.7

percent In astronomy, 8.4 percent in plasmas and fluids, and 2b.4

percent in various other subfields. There are, of course, self-

identified physicists in the AGI and American Meteorological

Society portions of the Register who are not counted in the verti-

cal totals of this table.Table 11.72 shows the degree background of earth and planetary

physicists. Engineering and astronomy account for most of the

nonphysI,:s PhD's.The detailed list of work specialties on the Register that we

have defined as earth and planetary physics appears in Appendix B,

with the numbers of PhD's and non-PhD's engaged in each. No one

specialty is preeminent, so that in discussing this subfield the

-characteristics of earth and planetary physicists arc -.t domi-

nated by some highly specialized particular research-lutarest

group.

TABLE 11.71 Professional Self-Identification of Earth and Plane-

tary Physics PhD's

Subfield ofEmployment

Self-Identification

SpacePhysi-clst

Armos-phericPhysi-cist

Geo-physi-cist

Astro-physi-cist

Physi-cist Other

Earth andplanetary

26.1% 16..4% 7.3% 8.4% 30.7% 11.1%

51.5% 70.8% 55.2% 14.3% 2.0%

Astronomy 13.7% - - 48.7% 0.5%

Astrophysics ._ - - 14.3% 1.0%

Plasmas andfluids

8.4% 6.0% 10.4% - 6.4%

Other sub-fields

26.4% 23.2% 34.4% 20.2% 90.5%

Total N's 367 168 96 428 10,969 2824

102

TABLE 11.72

Comparison of Field of PhD Degree by Panel (Employment Specialty), 1968 and 1970

Physics

Total Pia

% PhD's in

Physics

PhD's in Other Fields

(only for >5% of

total)

Subfield

1968

1970

1968

1970

1st Field 71968

Z1970

2nd Field %196871970

Total

14,087

16,248

79.9

78.8

Eng.

8.7

10.0

-Subtotal physics

13,389

15,614

82.2

80.5

Eng.

9.0

10.3

-Astrophysics and

123

relativity

252

84.6

70.2

Astron.

15.4

25.0

Atomic, molecular,

998

and electron

1,065

81.3

77.8

Chem.

10.5

13.0

Eng.

6.1

6.5

Elementary-particle

1,289

1,409

97.8

97.8

-Nuclear

1,794

1,782

92.6

90.6

-Plasmas and tluids

930

1,104

63.7

64.1

Eng.

99.1

29.2

-Condensed-matter

4,064

4,157

82.6

80.5

Eng.

9.5

12.9

Earth and planetary

567

712

79.4

77.9

Fag.

9.2

8.4

Astron.

5.3

8.0

Physics in biology

203

274

56.7

60.2

Biol.

23.6

25.5

Eng.

9.9

6.9

Optics

743

1,078

81.8

78.1

Eng.

11.6

15.0

-Acoustics

295

324

70.5

70.1

Eng.

20.0

22.8

Other

5.1

Miscellaneous

2,383

3,457

77.3

79.0

Eng.

8.7

5.3

Other

6.8

5.3

Subtotal astronomy

698

634

35.4

36.0

Astron.

58.5

57.4

aTotal with known employer.


The relations between subf1e1ds can be explored with Register

data in two ways, first, by asking those working in a subfield

at a cvildin time t..; list Qpocific research areas in which they

have varying degrees of scientific competence, and second, by

examining longitudinal data for evidence of subfield mobility

in both subfield of employment and that of first competence.

Table 11.73 presents, for earth and planetary physics PhD's,

the distribution of competence among other subfields. Astronomy

is a prominent type of competence, but some additional analysis

is required to see the pattern of subfield competence characteris-

tic of earth and planetary physicists. This analysis requires the ;

weighting of the citation frequency against the relative sizes of

the cited subfields. The appropriate value of subfield relation-

ship is obtained from the overall frequency of secondary compe-

tence weighted by the ratio of the populations of the subfield

under consideration divided by that of the subfield of relation-

ship. An alternative approach is that the relation rate is pro-

portional to th-.! intrinsic relation probability scaled by the cor-

responding density of available relationships; in other words, the

rate depends on the transition probability times the density of

states. The extreme right-hand nolumn of Table 11.73 gives the

results, weighted and averaged.

TABLE 11.73 Additional Competence of Earth and Planetary Physi-

cists, 1970: Subfield Citation Frequencies by Level of Competence

PhysicsSubfield

Subfield 1,evel of Competence(%) Weighted

PhD Popu-Cre3t-Average Ci-

lation est Second Third Fourth tation(%)

Earth and plaae-tary

710 66.0 51.6 39.5 37.9 49.0

Astronomy 630 6.7 7.8 11.6 10.6 11.3

Nuclear 1780 5.0 4.6 5.7 5.9 2.1

Elementary-par-ticle

1410 2.2 2.5 3.7 2.9 1.4

Condensed-mat-ter

4160 3.8 6.4 6.7 6.4 1.0

Atomic, molecular,and electron

1070 3.3 4.3 5.4 6.7 3.3

Plasmas and 1100 3.3 4.7 7.1 6.4 3.4

LluidsOptics 1080 5.0 7.4 5.0 5.5 3.4

Miscellaneous 3460 5.9 10.1 13.5 14.5 2.3

No response (aspercentage of

2.0 3.8 7.9 16.9

710)

104.

1559

The pattern of intellectual relationship that emerges CV'm the

analysis of the earth and planetary groups is not surprising; whatis remarkable is that it is a quantified pattern. Averaging the

secondary competences and weighting gy the overall distribution ofphysics activity, we find that earth and planetary physiciots re-late 57 percenr to oLi,cr e9rth and planetary specialties, 15 per-

. and 13 percent to the combined sub-cent to astronomy specialtiesfields atomic, molecular, and electron physics; optics: and plas-

mo :. and fluids. Fifteen percent relate to other specialties.A ranking of subfields can be constructed on the basis of

degree of competence within and outside subfields. Table 11.74

presents the results. The major feature of the table is thatelementary-particle, nuclear, and condensed-matter physics aredistinctly self-contained; plasmas and fluids; earth and planetaryphysics; and atomic, molecular, and electron physics overlap othersubfields to an intermediate degree; optics and acoustics arestrongly outward oriented. The evidence for real.or latent subfield

mobility is for the most part stronger for non-PhD's than forPhD's, a situation that would suggest lower inertia for the non-PhD resulting from a lesser commitment ,af expertise and project

responsibility.

TABLE 11.74 Competence Overlap

PhysicsSubfield

CompetenceCompetence

in Other Subfields/Additionalin Subfield of Employment

PhD's Non-PhD's

Condensed-matterElementary-particleNuclearEarth and planetaryPlasmas and fluidsAtomic, molecular,

and electron

0.380.660.771.051.281.30

0.610.931.071.241.611.90

Astrophysics andrelativity

1.47 1.60

Acoustics 1.61 1.21

Optics 1.80 0.97

Physics in biology 2.33 3.08

Weighted average 0.90 0.88

So far in this Chapter we have dealt with horizontal distribu-tions of characteristics in 1970. We now look at patterns ofchange between 1968 and 1970.

In the past two years (1968-1970)the number of PhD's working inearth and planetary physics grew from 567 to 712, a 25 percent in-crease in subfield population. Non-PhD's increased by 12 percent

from 599 to 673. In 1964 there were 309 PhD's in this subfield. A

1 0


TABLE LL.75 Age Distributions of PhW's in Earth and PlanetaryPhysics

Age of Cohortin 1970 No. In 1968 No. in 1970 Cohort Change

<27 2 5 3

27-31 57 157 10032-36 141 169 28

37-41 128 140 12

, 42-46 80 94 14

47-51 73 71 -2

52-61 64 66 2

>61 22 10 -12

TOTAL 567 712 145

look at the age distribuLions and net changes is provided byTable 11.75.

Seventy-one percent of the net growth resulted from new PhD's.The 1970 median age of the new entrants was less than 31; themedian age of the subfield as a whole was 37.8 years in 1968 and37.4 in 1970.

When we look at subfield changes between 1968 and 1970 wefind a new characteristic-a large turnover of manpower has oc-curred. Only 55.6 percent of those working in earth and plane-tary physics in 1970 were working in it in 1968; 33.6 percentof the 1968 population apparently left the subfield. This trendis typical of other subfields, as Table 11.76 shows. The firstcolumn shows the input of 1968 people to the subfield in 1970.Another input comes from persons who responded to the Registerin 1970 but not in 1968; about 2600 of the 16,600 1970 PhD'sin the physics section of the Register did not respond in 1968.Most of these people were in the less than 30-year-old cohort.However, we have 1968 data on 82 percent of the 1970 respondents,thus the mobility pattern in Table 11.76 is representative.

In addition to the magnitude and direction of the interchangeof scientists between earth and planetary physics and other sub-fields, the median age of each mobile element also appears inTable 11.76. The age distribution of those who left is for themost part the same as for those who remained. The pattern of sub-field relationships implied by actual changes in subfield workis remarkably similar to that found in the investigation of sub-field competence of earth and planetary physicists (see Table11.73). In these mobility patterns we note that 56 percent ofthe subfield population remains in it as compared with the 49percent average citation frequency of the subfield as an area ofsecondary competence. The most likely subfield move, astronomy,has a weight of 10.7 percent, much like the 11.3 percent probabil-ity for secondary competence in astronomy. On the whole, the pat-

106

TABLE 11.76

Subfield Mobility of Earth and Planetary PhD's, 1968 to 1970

Physics

Subfield of Employment

Entrants from 1968 Subfields

Exits to 1970 Subfields

Weighted-

Distribution

of Entrants(Z)

Percentage

of 1970(%)

No.

Med. Age

No.

Med. Age

Earth and planetary

55.6

323

38.5

323

38.5

55.6

Astronomy

9.5

55

35.4

37

37.7

10.7

Nuclear

4.0

23

35.2

932.5

1.6

Elementary-particle

4.8

28

33.0

15

37.7

2.4

Condensed-matter

4.5

26

38.5

17

40.0

0.8

Plasmas and fluids

4.0

23

36.2

735.5

2.6

Atomic, molecular,

and electron

3.3

19

39.2

939.5

')..)

Irk

Optics

3.3

19

39.9

15

39.0

2.2

.....1

Ln

cr`

1-,

Acoustics

Astrophysics and

relativity

0.3

1.4

2 8

45.5

32.5

9 6

55.5

42.5

0.7

4.0

Miscellaneous

9.5

55

44.7

52

40.0

2.0

Total, longitudinal

581(1970)

486(1968)

Register

Median age

38.3

38.6

Earth and planetary

interchange

Entrants

258

Departures

163

Total horizontal

712

567

Register

aDerived by weighting figures in this column by the distribution of physicists among subfields.

VICO;IC!I IN PFILPH:LIVF

torn of interchange ot workertt is similar to Li, t. pattern ol

tapping subfield competence.We have ranked the physics sublields In fable 11./7 according

to the longitudinal probability of remaining, which we have called

sul.field solidarity. L'or comparison with horizontal patterns olsecondary scientitio competence, we have also calculated a mobilityoverlap arca in a manner that corresponds formally to the compe-tence overtop area shown for the suhfields in Table 11,74, Again,the general features of the longitudinal and horizontal distribu-tions ore much the same. We have taken this analysis one step fur-

ther and looked at the changes Ln first competence between 1968

and 1970. The results are tabulated in Table 11.78 and the now

familiar sequence of subfields again results, Three categories

emerge: First, the independent, static category always contains

elementary-particle, nuclear, and condensed-matter physics. An

Intermediate category consists of plasmas and fluids; earth and

planetary physics; and atomic, moiecular and electron physics.*

TABLE 11.77 Subfteld Mobility 1968 to 1970: Ranking by Subfield

Solidarity

Physics Solidaritya

Mohilityb 1968, 1970 Samples

Subfield (%) Overlap(%) N 1968 N 1970

Elementary-particle 84.1 0.19 1063 1209

Nuclear 83.2 0.20 1390 1673

Condensed-matter 81.1 0.23 3245 3755

Plasmas and fluids 68.2 0.47 836 824

Acoustics 66.5 0.49 257 249


56.2 0.78 283 925

Physics in biology 55.7 0.78 201 180

Earth and planetary 55.6 0.78 581 486


42.1 1.38 195 121

Optics 37.4 1.70 847 637

Miscellaneous 48.7 1.04 2718 1883

Physics (weightedaverage)

66.2 0.51

Astronomy 80.7 483 657

Total 1968 and 1970 12,599

samples

aSubfield unchanged, 1968-1970, as a fraction of 1970 total.bNewccmers 1 - Solidarity

Those Who Remained Solidarity

With a mlnor deviation in the measured first competence mobility.

108

Manpower Data 1563

TABLE Ii.78 First Competence Mobility: Ranking by Subfield

PhysicsSubfield SolidarityMa Mobility Overlap

b

Elementary-particle 67 0.43

Condensed-matter 66 0.52

Nuclear 66 0.52

Plasmas and fluids 54 0.85

Earth and planetary 50 1.00

Acoustics 44 1.27

Physics in biology 43 1.32

Optics 42 1.38


40 1.56


36 1.78

Astronomy 54 0.85

Miscellaneous 38 1.63

a.

bSubfield unchanged, 1968-1970, as fraction of 1970 total.

Newcomers 1 - Solidarity

Those Who Remained = Solidarity

A third category, with large overlap and mobility, includes optics

and astrophysics and relativity. Acoustics and physics in biology

show rather more overlap than mobility, placing them somewhere

between intermedian and high-overlap mobility categories. The

assumed relation between competence and mobility is well borne

out in the data: The susceptibility implied by the large sub-field overlap is matched by a significant flow of manpower over

time.Table 11.79 presents the pattern of change based on first com-

petence for earth and planetary physicists. The turnover of 52

percent is comparable te.th the average citation of competence

outside the subfield, 51 percent, the complement of the average

internal citation probability of 49 percent in Table 11.73. The

directionality of competence mobility with respect to the other

TABLE 11.79 First Competence Mobility:Earth and Planetary Physics, 1968-1970

Changes for PhD's in

First Competencein 1968

First Competence in 19701968 TotalEarth and Planetary Other

Earth and planetaryOther1970 Total

231269

500

234 465

12,511

109


subfields is the same as that given in the static overlap pat-tern and, as we have seen, the same as that manifest in actualsubfield mobility.

We ne.z.t examine the recent growth pattern of earth and plane-tary physics. Under normal conditions we would expect growth totake place in a pattern commensurate with the pattern of overlap.The interchange among subfields reflects this pattern, bu- recentgrowth does not. In Table 11.80, expectations are compare(. 'th

changes from 1968 to 1970. The normal entering distribution,column 3, is proportional to the product of the total overlapwith the other subfields, column 2, and the size of populationsin those subfields, column 1. These data come directly fromTable 11.73. Only the relative size of expected entering groupshas significance, and we have set a numerical absolute value of30 for the grouping of plasmas and fluids; optics; and atomic,molecular, and electron physics for ease of comparison with theactual net flux of PhD's given in column 4. Comparison of normaland actual patterns of flux show a large number of people arecoming from astronomy, three times the number expected on thebasis of overlap-circulation characteristics. The flow of PhD'sfrom traditional physics subfields, elementary-particle, nuclear,and condensed-matter physics, is only 50 percent higher th.anmight be expected for isotropic growth. The importance of ihe re-lationship with astronomy was suggested in the analysis of theelite group of earth and space scientists at the beginning of thischapter. The flow of manpower from the, traditional physics sub-fields is not sufficiently large to indicate substantial relief ofthe stress of limited resources that is said to exist. Althoughthe data suggest no anomalous impedance to mobility, there is nosign of an enhancement that might be desirable.

To what extent is employer mobility a factor in subfield mobil-ity? How much research redirection takes place in periods of un-changed institutional affiliation compared with changes concurrentwith employer mobility? Table 11.81 shows subfield mobility ac-

TABLE 11.80 Normal and Actual Flux Distributions by Source

Source

Source Overlap Normal Actual NetPopula- Distri- Entrant PhD Entranttion bution Distribution

a Distribution

Astronomy 630 11.3Plasmas and fluids; 3250 11.1atomic, molecular,and electron; andoptics

Elementary-parti- 7350 4.5cle, nuclear, andcondensed-matter

6 18

30 30

27 43

a(Population) x (Overlap), in arbitrary units.

110

Manpower Data 1565

TABLE 11.81 Earth and Planetary Physics Subfield Mobility withand without Concurrent Employer Change: Number of PhD's and

Median Age

Employer1968-1970

E&P1968Number

LeftE&P

E&P Both1968 and1970

EnteredE&PNumber

E&P1970Number

NetE&PChange

University 169 54 115 87 202 33

Industry 77 28 49 61 110 33

Government 101 31 70 28 98 -3

Research center 58 14 44 21 65 7

Other 9 5 4 5 9 0

Unchanged, sub-total

414 132 282 202 484 70

Median age 39.3 39.0 39.2 39

Changed, subtotal 72 31 41 56 97 25

Median age 32.4 33.5 33.9 33

Total 486 323 258 581 95

Median age 38.6 38.5 38.3

cording to type of employing institution. Of 589 earth and plane-tary physics PhD's in 1970, 16.7 percent had changed employersince 1968; half of these 97 PhD's were under 34 years of age,and 58 percent of this employer mobile group entered earth andplanetary physics for the first time. The other 42 percent hadbeen working in this subfield before they changed jobs. The re-maining 83.3 percent of the 1970 earth and planetary physicistswere still employed by the same type of institution as in 1968.

This employer static group was divided approximately 42 percentto 58 percent between newcomers and older established scientists.

Although employer mobile PhD's were somewhat more likely tohave changed into earth and planetary physics than employer staticones, such a large age difference appears between those who

changed and those who were static that typical early career ef-fects account for employer changes more than would effects re-sulting from the subfield.

The composition of the 1970 earth and planetary physics PhDgroup is summarized in Table 11.82.

Among the employer static new earth and planetary physicists,

industry showed the largest fractional growth (55 percent), uni-

versities somewhat less (43 percent), and other types of employ-

ment little increase.If in the future one anticipates a larger commitment to earth

and planetary physics as a result of employer mobility, the pat-

tern of employer interchange between 1968 and 1970 should be ex-

amined. Table 11.83 records the employer changes of earth and

planetary physicists from 1968 to 1970. One seventh (14.7 percent)

made such changes; of these, three fourths (73 percent) were uni-

versity related-young PhD's leaving and some older ones returning.

1 I 1


TABLE 11.82 Mobility Composition of Earth and Planetary Physics

PhD Population

Source Number Percent Median Age

New PhD's 145 20 31.5

Employer mobile PhD's 97 13 33.9

Employer static PhD'sNew to earth and 202 28 39.0

planetary physicsIn earth and planetary 282 39 39.2

physics in 1968

TOTAL 726 100 37.4

The pattern of interchange between the university and other typesof employment appears in Table 11.84.

TABLE 11,83 Changes in Employer, 1968 to 1970, for 502 PhD's

Working in Earth and Planetary Physics: Number and Median Age

1570 EmployerTotal 1968 Employer

1968 Universy Industry Government Research Centers OtJa_ Distribution

Empioyer No. Age No. Age No. Age No. Age No, Age Nc. Age

University 17b 38.4 9 30.7 11 33.5 8 32.0 k 29.4 208 37.2

Industry 4 33.5 79 41.2. - 2 34.5 2 40.5 87 40.9

GovernmentResearch center

8

2

34.5J4.5

1

1

49.545.5

1044

39.945.5

2

58

40 s7 33.5

11566

39.739.7

Other 8 31.8 2 44.5 3 29.5 2 36.: 19.5 26 34.5

Total 1970 198 37.7 92 40.7 122 39.4 72 38.5 36.5 502 38.9

distribution

274 changed employment; 428 rema!ned In the same typo of employing institution; total with employment

known in both years was 502.

TABLE 11.84 University and Other Employment Interchanges in Earthand Planetary Physics, 1968 to 1970

1968 Employer

1970 EmployerUniversity Other

University 176 32

Other employment 22 272

112

Manpower Data 1567

11.2 Samples of Special Pop':lations

11.2.1 .CAREER CHOICES OF TALENTED MALE STUDENTS

At the start of the 1960's one sometimes heard it argued that wecould and should greatly expand our national production of scien-tists by encouraging a larger proportion of the talented youngpeople to choose scientific careers. Such arguments were based onthe belief that of the population of people with the necessary apti-tudes, only a minute fraction was going into science. Although thefeeling that the United States needed more scientists was greatlymuted by the end of the 1960's, one heard increasingly often thecomplaint that the best students were turning away from science.The bases for these arguments and complaints were sometimes merelysubjective impressions, sometimes extensive statistics, such asthose of Harmon* correlating,IQ scores with the obtaining of doc-torates,.or those of Nichols' on the study plans and career aspira-tions of National Merit Scholarship semifinalists. Having accessto information on the life-long career activities of a group ofpeople selected for academic aptitude with unusual care and thorough-ness at the time of their graduation from high school, and withoutbias among fields, we undertook to investigate the distribution ofthese people among careers and ways in which this distributionmight have changed during the last several decades.

11.2.1.1 Nature of the Sample

The Summerfield Scholarships, established at the University ofKansas in 1929, are awarded each year to male graduates of highschools.in the state on the basis of competitive examinations fol-lowed by person-by-person scrutiny. Occasionally they are awardedalso to students already at the University. The awards have highprestige and are much sought after; they are made on the basis ofscholarly promise alone, without bias for or against any field ofstudy and without regard to the financial resources of the student.After the award is made, the.student's financial resources are in-vestigated and he is supplied with whatever supplemental assistancehe needs to pursue his studies without financial worry. If, as isnearly always the case, the student's university work fulfills ex-pectations, the scholarship is renewed each year until he graduates.

Each year the University issues a list of all alumni of thisprogram, giving for each alumnus any advanced degrees he has 're-ceived and his present employment.5 From 1933 to 1969 there were509 alumni, of whom 18 had died and 13 were incompletely traced.Figure 11.14 shows the number of Summerfield graduates by year ofbachelor's degree. The numbers have fluctuated considerably fromyear to year, because of secular trends and because the number of

*Harmon, L. R., Science, 133, 679 (1961).tNichols, R. C., Science, 144, 1315 (1964).5Pamphlets titled University. of Kansas Summerfield Scholars issuedeach April by the University of Kansas.

113


30

2 5

.=-

J.A.1

-1.;:'-

, 4.... .4.

, ,..... ' q4

',14'......#''' '

..,,,

-37.-141,77.47z.r7177,777Z7rt.-mr!,..-y.,,,,,,,,,.=,, ,

c,...-:: ,r,,

1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965

FIGURE 11.14 Graduates of the Summerfield Scholar program byyear of graduation.

1970

scholarships that can be awarded in any year depends on the finan-

cial needs of the recipients. As the average number of scholars

per year has risen only slightly from the mid-1930's to 1969, while

the enrollment at the University has more than quadrupled duringthe same interval, it is reasonable to guess that the standardshave risen at least slightly, though perhaps not greatly, as alter-

native scholarships and the like may have become more available.

According to informal estimates by administrators and others famil-

iar with the program, these alumni are probably typical of about

the top 3 or 4 percent of graduates of the University of Kansas

(henceforth referred to as KU). To gauge what this means on an

overall national scale one must rate KU bachelor's degree holders

relative to those of other institutions. According to a recent

compilation,* KU baccalaureates accounted for 373 of 80,978 U.S.

PhD's in the years 1960-1966 (a fraction 0.0046). As the 1968-

1969 enrollment was 16,964, compared with a national total of 5.77

million in four-year institutions (fraction 0.0029), it is probably

conservative to conclude that the Summerfield Scholars have an abil-

ity level characteristic of the top 3 or 4 percent of U.S. college

graduates.It is interesting to compare the characteristics of this sample

with those of Nichols's+ sample of National Merit Scholarship semi-

finalists. This category of students comprises a rather larger

*Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities 1958-1966.

(NAS Publication 1489) Washington, D.C.: National Academy of

Sciences, 1967.+Nichols, R. C., Science, 1443 1315 (1964).

114

Manpower Data 1569

frac:ion of college enrollments than the Summerfield Scholars do ofKU enrollment; however, their selection process, based on test scoresalone, is less careful and is not subject to modification after en-trance into college. Only a small fraction of the National MeritScholarship semifinalists applying for Summerfield Scholarshipsreceive them. More serious, however, is that Nichol's data con-

sisted only of career choices, expressed before entering college,and major fields of undergraduate study, whereas the Summerfielddata refer to career positions into which the men settled a numberof years after graduation. Nichols also gave some figures foranother sample, of somewhat lower average ability, on changes incareer choice between.the year_of entry into college and the yearof graduation. These figures, unfortunately given for only oneclass, show such large changes that one is uncertain whether tointerpret secular changes in career choices expressed on enteringcollege as reflecting ultimate careers or as reflecting improvedcounselling.

11.2.1.2 Statistics on Eventual Careers

Figure 11.15 shows the percentages of Summerfield Scholars graduat-ing in various time intervals who have gone into each of severalprofessions. Cross-hatched bars represent career positions, blankbars represent graduate or professional school students, and thebars with a question mark represent Prlduates with undergraduatemajors in the field indicated but t- Alom no data on present ac-

tivity are available. (Past experience suggests that most of these

are actually.graduate students.) The data shown by the cross-hatched bars were based on the following definitions of the variousprofessional fields:

1. Natural science and mathematics. Includes all those whosetitles suggest that they teach science at the college level or en-gage in pure or applied research or its supervision. Psychology

is included but not anthropology.2. Engineering. Includes all those whose titles suggest that

they perform or supervise engineering work or teach engineering.

3. Medicine. Includes MD's engaged in any medicine-relatedwork, dentistry, and possibly one or two other fields.

4. Law. Includes those engaged either in private law practiceor as attorneys for business or public organizations.

5. Cavernment administration. Includes administrators in na-tional, state, or local agencies, other than military personnel.

6,--Tiusiness. Includes administrators in private business or-ganizations, exclusive of attorneys and those involved solely in

research or engineering work. Includes accountants.

7. Social science teaching and research. Includes college fac-

ulty in social sciences, history, and anthropology and scholars inthese fields employed elsewhere (but not in high school teaching).

8. Humanities. Includes college faculty in literature, philos-ophy, and the like, independent writers, etc., but not clergy, highschool teachers, artists, or musicians.

11 5


9. Miscellaneous: Includes high school and grade schoolteachers, educational administrators at all levels, artists and

musicians, military personnel, clergy, journalists, architects,

and pharmacists.NATURAL SCIENCESand MATHEMATICS 30%

ENGINEERING30%

20% 20%

10% 10%

20%

10%

1932 41 47 50 55 60 6.3-40 -46 -49 -54 59 64 69

LAW

o 932 41 47 50 55 60 65-40 -46 -49 -54-59 6469

EMEPACCOM11:10

SOCIAL SC(ENCES( TEACHING and-RESEARCH)

20%

10% P

171 [1 7932 41 47 50 55606-40 -46 -49 -54 59.6469

01932 41 47 50 55 GO 65

/P

0

2

0

0

SMgig

20%

10%

01932 41 47 50 55-40 -46 -49 - 54-59

-40 -46 -49 -54 59 64-69

GOVERNMENTADMINISTRATION

20%

10%

HUMANITIES

7

1932 41 47 50 55 60 65

20%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

0932 41 47 50 55 60 65

-40 -46 -49 -54.59 6469 -40 -46 -49 -54-5944 69

MEDICINE

932 41 47 50 5560 65-40 -46 -49 -54 59 64 69

BUSINESS

932 41 47 50 55 60 65-40 -46 -49 -54-59.6469

MISCELLANEOUS

FIGUTE 11.15 Percentages of Summerfield Scholars, graduating invarious time intervals, who have settled in various professions.

Years of graduation are given at the bottom, the numbers of graduates

in the various periods being1932-40: 95 1955-59: 64

1941-46: 53 1960-64: 88

1947-49: 44 1965-69: 90

1950-54: 56

Shaded bars are men in jobs, unshaded bars are graduate andprofessional students, and question marks are uncertain cases)

classified by field of degree.

advanced

116

Manpower Data 1571

To the extent possible, graduate and professional students wereassigned to one of these categories. Obviously students assigned

to one could be expected sometimes to go into careers in another.

Such a change is especially likely -mong students in the social

sciences, who will often enter government or business. Medical

students, in marked contrast, nearly always continue in medicine.It should be noted that the career distributions for the 1932-1940

classes were made from data available in the early 1950's; those

for subsequent classes were made from 1969 or 197J data. 'A com-

parison of the early and recent data for the 1941-1946 sample showed

few career changes except for the expected migration, with increas-

ing age, of a minority of-the scientists and engineers into busi-

ness or other administration.Figure 11.16 is an attempt to compare the Summerfield Scholar-

ship data with those of Nichols on National Merit Scholarship semi-

finalists. The wide bars at the right and left of each diagramrepresent the Summerfield data for students graduating in each of

two decades; as before, cross-hatching represents jobs, open spaces

graduate or professional students, and question marks uncertain

cases classified by undergraduate major. Nichols's data are repre-

sented in part by the narrow bars in between, which show pre-enroll-

ment (freshman) choices of undergraduate major subject, averaged

for the college entry years shown. The dumbbells'represent thecorresponding pre-enrollment preferences for eventual careers. As

the change in career choices from freshman to senior years was

available for only ()lie class (entry 1957, graduation 1961), no

precise three-year averages can be given for the senior year choices;

instead, the lines with x's at the ends have been drawn in the

1958-1960 column at a height equal to the height of the dumbbell

times the 1957-1961 ratio of senior-year to freshman-year prefer-

ences. The narrow bars for medicine refer to those planning en-

rollment in premedical curricula; no enrollment bars are given for

law, because it is not an undergraduate option; all majors in so-

cial sciences (like the graduate students in Figure 11.15) were

placed under social science teaching and research; humanities were

treated similarly.So far we have concentrated on changes with time, and the Sum-

merfield data are too sparse to permit subdividing them by field of

science as well as by time period. If all data for classes 1950

are taken together, we find that of the 50 or 60 men assigned to

natural science in Figure 11.15, at least 15 have entered physics.

Two more, both with bachelor's degrees in engineering physics, are

members of the American Physical Society (APS). If we restrict at-

tention only to those in nonstudent jobs, the ratio is 13 or 14 of

33 or 34. Clearly physics has been getting more than its share of

those especially gifted men. However, the data are not sufficient

to refute the speculation that in the last decade physics has drawn

fewer such men than, say, biology. Of the 13 in what are clearly

physics jobs, the two oldest are APS Fellows; the others (PhD's

since 1962, except.possibly for one undated case) are a little young

for this rank; only one is neither a PhD nor a graduate student and

probably is finishing.a thesis.

117


A similar analysis of Summerfield graduates prior to 1950 shows11 physicists from among 28 natural scientists. Of the 11, allbut one have PhD's and six are APS Fellows.

NATURAL SCIENCESand MATHEMATICS ENGINEERING

40%MEDICINE

40% 40%

30% 30%00%

20% 20% 20%

10% I 0% I 0 %

0

7950 1958 196 1960 1950 1958 1961 1960 950 1958 196 1960

59 -60 - 63 -69 -59 -60 -63 69 - 59 - 60 - 63 - 69

20%LAW

20%

10%

0

GOVERNMENTADMINISTRATION BUSINESS

20%

10% I 0 %

0.0/4

0-00-0IZI

01950-59

196069

1950-59

01960 1950 1960-69 -59 - 69

SOCIAL SCIENCES

20%(TEACHING ond RESEARCH)

20%

10%

1950 98 9-59 -60 - 63

1960- 69

10%

0

HUMANITIES

959 1958 196 1960-60 - 60 63 - 69

FIGURE 11.16 Comparison of Summerfield-Scholar (SS) and MeritSemifinalists (MS, from Nichols) data. The broad bars at the leftand right are the SS data of Fig. 11.2, averaged 1950-59 and 1960-69, respectively. The narrow bars in between are the intended un-dergraduate majors of the MS samples. The dumbbells are careerintentions at time of entry into college; the lines with x's arethese multiplied by the ratio of senior to freshman intentions for

the 1957-61 class.

118

Manpower Data 1573

11.2.1.3 Conclusions

In general the two sets of data in Figure 11.16 appear reason-ably compatible, when one makes allowance for their obviouslimitations, for example, that increasing age increases theprobability of involvement in business and government adminis-tration or that not all students planning to entev medicine en-roll in an explicitly premedical major. Neither set of data givesconvincing support for Nichols' implied conclusiol that tal-ented students are becoming less likely to adopt careers in basicscience. The slight decrease in the level indicated by the dumb-bells in Figure 11.16 between 1958-1960 and 1961-1963 could wellhave resulted from improved counseling, that is to say, from adecrease in the difference between the dubbell and x levels, orthe ultimate career choice. In regard to engineering, however, allthree types of data suggest that Nichols may well have been correctin concluding that the inclinations of talented students towardthis field is decreasing. If this finding is true--and better sta-tistics would be needed to establish it with certainty--it couldhave important implications for the role of pure-science fields inthe economy. It would partially nullify the argument, often madecurrently, that the increasing sophistication of engineering edu-cation is causing engineers (especially PhD's) to take over therole formerly played by physicists as the best reservoir of talentfor technological tasks involving new and unfamiliar ideas. Al-

though engineering training may be improving, this improvement maybe offset by a decreasing number of the most highly talented youthwho elect it; if so, it may be as necessary now as in earlier de-cades to draw on the pure scientists for technological innovations.

The data on physicists in the Summerfield sample, given in thelast paragraphs of Section 11.2.1.2, suggest that the ability levelof the sample is about that of APS Fellows and show that among natu-ral science students at this ability level, nearly a third have en-tered physics in the last few decades. (In the Nichols sample, fromone half to a little less than one third of the National Merit Schol-

arship semifinalists planning majors in natural science fields

planned to major in physics.) But a decline in enrollments in phys-

ics in the last few years, relative to other sciences, is suggestedby the Nichols data and cannot be refuted by the Summerfield data.

11.2.2 PHYSICS DOCTORATES WHO HAVE LEFT PHYSICS

A significant number of people, after beginning a career in physics,even with a doctorate, eventually move into other sciences or en-gineering or into entirely nonscientific fields. Projections of

the balance between supply and demand in future years, such as thoseattempted in Chapter 12 of Volume I of Physics in Perspective, needto take into account this portion of the population. In planningboth the scale and nature of graduate education in physics, onewould like to know, among other things, to what extent these peopleare misfits who should never have studied physics and to what ex-tent they represent an important channel for cross-fertilization ofother professions, scientific, administrative, or educational. The

study we report here was a highly preliminary one designed to ex'

119


plore one possible means of getting answers to some of these ques-

tions.Examination of a list of nearly 500 people who had received doc-

torates in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) between 1935 and 1959 revealed a number who, from their ad-dresses or other information, were not in academic physics depart-

ments in 1970, These people were queried by mail regarding the wayin which their careers have developed and the relation, if any, oftheir physics training to their present work. Replies received from

slightly less than half indicated the following:

1. Only about one fifth said that more than half of their pres-ent work involved physics by extrapolation; therefore, one can guessthat approximately one fourth of the MIT physics doctoral alumni ofthis vintage have moved into work that is primarily outside thescope of physics...

2. About one fourth of the responses were from presidents orvice presidents of companies working in communication, data proces-sing, geophysics, and space and defense systems. This number ex-

trapolates to about one in 14 of all physics PhD alumni. As ex-

pected, these men were somewhat older than the others, having re-ceived their doctorates some 25 ± 6 years previously; it had been

14 ± 7 years since the majority of their work involved physics.But all thought that their physics background was helpful to them

in their present positions.3. A somewhat larger fraction--corresponding to about one in

nine of all the alumni studied---were now directors of research orengineering development in high-technology companies. They were

somewhat younger than the group described in 2 above, 20 years onthe average having elapsed since receiving the doctorate, and the

present work of about 30 percent involved physics.4. A third large group--extrapolating to about one in 12 of the

alumni--were working in universities but not in physics departments.

5. A fourth and somewhat smaller group was self-employed, do-ing technical consulting for industry and the government. Approxi-

mately half of their york was still related to physics.

The greater proportion of alumni, who have moved out of physics,

is shown in Table 11.85. Actually, the figures in the table prob-

ably reflect two effects. One is that motion away from physics is

cumulative: opportunities to move into other professions, particu-

larly administration, increase with the years, and once one has left

physics one is unlikely to return. Another factor, however, has

been the evolution of the physics enterprise. The vast expansion

of university staffs and industrial physics research in the 1950's

and 1960s created a great demand for physicists, including senior

ones, which may have acted to keep a larger proportion of people in

the profession than was the case for the same age groups in earlier

years. In the 1970's a reversal of this trend may well occur. In-

terestingly, none of the persons surveyed spent more than six years

in a physics department after receiving the PhD.

A valuable product of the survey, though one rather difficult to

convey in a brief sumthary, was the collection of free-language com-

12 0

Manpower Data 1575

ments by the respondents. In these comments, and in their responsesto questions on the value and relevance of their physics education,the overwhelming majority affirmed that their education in physicsresearch had been of value in their careers. Moreover, threefourthi of them said that their training in physics also had beenof value to them for reasons other than its relevance to their work.Although research training was iometimes cited for its value inteaching methods of thought and working philosophy that may be ap-plicable to other types of problems, there was an even strongeremphasis by many respondents on the exhortation that graduate train-ing in physics should not be allowed to be too specialized. Coursesin classical theoretical physics were the ones most often cited asbeing of particular value.

This study, incomplete though it is, gives some support for theview that doctoral training in physics, if not too narrowly special-ized, can serve as a useful one of many possible channels for pro-viding the nation with a diverse and innovative population of edu-cational and industrial administrators.

TABLE 11.85 Estimates of the Migration of MIT Physics Doctoratesfrom Physics, as of 1970

Year of PhDTotal Estimated No. FractionAlumni Who Left Physics Leaving

1935-1940 62 36 0.581941-1945a 56 14 0.25

1946-1949 73 23 0.321950-1954 160 50 0.31

1955-1959 139 27 0.20

Total, 1935-1959 490 150 0.31

aThe World War II years are separated, even though this makes thetime intervals in the table unequal in duration.

1 2 1

III

DATA ONFUNDINGANDCOSTS

111.1 General Survey of the Various Sources of Supportfor Physics Research

111.1.1 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DIFFICULTIES IN THEIR USE

The chapters of this report dealing with the funding of physics areall concerned with the support of research in physics, or of activ-ities directly related to the research enterprise, as distinguishedfrom the role of physics in such activities as general education,developmental engineering, and industrial production. Even so,

ambiguities can arise in regard to how research is to be distin-guished from these other activities and, of course, where the linesare to be drawn separating research in physics from research in

other sciences and engineering. So perhaps we should begin this

chapter with a few words about the delineation of our subject.The conventional categories of research, for example, in the

tables published by the NSF in its periodic report, FederaZ Fundsfor Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, arebasic research, applied research, and development. Basic research

is defined as "exploration of the unknown...primarily motivated by

the desire to pursue knowledge for its own sake." Applied research

is described as "finding the means to meet a recognized need." De-

velopment is defined as "systematic use of knowledge...directed tothe production of useful materials, devices, systems, and methods."

Although the distinction among these three activities provides auseful way of ordering one's thinking, it is difficult to make thesedistinctions precise or quantitative, because they depend---espe-cially in the case of basic versus applied research---on knowing

motivation. What is applied research in the mind of an administra-tor or official of a granting agency may be basic research to the

1576

122

Data on FUnding and Costs 1577

person doing the work, or vice versa. ln recording their use offunds, different agencies may draw the dividing line in differentplaces. For these and related reasons, we have chosen, in all ourcollection and analysis of funding data, to concentrate on research,without attempting to distinguish basic from applied, and to defineit in the following way: Research is the generation of new knowledgethat, soon after its generation, becomes a part of the publicly a-vailable archive of knowledge. A useful corollary of this defini-tion is that research activity in physics can be studied throughthe primary journals, books, and other publications of the field.

The overlap of physics with other scientific and engineeringfields is, of course, substantial. The nature and extent of thisoverlap are discussed in some detail in Section IV.1.1, in whichwe show that the citation structure of the scientific and technicalliterature can be used to provide a reasonably logical and objectivedefinition of the boundary between two adjacent fields. Althoughapplication of this technique to the separation of funding for phys-ics from that for other fields would be prohibitively laborious, itcan be used, as described there, as a check on the reasonableness

of the intuitive decisions on what is and is not physics that onemust make in the course of assembling data. A few checks of thissort that we have made have given us confidence that the defini-tions of physics that we have used in the presentation of our dataar- reasonably consistent with the objective definition.

'lthough we have tried to apply our own definitions of research,physics, and even support whenever possible and to do so consistent-ly, most of our data-gathering activities have had to rely exten-sively on the records of various organizations, particularly govern-ment agencies, and on the categories in which these records are kept.Because of the difficulties with definitions, to which we have justalluded, one is entitled to view all such data with some suspicion,and one would like to be able to check data derived from one sourceagainst those derived from a more or less independent source. Thesources from which we have been able to obtain useful data on fund-ing are the following:

1. Detailed records of federal agencies, studied with the aidof officials of these agencies. These records have been our prin-cipal source of information about the funding of physics by theDOD, NSF, AEC, and NASA.

2. Government publications prepared for other purposes. Theseinclude, in particular the FederaZ Funds series* and the annualStatistical Summary of the AEC Physical Research Program.

3. The acknowledgment of research support usually made in re-search articles in journals.

4. Queries made to small but carefully selected samples of uni-versities and industrial research organizations.

5. Mention of government support made by respondents to thequestionnaire for the National Register of Scientific and TechnicalPersonnel.

*Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other ScientificActivities, issued periodically by the NSF.

123


The data obtained from source 1 are described in Section 111.2.Those obtained from source 4 are discussed in Section 111.3 and111.4 and those from sources 3 and 5 are the subject of the para-

graphs immediately following.

111.1.2 NONDOLLAR DATA RELEVANT TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPORT

111.1.2.1 Distribution of Support Acknowledged in Journal ArticZes

It is a fairly consistent custom in the physics literature for pa-

pers reporting work that has received support from sources outside

the institutions with which the authors are affiliated to containan acknowledgment of this support. By counting such acknowledg-

ments one can get a good deal of information about the sources of

support for work performed in various types of institutions and its

distribution among the subfields of physics. The information is in-complete, of course, for the dollar amount is never stated and therelative contributions of different sources, when there is more

than one, are not indicated. However, if reasonable allowance is

made for these ambiguities, the results can provide a useful check

on.funding information obtained in other ways.In our survey, members of the Statistical Data Panel examined

all the articles published in a two-month period in 14 AIP journals

and 29 non-AIP journals. The months used depended on availability,

but all issues were published between mid-1969 and mid-1970. The

total number of papers examined was 1200, 834 from AIP journals and

366 from non-AIP journals. Since the total number of physics paperspublished by U.S. authors in a year is estimated to be about 14,000,*

the sample represents slightly less tha..1 one tenth of the annual

U.S. output of published physics papers. The distribution between

AIP journals and non-AIP journals (mostly European) in the sample

was rough]y consistent with the known publication pattern of U.S.

work.tThe survey was conducted in the following way. All papers in

each issue selected were examined. Only those papers that were

regarded as physics and the authors of which were affiliated with

an institution in the United States were counted. For each physics

paper a subfield assignment was made and the nature of the perform-

ing ingtitution and sources of support acknowledged were recorded.

If no external source of support was acknowledged, support was cred-

ited to the authors' institution. Many complicated cases were en-

countered involving papers in which the authors represented several

institutions, multiple sources of support were mentioned, and par-

tial support was acknowledged. To increase ehe manageability of

the data, the Panel chose as the least count 0.5, so that no paper

*Physics in Perspective, VolumeTable XIV.11.

+compare, for example, Table IV.Perspective, Volume II, Part B,

II, Part B, Figure XIV.32 or

3 (in Chapter IV), also Physics inTable XIV.9.

Data on Rolding and Costs 1579

was divided between more than two performer-support combinations,

with omissions, when necessary, being assigned to the last-men-

tioned institutions or sources. A somewhat arbitrary decision on

division of support among institutions or sponsors was required for

about half of the papers%The results are presented in a series of tables, which record

the counts of various subfield-source-performer combinations.

Table 111.1 shows acknowledged sources of support by subfield.

Table 111.2 is a similar table but includes only research performed

in universities. Table 111.3 shows the institutional affiliation

of authors of journal articles by subfield. Tables 111.4, 111.5,

and 111.6 show the patterns of support of the three major federal

funding agencies for physics research by performing institution and

subfield. The general picture resulting from these tables will be

compared in Figure 111.1 with that based on statements about gov-

ernment support made by respondents to the National Register. Both

types of figures, which suffer, of course, from lack of calibration

in dollars, will be compared with dollar data obtained from recordsot government agencies in the following subsection.

TABLE 111.1 Acknowledgment of Support in Journal Articles,

by Subfielda,h

Source ofSupport ASg ANE EP NP PSF CM ESP

No-phys Acoost Opt

OtherPhys. Total Percent

University 2.5 :9.(I 19.5 21.5 15.5 65.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 8.0 19.5 187.5 15.6

rmin 10.0 50.0 18.5 13.0 17.0 126.5 14.5 - 13.0 18.0 13.5 294.0 24.5

NASA 4.5 20.0 1.0 2.0 7.5 14.5 26.5 - 2.0 7.0 6.5 91.5 7.6

AEC - 19.0 54.0 72.5 15.0 77.0 3.0 3.5 6.0 250.0 20.8

NSF 5.0 28.0 21.5 22.5 13.0 51.0 8.0 1.0 7.0 11.0 169.0 14.1

Other gov. 1.0 7.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 25.0 - 4.0 1.0 6.5 3.0 54.0 4.5

Industry - 14.0 0.5 2.5 76.0 1.0 - 5.0 19.0 12.5 131.0 11.0

Nonprofit 1.5 1.0 0.5 - 5.5 1.0 2.5 0.5 12.5 1.0

Private 1.0 2.5 2.5 0.5 2.0 - - 1.0 9.5 0.8

TOTAL 23.0 169.5 120.0 137.0 74.5 442.5 58.0 5.0 24.0 71.5 73.5 1200.0 100.0

'Entries nre numbers of papers sampled acknowledging support from the given source. with occnsIonnlfractional allocations an discussed in the text.

-Subfield abbreviations used are A&R. astrophysics and relativity; AME, atomic, molecular, and electronphysics; EP, elementary-particle physics; NP, nuclear physics: P&P, plasmas nnd fluids; CM, physics ofcondensed matter; ESP, earth nnd planetary physics; giophys. biophysics; Acoust, acoustics; Opt, optics.

125


TABLE 111.2 Sources of Support Acknowledged in Journal Articles

from Universities, by Subfielda b

Soorce ofSupport A48 AMP. EP NP P4F CM E41. Acoust Opt

otherPhys. Total Percent

University 2.5 29.0 19.5 21.5 11.5 65.0 1.0 2.0 7.5 20.5 186.0 24.5DOD 10.0 37.0 17.5 7.5 11.5 88.0 4.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 198.5 26.1NASA 2.5 11.5 0.5 4.0 10.0 18.0 1.0 4.5 2.5 54.5 7.2AFC 7.5 42.0 31.5 7.0 26.0 2.0 - 1.5 1.5 119.0 15.7NSF 5.0 28.0 21.5 22.0 13.0 51.0 7.0 1.0 6.5 12.0 167.0 22.0Other Rev. 1.5 - 1.5 10.0 - 1.0 1.5 4.0 19.5 2.6Industry - - - 1.0 - 1.0 0.1Nonprofit 1.5 - 0.5 2.5 - - 0.5 - 5.1) 0.7Private 1.0 1.5 2.5 0.5 2.0 - - 1.0 8.5 1.1

TOTAL 20.0 117.0 102.0 86.0 53.0 255.5 34.0 10.0 31.0 50.5 759.0 100.0

,'Entrles ar :lumbers of papers, as Is Table 111.1.

'Subfield abbreviations used are the same as those Identified In Table 111.1, footnote 6.

TABLE 111.3 Institutional Affiliation of Authors of Journal,Articlesa b

Type ofInstltution Afar AME EP NP PLF CM E&P Fiophys Acoust Opt Other Phys. Total

University 19 119 104 86 54 255 34 4 10 31 47 763Industry - 18 1 2 7 87 7 7 20 16 165Nonprofit 3 2 14 - 6 - 29Gov. in-house 2 13 2 6 4 35 8 1 5 10 4 89Federally

funded re-search anddevelopmentcenter

1 17 14 39 8 57 11 - 2 4 6 159

TOTAL 22 171 121 136 74 448 60 5 24 71 73 1205

Entries are numbers of papers, as in Table 111.1

'Subfleld abbrevlatIons used are the same as those identified in Table 111.1, footnote b.

1. 2 6

Data on Funding and Costs 1581

TABLE 111.4 Distribution of Papers Acknowledging Support by the

Department of Defense, by Subfielda"'")

InstitutionPerformingReported Work ASR NNE EP NP PSI, CM ESP Aeousr Opt

otherPhys. Total

University 10.0 31.0.,17.5 7.5 11.5 88.0 4.0 5.0 9.0 8.5 198.0

DOD lab or.bon PERM:-

5.5 1.0 4.0 2.0 26.5 8.5 7.0 5.5 1.0 61.0

Industry 2.0 - 1.5 3.5 11.0 1.0 1.0 0. 3.5 22.0Other 5.5 - - - 1.0 1.0 - . 0.5 11.0

TOTAL 10.0 50.0 18.5 11.0 17.0 126.5 14.5 13.0 MO 13.5 294.0

lEntries are numbers of papers, as in Table 111.1

ISubfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in Table 111.1, footnote b.

'Federally funded research and development center.


Atomic Energy Commissiona,o

InstitutionPerforming OtherReported Work AME EP NP PfiF CM ESP Opt Phys. Total

AEC FFRDC 10.5 12.0 38.0 7.5 47.0 1.5 2.0 4.5 123.0University 7.5 42.0 31.5 7.0 25.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 118.5

Industry - - - 2.0 - - - 2.0

Other 1.0 - 3.0 0.5 3.0 - - 7.5

TOTAL 19.0 54.0 72.5 15.0 77.5 3.5 3.5 6.0 251.0

Entries are numbers of papers, as in Table III.1.

Subfield abbreviations are the same as those identified in0 Table 111.1, footnote n.-Federally funded research and development center.


National Aeronautics and Space Administrationa'b

InstitutionPerforming OtherReported Work A&R AME EP NP P&F CM ESP Acoust Opt Phys. Total

University 2.5 11.5 - 0.5 4.0 10.0 18.0 1.0 4.5 3.0 55.0NASA lab orNASA MX" 2.0 7.0 1.0 0.5 2.0 3.0 5.5 - 1.0 3.5 25.5

Industry 1.0 - 1.0 0.5 04, 4.0 1.0 - - 8.0

Other 0.5 - - - 1.0 -\

- 1.5 - 3.0

TOTAL 4.5 20.0 1.0 2.0 6.5 14.5 27.5 2.0 7.0 6.5 91.5

aEntries are numbers of papers, as in Table III.1.

Subfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in TableooFeaglirfhded research and development center.

127


OEFENSE

ATOMIC ENERGY

SPACE

EDUCATION

HEALTH

HOUSING, PUB. WORN],TRAN3R and URBAN DEV.

AGA IC.,NAT. RESOURCE,and RURAL DEV.

OTHER GOVT.

NO GOVT.SUPPORT

..,...//,,.;%

E

E:

0 10 20 30 40 50% 50% 40 30 20 10 0

FRACTION OF REGISTRANTS FRACT ON OF PUBLICATIONS

DOD

AEC

NASA

NSF

OTHER GOVT.

NO GOV T.SUPPORT

FIGURE 111.1 Comparisons of sources of government support reportedby respondents to the 1970 National Register (left, shaded bars for

PhD's, unshaded for non-PhD's) with those acknowledged in a sampling

of 1969 journal articles (right). The lengths of the bars on the

left here represent the fractions of thote (PhD's or non-PhD's)

answering "yes" or "no" to the government support question who men-

tioned support from the Program listed at the left; percentagesadd to more than 100% because of multiple-support cases. The lengths

mf the_bars on the right, on the other hand, were obtained from the

last column of Table 111.1 and thus dc add to 100%. The lines in the

middle column indicate the correspondences between the categories of

agencies used in the two studies, which are roughly one-to-one in

some cases but are many-to-one in others.

111.1.2.2 Statements on Government Support by Respondents to the

National Register Questionnaire

One of the questions on the form for the National Register of Sci-

entific and Technical Personnel deals with government support. In

1970 it was worded as follows:

Is ANY of your work being supported or sponsored by U.S.

government funds? [Choices: yes, no, don't know] If

yes, is your work related to any of the following pro-

grams: [Choices: agriculture, atomic energy, defense,education, health, housing, international, natural re-sources, public works, rural development, space, trans-

portation, urban development, other program (specify)]

Like the acknowledgments of support discussed previously, these

questions yield data on only the number of individuals who indicate

that they receive some type of government support; a physicist who

receives $500 for summer salary supplementation and one who re-

ceives $50,000 for a major research project are equated. Table 111.7

128


shows the distribution of responses to the first part of the ques-tion. About 90 percent of the PhD's and 80 percent of the non-PhD's answered with yes or no. The ratio of yes answers to thetotal respondents declined between 1968 and 1970, for both PhD's(0.67 -4. 0.60) and non-PhD's (0.59 0.52). Thus there seems tohave been a decrease during this period in the proportion of physi-cists receiving federal support.

American Science Manpower presents comparable figures for otherfields in 1968. Although 62 percent of physicists, all degrees,received federal support in 1968, only 43 percent of those in allfields included in this publication received such support. Theonly fields that depended more heavily on federal funds than physicswere atmospheric and space sciences (88 percent) and agriculturalsciences (70 percent).

TABLE 111.7 Government Support by Academic Degreea

U.S. GovernmentSupport

YesNoDon't knowNo answer

TOTAL

PhD Non-PhDNumber Percentage Number

9,956 59.9 10,1884,958 29.8 5,626

230 1.4 789

1,487 8.9 3,102

16,631 100.0 19,705

Percentage

51.728.64.0

15.7

100.0

aData from the 1970 National Register of Scientific and Technical

Personnel.

Responses to the second part of the Register question give anindication of the sources of government support in 1970. However,the programs listed are more in the nature of functional fieldsthan either disciplines or activities of specific agencies. Forexample, it is not clear where a person who had support from theNSF physics program would be able to respond. This ambiguityshould be kept in mind in examining the distribution of responSespresented in Table 111.8. The main findings indicated by thisTable are the following:

1. Defense, atomic energy, and space programs provide supportfor the highest proportion of both PhD's and non-PhD's.

2. A higher proportion of non-PhD's than PhD's receives supportfrom defense activities, and a lower proportion of non-PhD's thanPhD's receives support from atomic energy programs. The distribu-tion of support from other government programs is much the same forPhD's and non-PhD's.

129

1.584 PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE Iu.s States Sources of Government Support, by Degreea

Source

PhD Non-PhD

Number Percentage" Number Percentageb

Defense 3,941 39.6 5,023 49.3

Atomic energy 3,235 32.6 1,838 18.0

Space 2,176 21.9 2,215 21.7

Education 1,049 10.5 1,141 11.2

Health 541 5.4 437 4.3

Housing, publicworks, transporta-tion, and urbandevelopment

309 3.2 328 3.2

Agriculture, naturalresources, and rural

262 2.7 293 2.8

,levelopment

other 1,037 10.4 929 9.1

TOTAL 12,550° 12,204°

aData from the 1970 National Register of Scientific and Technical

Personnel.bPercent of those with government support (that is, of the 9956

PhD's and 10,188 non-PhD's) who indicate support from a particular

program. These percentages do not add to 100 because of multiple

responses.

Includes multiple responses. Apparently 2594 PhD's and 2016 non-

PhD's indicated more than one source of government support.

Figure 111.1 compares the distribution of support among agen-

cies, based on Table 111.8, with the distribution of support acknow-

ledged in journal articles (described in Section 111.1.2.1). The

distributions are similar, with one exception: the other govern-

ment category for each of the two types of data constitutes a

somewhat smaller percentage than one would expect from the presumed

correspondence wilh several categories of the other. The major

conclusion from the figure is, however, that the fraction of papers

in Tables 111.1---111.6 that did not acknowledge any government

support probably is about the same as the fraction that, indeed,

had no such support.

111.2 Support of Physics Research by Major Government Agencies

That most of the funds for physics research in the United States

come from a small number of government agencies made it possible

for the Data Panel, in collaboration with liaison representatives

130

Data on Funding and Coato 1585

of these agencies, to ob,;:ain a reasonable picture of the magnitudeand distribution of the greaCer part of these funds. By detailedexamination of the records of the agencies, it was possible to ob-tain dollar amounts for the expenditures on research in each of anumber of subfields of physics, using definitions of research andof the boundaries of subfields that would be consistent from agen-cy to agency. This procedure was much more satisfactory for ourpurposes than simply recording the categories into which the agen-cies organized their expenditures, as these categories are oftennot comparable from one agency to another and do not correspond tothe subfield division used by the Physics Survey. This detailedsurvey of the funding of physics research was, however, deficientin a number of respects: Agencies providing only minor support tophysics were not included, and even within the major agencies, theactivities of some subdivisions were omitted; also, subfields suchas physics in biology and earth and planetary physics, in whichphysics penetrates a large neighboring discipline, were coveredonly imperfectly. Nevertheless, the tables we will present show areasonably valid picture of the funding pattern for most of physics.

111.2.1 DETAILED PARTIAL DATA

Table 111.9 gives the data obtained from the government agenciesthat are the chief sources of support for physics research. Thedefinitions of the subfields used were essentially those describedin Section IV.1.1. However, there is no miscellaneous category(which accounts for about 4 percent of the U.S. physics literature*);for the entries of this table, all support for miscellaneous physicswas assigned to the most nearly appropriate one of the remainingsubfield categories, including the interfaces, earth and planetaryphysics and physics in biology, which are not represented by rowsof the table because their funding is inseparable from that of non-physics disciplines.

Table 111.10, similar to Table 111.9, shows the distributionof DOD funding among the three major services.

It is interesting to compare these totals (which of course re-quire some supplementationsee Critique of the Data, Section111.2.2) with DOD's breakdown according to discipline.t Apparently

most of what DOD classifies as general physics is physics researchby our definition; most of what it classifies as nuclear physicsis not; significant amounts of what we classify as physics researchare found in other of the categories, such as chemistry or mater-ials research.

111.2.2 CRITIQUE OF THE DATA

Our first objective is to make some rough estimates of the magnitudeof the expenditures for physics research by agencies or portions of

*Physlcs /n Perspective, Vol. II, Part B, Table XIV.1l .

tPhysics in Perspective, Vol. I, Table 10.A.10.

131

1586 PHYSICS iN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE 111.9 Expenditures by Federal Agencies for Research Ln the

Various Suhflelds of Physics, 1967-1970u

Suh-h

Dollars per Fiscal Year (in millions)

field Agency 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

A&R DOD° 2.5 2.8 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.3

AEC 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.3

NASAd

- - - - - -

NSF - 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.8

Total 3.3 3.7 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.4

AME DOD° 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.7 4.8 4.4

AFC dNASA

4.11.9

4.91.8

5.11.3

5.41.4

5.81.2

6.11.1

NSF 1.6 1.0 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.5

Total 12.0 12.1 13.0 12.6 13.5 13.1

EP DOD° 7.4 7.6 7.3 7.7 2.6 2.3

AECj

NASA,

87.20.1

.97.5

0.1107.8

0.05113.40.05

118.7-

120.6-

NSF 4.4 7.0 9.5 10.5 12.9 12.1

Total 99.1 112.2 124.6 131.7 134.2 135.0

NPL3 DODc

9.6 7.9 6.4 4.6 4.9 4.4

AEC d51.6 61.1 69.7 73.3 77.5 83.8

NASA 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.4 .1.2

NSF 4.9 12.3 12.2 15.4 16.4 10.0

Total 66.6 81.9 89.1 94.7 100.2 99.4

P&F DODc 3.6 4.0 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.3

AEC'i

NAS"8.55.6

9.25.7

9.75.4

11.05.0

11.53.5

11.82.4

NSFJ - 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.0

Total 17.7 19.0 19.2 20.7 19.9 19.5

CM DODc,g

16.8 17.5 16.9 16.4 18.6 17.0

AEC 21.9 24.6 26.5 28.3 29.4 29.9

NASAd 2.8 3.8 3.5 4.1 3.3 3.4

NSF 4.0 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.1

Opt

Totalc

DOD

45.5

3.1

51.3

2.9

52.5

3.3

54.6

3.7

57.3

3.8

56.4

3.5

AEC 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.9

NASAd 0.4 0.7 0.9 1,3 1.4 1.3

NSF - - - - -

Acoust

Totalc

DOD

4.5

0.6

4.9

0.8

5.9

0.8

6.4

0.8

6.9

1.8

6.7

1.4

AEC - - - - - -

NASAd 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.02

NSF - 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Total 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.8 1.4

I_ 3 2

Pqta on YUNilAkj (MI C(Mt0 1587

TABLE 111.9 Expenditures hy Federal Agencies for Research in the

Various Subfields of Physics, 1967-1970 (continued)

Sub-.

Dollars per Fiscal Year (in mil:lions)

field Agency 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

All DOD 48.0 47.9 46.4 43.8 43.8 39.6

sub-f ie Ids

AEC ,

NASA"175.111.4

l99.5

12.8221.412.0

234.013.3

245.710.8

255.49.4

NSF 14.9 25.8 29.7 34.1 37.8 31.5

Total 249.4 286.0 309.5 325.2 338.1 335.9

aThe interfaces, earth and planetary physics and physics in biology,are omitted from this table, because their funding is difficult toseparate from that of the relevant nonphyslcs disciplines.

Suhfleld abbreviations used are the same as those identified inTable iI1.1, footnote h.

`Data from the fiscal supplement 6.1, "Defense Research Sciences"only; see "Critique of the Data" (Section 2.2) for rough estimatesof the expenditures under element 6.2, Exploratory Development.Also, only funding by the three services has been included (seeTable III.10); see Section 111.2.2.

!Data for activities of the Office of Advanced Research and Tech-nology only; see Critique of the Data, Section 111.2.2 for roughestimates of expenditures by the Office of Space Sciences and Ap-plications and other NASA subagencies.

Data gathered separately and in somewhat greater detail than for

the other subfields: See Volume II, Part A, Chapter II, especial-ly Tables 11.9 and 11.10. Both operations and construction of fa-cilities are included; they are listed separately in the tables

cited. The figures refer to basic research only and thus may failto include some work that would.qualify as research under the defi-nition used elsewhere in the table.

fEntries undoubtedly too low: See Section 111.2.2.5.

cSupport from the Advanced Research Projects Agency through inter-disciplinary materials research laboratories is not included onthis line: See Critique of the Data, Section 111.2.2 and Table

111.11.

agencies not included in the preceding tables. One of the most

useful sources of information for this purpose is the acknowledg-ment of research support in journal articles, the general pattern

of which has already been discussed. We have supplemented thisgeneral study with some special samples of papers acknowledgingDOD or NASA support.

133

1.588 PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE IIT.I0 Expenditures by the Three Services of the Department

of Defense'4 for Research In the Various Subflelds of Physics,

1964--1970, with Estimates for 1971'

Subfleld ServiceholincrLper1964

Fiseal Year Cin1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971

Army 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 0 (0)

Navy 1.1 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.2 (0.5)

Alr Force 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.1 (0)

AME Army 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 (0.5)

Navy 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 (0.6)

Alr Force 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 2.7 3.8 3.3 (3.7)

EF Army 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.07 0 0 (0)

Navy 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.5 1.3 1.4 (1.6)

Air Force 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.8 (0.3)

1IP Army 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 (0.4)

Navy 6.6 6.8 6.8 7.4 6.1 4.0 3.9 (3.3)

Air Force 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 (0)

PO' Army 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 (0.4)

Navy 0,8 0.8 0.9 0.9 2.0 1.7 1.7 (3.1)

Air Force 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.3 (1.9)

CM Army 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.9 3.7 (3.8)

Navy 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.7 4.4 3.4 (3.7)

Air Force 11.0 11.4 11.9 11.0 10.5 10.4 10.0 (9.2)

Opt Army 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 (0.6)

Navy 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.5 (1.5)

Air Force 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.5 (1.2)

Acoust Army 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0 0.05 (0.02)

Navy 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.3 (0.3)

Air Force 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0)

'11(ata from the fiscal supplement 6.1, "Defense Research Sciences" only; see Critiqueof the Data, Section 111.2.2 for rough estimates of the expenditures under element

6.2 "Exploratory Development." Also, only funding by the three services has been

included (see Table 111.10); see Section 111.2.2.

hAs in Table 111.9, the interfaces, earth and planetary physics and physics in biology,

are omitted.

°Subfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in Table 111.1, foot-

note 1.

.1Totals in this row do not quite agree with Table 111.9, for the data were compileddifferently and, in particular, may reflect different assignments of long-term ex-

penditures to years.

131

1)(.0;(2 o Pui !Ina an Coe to 1589

111.2.2.1 Miacalancous Defenae Agencl,ca in OOP

In regard to support for physics research, the most important ofthe DOD agencies other than the three services has been the Ad-vanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). During the 1960's, ARPAprovided large-scale support for the creation and operation ofinterdisciplinary materials research laboratories at some dozenuniversities. The sums disbursed by ARPA for this purpose areshown in the top line of Table 111.11.

TABLE 111.11 Support of Interdisciplinary Materials ResearchLaboratories by the Advanced Research Projects Agency

Support (in millions of dollars) per Fiscal YearActivity 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971

Interdisciplinarymaterials researchlaborapriesa

16.2 17.5 17.7 16.7 1.4 9.6 5.9 4.0

Physics 10.2 11.0 11.2 10.5 0.9 6.0 3.7 2.9

aSupport provided by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the

Department of Defense.

Rough estimates of approximate amount allocable to physics (0.63xthe support received by interdisciplinary materials research labora-tories from the Advanced Research Projects Agency).

A sizable part of this support went for buildings and centralfacilities usable by workers in several disciplines, so it is lesseasy to estimate the amount allocable to physics than it is for in-dividual-grant support. A sampling of records of 5 of the 12 lab-oratories showed a fraction 0.30 of the participating faculty mem-bers to be in physics or applied physics departments. However,much physics work in the laboratories is done by faculty of otherdepartments (especially electrical engineering and metallurgy ormaterials science). A better indication of the distribution ofeffort among disciplines is provided by counts of publications.We have examined over 600 papers from four of the laboratories andfind that about 63 percent of them can be classified as physics,largely condensed matter but with a sizable component also in atom-ic, molecular, and electron physics. Of the laboratories not sur-veyed in this count, some are known to have slightly more emphasison physics than those surveyed, some slightly less. It seems rea-sonable to make a rough estimate of ARPA support of physics re-search in the interdisciplinary laboratories by multiplying thetop row of Table 111.11 by the factor 0.63; the results are shownin the bottom row. This augmentation of the amount spent for con-densed-matter and atomic, molecular, and electron physics by thethree services (Table 111.9) is considerable; it was relatively

135

1590 PHYSICS IN PERSPECTTVE

largest in the years prior to 1967, when the laboratories were inthe growing phase.

The ARPA has also spent smaller sums in other types of supportof physics research, as have several other defense agencies in ad-

dition to the three services. To obtain information on the dis-tribution of DOD support within its subagencies, we sampled allpapers in a one-month period in all primary Journals published by

the AIP. In this sample there were 129 papers from U.S. institu-tions acknowledging DOD support. The distribution of these amongperforming institutions and supporting subagencies appears in

Table III.12. When allowance is made for the exclusions in thepresent sample and for the less complete range of journals covered,

the distribution over institutions is reasonably consistent with

that in Table 111.4 and the distribution of papers among the three

services is reasonably similar to the distribution of funds dis-

played in Table 111.10. Thus it is logical to assume that, exceptfor the broad'institutional grants not reflected in the table and

the ARPA support of materials laboratories, DOD support of physics

research through other defense agencies has been slightly less than

one tenth of that provided by the three services listed in Table

III.10.

1I1.2.2.2 Physics Research Support under DOD's Fiscal Category 6.2

Category 6.2, Exploratory Development, involves expenditures twoto three times larger than category 6.1, Defense Research Sciences.If even a small fraction of 6.2 is physics research by our defini-tion, it may significantly augment the total from category 6.1,which we have presented in Tables 111.9 and 111.10. With the co-operation of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, we wereable to trace the fiscal categories under which the 70 papers ofour sample reporting Air Force support were funded. (The figure)70, is greater than the Air Force total in Table 111.12 because ofa number of cases in which multiple support was acknowledged.) The

distribution of these 70 papers is shown in Table 111.13.If these figures can be regarded as typical, it would be reason-

able to augment the DOD totals in Tables 111.9 and 111.10 by about20 percent to allow for the support jf physics research, as we havedefined it, through funds in category 6.2. The total augmentationfrom this source and that discussed in the previous paragraph wouldbe about 25 percent to 30 percent.

111.2.2.3 Other NASA Support for Physics

The picture of NASA's support for physics research can vary enorm-ously depending on where the boundaries of physics are placed.Satellite-based lunar and space physics research, although withinthe scope of the Physics Survey Committee, is often difficult toseparate from astronomical and earth-science research, and some-times even from nonresearch activities conducted simultaneously;in any event, it is exceedingly expensive. As these extraterres-

136


TABLE 111.12 Distribution among Performing Institutions andSources of Support of a Sample of U.S. Papers AcknowledgingSupport from the Department of Def.msea

Performing Institutions andSources of Support

PapersNumber Percent (N = 129)

Performing Institution

University 99 77

Industry 21 16

Government (non-DOD) laboratory 1 1

Other (including federally fundedresearch nod development centers)

8 6

Source of Support within DOD

ArmyARO Durham 17.5 14

Other 7.5 6

Navy

ONRc

24 19

Other 4 3

Air Force

AFOSRd 48 37

Other 19.5 15

Other defense agencies 8.5 7

aWhen more than one DOD subagency was acknowledged, or when twocollaborating performers each acknowledged DOD support, fractionalweights were assigned. Work at DOD-operated laboratories or otheragencies receiving DOD funds is included, as is that of all feder-ally funded research and development centers. Support from theAdvanced Research Projects Agency is included only when specific-ally related to the research report (not merely support of inter-disciplinary materials research laboratories).

Army Office of Research at Durham, North Carolina.cOffice of Naval Research.

dAir Force Office of Scientific Research.

137


TABLE 111.13 Categories under Which Support Was Granted for WorkReported in 70 Physics Research Papers Acknowledging Funds fromthe Air Force

DOD Category Number of Papers

Defense research sciences (6.1) 58

General physics, nuclearphysics, and astronomy and astrophysicsOther categories (chemistry, electronics,etc.)

Exploratory development (6.2) 12

34

024

trial programs have been discussed at length elsewhere,*,t we shalltry merely to develop a rough picture of the extent of NASA fund-ing of laboratory, theoretical, and terrestrial field work. We

shall not discuss the last of these in any detail; it will sufficeto remark that in a sampling of papers appearing in journals in theearth sciences the content of which is largely physics, we foundthe sources of support acknowledged to be distributed among a widevariety of agencies, with DOD and NSF each acknowledged consider-ably more often than NASA; for extraterrestrial research the pro-portions were reversed.

Of greater concern is the distribution of support for the coresubfields of physics among the different branches of NASA. Thisagency's report on its university program* providea a helpful guide,since, according to Table 111.6, of 59.3 NASA-supported papers insubfields other than astrophysics and relativity and earth andplanetary physics, 34.5, or 58 percent, were from universities. Aperusal of this document shows that about 94 of the 172 items clas-sified by NASA as physics were operating under a current grant orcontract in September 1969. However, only about 79 of these were

in the core subfields of physics. Some approximate figures for theannual rate of funding reported there appear in Table 111.14. Here,

the category "Other NASA" represents for the most part fundingthrough the various NASA in-house laboratories; the funds in generalcame from the Office of Advanced Research and Technology or the Of-fice of Space Science Applications but in proportions that are notrevealed in the data. The figures of Table 111.14 need to be sup-plemented by estimates of physics work appearing in the listingsunder other classifications than physics. A sampling of the list-ings has convinced us that the amount of such university work in

*NASA's University PPogram (Office of University Affairs, NASA,

1970). Mispagination made our survey incomplete, hence our use of

the words "about" and "approximate" in the text.

tPhysics in Perspective, Vol. II, Pare B, Chapter IX.

138

Data on ainding and Costs 1593

the physics subfields covered by Table 111.14 was rather less thanthe amount given in the Table, though quite possibly over half asgreat. Thus, the total FY 1970 NASA support for university work inthese subfields was doubtless in the range of $3 million to $4 mil-lion, and probably closer tc the lower figure.

TABLE 111.14 Approximate Distribution among Subfields of Supportfrom the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1969(FY 1970) for Physics Research a in Universities

PhysicsSubfield

NASA Fundine (FY 1970) (in millions af dollar-a)b

OART OSSA': Other NASA


0.27 0.19 0.19

Plasmas and fluids 0.43 0.10 0.34Condensed-matte 0.07 0.13 0.18Other subfields 0.15 0 0.05

TOTAL 0.92 0.32 0.76

aResearch classified by NASA as physics.

bOffice of Advanced Research and Technology.cOffice of Space Science Applications.

dliot including earth and planetary physics, astrophysics andrelativity, and physics in biology.

A tempting procedure for estimating the amount of NASA supportthrough divisions other than the Office of Advanced Research andTechnology (essentially the Office of Space Science Applications)for the core subfields represented in Table 111.14 is the follow-ing: Combine the estimate just given for total NASA support ofwork in these subfields in universities with the assumption thatthe ratio of support for nonuniversity work (for example, in in-dustry or in-house laboratories) to that for university work isthe same as the ratio of numbers of publications as given inTable 111.6. Unfortunately, this assumption does not always seemto be a reasonable ond: Well over half of the NASA-supported pa-pers in this table are from universities, yet even our highestestimate for the dollar amount of support of such work is lessthan half of the amount recorded in Table 111.9 for support by theOffice of Advanced Research and Technology alone. Exanination ofparticular subfields reveals that this discrepancy is not presentfor atomic, molecular, and electron physics but is pronounced forplasmas and fluids and condensed-matter, as well as for the sumof the remaining core subfields. In general, we can wTite, usingan obvious notation for different camponents.of expenditure F,

139


+ FNASA OART Other

= Fu + Fnon-U

= F (1 + 25 (1)

34.5 r)where the first line represents the division between sources offunding within NASA, the second line the division between perform-ers receiving the funds, and, in the third line, the ratio 25/34.5

is the ratio of papers sampled from nonuniversity to university per-formers in Table 111.6, and r is the ratio of cost to NASA per non-university paper supported to cost per university paper supported.(As in Table 111.14, we are excluding the important interfaces,earth and planetary physics, astrophysics and relativity, and phys-

ics in biology.) Even with what would seem to be the quite extremeassumptions Fu = $4 million, r = 3, Equation (1) still gives for

only a minor fraction of FOART.F

OtherSince NASA does not contribute much of the support for the most

expensive types of research in elementary-particle, nuclear, andplasma physics (although it does support some research on plasmas),it is not unreasonable to make a rough estimate of the total amountof NASA support for research in the core subfields from the countsof papers in Table 111.1. Such an estimate gives, for example, aNASA activity equal to about 39 percent of that of the NSF. This

estimate again would be consistent with augmenting the NASA figure

given in Table 111.9 by no more than about one third. Thus we be-

lieve that a minor augmentation of this order is the appropriate

one for the core subfields. The large expenditures that NASA cer-

tainly makes in physics-related fields are undoubtedly concentratedin the astronomical and earth and planetary subfields.

Before concluding this section we should comment on the unusual-ly wide range of numbers that one can obtain for NASA support ofresearch by consulting different sources. For example, the figures

reported in the NSF's Federal Funds for Research, Development, and

Other Scientific Activities show some $90 million for basic researchin elementary-particle physics, whereas one almost never encountersan elementary-particle physics paper with an acknowledgment to NASA.

Apparently a different definition is being used. The same NSF pub-

lication reports nearly $60 million of NASA funds for basic research

in universities, and a comparable figure for applied research anddevelopment in universities, whereas the grants and contracts listed

in NASA's University Program as active in any given year add to a

much smaller figure. Clearly, definitions of what is included are

critical in interpreting dollar figures. We believe that the fig-

ures we have developed here, although only approximate, are rea-

sonably correct for NASA's support of publishable physics researchin the core subfields.

nther Federal Agencies

According to Table 111.1, the number of physics papers citing sup-port frt.= federal agencies other than DOD, AEC, NASA, and NSF is


a fraction about 0.067 of the number citing support from these a-gencies; if we restrict ourselves to the core subfields (excludingastrophysics and relativity, physics in biology, and earth and plan-etary physics) the fraction is 0.077. Undoubtedly, the agency re-sponsible for most of this other government support is the NationalBureau of Standards; however, occasional support from the Depart-ment of Health, Education and Welfare (especially in physics inbiology) and from other agencies is encountered. Table 111.15 showsthe distribution of support by the National Bureau of Standards inFY 1970. Figures for the Office of Standard Reference Data areseparated.from the others; although for the most part this work isnot the generation of entirely new knowledge, it represents a con-solidation of knowledge that is vital for the progress of researcheffort and provides an example that other research-supporting a-gencies would do well to emulate.

TABLE 111.15 Amounts Expended by the National Bureau of Standardsfor the Support of Physics Research and Consolidation of FesearchResults, FY 1970

PhysicsSubfield Research Units

aOSRD Total


0 0 0


2.53 0.55 3.08

Elementary-particle 0.43 0.02 0.45

Nuclear 1.42 0.04 1.46

Plasmas and fluids 1.08 0 1.08

Condensed-matter 2.80 0.40 3.20

Earth and planetary 0.30 0 0.30

Physics in biology 0.05 0 0.05

Optics 0.74 0 0.74

Acoustics 0.33 0 0.33

Miscellaneous physics 0.72 0.15 0.87

TOTAL 10.39 1.16 11.55

aOffice of Standard Reference Data.

111.2.2.5 Consistency of the Funding Picture

It has become clear in the course of this discussion that.one canget wildly different numbers for the funding of research in anysubfield of physics, depending on the definitions one uses of re-search and of the scope of the various subfields. Our philosophyhas been to identify funding levels for research, be it basic orapplied, defined as the production of new knowledge that becomespart of the generally accessible.public record and to delimit

141


physics from other disciplines and the subfields from one anotherby judgments that will be consistent with the pattern of citationsin the research literature (see Section IV.1.1). Thus one shouldbe able to compare the funding figures that we have developed withthe acknowledgments of research support found in a random sampleof papers in the literature, as given in Table 111.1. One doesnot expect proportionality of dollars with acknowledgments: Somesubfields are much more expensive than others; some agencies con-centrate on the support of expensive subfields or the support ofexpensive facilities in these subfields; with some subfields oragencies, support may tend to be more nearly total than in others.But one would.like to feel that any differences in the patterns ofdollar support and acknowledgments are reasonable, with allowancefor known effects of these kinds.

Figure 111.2 shows this comparison. In regard to the distribu-tion among agencies, shown at the top of the figure, the compari-son is quite reasonable: The vastly larger relative dollar expen-ditures by the AEC are understandable in view of the great expenseof the large machines used in elementary-particle and nuclear phys-ics and to some extent also in plasma physics; these are supportedalmost entirely by AEC. The same factors account for the anomaliesin the distribution over subfields, shown at the bottom of the fig-ure.

A detailed breakdown by both agency and subfield is hardly worthmaking, as the entries in Table 111.1 suffer from small-number sta-tistics. However, examination of the entries does reveal at leastone shortcoming in the funding figures of Table 111.9: The figuresfor funding of research in plasma physics and the physics of fluidsby the NSF are undoubtedly too small. Apparently a considerableamount of work supported as engineering, mathematics, or some othernonphysics discipline actually appears in the physics literatureas physics.

111.3 Industrial Support of Physics Research

The fairly large contribution of industrial organizations to thesupport of physics research in the United States, although almostentirely localized in their laboratories, is not easy to isolate,because the same organizational units often perform not only re-search but development and other activities. Therefore, we decidedto investigate this support by requesting relatively detailed in-formation from a small but representative group of industrial lab-oratories. As a by-product, useful data relevant to other portionsof this report were obtained; these will also be presented andcross-referenced from the appropriate other sections.

111.3.1. RATIONALE OF THE SAMPLING APPROACH

Because we are interested in the support of research, defined asthe production of published new knowledge, we undertook first tofind out how the volume of publication in physics journals is dis-tributed among U.S. industrial laboratories. By counting publica-

142


tions in physics journals listed in the Corporate Index section otthe 1969 Science Citation Index, we identified about 40 labora-tories with high publication rates in physics. The leading 25 ofthese are listed in Table 9.3 of Volume I of Physics in Perspec-tive. The extent to which U.S. industrial research is concentratedin these leading companies can be ascertained by comparing the to-tal of their publications with the total published from all U.S.industrial sources. One can do this crudely by comparing the total

AEC

Ararat 000

I:. : ! . ,,,t . : . , ,r'M'I"'-:, . , : .r.

3- NASA

SF77771

I

50 100 150 200DOLLARS (PA)

250 300 350

A and R

4:7224.4. AME

f Mnri 16 3 I Vn9 'nn fa Fa 07n% /ZeZad roe KOZli Wn rff a I re

n' /an. Me rn,7/Z. fannZ.

ninZ P and F

gOP

ACOUS

,C PA

NP

EP

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140DOLLARS (A)

FIGURE 111.2 Comparison of estimated dollar distribution of federalfunding with counts of physics papers acknowledging federal support.Shaded bars are totals for FY 1969 from Table 111.9, terminated insome cases by regions of opposite shading to take account of aug-mentation estimates in Section 111.2.2. Open bars (arbitrary scale)are proportional to number of acknowledgments in Table 111.1. Top:distribution over major agencies, work in all subfields exclusiveof earth and planetary physics and physics in biology. Bottom: dis-tribution over subfields for work funded by the four major agencies.Note differing scales of dollars.

143


of 2179 papers from the 25 companies in Table 9.3 with the total

estimated physics papers from all U.S. industrial organizations,

2900, given in Table XIV.11 of Volume II, Part B of Physics in

Perspective. The ratio of these two numbers is 0.75; however, one

might doubt the validity of this comparison, since one group of

papers represented publications in any kind of journals deemed to

be physics journals and the other represented research articles in

physics appearing in any publication covered by Physics Abstracts.

However, the ratio is remarkably close to that obtained in an inde-

pendent sampling of articles in some 16 journals in which 216 ar-

ticles from these 25 companies were found compared with a total of

293 from all industrial organizations. The ratio of these two num-

bers is 0.74. Thus it is fairly safe to conclude that a sample

drawn properly from these 25 organizations and others of only

slightly lower productivity should be adequate to characterize

physics research in U.S. industry as a whole.

A representative gample from industry should have two character-

istics: It should contain proper representation from both large

and small laboratories, and it should take into account the dif-

ferent research patterns typifying different types of industries

(electronic, aerospace, chemical, and the like). We sought detailed

information from 21 companies, fairly evenly distributed among six

types of industry shown in the tables that follow. Confidentiality

of replies was promised, and usable data were received from 18 of

the 21.To make it as convenient as possible for our respondents to

2,ive answers that would have a relatively clearly defined meaning,

we requested data from only a single organizational subunit of

each company, generally the one with the greatest research activ-

ity in physics. For each subunit we requested the following infor-

mation:

1. Staff: total professional staff; number working as physi-

cists; physics and nonphysics doctorates; theoretical physicists.

2. Costs: total cost for all work done by the research unit;

relative cost per professional for physics and nonphysics work;

fraction of costs paid by company, government, and other sources.

3. Publications: fractions of work appearing in publications,

patents, under security classification, or for internal use only;

number of published papers in all fields; number published in AIP

journals.4. Time trends: changes since two, five, and ten years ago in

physics manpower, cost per professional per year; expected changes

in manpower in the next two or five years.

Our respondents were asked to select the administrative subunit

on which to report in such a way that its characteristics would

typify the greater part of the physics research done by the com-

pany.

LII.3.2 RAW DATA

Table 111.16 shows the staff composition of the organizational

units sampled. The reader must be cautioned against drawing infer-

144

TABLE 111.16

Manpower Data from 18 Industrial Research Organizations (1970)

Types of Industry

Communica-

Optical

tfon and

or Other

Aircraft

Total

Types of Data

Electronic

Other

Instru-

and

Chem.and

Misc.

Units

Supplied

Data Proc.

Electronic

mentation

Space

Metallurg.

Mfg.

Sampled

No. of companies

44

23

32

18

sampled

Total tech. staff

882

928

50

358

597

578

3375

professionals in

units sampled

Doctorates on

627

462

21

192

364

260

1926

tech. prof. staff

Fraction

0.71

0.47

0.42

0.54

0.63

0.45

0.57

Range

0.67-0.97

0.40-0.94

0.36-0.48

0.45-0.76

0.48-0.77

0.37-0.54

Physicists in

302

255

30

275

65

126

1053

units sampled

Fraction

0.34

0.28

0.60

0.77

0.11

0.22

0.31

Range

0.20-0.90

0.17-0.81

0.60-0.60

0.56-1.0

0.06-0.13

0.20-0.23

PhD physicists

272

194

16

150

47

76

755

Fraction

0.90

0.76

0.53

0.55

0.72

0.60

0.72

Range

0.70-0.90

0.63-1.0

0.47-0.60

0.46-0.76

0.46-0.87

0.51-0.71

Theoret. physicists

52

19

055

78

141

Fractional growth

total phys. staff

Since 1960

0.3010.02

0.2310.70

--

0.4010.85

0.5510.20

-Since 1965

-0.08+0.04

-0.15+0.10

0.4010.10

010.30

0+0.10

0.2010.05

-0.02

Since 1966

-0.0110.07

-0.1410.05 -0.0510.15 -0.2510.05 -0.05+0.07

-0.02±0.07

-0.11

Est. by 1975

0.0210.05

-0.0910.11

0.1510.15

0.0510.05

0.1010.05

0.0510.05

0.014

qAverages weighting each organization's percentage by the size of staff involved. Numbers following ±

are standard deviations for the group.


ences about the total research staffs of the various types of in-

dustries from the data shown. Each company supplied data only fora certain organizational subunit, so chosen that its work in phys-ics could be considered typical of that of the company as a wholebut by no means necessarily having the same proportion of physi-cists and nonphysicists as would obtain for those engaged in re-search throughout the company. Caution also is necessary in regardto other characteristics of the sample. For example, that the ra-tio of physicists to total staff is smaller for the chemical andmetallurgical and miscellaneous manufacturing categories than forthe others may well result from the obviously lesser physics ori-entation of the research programs of these types of companies. Be-cause of this lessev orientation toward physics, they are lesslikely to have an organizational subunit with a high proportion ofphysicists.

The proportion of theoretical physicists is highest in the com-munication and electronic data-processing, aircraft and space,and chemical and metallurgical industries and is low elsewhere.This circumstance undoubtedly affects the relative cost of physicsresearch.

The final rows of the table show a fairly consistent picture ofgrowth during the early 1960's, retrenchment at the end of the1960's and anticipated modest growth in the 1970's. As might beexpected, there are substantial fluctuations from company to com-pany within each group. Not surprisingly, the most violent fluctu-ation has occurred in the aircraft and space companies.

Table 111.17 gives a similar presentation of data on the cost

TABLE 111.17 Funding Data from 18 Industrial Research Organiza-tions (1970)

Types of DataSupplied

Type of IndustryCommunica-tion and OtherElectronic Elec-Data Proc. tronic

Opticaland OtherInstru-mentation

Air-craftandSpace

Chem.andMetal -

lurk.Misc.Mfg.

Cost of work ($K)per professionalper year

65 67 65 51 49 62

Range 51-80 53-94 60-70 35-75 50-70 45-76

Approx. physicistcost/mean cost

1.00 1.05 1.05 1.00 0.93 0.90

Average fractionalincrease in cost/professionalSince 1960 0.60 0.56 - 0.45 0.50 0.55

Since 1965 0.18 0.23 0.30 0.27 0.35 0.23

Since 1968 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.30 -

Average fractionof costs sup-ported byOwn companyGovernment

0.980.02

0.850.15

0.440.56

0.280.72

1.000

1.000

146

Data on Atnding and Costs 1601

of research and other work performed by the units sampled. Althoughthere is again some fluctuation from organization to organizationwithin each group, the average cost of work per professional staffmember is remarkably constant among groups. Also, the cost perstaff member for work in physics is always considered as close tothe average of all work done by the organizations. The middle linesof the table indicate a fairly steady increase in the cost of re-search during the past decade, at a rate of about 4.5 percent peryear.

The last two rows of the table are significant, for any estimateof the contribution from private enterprise to the support of phys-ics research must take into account that an appreciable fractionof the wori done in industrial laboratories is supported not by thecompanies concerned but by the government. This proportion is par-ticularly high in the instrumentation and aircraft and space cate-gories. However, some companies in other categories operate come-pletely federally funded research and development centers; theseare excluded from both our present sampling and the analysis thatfollows.

Table 111.18 presents statistics on research publications by theunits sampled. The ratio of papers appearing in AIP journals to thetotal is a rough, though by no means infallible, measure of the de-gree of emphasis on physics in these organizations. The ratios cor-relate generally with the fraction of staff who are physicists,shown in Table 111.16. The chemical and metallurgical and miscel-laneous manufacturing categories have the lowest figures. The mis-cellaneous category also has a rather low fraction of its physicsresearch appearing in published form; however, this finding may bean artifact of the choice of organizational subunits. The amount ofwork eventuating in patents seems to be particularly high in theoptical and instrumentation category, and the chemical and metal-lurgical laboratories have a substantial number of doctoral-levelstaff members who publish little.

111.3.3 ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES REGARDING INDUSTRIAL FUNDING

Our procedure for estimating the amount of support contributed byU.S. industry to research in physics will be, in essence, to findthe expenditure for such research by the organizational units ofthe sample and to multiply this by the ratio of the total amountof U.S. industrial physics research to that performed by the or-ganizations sampled. We shall try to do this in as thorough a man-ner as possible, taking account of possible differences in the re-search patterns of different types of companies. We should pointout, however, that our sample is not only fairly representative ofthe distribution of physics research over different types of com-panies but even constitutes a large fraction of the total popula-tion we wish to consider, in that the organizations sampled contri-bute nearly one third of all the physics publications from U.S.industrial laboratories, and the total output from the companiesin which these suborganizations reside is about two-thirds of thenational total. Consequently, our extrapolation will not have to

be by a large factor.

147

TABLE 111.18

Publications by Industrial Research Organizations in a One-Year Period (1969-1970)

Type of Industry

Communica-

tion and

Types of Data

Electronic

Other

Supplied

Data Proc.

Electronic

Optical

or Other

Instru-

mentation

Aircraft

and

Space

Chem. and

Metallurg.

Misc. Mfg.

Total

Units

Sampled

No. of companies

4

sampled

42

33

218

Total papers pub-

705

lished by units

sampled

425

37

195

157

240

1759

os o to

No. of papers in

288

AIP journals

Average fraction

of physics work :

161

19

71

22

53

614

Published

0.89±0.05

0.72±0.13

0.70±0.10

0.80

0.68±0.28

0.42±0.30

=0.75

Appearing as.

0.09±0.06

patents

0.23±0.05

0.13±0.08

0.04±0.03

0.02±0.02

0.08

-

For internal

0.02±0.05

or classified

use only

0.05±0.05

0.17±0.02

0.16±0.02

0.30±0.30

0.50±0.35

-

Publications per

1.00±0.65

0.87±0.30

2.00±1.20

1.15±0.10

0.41±0.10

0.92±0.08

0.91

PhD staff membera

aAverages weighting each organization proportionally to its size. Numbers after ± arestandard deviations

for each group.

Pata on Funding and Costs 1603

An essential ingredient of the extrapolation to national totals

is a knowledge of the ratio of physics research publication by the

units sampled to that from all U.S. industrial organizations. We

shall assume that this ratio is given by the ratio of numbers of

research papers in AIP journals. The entries in the third column

of Table 111.18 give the number of such papers for each categoryof the organizations sampled. Respondents were instructed to in-

clude only research papers and letters, not abstracts. For compar-ison, we have sampled all AIP -esearch journals, the more important

ones for a two-month period, others for a one-month period, and

base recorded the number of articles of which the first-named authorwas attached to an industrial research organization. The resultingfigures extrapolate to a yearly total of about 1470 papers. Thisfigure should have a sampling probable error of the order of 5 per-

cent.The figures in Table 111.18 require a slight correction before

they can be compared with the one just derived. In the estimatedyearly total, 1470, each paper is counted but once; each was as-signed to the institution of the first-named author, or, equiva-lently, each sponsoring institution was assigned a fractionalweight when there was ,ollaboration between institutions. Thefigures in Table 111.18 undoubtedly have no such fractional weight-ing for collaborative efforts. A rough sampling of papers suggeststhat the correction for this effect should amount to about 10 per-cent. Accordingly, we estimate that the fraction of the U.S. indus-

trial research effort in physics accounted for by our sample is

approximately

614Fraction = - 0.38.

1.1 X 1470(2)

To estimate the distribution of physics publishing activityamong the types of industrial organizations, we again made use of

the sample of AIP journals mentioned previously, developing ageneral classification of each performing institution into one of

the six categories used in the preceding tables or, occasionally,

relegating it to an unclassified or unknown category. The resultsappear in the first column of Table 111.19. If, for want of betterinformation, we assume that the few companies in the other or un-

known category resemble the weighted average of the others in such

respects as fraction of physics work supported by government and

fraction published, we can infer a set of weights with which the

six categories we sampled should be combined to give a reasonable

national average. These weights are shown in the second column of

Table 111.19; merely for comparison, we show in the penultimate

column, in parentheses, the distribution of papers in AIP journals

from the units in our sample, that is, the ratios of the third

line of Table 111.18 to the total in the final column. The general

resemblance of these to the numbers in the column showing weight

factors justifies the statement that our sample is fairly repre-

sentative of the distribution of physics research among different

types of companies.

149


TABLE 111.19 Contributions of Different Types of Industries toPhysics Publication and Support of Published Research

Type ofIndustry

Papers inan AIPJournalSample

WeightFactorAdopted

$Million Lontri-bution to Fund-

Fraction of ing from Re-AIP Papers in sources of Sam-Sampled Or- pled Organize-ganizations tions [Eq. (2)]

Communication andelectronic dataprocessing

104 0.37 (0.47) 16.3

Other electronic 59 0.22 (0.26) 10.9Optical or otherinstrumentation

26 0.10 (0.03) 0.6

Aircraft andspace

39 0.14 (0.12) 3.2

Chemical and met-allurgical

33 0.12 (0.04) 2.0

Misc. manufactur-ing

10 0.05 (0.09) 3.0

Other or unknown 22 -

TOTAL 293 1.00 (1.00) 36.0

We shall try to estimate the support of physics research fromcompany funds by first estimating the amount of such support foreach category of units in our sample and then combining these withsuitable weights. For a crude first approximation, one could ig-nore the differences between different types of industries andtake the expenditure for our whole sample allocable to publishedresearch and divide it by the ratio (2). But to get the first ofthese quantities we must make allowance for all works not beingdestined for publication and for support of some work from govern-ment funds. Thus for any organization or group of organizations wehave

Ecompany expenditure allocable=

to published physics research

= cph

N phf'F'ub Fown, (3)

where c h is the cost of work per physicist staff member, that isto say, the product of the two top rows of Table 111.17, Nph isthe number of physicists , fpub is the fraction of physics work pub-lished, and Sown is the fraction of work supported from companyfunds. In writing this equation we assume that the last fractionis about the same for physics as for other kinds of work of theorganizational units sampled. With an average of about $60,000 foroph. 0.75 for fpub, and 0.85 for Sown, we get about $40 millionfnr the quantity -(3) for our entire sample. Dividing by the 0.38

1"!

Data on Raiding and Costs 1605

of Eq. (2) gives a roughly estimated national expenditure of$105 million annually of industrial funds for publishable physicsresearch.

A more refined calculation would evaluate Eq. (2) separatelyfor each category I of organizations in our sample and combinethese according to the formula

national expenditure of industrial fundsEUS allocable to published physics research

EI

= 1.1 P (AIP).US PI

(AM (4)

where wr is the weight factor given in Table 111.19, P.T(AIP) isthe number of AIP papers from category I (third row of Table111.18), PUS(AIP) = 1470 is the estimate given for the number ofpapers published annually in AIP journals from U.S. industrialorganizations, and the factor 1.1 is the multiple authorship cor-rection we have already used in deriving Eq. (2). The result isclose to the rough estimate of the preceding paragraph:

EUS

= $98 million (5)

for the one-year period, mid-1969 to mid-1970. The Ey values usedin this calculation are given in the last column of Table 111.19.

111.3.4 CRITICAL COMMENTARY

There are several possibilities for systematic errors in thisestimate, though we hope that none are catastrophically large.We have mentioned the assumption that the fraction Fowm given inTable 111.16 is applicable to the physics portion of the work.Another question concerns the assumption that the costs of physicswork can be estimated from the top rows of Table 111.17 and thefraction of the staff who are identified as working as physicists.As we shall see in Section IV.1.3, many papers whose content isclearly physics are produced by persons who identify primarilywith some other discipline. There is a compensating effect inthat some of the work published by physicists may pertain to anonphysics discipline; moreover, that our questionnaire referredto people working as physicists helps to reduce the overlap ef-fect. The alternative assumption that the funds expended by theorganizational units sampled were distributed between physics andnonphysics in proportion to the amounts of physics and nonphysicspublication undoubtedly greatly overestimates the expenditure onphysics. If one assumes the ratio of AIP publications to totalpublications in physics as about 0.6, this approach would lead toan expenditure on physics about half again as great as that which

we have derived. In view of the higher rate of publication in

physics than in the more applied disciplines, this discrepancy isby no means unreasonable. Thus we believe that the value given in

151


Eq. (5), although it may be a slight underestimate, is probably a

fairly realistic figure.The fraction of physics costs supported from government sources

is appreciable: The weighted average of the entries in Table

111.17 is about 0.15. It is interesting to compare this ratio with

the ratio of papers from industrial performers acknowledging gov-

ernment support to those acknowledging no such support. The latter

ratio can be obtained from Tables 111.1, 111.4, 111.5, and 111.6

and is about 0.19. This amount may be a slight underestimate, for

it refers only to the three leading government agencies (that is,

leading in the support of physics research). The difference be-

tween the two figures is not unreasonable, for government support

often is only partial, and the more expensive projects are more

likely to be undertaken with such support.Support of work in industrial laboratories from sources other

than the company or the federal government seems to be negligible.

We must reiterate that the organizations surveyed were selected

to be representative of the greater portion of physics research in

industry leading to publication; they were undoubtedly not typical

of the total employment of physicists in industry. As an example

of a difference, 72 percent of the physicists in the survey have

a PhD degree, but only 39 percent of the physicists employed by

industry have a PhD, according to the National Register. Again,

the growth of physics staff from 1960-1968 and its recession from

1968.-1971, shown for our sample by the entries in the lower rows

of Table 111.16, differ slightly from the statistics on the na-

tionwide employment of physicists in industry obtained from the

National Register*: The PhD's employed in industry, whose number

might be expected to correlate with the total staffs of the re-

search-oriented organizations, appear to have increased monotoni-

cally, according to the National Register, and more rapidly in the

last decade than the figures in Table 111.16 indicate.

Wa have searched for correlations between the answers to vari-

ous questions by the respondents in our sample. A number of cor-

relations emerge in a least-squares analysis at better than a 95

percent significance level, although their relationship to cause

and effect is not always clear:

1. The cost per professional increases appreciably with in-

creasing fraction of the professionals who are PhP's and decreases

slightly with increasing size of the organization.

2. The ratio of cost per professional for physics to that

for other work is less the higher the fraction of physicists who

are theorists; an experimental physicist seems to cost slightly

more than an average professional, a theoretical physicist only

about 70 percent as much.3. Physicists seem to be more heavily supported by the govern-

ment than other professionals and non-PhD physicists much more so.

4. The fraction of physics research published correlates posi-

tively with both the fraction of physicists who are PhD's and the

American Science Manpower (National Science Foundation, biennial).

152


fraction of government-supported research.5. The total number of publications of an organization (in all

fields) correlates strongly with the number of PhD physicists. The

number of papers in AIP journals per PhD physicist correlates neg-

atively with the number of non-AIP physicists.

111.4 Physics Research Support from University Funds

111.4.1 INTRODUCTION

Although everyone knows that some portion of the research done inU.S. universities is supported from the resources of the universities,there have been only guesses as to the amount of thls support. To

obtain a quantitative estimate, the Data Panel sought the coopera-tion of a number of university physics departments in filling out arather detailed questionnaire about departmental research activities.As a by-product, some information about purely educational matterswas collected also.

Being aware of the excessive demands on university departmentsfor the completion of questionnaires and of the difficulty of get-ting prompt and uniform responses to questionnaires distributed inan-i-mpeponal way, we decided to sample only a small number of in-stitutions in which we had close personal contacts. This procedureled immediately to the problem of taking adequate account of thediversity of types of universities. Probably the most importantdifference is between the major research institutions and those inwhich research is less prominent, either in volume or intensity.We distributed our sample over three ranges of size and, withineach size range, over two levels of distinction, measured by theoften-cited "Cartter ratings."* The following six groupings re-

sulted.

1. A, Faculty size L' 50, or among the top ten universities involume of physics publication, Cartter rating "distinguished" or"strong."

2. B, Faculty size > 50, Cartter rating not "distinguished" or"strong."

3. C, Faculty size between 30 and 50, Cartter rating "good" orabove, not in group A.

4. D, Faculty size between 30 and 50, Cartter rating below"Good."

5. E, Paculty size 30 or below, Cartter rating given.6. F, Faculty size below 30, no Cartter rating given.

Non-PhD-granting institutions were not sampled, because studies ofpublication patterns (see Figure 111.11) have shown that theseaccount for no more than a few percent of research publication in

*Cartter, A. An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education.

Washington% D.C.: American Council on Education, 1966.

153


physics (although, curiously, for a somewhat higher fraction of

abstracts in the Bulletin of the American Physical Society). We

requested completiqn of questionnaires from two institutions of

each of the six types, except A, B, and D, from which we sought

four, one, and one, respectively, Eight of the 12 were returned.

The composition of the sample was as follows: A, 3; B, 1; C, 1;

D, 0; E, 2; and F, 1.The design of the questionnaire reflected our desire to ask for

information that would be reasonably easily and unambiguously avail-

able in most departmental records and, at the same time, relevant to

our concerns. Although we consulted several present or past chairmen

of physics departments before crystallizing it, the questionnaire

finally adopted achieved these goals only imperfectly. The philos-

ophy was to divide support of research into three categories: first,

faculty time (including overhead); second, equipment, nonfaculty

staff, and miscellaneous items; and third, space. Although a few

institutions keep records of the distribution of faculty time among

different kinds of activities, such as teaching and research, most

do not; therefore we requested information only on number of faculty

at each rank taking part in research, class-contact hours for them,

and amount of their time for which outside support was received.

By combining these data with information on time actually spent in

research from two or three institutions, we hoped to get plausible

estimates fur the others. University support for equipment and non-

faculty staff we hoped to estimate by ascertaining the difference

in total costs for these purposes and support received; unfortunately,

incompleteness and ambiguity in the data rendered these sources of

information highly questionable. In regard to space, we requested

information on the amount of space used for research and on the

fraction of building construction costs that came from university

funds. Questions also were included on number of publications,

changes in costs in the last two years, numbers of graduate and

undergraduate students, and instructional effort devoted to non-

science majors, teachers, and others.The responses were of variable quality, as analyses in subsequent

sections will show.

111.4.2 RAW DATA

Table 111.20 shows the principal data received from the eight re-

sponding physics departments, totaled for the different subfields

of physics. The data are not complete; in a few cases appropriate

entries have been estimated from other sources and these are identi-

fied in the footnotes to the table.

Table 111.21 presents the data by subfield and summed over the

responding universities. The reader should note that some data are

for all eight universities, some for seven, some for only four.

111.4.3 CORRELATIONS IN THE DATA

The contribution of universities to the support of research, our

major concern, comes in large part from support of the time faculty

members devote to research. Our first task was to estimate this

151

Data on nolding and Costa 1609

time. Since the productive output for which universities are sup-

ported consists almost entirely of research and teaching (with a

broad interpretation of both), one should count as time devoted to

research not only time spent in the direct performance of research

but also an appropriate fraction of time spent on departmental admin-

istration, service to the scientific community, and like activities.

Unfortunately, most university departments keep no records of how

their faculties distribute their time among teaching, research, ad-

ministration, and other activities. However, in the course of pre-

paring our questionnaire, we learned of a few universities that

keep such records and decided to estimate faculty time allocable to

TABLE 111.20 Characteristics of Physics Research at SelectedUniversities

Type of Institution and Institution Number (in parentheses)

Types of Data Collected A (1) A (2) A (3) B (4) C (5) E (6) E (7) F (8)

Cartter ratinga D S S G G A G -

Faculty in researchb

97 38 77 50.2 37.7 24 22 16.6

Nonfaculty staff° ? ? 100 12 10.5 4 13 3.7

Average class-contacttawk per facultyin research

6.0' 5.4e 2.93 2.55 2.64 5.75 2.60 5.18

Publications in year f 71 846 117 108 54h 40 31 41

No. of publicationswithout outside support

tSupport from outside

(in $ millions)

1

- 2.57 5.20

1

2.64

-

-

0 -

0.76

-

Man-months faculty timesupported from outside

525 88 251 156 164 60 47.5 13.5

Sq ft used for research./(in thousands)

138.5 46.2 116.3 67.0 60.0 12.3 63.0 16.1

Fraction of plant costfrom outside

0.14 0.25 0.05 0.35 0 0.375 0

No. undergrad. majors 366 217 60 226 82 90 22 168

No. graduate students 274 171 165 190 123 90 72 72

Fraction of teaching for 0.05 0.2- 0.15 0.23 0.35 0.15 0.20

nonscience majorsk 0.4

Overhead factorl 0.54 0.47m 0.45 0.57 0.46 '0.70" 0.36 0.49

aD distinguished; S strong; G good; A adequate plus.

.1)Defined as ranks professor through instructor; research associates, etc. excluded. "In re-

search" refers to those with any current research activity, a category comprising from 68 to

88 percent of the total faculty for the instit.itions sampled.

Temporary and permanent PhD-level staff in residence and active in research, not alreadycounted in the line above. Some respondents seem to have misunderstood this question.dProbably not correct--exactly the same for every rank and subfield.

ePerhaps with a slightly different definition from that for the other institutions.

fResearch papers and letters.

gApproximate number from the Source Index of the Science Citation Index.hProm number of papere on which a department member was an author divided by average number of

authors for U.S. physics papers.

iNonfederal funds were 0.001 of total.

jUsually net (assignable space), rather than gross.

kUsually measured in terms of student credit hours.zNot including employee benefits (of the order of 0.15 of salaries).

mOn-campus work only.

"Obtained by subtracting estimated benefits from a total presumably including these.

TABLE 111.21

Distribution of Effort among Subfields for a Sample of

Universities°'b

Manpower and

Funding Data

A&R

AME

NP

EP

PSF

CM

ESP

Opt

Acoust

Bio-

phys

Other

Phys

Faculty active

in research°

(8)

15.0

30.1

61.4

95.7

21.1

78.2

17.0

3.3

9.9

25.0

13.0

Nonfaculty staffd

in research (8)

2.2

7.0

20.1

30.9

3.0

14.8

00

066.0

0

Man-months of out-

side support of

faculty time, in

yaar (7)

40.0

116.7

226.4

370.3

52.0

268.0

88.0

7.3

7.0

22.0

38.0

1-,

cr% o

Man-months of out-

side support of fac-

ulty time, in year,

per faculty member

in research (7)

2.9

4.4

4.2

4.5

2.5

3.7

5.7

2.6

2.6

0.9

4.5

Outside support, in

year (in

$ thousands) (4)

163

928

3617

3663

286

1361

192

99

0950

91

Outside support, in

20

37

82

44

18

35

128

e0

11

20

year, per total

staff in research

(in $ thousands) (4)

aFigures in parentheses in the first column give the number of universities in the sample for which the

datJm in question was available; entries are totals for this group of universities or, where indicated,

averages representing quotients of two such totals.

Subfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in Table 111.1, footnote b.

Entries are fractional because some faculty members were assigned partly to one subfield and partly to

a another.

Temporary or permanent, PhD level.

Totals probably are low because one institution apparently failed to

report postdoctorals.

One return listed support In optics but no staff in optics.

Data on Molding and Coate 1611

research for all universities by combining detailed data for these

few universities with data on teaching loads from all, the expecta-

tion being that it would be possible to establish a plausible in-verse correlation of time spent on research with teaching loads.

Our success in this endeavor wag only partial, as the universityhaving the most- detailed in(ormation did not return our question-

naire.Let us consider frst the extent to which teaching loads appear

to be correlated with other factors of interest. Figure 111.3shows the sort of plot we would like to construct, depicting thefraction of faculty time allocable to research effort as a functionof the average number of class-contact hours per week per facultymember. The two points plotted represent time spent in actual per-formance of reseal..ch, as es.imated for faculty of universities 5(rough estimate only) and 8 of Table 111.20. Because a certainfraction of administrative and other time is really allocable to

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

4 6 8 10

AVERAGE CLASS CONTACT HOURS PER WEEK

FIGURE 111.3 Correlation of fraction of faculty time spent onresearch with average class-contact hours per week. Both figuresrepresent averages over all parts of the year during which thefaculty numbers in question were on campus. The shaded region, tobe reproduced in Figure 111.4, represents the range within whichwe believe that the average relation is fairly sure to lie.

1 5 7


research, these points provide rough lower limits for time spent on

research. Common sense and general experience also provide some

guides to how the curve should be drawn. For example, it is gen-

erally conceded that approximately 12 contact hours per week research

simply disappear. On the other hand, low numbers of class-contact

hours of course imply high concentration on research but do not

mean that essentially all faculty time is allocable to research (as

it could be in a noneducational research institution), for some will

be devoted to administrative problems concerning graduate students

and to nonclass educational activities for them. From data on such

activities provided by one institution, we estimate that the extrap-

olation of the curve to the vertical axis should not have an ordi-

nate higher than about 0.8. Combining these considerations with the

ywo points shown, we have estimated rough upper and lower bounds

for the fraction of time allocable to research, as shown by the

two straight lines in the figure. The proper curve would undoubt-

edly not be a straight line, but we have not attempted to introduce

this refinement into the bounds.What is important, of course, is the difference between this

time allocable to research and the amount of faculty time supported

by funds from outside sources. In Figure 111.4, faculty time sup-

ported by outside funds is plotted against class-contact hours for

the seven universities for which reliable teaching data were avail-

able. Reproduced on the same plot are the upper and lower bounds

to total time allocable to research, which were drawn in Figure

111.3. The uncertainty in the difference--the university-supportedtime--is considerable and will be reflected in the estimates made

in Section 111.4.4.In connection with the plots in Figures 111.3 and 111.4, it is

interesting to see to what extent teaching loads are correlated

with other variables. One might expect, for example, that therewould be a significant inverse correlation with number of publica-tions per faculty member. Such a finding was not true of our

sample, as Figure 111.5 shows. A plot of publications per PhD staffmember in research (faculty plus nonfaculty) shows no correlation;one is tempted to conclude that at institutions with a less favor-

able climate for research the staff members choose probleme thatwill require less expenditure of time to produce a publication.

Another factor could be that some of these institutions have ahigher ratio of graduate students to faculty than the institutions

with lower teaching loads. The relevance of this factor is shown

by Figure 111.6, which depicts a positive correlation of publica-

tion rate with the ratio of graduate students to faculty.The Cartter rating seems to correlate significantly with a

number of variables. These include teaching loads (Figure 111.7),publication rate (Figure 111.8), and per capita costs and funding

(Figure 111.9).Figure 111.10 shows the distribution of what might be called the

intensity of support among different subfields. The upper part ofthe figure, which is more meaningful than the lower because it isbased on data from all eight institutions, shows the variation amongsubfields in the fraction of time of faculty members active inresearch that was supported from sources outside the university.

158

1.0

x I 0.8

cc

>- wu,

_a

u 0.64u.zo g

_aco 0

u 0.44 4la U.)-

1 IXZ4 a.2 0.2

Data on Funding and costa 1613

IP ,//''' / /iNIllir ,

0

o0

WPVrs7AA ,0

,.. gre4

\I

2 4 6 8 10 12


FIGURE 111.4 Points: manyears of faculty time supported fromsources outside the university, per faculty member in research, for

each of seven universities, plotted as a function of average classcontact hours per week for these same faculty members. Shaded strip:

range of probable fractions of time allocable to research, from

Figure 111.3 The distances of the points below the upper and lowerboundaries of the shaded region thus represent university contributions to the support of research via faculty time, per faculty member.

z2

ceQ. la

CO 2z0 21= ) 15 ri- I tj03 40 LLa.

W 00 2 4 6 8 10


FIGURE 111.5 Illustration of the lack of correlation between number

of research publications per year per faculty member and averageclasscontact hours per week. Points represent universities 3

through 8 of Table 111.20.

00

000

12

159


o

o o

o o

3 4

GRADUATE STUDENTS PER FACULTY IN RESEARCH

5

FIGURE III.6 Correlation of publications per year per staff member(faculty or nonfaculty PhD level) in research with number of grad-uate students per faculty member in researcft. Points for univer-sities 3 to 8 of Table 111.20.

This amount might be regarded as a measure of the intensity with

which research in the various subfields is pursued, plus the ease

of getting support. The lower part of the figure, based on datafrom only four universities, shows the distribution in amount of

dollar support per staff member (faculty and nonfaculty). This dis-

tribution presumably depends on both the intensity with which re-search is pursued and the costliness of research in different sub-

fields. Because of the rather large statistical fluctuations inthe data, items other than those represented by bars of reasonable

length (proportional to number of faculty or staff members, respec-tively, involved in the average) should be viewed with caution.Nuclear; atomic, molecular, and electron; and elementary-particlephysics rank high in time supported, but nuclear physics is much

higher than these other two subfields in dollars per person, pre-

sumably because most of the elementary-particle physicists in uni-

versities are theorists and because experimental work in atomic,

molecular, and electron physics is less expensive. Physics in

biology ranks especially low in both parts of the figure.Outside support from sources other than the federal government

was negligible in our sample, amounting to about $12,300 for the

four universities giving full support data, compared with a total.

support of $11.2 million. This number, however, is based on only

two projects.' and it appears low in comparison with an earlier

analysis of sources of research support cited in journal articles,*

which showed 14.5 acknowledgments of nongovernment, nonuniversity

support compared with 558.5 acknowledgments of government support.

*Performed by Panel member R.. W. Keyes, 12/22/70.

Phys2cs Manpower 1969. New York, N.Y.: American Institute ofPhysics, 1969 (pp. 26, 47).

160

6

Data on Puit'lly cz I Coota 1615

08

0

.. ___.

MTWGUMHED STRONG GOOD ADEQUATE N3T RATED

FIGURE 111.7 Correlation of teaching loads with Cartter rating,for universities 3 through 8 of Table 111.20.

00

00

0

0

IISTINGUISHED STRONG GOOD ADEQUATE NOT RATED

FIGURE 111.8 Correlation (negative) of publication rate withCartter rating, for universities 1 and 3 to 8 of Table 111.20.

100

0

010

X 0(X

0X

X

NSTMUISHED STRONG GOOD ADEQUATE NOTRATED

FIGURE 111.9 Correlation of Cartter rating with outside supportper faculty in research (circles) and nonsalary cost of research(crosses). Circles fol. universities 2,3,4, and 7 of Table 111.20;

crosses for 2 to 5, 7 and 8.


6

O 5

La

1

3

I. 2

0

0

0

g

0

0

o

o

,,0

cP

0

..-

00

cb

-

o

a

0

-m

0

oo

8

o

o

0

oo

00

&o

ATOMIC,EARTH ASTROPH PLASMA

C NT OEANO Mr: tt EM. MOL O

I NUCLEAR ANO OP TICS ACOU MSTICS ANO ONO&AARTICte ANO

PLANETARY RELATIVITY FLUI0ELECTRON

o

0

o

0

o

Oo

00

o

FIGURE III.10 Subfield distribution of average man-months of out-side faculty salary support (top half, points for eight universities)and average dollar support per faculty member (lower half, points

for four universities) . Horizontal bars have ordinates representingweighted averages over all institutions and lengths proportional tototal number of faculty members involved.

As indicated in Table 111.20, the ratio of undergraduate majors

to graduate students varied among the institutions sampled from 0.3

to 2.3, with an overall average of about one. Although our sample

included only PhD-granting institutions, this ratio is almost rh-

same as the ratio of national.totals of undergraduate majors a :

graduate students in physics.TTable 111.20 also shows that approximately one fifth of the

teaching effort (in student hours) in the departments sampled isdirected toward students whose major fields are or will be otherthan science or engineering. A small fraction of the undergraduateswho do not go on to graduate work, and a majority of the graduatestudents, is destined sooner or later to become teachers; however,only a few of the institutions sampled devoted any specific teachingeffort in the physics departments to instructing graduate studentsin the art of teaching.

Estimates of the change, in the past two years, in universityfunds explicitly expended for research varied from department todepartment, from a decrease of 10 percent (contraction of department)to an increase of 20 percent. A rough weighted average of all in-

stitutions would yield an increase of about 7 percent.

1.62

Data on Funding and Coots 1617

111.4.4 ESTIMATES OF THE AMOUNT OF RESEARCH SUPPORT CONTRIBUTED BYTHE UNIVERSITIES

In attempting to draw conclusions about all physiLs research in U.S.academic institutions on the basis of our sample, we must considerfirst how representative it is and what fraction of U.S. academicphysics it represents. In regard to representativeness, Figure111.11 compares the relative volume of published material in the

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

SIZE LARGEPRESTIGE HIGHER LOWER

MEDIUM SMALLMGHER LOWER HMHER LOWER

FIGURE 1.11.11 Distribution of physics research papers over dif-ferent types of U.S. academic institutions. The categories A to Fare those described in Section 111.4.1. The broad bars show thefraction of U.S. academic papers in the 1967 Physical Peview orig-inating from each of these six types of institutions and from non-PhD-granting institutions. The narrow bars show the distributionof total publications over the eight departments of our sample.

six categories of our sample with the relative volume from each ofthese categories in the 1967 Physical Review. A seventh category,non-PhD institutions, is included in the Physical Review data forcompleteness. Our sample is about right for the small institutionstaken together (E and F, tha non-PhD category being negligible), isa little high lor the large institutions (A and B), and is defi-cient in the medium-sized institutions (C and D). However, itscomposition is fairly representative, and any errors resulting from

133

1618 l'IriNICN IN 19.:1611.:CTIVE

its distribution are probably much less than other uncertainties In

the estimates that we will develop.Because the data from institution L were deficient or unreason-

obit! in several respects and our sample was slightly overweightedin Category A, we shaft make our estimates of university fundingon the basis of the other seven Institutions, assuming them to con-stitute a properly distributed sample of all institutions. There

are at least three possible measures for the size of this sample:One can compare the sample with all. U.S. academic institutions inregard to voLume of publication, number of graduate students, oruumber of doctoral. degrees granted. Thu results of such compari-sons appear in Table 111.22. With due regard for the caveats in

TABLE t11.22 Approzhhite Range of Support (in millions of dollars)of Physics Research by U.S. Academic Institutions through LoadedFaculty Salaries in the Academic Year 1968-1969

Fraction ot AcademicWork Assumed Sampled

Fraction of Faculty Research TimeUniversity Supported

Range Mean

0.156 - 0.357 0.257

0.058 L2.6 - 28.8 28.8

0.0685 (mean 14.8 - 34.0 24.4

0.079 17.1 - 39.2 28.1

the figures for the upper extreme of the ranges indicated, we shallassume that the seven institutions account for a fraction of thesupport of physics research by U.S. academic sources amounting tobetween $0.058 million and $0.079 million in academic year 1968-1969.

Consider first the support contributed through the time thatfaculty members devote to research. If we take the distance ofeach point in Figure I[I.4 below the upper and lower boundaries,respectively, of the shaded region, weight by the number of facultymembers involved, and average for the seven institutions, we obtaina fraction oE faculty time allocable to research and supported byuniversities in the range 0.156 to 0.357. The corresponding esti-mates of university-supported faculty man-years of research are41.4 and 97.7, respectively. With a mean overhead factor forthese universities of about 0.5 (see Table 111.20) and a mean 12-month salary of about $16,000, we estimate this university con-tribution at about $24,000 per man-_year; thus, the effective cua-tribution oE these seven universities through support of facultytime was, according to our estimates, in the range $993,000 to

$2.272 million. Combining these bounds with the estimates given inthe preceding paragraph, we obtain the estimates shown in Table111.22 for that part of the contribution of U.S. universities tothe support of physics research in 1969 associated with their

104

Data on Ftinciing and Costs 1619

support of loaded faculty salaries. Thus we estimate this contribu-tion at about $24 million, with an accuracy that should be within afactor of 2 in either direction.

The second of the categories of support mentioned in the Intro-duction, equipment and non faculty staff, is much less amenable toquantitative assessment but seems Likely to constitute an amountconsiderably smaller than the other two categories, space and fac-ulty time. Our original hope had been to estimate this quantity byfinding the difference between the figures provided for (a) non-salary cost of research and outside support received and (b) thatpart allocable to faculty-salary support. Unfortunately, not allthe departments supplied these figures, and some of those that didmisinterprete.: the question, with the result that the quantitiesto be subtracted were not comparable. A more promising approach isto look at a sample of papers in the literature (see Section 111.1)and note the frequency and characteristics of papers ori6ivating inuniversities and not acknowledging support from nonuniversitysources. In the sample studied, about 24 percent of the articleoriginating in universities appeared to have only university support.This figure is higher than that suggested by the sketchy data inTable 111.20 and also higher than that found in a more recent studyof a.smaLler sample; tberefore, it may have included a number of.papers with outside support that the authors failed to acknowledge.Ln this more recent sample, we found that the names of the authorsof papers without outside support were more often those of facultymembers than was true of the supported papers, and there was a pre-dominance of theoretical over experimental papers. Although thenonf .ulty authors are osiona1ly senior research associates andthe like, probably the w:t: majority of them is graduate studentsor postdoctorals, these categories being represented in comparablenumbers. A rough estimate of the mean salary of these authorswould b.:. about $6000 per year. Overhead for them should be lessthan for Zaculty members (for example, smaller offices) but not asmuch less as the bare salaries; we shall assume a mean value of$5000 per year. If we assume that the average paper without outsidesupport requires an amount of nonfaculty time of the order of twothirds the amount of faculty time involved in the average of allpapers, we have

(total nonfaculty timewithout outside support)

3(total faculty timex = 0.16.

[supported or not])

(university support throughnonfacultv time) 11

(university outside0.16 x

94 = 0.073.support through facultytime)

(6)

(7)

This amount is much smaller than our earlier estimate , f the frac-

tion of faculty research time that is university supported (0.83 to

0.59). Probably some of the nonfaculty time spent on projects that

1 6 5


have outside support is not fully covered by this support; however,all indications are that the university-supported portion of suchtime is much less than for faculty members, and as the loaded salaryrate is less than half that for faculty members, we cannot escapethe conclusion that this category of university support is muchsmaller than that provided through faculty time.

There is some further evidence, although sketchy, that supportsthis conclusion. For example, about 0.18 of the beyond-second-yeargraduate student population is supported by teaching assistantships.0These are probably the main source of university support of suchstudents. The number of graduate students past the second year isabout half the total number* or almost twice the number of facultyactive in research (Table 111.20). If the research involvement ofgraduate students with teaching fellowships is assumed to be some-what less intense than that of other students at the same level, say,about equal to that of faculty members, one gets an estimate forthe graduate student part of the left of Eq. (6) of the order oftwice the value given there. This amount is not large, as thesalary factor for these students will be smaller than is assume'2in Eq. (7). Yet another source of information is the data.on PhD-level nonfaculty staff provided by our sample. About 0:17 of thisstaff time was university supported, of which no more than 0.01 wasattributable to classroom teaching. Thus the contribution of thisdoctoral-level staff to the left of Eq. (6) would be only 0.16 timesthe ratio of time spent on research by these staff members to thatspent by fa,.ulty, a number doubtless considerably less than 1 (seeTable III.20).

We consider last the resources contributed by universities in

support of research through plant construction. To develop an esti-

mate one muct decide on a way of converting capital investment in

the past into equkalent current expenditure. Suppose a building

that would cost C"" dollars to reproduce today was constructed at

time At in the past, costing C dollars at that time. We shall

assume

(0) -cEAtC = C e . (8)

If these C dollars had remained in the university's endowment, with

the income spent each year, the income foregone each year would be

where for a reasonably conservative investment policy 13 = 0.04.

For a large number of institutions i we therefore have

-aAtIncome foregone = B <e > EC(0)

'

. (9)

where the angular brackets imply an average over all the Ati's,

weighted in proportion to their Ci(0)es, in other words, with each

yearly unit of At having a weight proportiond to the dollar value

of construction in that year. This we assume to be given by

''Physics Mdnpower 1969, New York: N.Y.: American Institute of

Physics, 1969 (p. 49).


weight ae-yAt

Combining Eqs. (9) and (10) we get

(

Income foregone = 11-- EC.(°)y+a 2

(10)

A further intangible but economically real factor should probablybe added: The money invested in a building is not liquid and itsunrivailability hampers the economic freedom of the institution. Weshall rather arbitrarily assume that this effect can be taken intoaccount by adding about 0.01 to the 13 in Eqs.(1) and (11) ; this isroughly equivalent to a policy of amortizing the investment overabout one century. The value of a can reasonably be taken from theaverage increase in construction costs over the past 15 years,namely, a = 0.04 per year. Gamma can be estimated either by sub-tracting a from the average rate of increase of funds for physicsin the United States, which, from Figure X.3 of Volume I ofPhysics in Perspective, was approximately 0.13 per year, or, alter-natively, can be set roughly equal to the rate of growth of PhD-level manpower in U.S. universities, which, from Table XII.9 of thesame volume, has been about 0.10. Averaging these two estimatesand taking our sample of seven universities as representative ofbetween 0.058 and 0.079 of the U.S. academic enterprise, we get

Effective contribution of U.S. academicinstitutions to the support of physicsresearch, through building construction

- 0.05 m 0.095 $75 X 310,7000.135 0.058 to 0.079

= $10.4 million to $14.1 million (12)

for the academic year 1968-1969. We have used a value $75 forthe cost per square foot of assignable space, about 1.5 times thecost per square foot of growth space; the figure, 310,700 squarefeet, is just the sum of the products of square feet by fractionof cost from university funds, using the entries in Table 111.20.

To summarize our calculations, we estimate that the total con-tribution to physics research from U.S. university funds in theacademic year 1968-1969 was probably a little more than $40 million,over half of it through support of faculty time and most of therest through plant construction. This estimate could easily be toosmall or too large by a sizable fraction of its value.


111.5 Growth in Costs of Research in Physics

The cost of research in physics, measured, for example, by dollarsper professional man-year, has been steadily rising. It is g-eneral-ly accepted that this increase is compounded in comparable amountsfrom the general decrease in purchasing power of the dollar and asophistication factor resulting from the increasing complexity ofequipment required to expand research into new and ever more dif-ficult areas. Comments on this sophistication factor appear occa-sionally in the reports of the subfield panels, for example, inFigure XI.1 of Volume II, Part B, of Physics in Perspective (costsof nuclear magnetic resonance equipment) or in the tables of Chap-ter II of Volume II, Part A (listing characteristics of accelera-tors throughout the world). Our contribution to this subject willbe minor, consisting merely of an analysis of some figures issuedby the AEC* and some estimates of cost escalation obtained in oursurvey of industrial funding (Section 111.3).

The AEC's Statistical Summary series* annually reports dollarexpenditures, scientific man-years of effort, and other statisticspertaining to various parts of their physical research program.For each of the years, 1960-1970, we have compared the reportedcost for various categories of AEC work with the reported numberof scientific man-years, a figure that apparently includes facul-ty and other types of professional employees but not graduate stu-dents, even though they may be paid. We have computed these ratiosfor the categories, high-energy physics, low-energy physics, andmetallurgy and materials. Metallurgy and materials consists large-ly, though by no means entirely, of research in physics of con-densed-matter.

The principal results obtained from the AEC data are presentedin the two top curves of Figure 111.12. Here, the cost in thou-sands of dollars per scientific man-year is plotted against year.The AEC Statistical Summaries report expenditures in federallyfunded research centers of the AEC and in the AEC contract programor universities separately. The figures used here for universitiesrepresent the total program expenditure not just the AEC contribu-tion. The dashed line in each part of the figure, drawn at arbi-trary height, shows the behavior of the general price index forfederal government purchases of goods and services. At the bottom1)f the figure analogous data on changes in cost per man-year forresearch in physics, obtained from the Survey of Industrial Labor-atories (Section 111.3), are shown.

Although the trends in the AEC data are partially obscured bylarge apparently random fluctuations, the steady increase in dol-lars per man-year on the average is evident. The straight lines,which were fitted to the logarithm of the dollar expenditure perman-year by the method of least-squares, have slopes of 3.0 percentper year for work in universities and 6.1 percent per year for thefederally funded research and development centers. The fluctua-

A Statistical Summary of the Physical Research Program (U.S.Atomic Energy Commission, annual).

168

70

cc> 60

-JJ CCo drz

w 50

ozcc> cc

z 40cr(/) uj

a_

30

80

70

`c 60o

u,>-

LIG 50

3 CCL" oa_

0

301960 1965 1970

FIGURE 111.12 Top: growth in costs of AEC research programs in

areas predominantly physics, per scientific man-year, 1960-1970.

Circles and full line: programs in federally funded research cen-

ters. Crosses and dashed line: programs in universities. The lines

in both cases are least-squares fitted through 1969. Middle curve:

price index for government purchases. Bottom: research costs per

scientific man-year for the six categories of industrial labora-

tory surveyed in Table 111.17.

tions appear to consist mainly of some kind of budgetary artifact.

For example, the low cost in the federally funded research and de-

velopment centers in 1966 results almost entirely from reports from

both the Cambridge Electron Accelerator and the Princeton-Pennsyl-

vania Accelerator of 200 more man-years of effort in 1966 than in


INDUSTRIALLABORATORIES

1960 1965 1970

0

0 X

0

X

0

X

FF RC's

EDUCATIO N ALINSTITUTIONS

.- PRICEINDEX

.....

169


1965 or 1967, without any comparable nnomaly in the reported Lotalfunding. In general, most flscutationF in tLe cost per man-year inthe figure represent fluctuations in man-years of effort reportedrather than in dollar expenditures fn.. the Physical Research Pro-gram.

If the various subfields are separated, the flucutations are,of course, even more pronounced, Least-squares fits to the datagive the result r.own in Table 111.23. One must be cautious ininterpzeting tnee numbers, however. First, they are E.ubject tochanges in definitions; what is recorded as nuclear physics wasknown as nuclear structure physics earlier in the decade, becamelow-energy physics in 1963, and was further affected by the intro-duction of a 1.udget line for mt7dium-energy physics in 1966. In1966, many of the funds of low-energy physics were apparently al-located to the medium-energy program without any comparable changein manpower, leading to a rather large anomaly in the cost perman-year in nuclear physics in universities from 1965 to 1966.

The penultimate row of Table 111.23 gives the average rate ofincrease in cost per man-year reported by our sample of industriallaboratories (Section 111.3).

All the figures, even including those from the industrial sur-vey, may be somewhat too low to reflect adequately the Soph:f.stica-tion factor, in that all groups undoubtedly suffered a certainamount of so called "belt tightening" during the late 1960's.

TABLE 111.23 Rates of Increase (percent per year) in Cost perScientific Man-year in Different Parts of the Atomic Energy Com-mission Research Program in Physics (FY 1960-1970) and in U.S.Industrial Laboratories

AEC Category and Location of WorkIndustry FFRDC" University Industry

AEC Program CategoryHigh energyLow energyMetallurgy andmaterialsTotal of above

AEC averageIndustrial laboratoriesPrice index

8.1 0.83.0 -0.26.4 4.4

5.8 2.9

3.8

2.94.7

aFederally funded research and development center

170

IV

DATA ONTHE

LITERATUREOF PHYSICS

IV.1 Production and Distribution

IV.1.1 PROBLEMS OF DISCIPLINE AND SUBFIELD CLASSIFICATION:OVERLAPS

In Section 11.1.1 we discussed the problems of determining who isand is not a physicist and assigning physicists to the varioussubfield panels of the Physics Survey. Similar problems arisein the enumeration and classification of physics publications.In "Dissemination and Use of the Information of Physics,"* forexample, tables and figures showed the relative proportions ofthe physics literature in different subfields, countries, andtypes of institutions. Construction of these tables required an-swering, for each paper sampled, two questions: first, "Is itphysics?" and if the answer was affirmative then, "To which sub-field should it be assigned?" More important, an intelligent un-derstanding of the structure and dynamics of the physics enter-prise requires a knowledge of the extent to which one subfieldoverlaps another and the extent to which research in physics over-laps activities In related disciplines such as chemistry, engi-neering, ,.nd eart.1 sciences. Answers to these questions usuallyhave to ble based cn subjective judgments. However, careful subjec-tive judrommts c.0 be much better than sloppy ones, and there are

Physics in Perspective, Volume II, Part B, Chapter XIV; condensed

version in Volume I, Chapter 13.

1625

171


objective methods of getting the answers that, though moderatelylaborious and not necessarily unique, are by no means impossibfeto use and, without excessive labor, can provide at least spdf-checks on the correctness of subjective judgments.

There are a variety of measures of the relatedness of differentparts of the scientific literature that, though subjective in thatthey depend on the judgments of individuals, are objective, in thesense in which the term is used here, in that they constltute astatistical verdict of the entire scientific community. These mea-sures are based on citations of one paper by another. Suppose thattwo groups of papers, i and j, have been selected in any manner.As a measure of the relatedness of i to j we may take any of thefollowing:

1. The fraction of the references in papers of group i that areto papers of group j, averaged with the fraction of j's referencesthat are to papers of i;

2. The fraction of the references of i that are also referencesof j, averaged with the fraction of j's references that are sharedby i (the concept* of bibliographic coupling);

3. The number of papers in all areas that contain cltations toboth a paper of i and one of j (the cocitation concept1).

Suppose that the universe of scientific literature we wish to con-sider has been divided into a number of groups i, j, ..., and sup-pose for simplicity that each of these groups contains the samenumber of papers. .(This is to avoid having a large group appear es-pecially close to the others simply because of its size.) Then byusing any of the three criteria-most simply the first one-one candefilletherelatednessofinjbyammber.with the proper-csties

1 > C.. = C.. > 0,

Ec.. = 1.so

(1)

(2)

We would like to be able to interpret these numbers geometrical-ly by assigning to each group i a point in a space of some dimen-sionality and so placing these points that cij is a universal de-creasing function of the distance of point i from point j. Al-though this, of course, can be done only approximately in any smallnumber of dimensions, there are mathematical procedures for locat-ing the points in a space of any assumed dimenspnality in such away as to give the best possible approximatiop.J For our purposeit will suffice to consider a simpler problem, that of assigning

*Kessler, M.M. American Documentation, 14, 10 (1963): 16, 223(1965); Price, D. J. de S. Science, 149, 510 (1965).

tSmall, H. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,in press.

§Kruskal, J. B. Psychometrika, 29, 1 (1964).

172

Data on the Literature of Thysics 1627

positions to a number of borderline groups i, relative to other

groups k whose positions are taken as given. The simplest such

case would be, for example, one in which one locates the groups

i on a one-dimensional scale between, say, pure physics (assigned

coordinate xi< = 0) and pure chemistry (assigned coordinate

xez = 1). Almost as simple would be the assignment of positions

in a triple overlap area, say, that of atomic physics, condensed

matter, and optics, with each of these subfields assigned to one

corner of an equilateral triangle in a two-dimensional space. In

assigning positions to groups i in the overlap region, we would

like to make the assignment self-consistent in the sense that the

position allotted to any given i would be a weighted average of

the positions allotted to other areas with which it is connected,

with weights cij. In other words, we would like to get a solution

of the equations' +

r r. p9P Eqa ck, (3)

a

where p and q now run only over groups in the overlap region, and

runs over all the groups whose coordinates we have agreed to fix

in advance. For the physics-chemistry case, for example, this

would mean that all areas a considered to be unquestionably physics

are assigned Ra = 0, and all those considered to be unquestionably

chemistry are assigned fib = 1. In matrix form the solution to Eq.

(3) can be written

r = (1 - c') c Rs (4)

and the solution is unique as long as the matrix (1 - c') is non-

singular. Now the series

1 - c' = 1 - c" - c".2 - (5)

converges if the matrix c' is bounded with a bound less than unity.

And since Eq. (2) is equivalent toa9Pqa

a(6)

a slight generalization of a familiar argument* shows that c is

indeed so bounded unless there exist groups q, which are not con-nected to any of the given groups a by any chain of citation con-nections. Barring this possibility then, we can say that anygiven group q is, for example x percent chemistry and (1 )

percent physics, or that it is x percent atomic physics, y per-

cent condensed-matter physics, and (1 -x - y) percent optics.

*Courant, R., an? lalbert, Aiethods of Mathematical Physics

(Interscience, rck, 1953), Vol. I, p. 19.

173


Although the groups i that. we have been talking about may becomposed by any procedure that selects a reasonably coherent groupof papers-for example, they might be composed by using the finestsubdivisions of the Physics Abstracts subject classificationscheme-it is interesting to note that an algorithm for computergeneration of clUsters of closely related papers, based on thestatistics of citations, has been developed and is rather effec-tive*.

As an example of what can be done with this approach, considerthe question: Should work on quantum fluids be considered in theprovince of the Panel on Plasma Physics and Physics of Fluids orshould it be grouped with solid-state physics in the province ofthe Panel on Physics of Condensed-Matter? A sampling of citationsin a number of theoretical and experimental papers on quantum flu-ids in Physical Review Letters and Physical Review A gave the fol-lowing distribution for the cited papers:

Quantum fluids 72

Other physics of fluids 2

Solid-state physics 19

Instrumentation 1

The Intuitive judgment of the panelists that quantum fluids shouldbe grouped with condensed-matter is confirmed.

A number of spot checks of this sort were made to verify thereasonableness of the assignment of papers by panelists to variousdisciplines and subfields or to an overlap area. These checksgenerally confirmed the intuitive assignments, although occasional-ly they showed the assignment to be wrong.

Some rough indications of the extent of the overlap among thedifferent subfields, the ambiguity in the definition of the bound-aries between physics and neighboring disciplines, and the un-certainties in each of these two measures can be obtained from theresults of classification of papers in two samples drawn'fromPhysics Abstracts by a member of the panel. These are presentedin Tables IV.1 and IV.2, respectively. For the sample of TableIV.1, a restricted definition of overlap areas and an inclusivedefinition of physics were used: A physics paper was not assignedto an overlap area between two subfields unless it was really dif-ficult to decide to which it should be given; similarly, paperswere considered as physics unless they belonged fairly indisput-ably to some other discipline. For the sample in Table IV.2, incontrast, a liberal definition of overlap and a fair definition ofthe boundaries of physics were used: A paper was assigned to anoverlap area of bdo or more physics subfields whenever a reasonablecase could be made for its belonging in each of them; a paper wasconsidered as physics only if its relation to the rest of physicswas judged to be closer than its relation to the more central

*Price, N., and S. Schiminovich, Information Storage and Retriev-al, 4, 271 (1968); Schiminovich, S. Ibid., 6, 417 (1971).

1-.

n3

TABLE IV.1

Distribution of a Sample of U.S. Papers from Physics Abstracts among Subfields of Physics on

the Basis of an Inclusive Definition of Physics and a Restricted Definition of Overlapa

Papers Judged as

Papers Judged

Overlapping This

as Within This

Subfield and

Subfield

Subfield

Another

Number Overlapping Each of Other Subfields

No.

Fraction

No.

Fraction

A&R

AME

EP

NP

P&F

CM

E&P

PB

Opt

Acoust

Misc

A&R

9

AME

82

EP

61

NP

47

P&F

54

CM

245

E&P

36

PB

9

Opt

21

Acoust

13

Misc

18

Total

Physics 595

0.90

1

0.84

16

0.95

3

0.90

5

0.86

9

0.93

19

0.78

10

0.45

11

0.49

22

0.59

9

0.72

7

56 = 112

0.10

0.16

0.05

0.10

0.14

0.07

0.22

0.55

0.51

0.41

0.28

- - - - - - 1 - - - -

- - 1 4 5 - - 4 - 9

- - - 3 - - - _ - - -

- 1 3 - - - - - - 1

- 4 - - - 2 3 - - -

- 5 - - 2 - - - 8 2 2

1 - - - 3 - - 1 4 1 -

- - - - - - 1 - 5 5 1

- 4 - - 8 4 5 -

- - - - - 2 1 5 - - 1

- 2 - 1 - 2 - - 1 1 -

Nonphysics

6%

2

aSubfield abbreviations used are: A&R = astrophysics and relativity; AME = atomic, molecular, and electron

physics; EP = elementary-particle physics; NP = nuclear physics; P&F = plasma physics and physics of flu-

ids; CM = condensed-matter physics; E&P = earth and planetary physics; PB = physics in biology; Opt = op-

tics; Acoust = acoustics; Misc = miscellaneous.

TABLE IV.2

Distribution of a Sample of U.S. Papers from Physics Abstracts among Subfields of Physics on

the Basis of a Fair Definition of Physics and a Liberal Definition of Overlapa

Subfield

Papers Judged

as within

This Subfield

Papers Judged as

Overlapping This

Subfield and

Another

Number Overlapping Each of the Other Subfields

A&R

AME

EP

NP

P&F

CM

E&P

PB

Opt, Acoust

and Misc

No.

Fraction

No. Fraction

A&R

60.67

30.33

--

1-

--

2-

1.0.4

AME

33

0.60

22

0.40

--

-5

510

1-

1

...1

I-

EP

26

0.84

50.16

1-

-3

--

1-

-

NP

45

0.79

12

0.21

-5

3-

-3

--

1

°P&F

17

0.63

10

0.37

-5

--

-4

-1

CM

138

0.82

31

0.18

-10

34

-1

112

E&P

13

0.65

70.35

21

1-

-1

-1

1

PB

30.60

20.40

--

--

-1

1-

-

Op, Ac,

& Misc

32

0.67

16

0.33

-1

-1

112

1-

-

Total

Physics

313

74

108

=2

Nonphysics

6(13.5%)

51

49

24

28

-4

aSubfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in Table IV.1, footnote a.

Data on the Literature of Physics 1631

areas of some other discipline such as chemistry or engineering.The study depicted in Table IV.2 was done before the panel decidedto separate optics and acoustics from the miscellaneous category,thus these are grouped together.

Although most of the subfields show more overlap in Table IV.2than in Table IV.1, as one would expect, a few do not, and thisfinding must be attributed to statistical fluctuations. From therwo tables together it is evident that the subfields that are mostnearly self-contained are elementary-particle physics, nuclearphysics, probably astrophysics and relativity, and condensed-mat-ter. For the first three this finding is undoubtedly the result oftheir being so specialized; for condensed-matter, it is probablydue to the vast size of the subfield. Optics and acoustics appearto have large overlaps with other subfields, as does earth andplanetary physics also. Atomic, molecular, and electron physicsand plasma physics and physics of fluids have moderately highoverlap. Among the core subfields, condensed-matter has the larg-est absolute overlap into other disciplines simply because of itslarge size, but percentagewise the overlap of atomic, molecular,and electron physics into other disciplines (principally chemistry)is greater. The data on overlap into nonphysics disciplines aremuch less meaningful, of course, for the peripheral subfields ofphysics, since their coverage in Physics Abstracts is often incom-plete. (This situation is especially true for physics in biology.)

A different type of measure of the overlap of physics with otherdisciplines can be obtained from the professional self-identifica-tion of the authors of physics papers. As we shall see in SectionIV.1.3, about half of the authors of papers covered by PhysicsAbstracts identify primarily with a nonphysics discipline eventhough, according to Table IV.2, 87 percent of the papers socovered probably lie on the physics side of a fair boundary.

IV.1.2 SAMPLING OF ABSTRACT JOURNALS

Our objectives in sampling entries in abstract journals were toget information about

1. The distribution of physics publications among subfields;2. The geographic distribution of total publication and of

work in each subfield;3. The degree of correlation between the country or region in

which work is done and the country or region in which it is pub-lished;

4. Changes in time in some of these quantities;5. The distribution of U.S. work in the various subfields

among different types of performing institutions;6. Any differences between theoretical and experimental papers

in regard to the previous five categories. (We classified papersas theoretical when they did not contain any, new experimental re-sults or report the testing ef new experimental techniques.)

To achieve most of these objectives one needs to know the loca-tion of the performing institution and, for U.S. papers, its iden-

177

1632 PHYSICS fN PERSPECTIVE

titY. In Physics Abstracts this information became available only

in 1969, so our sampling from this source (our most extensive

sampling project) was confined to this one year. Nuclear Science

Abstracts has recorded the performing institution for a number of

years; therefore, we studied small samples from this source for

both 1964 and 1969.The principal results from our sampling study of 1969 issues

of Physics Abstracts have been given previously* and will not be

repeated. We shall merely recapitulate the ground rules for the

study and add a couple of supplementary tables. Two physicists (R.

W. Keyes, C. Herring) performed the sampling, one looking at all

entries in 13 of the 26 issues for 1969 with numbers ending in 5,

the other looking at all entries in 16 of the issues with numbers

ending in 0. Entries not in the category "published research papers"

were discarded. Published research papers were defined as presenta-

tions of new research results in articles or letters in periodicals

or books available on the open market; this definition excluded

theses and reports available only from a research institution,

agency, or clearinghouse, also patents, reviews, popularizations,

and abstracts of talks unaccompanied by a text. Each paper not so

discarded was classified into one of the ten subfields of physics

corresponding to the panels of the Physics Survey or into a miscel-

laneous physics category or (in rare cases) as outside physics.

These judgments were made subjectively by each sampler but accord-

ing to the guidelines described in Section IV.1.1. Each paper was

assigned to a country of origin according to the location of the

first-named institution in the by-line, except when the institu-

tion was operated by an international organization, then the

assignment "international" was used. Papers for which no institu-

tion was named were distributed statistically among performing

regions by noting the location of the publisher of the paper and

using the correlation found for other papers (or ocCasionally by

direct sampling of journals) between region of publication and

region of performance. For papers from U.S. institutions, the

institutions were further classified as academic, industrial,

government in-house laboratories, federally funded research and

development centers (i.e., national laboratories), or other.

Table IV.3 obtained from the Keyes half of the sample, shows

how publications reporting work performed at various types of U.S.

institutions were distributed among journals and books published

in different locations. Journals of the AIP are listed separately

from other U.S. publications. The AIP journals reCeive about 54

percent of the U.S. work, a fraction that is fairly constant among

all types of institutions. Note, however, that the definition of

physics used in this sampling was the inclusive one employed in

developing Table IV.1; if the fair definition used in Table IV.2

had been used, the AIP percentage undoubtedly would be moderately

higher.

*PhysIcs In Perspective, Vol. II, Part B, Tables XIV.9, XIV.10, and

XIV.11 and Figures XIV.31 and XIV.32.

178

Data on t:lc Literature of Physici; 1633

TABLE IV.3 Place of Publication of Physics Papers from DifferentTypes of U.S. Institutionsa

PerformingInstitution

TotalPapers

Publication inb

Other U.S.AIP Publica-Journal tions

Foceigu Publications

U.K.

ContinentalW. Europe

Academic 386 206 86 29 65

Industrial 146 80 40 14 12

Govt. (in-house)laboratory

61 27 16 4 14

Federally fundedresearch anddevelopmentcenter

67 40 10 2 15

Other 13 8 1 1 3

T(YTAL 673 361 153 50 109

PERCENT 100 54 23 7 16

aDlta from sample drawn from Physics Abstracts in 1969.'Articles published in Eastern Europe, Japan, and other t,:'gion:.;are omitted from this table; according to Table XIV.9 ofVolume II, Part B of Physics in Peropective, these constitut-4only about 2 percent of the total number of physics papers.

TABLE IV.4 Distribution of Physics Ressarchferent Ty) .s of Performing Institutions

Papers Among Dif-

PerformingInstitution

TotalPapers

SubfieldsbAME &P&F

EP &NP CM

Opt, Acoustic,Misc E&P

Academic 389 82 76 135 42 50

Industrial 148 17 4 96 22 9

Govt. laboratoryDOD 24 2 2 11 4 4

NASA 13 1 1 2 2 7

Other 26 8 4 6 2 6

Federally fundedresearch and de-velopment center

AEC 64 9 18 28 7 2

Other 6 0 0 1 1 4

Other 15 3 2 5 2 2

TOTAL 694 122 107 284 82 84

a Subfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified in

Table IV.1, footnote a.bAstrophysics and relativity and physics in biology are excludedfrom the subfield breakdown hilt included in the total.

179

l6.1.=. PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

Table IV.4, also based on the Keyes sample, gives the distribu-

tion of U.S. papers among different tnes of U.S. performing insti-

tutions in somewhat more detail than w:As given previously.* De-:

spite small-number statistics, suolt trends as the emphasis of

NASA laboratories on earth and plo.nttay physics and that of non

laboratories on condensed-matter are evident.Table IV.5, based on the sampling of Nuclear Science Abstracts,

shows the geographical distribution of nuclear physics work in

1964 compared with 1969. The last column shows, for comparison, the

distribution obtained from the 1969 sampling of P:v.sics Abstracts.

This comparison gives a clue to the relArive cove.-ge of the twoabstracting services. In all tables sort, sampling fluctpa-

tions are probably rather larger tiv. ,ne uld infer from the NI

rule, since the papers are not rece: o -andom but in groups

corresp,,nding to issues of journals .ss. Conferences have an

especially serious effect, since a large conference, even if inter-national, held in country A results in a large burst of papers fromA's delegation. This effect may partially, though by no means en-tirely, explain the spectacular shift in relative positions ofFr4nce Ind West Germany between 1964 and 1969.

A cl-,tic of Nuclear Science Abstracts against Reftrativnyi

nurnaT, Ft:ail:a for 1965 and 1969 indicated that Nuclear ScienceAbstracts misses few Soviet papers that satisfy the criteria thatwe have used for inclusion, probably only a few percent. It seems,

however, that Nuclear Science AbstracLs misses many more of thepapers in the other countries of Eastern Europe, possibly about

one third. (Many of the relevant journals are not even on the list

scanned by Nuclear Science Abstracts.) Coverage of Japanese-language material in Nuclear Science Abstracts appears to be good.

IV.1.3 THE WORLD'S POPULATION OF PUBLISHING PHYSICISTS

IV.1.3.1 Goals

Although there are many sources of information about people whomight be called physicists-for example, the files of the NationalRegister, membership lists of scientific societies, and data on

recipients of degrees-it is widely recognized that a large propor-tion of these people dc not engage in research, at least if this

activity is defined aa acrk leading to publication in the archivalresearch literature. It would be interesting to know how many

people there are who engage in this activity, how they are distri-

buted among the major nations, and something about their produc-'tivity. For example, how are they distributed in regard to the

frequency with which they publish? How extensively is collabora-tion involved in their publication? How do these characteristics

vary with geographic area?Although a number of pertinent statistics about publications in

physics have been collected by the Data Panel and others and are

PhysIcs In Perspective, Volume II, Part B, Table XIV.11 and Figure

XIV.32.

180

TABLE IV.5

Comparison of the Geographical Distribution of Institutions Publishing Papers Listed in

Samples from NuclearScience Abstracts in 1964 and 1969a

Location of Performing

Institution

1964

1969

Theoret

Exp

Total

Theoret

Exp

Total

1969 Phys. Abst.1)

United States

69

114

183

(0.34)

146

219

365

(0.33)

(0.27)

Other No. America

89

17

(0.032)

25

/6

51

(0.046)

(0.059)

So. America

24

6(0.011)

51

6(0.005)

(0.002)

United Kingdom

916

25

,1.046)

29

35

64

(0.058)

(0.039)

France

950

59

(0.11)

18

36

54

(0.049)

(0.025)

W. Germany

711

18

(0.034)

35

70

105

(0.095)

(0.11)

Other W. Europe

18

47

102

(0.19)

45

79

124

(0.11)

(0.11)

U.S.S.R.

28

61

89

(0.165)

69

65

134

(.12)

k0.14)

Other E. Europe

712

19

(0.035)

22

27

49

(0.044)

(0.049)

Africa

26

8(0.015)

69

15

(0.014)

(0.016)

Japan

511

16

(0.030)

20

21

41

(0.037)

(0.055)

India

412

16

(0.030)

33

19

52

(0.047)

(0.023)

Other Asia

61

7(0.013)

61/

18

(0.016)

(0.021)

Australia and N.Z.

26

8(0.015)

66

12

(0.011)

(0.021)

International centers

03

3(0.006)

47

11

(0.010)

Unknown

--

(0.047)

World total in sample

539

(1.00)

1101

(1.00)

427

Fractions of the world total appear in parentheses.

Fractions for nuclear.physics papers in the samples from Physics Abstracts 1969 reported in Table XIV.10

(a and b) of Volume II, Part B, of Physics in Perspective.


summarized in other volumes of Physics in Perspective,* suchcounts of papers do not answer all the questions posed in the pre-ceding paragraph. They show, for example, that the United Statescurren tly publishes about one third of the physics research paperscovered by Physics Abstracts but leave unanswered the questionwhether the United States might have more than one third of thepublishing physicists who are less productive than average of lessthan one third who are more productive.

IV.1.3.2 Methodology

The study we report was made on the papers in Physics Abstractsfor the five years 1965-1969. Its geographic bias thus reflectsthat of Physics Abstracts, .rid we have not attempted to correctfor this. Our sample consisted of all names in the following fiveintervals of the alphabet:

Bacchi to Backhurst (inclusive)Edelman to Edmonds (inclusive)Kini to Kinzly (inclusive)Ovsyuk to Ozawa (inclusive)Vasudevan to Vavilov (inclusive)

All names in any of the 1965-1969 author indexes that were in anyof these intervals were recceded, and the total number of papersreferenced for each such name was tabulated.

Each name was then assigned to a nation or geographic region.To make this assignment, a variety of measures had to be employed.Fortunately, many of the names could be found in the publicationsWho Is aiblishirg in Science and International Directory of Re-search and Development Scientists, issued by the Institute forScientific Information. Names for which no address was located inthese publications were checked against the membership directoryof the APS, or the author's institution as recorded in PhysicsAbstracts (1969 only)% Physikalische Berichte, or the title pageof the original paper. By these and (occasionally) other means,national identification was achieved for essentially all names inthe sample.

From these data we tabulated the number of authors in the al-phabetical intervals sampled who had written one, two, or any num-ber, s, of papers in the given five-year period and the number ofthese in each country or region. The relative numbers from thedifferent countries will not, of course, be highly reliable, forit couid well have happened that, for example, the alphabeticalintervals chosen provided an underrepresentation of Russiannames or an overrepresentation of those of some other nationality.However, as fairly reliable data are already availablet on thenational and regional distribution of total papers published, itis sufficient if the present study merely supplies reasonably re-

Volume II, Part B, Chapter XIV; condensed version in Volume I,Chapter 13.-I-Physics in Perspective, Volume II, Part B, Tables XIV.10a andXIV.10b.

1 8 2


liable data on how prolific the authors of different nations are.Such data are presumably not sensitive to alphabetical selection,though they are subject to limitations resulting from the smallsize of the sample.

A much more serious worry in regard to the interpretation ofthe data is the question of how many of the authors should bedesignated physicist. Not only dues Physics Abstzacts cover amoderate amount of material that is closer to chemistry, engineer-ing, geology, or some other science than to physics, but manypeople who consider their primary professional affiliation to bewith one of these other disciplines occasionaLly write papprs thatare well within the scope of physics. A sampling of physics papersfor a period of years will reveal many authors who do not considerthemselves physicists. To provide a rough estimate of this effect,the U.S. authors in our sample were checked against the listi1 4f!sin American Men ofScience. The professional identification ofthe authors listed in this publication was recorded. Many of theauthors in our sample were not so listed, but it is reasonable tosuppose that the distribution of their professional identifica-tions would not be greatly different from that of the others.

IV.1.3.3 Raw Results

Table IV.6 shows the distribution of authors in regard to number

TABLE IV.6 Distribution of Authors in the Alphabetical IntervalsSampled, by Geographical Location and Number of Papers Contributedto the Listings of Physics Abstructs in 1965-1969

CountryorRegion

No. of Authors Whose Aames Papers Fraction

Auth- Appeared on per Total of Papers Frac-ors 1 2 3-4 25 papers Author Papers Sampled tiona

United 138 56 27 27 28 3.03 418 0.36 0.34States

United 55 27 7 10 11 2.82 155 0.13 0.08

KingdomOther W. 68 34 11 12 11 2.71 184 0.16 0.19Europe

U.S.S.R. 35 20 1 9 5 3.94 138 0.12 0.19Other E. 9 4 1 2 2 3.4 31 0.03 0.01Europe

Japan 36 10 6 9 11 4.75 171 0.15 0.06

Other 7 3 1 2 1 2.1 15 0.01 0.05AsiaOther 12 8 1 1 2 2.8 34 0.02 0.06

Worldtotal

360 162 55 79 71 3.19 1147 1.00 1.00

arrom Physics in Perspective, Volume II, Part B, Tables XIV.10aand XIV.10b.

183

l638 PHYSICS fN MISPECTIVE

TABLE W.7 Professional SelfIdentification of U.S. Authors inthe Physics Ahstlucts Sample

Discipl:aeor Group ofDisciplines Designations Useda

Physics Physics (9) ; nuclearphysics (4); solidstatephysics (3); physics,mathematics (2); physics,biophysics (2); theoretical physics (2); 6other combinations containing the word physics

Fields difficult Electrical engineering,to assign solidstate physics;

applied mathematics,continuum mechanics;mechanics, metrology;physiological optics;vision

Astronomy Astronomy (2); astronomy, astrophysics;theoretical astrophysics

Chemistry Physical chemistry (6);physical and inorganicchemistry; chemistry;agricultural chemistry

Metallurgy, etc. Physical metallurgy(2); ceramics; ceramics,metallurgy; physicalmetallurgy, electronmicroscopy; materialsscience, metallurgy

Biology Zoology; biochemistry;anatomy

Total, alldisciplines

No. ofAuthors

Papers byTheseAuthors

28 101

4 25

4 25

9 37

6 18

3 4

63 227

aThe word, or words between semicolons are those used by an authorto describe his field in American Men of Science. If more thanone author used the same words. Cle number of such authors is indicated in parentheses.

184


of papers published during the five-year interval and geographicareas in which they were based. It also compares the geographicdistribution of the papers with that in the more comprehensiveliterature sample. Our sample undercountS"papers from the U.S.S R.and overcounts those from the United Kingdom; the numbers fromother regions are in reasonable agreement.

Table IV.7 shows the distribution of profess:.)nal identifica-tions of those U.S. authors who could be located in Alerican Menof Science. Note that at least half of the aathors identify witha discipline outside physics, although these authors, as might beexpected, contribute a slightly smaller fraction of the total pa-pers.

IV.1.3.4 Discwsion and Analysis

Our goal was to find out how many people are engaged in the re-search enterprise of physics. Unfortunately, this population isfar from stationary in time. New people are continually entetingand many leave. It has often been said, in fact, that many authorspublish only one paper during their lifetime, for example, a thesis.We would Like if possible to sepafate these authors from those witha continuing commitment-not necessarily lifelong-to research activ-ity. A plausible though far from unique way of making such a sepa-ration is suggested by the semilogarithmic plot in Figure IV.1.Here, the points representing number of authors associated with sor more papers in our five-year sample lie reasonably well on astraight line for s >2, but the point for s =.1 lies well abovethe line. Now there is a simple model that would predict a straightline for such a plot, namely, one that assumes that each authorpublished at randon._.tires with an average rate r papers per yearand that the distribution of authors per unit range of r is expo-nential:

n(r)dr = ve-ardr . (7)

Indeed, according to the Poisson distribution, the fraction ofauthors of productivity r who publish s papers in At years is

e [rt]s

fractions:

Combining Eqs. (7) and (8) we get for the number of authors pub-s papers in At years

(8)

Ats

No) =s!

Jo

-ar -rAtve e -

vAts

+ At)s+1

and the number publishing 8 or more papers is

00

( At yE N(,-) a a + At

183

(9) ,

(10)

UI

1640 IN PERSPXCT1VE

E3

NUMBER OF AUTHORS IN SAMPLE,PUBLISHING 5 OR MORE PAPERS IN 5 YEARS

(A A CA 01 -4 a) 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

i

1

;

/////

o

-

FIGURE IV.1 Semllogarithmic plot of cumulative totals from the

last line of Table IV.I, showing the excessive number of one-paper

authors.

The form (7) that we have assumed for n(f) is rather arbitrary and

doubtless less accurate than one more like Locka's law*

17(s-)

m s-2 for At equal to a lifetime

or its generalizations, but it is clear :hat the large value for

Price, D. J. de S. Little Science, Big Science. New York, N.Y.:

Columbia University Press, 1963, pp. 42 et seq.

186

on ihe Lito.rature of Physics 1641

8 = 1 must come from a peak in n(r) as very low r. So we shallundertake to analyze our data under the crude assumption that thereare simply two populations of authors, those who publish once andthose who publish continuously, the continuously publishing groupshaving a distribution of the form (7) for their rates of publica-tion.

Accordingly, we shall undertake to fit the data of Table IV.6by assuming that for any particular geographic region the numberof authors attached to s papers in our sample is given by Eq. (9)

for s 2, but that for s = 1 it is the sum of Eq. (9) and a termcAt. Table IV.8 shows the results obtained by fitting the threeparameters v, a, and C to the total number of authors, the numberwith two or more papers, and the number with five or more. Theparamenters so obtained can be used to predict the number asso-ciated with either three or four papers, and this number can becompared with the observed number as a check on the model, as we.5. In the table.

Comparing the top line of the table with the bottom one, we seethat the number of transients, or one-paper authors, appearing inthe five-year period is only a fraction of the population esti-mated to be active in research. The active population figure, ofcourse, includes an allowance for those authors who are consideredto be in research but who, through chance or their possession of alow publication rate, do not happen to have published any papersduring the five-year period sampled. (This allowance factor is ob-vious, for the entries in the last column of the table are largerthan the author entries in Table IV.6.) If one wishes to excludesuch low publishers from the total considered to be part of theresearch community, one can compute a new total from the samemodel by emoloying a lower cutoff in the integration on r.

The totals for limited sections of the alphabet must still beconverted into totals for the whole alphabet, and, less trivially,the distribution of authors between those who would be designatedphysicists and those who would be associated primarily with someother scientific or engineering discipline must be estimated. Theconversion to the entire alphabet can be made in either of two

TABLE IV.8 Fit of World and U.S. Data of Table IV.6 to theThree-Parameter Model Described in Section IV.1.3.3

Parameters andAssociated Quantities World Data U.S. Data

5 = number of transientsv

a, yearsN(3) + N(4), predictedN(3) + N(4), observedNumber permanently inresearch = v/a

82.1 20.6792 362.8

2.04 2.1670 29

72 27

388 16o

187

1642 PHYSICS IN PERSPNTIVE

ways: We can compare the number of columns of the author index

sampled with the total size of this index, or we can compare the

number of papers associated with names in the sample with the to-

tal number of papers in Physics Abstracts. The second approach is

less straightforward, for one must allow for multiple authorship

of papers. Thus LE N authors publish P papers in a given interval,

with an average of 7 authors per paper and an average of 1-7 papers

associated with each author, we have

PiT? = 17-13 . (11)

We can get N for, say, a given volume of Physics Abstracts, from

the number P of papers in it, an estimate of p from Table IV.6,and an estimate of m from some other source. With the estimatem = 2.06, obtained from a rather limited sample of articles,* and

with 15 = 2.52 from Table IV.6, we get, for the entire five-year

period, a total of about 138,000 authors publishing one or morepapers. The uncertainties entering into this estimate are such

that it is only to be regarded as a rough check on the estimate

obtained from the size of the fraction of the author index that

was sampled, which was 0.00280 of the alphabet. Dividing this num-

ber into the total of 360 authors in Table IV.6 yields a value of

127,500 for the number of authors contributing items to Physics

Abstracts in this five-year period. The agreement between the twofigures being reasonable, we shall perform all further calcula-tions using the assumption that 0.00280 of the entire population

has been sampled.The most plausible way t. make the division between physicists

and nonphysicists is simpl/ to add to the total of authors in the

physics row of Table IV.7 one half of the total for the next rowand to consider the other half of this row and all the remaining

rows as nonphysicists. This procedure gives 32/63 as the physicist.

component of the sample. One might wonder whether the fraction de-

termined in this way to be physicists would depend un the numberof papers published, but in the data from which Table IV.7 wasprepared such dependence seems to be slight. 01 final estimates

of the number of persons identifying themselves as physicists and

with a continuing actpity in physics research, as of the averageth.e 1967, are obtairied by multiplying the figures in the last

row of Table IV.8 by 32/63 (0.00280):

Number in the world = 70,400;Number in the United States = 30,500.

These numbers are, of course, quite crude, as the discussion

of their derivation makes clear. Still, it is impress±ve that

they are so large. For example, the U.S. figure may be compared

with the total of 32,500 physicists in the 1968 National Register,

a figure one might expect to contain many nonpublishing people,

or with the unduplicated meT1iershi0 of all member societies of the

AIF, 42,700 in 1967, a number that doubtless not only contains

*Physlcs sn Perspective, Volume II, Part B, Chapter XIV, Sectior4.5.

188

04? Utorattiro of Phy:7:ca 1643

many nonpublishing people but also many who identify primarily

with another discipline.One other feature, evident in Table IV.6, should be noted: The

average number of papers associated witil a given author is much

higher in Japan (4.75) than for the world as a whole (3.19). Al-

though the Japanese sample was fairly small (36 authors), the

difference is nearly two and one half standard deviations and

could well be significant.

IV.1.4 PHYSICS THESES

To provide information about physics theses to the Physics Survey

Committee, the Data Panel examined all the abstracts in the phys-

ics section of Dissertation Abstracts* from January through June

1970. The theses represent degrees awarded in 1969. Each thesis was

classified according to physics subfield, whether it was experimen-

tal or theoretical, and size of the PhD program of the university.

The size classification was based on the list of PhD-awarding.,

institutions appearing in the March 1969 issue of Physics Today.'

Any institution listed as awarding 20 or fewer PhD's in the five-

year period, 1962-1967, was regarded as having a small program;

those awarding more than 20 PhD's in that period were classified

as large programs. P.'!ysics Todzy lists 137 PhD-awarding institu-

tions, and 67 of these are small programs, so that 20 is about a

median size for that time interval. About 10 percent of the PhD's

were awarded by the small programs, according to the list in

Physif Tochy.The following limitations on data from Dissertation Abstracts

must be noted:

1. Not all PhD-granting institutions send their theses toDissertation Abstracts. Four of the large programs and nine of

the small ones, which were responsible for 11.5 percent of the

PhD degrees reported by Physics Toay are not covered by Disserta-

tion Abstracts. Furthermore, not all participating institutions

send all their theses to Dissertation Abstracts.2. Classification by subject field is made by the author

of the thesis; therefore, it is not certain that all theses

listed under physics represent work performed for a degree in

physics.The total number of theses in the sample was 597, which can be

compared with about 1400 PhD's in physics awarded in 1969. Thus,

total numbers per year can be estimated by multiplying the numbers

in the sample by 2.34. Since the sample is for half a year, we as-

sumed that about 85 percent of all physics theses appear in Disser-

tation Abstracts.The results are summarized in Table IV.9. The first two columns

give the number of theses in the sample by subfield and size of

* Dissertatton ALstructs internationcti,, periodical publication of

University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.t Physics Today, 22(3), 46 (March 1969).

1 9


LV.9 Production of Physics Theses in 1969

Theses LnSample Percentage Percentage Percentage

Sub- Large Small Est. NRC of all Theoreti- Small Univ.

fielda

Univ. Univ. Totalb Total 0 Physics(%) cal(%) (%)

A&R 5 3 19 - 1.3 100 38

AME 37 17 127 127 9 39 31

EP 64 16 188 220 15 55 20

NP 80 16 225 188 16 28 17

P&F 29 1 70 85 5 67 3

P 22 1 54 6. 4 61 -

F 7 0 16 24 1.2 86 -

CM 189 57 577 360 41 22 23

66!' 23 10 77 6 39 30

PA 2 0 5 - 0.3 - -

Opt 15 2 40 16 3 6 12

Acoust 9 1 23 11 2 50 10

Misc, 15 6 49 304 4 67 29

general

TOTAL 468 129 1400 - - 35 22

aSubfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified inTable IV.1, footnote a.bObtained by multiplying the sum of the numbers in the preceiingtwo columns by 2.34°Doctorate Recipients fh,7 U.S. Universities 1969.

PhD program. The third column gives the estimated total number oftheses in each subfield, obtained by multiplying the sum of thefirst two columns by 2.34. The fourth column compares these num-bers with those obtained from Doctorate Recipients frow Un.z.:tedStates Universities 1969,* for those subfields for which there isa roughly equi 'alent NRC category. Many theses that belong in asubfield apparently appear in the general and other categories ofDoctorate Recipients. The fifth column lists the percent of thesesin each subfield according to the sample. The numbers are obtainedby dividing column 3 by 1400. The sixth column gives the percentageof theoretical theses, defined as those that contain no new experi-mental information. The differences among subfields are not unex-pected. The final column lists the percentage of theses from uni-versities with small PhD programs.

To investigate changes in the distribution or number of theseswith time, the Data Panel also surveyed the abstracts of physicstheses in the January through June issues of Dissertation Abstractsfor 1966. These abstracts refer to theses awarded in 1965. The num-bers appear in Table IV.10, which is similar to Table IV.9. Com-

*Doctorate Recipients fry 77 United States Universities, annual

publication of the National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

190

TABLE IV.10

a on thte Literature of Phyviva 1645

Production of Physics Theses in 1965

Theses inSample Percentage Percentage Percentage

Est. NRC of all Theoreti- Small Univ.

TotalbTotal

a Physics(Z) cal(%) (%)

Sub- Large Smallfield

aUniv. Univ.

A&R 8 0 18 1.8 62d

0

AME 32 10 96 111 9 36 24

EP 65 2 153 180 15 63 3

NP 88 3 208 158 20 30 3

P&F 25 1 60 - 6 58 4

P 22 1 53 5 _ _

F 3 0 7 32 0.6 - -

CM 146 19 378 299 36 23 12

E&P 26 6 73 - 7 31 19

PB 3 1 9 - 0.9 0 -

Opt A 1 11 13 1.1 20 -

Acoust 0 0 0 7 0 -

Misc, 16general

1 39 122 4 75

TOTAL 413 44 1045 - - 34 9

aSubfield abbreviations used are the same as those identified inTable IV.1, footnotehObtained by multiplying the sum of the numbers in the precedingtwo columns by 2.29.cpoctorate Recipients Prim U.S. Universities 1958-1966.arwo experimental studies of gravity and one cosmic-ray experimentwere classified as astruphysics and relativity.

parison of the two tables shows a growth in the number of thesesin all subfields. Significant changes in the distribution are dif-ficult to find, although the decrease of the fraction of theses innuclear physics and the increase in the fraction in condensed-mat-ter are perhaps meaningful. The fraction of theoretical theses al-so did not change. The most striking difference is the increase inthe proportion of PhD's awarded by institutions that were classi-fied as small on the basis of the 1962-1967 listing. In 1965, theseinstitutions awarded 9 percent of the PhD's included in the Disserl-tation Abstracts sample, consistent with the number of such pro-grams obtained from the Physics Today list, 10 percent. By 1969,these same institutions awarded 22 percent of the PhD's. In fact,according to these samples, 57 percent of the increase in PhD pro-

duction from 1965-1969 is in the small institutions (201 of 355).A slight distortion of the comparison results from an increase inthe coverage of Dissertation Abstracts between 1965 and 1969, whichincluded two of the large institutions awarding 82 PhD's in the1962-1967 period and nine additional small programs responsivle for22 PhD's.

191

1646 PHYSiCS IN PERSPECTIVE

TABLE IV.I1 Distribution of Citations In Journals of the insti-

tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Percentage of

Total citations Citations to Physics Cita-

Journal to Physics U.S. Physics tions to U.S.

'eel.' Citations .Journals Percent Journals Journals(Z)

1965 13,763 3015 22 2437 81

19,9 1,643 293 18 210 72

i':34 1,567 331 21 110 33

IV.1.5 PHYSICS CITATIONS IN THE ENGINEERING LITERATURE

Several surveys of sources of citations to the journal literature

in publications of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE) (formerly the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers) have been made.*

The substantial number of citations to the physics literature in-

dicate continuing dependence of electrical and electronics engin-

eering on physics, Idt,le IV.II show!, the distribution of citations.

The category, 1v5ics lournals, includes the following: all

journals publish, by the AI?, Soviet Physics JETP, Proceedings of

th,2 Phyoical Journal of the Physica! Society of Japan

Journal of P;,,, of Solids, Canadian Journal of

Physics, Proc, the Royal Society, Journal of Mathematics

and Physics, ft fiir Physik, Anna/en der Physik, Japanese

Journal of 'op .ysics, Physica, Philosophical MagaZine, andHelvetica 1.,';41.oq ,eta, Of course, there are other physics journals,

but others do not apllear in the list of journals cited. A more dif-

ficult proulem pertain,1 to interdisciplinary journals such asNature. Undoubtedly, a certain amount of physics is represented in

citations Lire, but, as r'iere is no way to measure this

amount, ,hey a. not counted in the citations to physics journals.

,physics journals have accounted for about 20 per-

cent of L. - journal citations in the electrical engineering literd-

ture for many years. The ratio persisted through the rapid expan-

sion of the IEEE publication program during the 1950's.

The other striking feature of the table is the steady growth

of the fraction of citations to journals published in the United

States. The same trend would certainly emerge in counts of physics

publications, but it is interesting and perhaps more significant

to see it confirmed by a study of the use of the literature.

Coile, R.C. IEEE Transactions on English Writing and SPeech.

EWS-12, 71 .(1969); Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers,

38, 1380 (1950); Journal of Documentation (London), 8, 209 (1952);

Dalzisl, C. F. Electrical Engineering, 57, 110 (1938); Library

Quarterly, 7, 354 (1937).

1.D2

1647

PV.2 Use and Usefulness

Numerous small sampling and observational studies of the use ofthe literature of physics were made during the course of the Phy-5ics Survey and have been reported, together with earlier studiesby others, in Chapter XIV of Volume IL, Part 8, of Physics inPerapectfve. The purpose of this section is to add a small post-script to what was written then by describing one further studythat was not then sufficiently advanced to discuss. Even now, onlysketchy results are available, so the methodology may be of morevalue than the results.

The study was designed to find out how well the typical activeresearch physicist succeeds in maintaining awareness of work pub-lished in other countries that has an important bearing on hisown interests. This question is basic to many decisions on informa-tion services: Elaborate schemes to imprlve current awareness arehardly worthwhile, for example, if physicists are already in touchwith all the information they are interested in trying to assimi-late. The key words in the question we hoped to answer are "impor-tant bearing on ;:is own interests." Although one might argue thatmany physicists do not know what is important to their own interests,one is usually on rather shaky ground in trying to overrule thejudgment of the persons whose interests are involved. Consequently,the best way to set up a study of this'question would seem to beto base it on value judgments of the individuals concerned, whichwas the approach adopted in our study.

A physicist, whose own interests led him to scan a rather widerange of literature on condensed-matter, selected numbers of ar-ticles from those he encountered in browsing through non-U.S. pub-licationsarticles that he considered likely to appeal to the in-terests of some 30 of his colleagues. From time to time he pro-vided each of these colleagues with a one-paragraph resume of thoseaspects of a paper likely to interest him and the bibliographicreference. Such distributions were made only after at least sixmonths had elapsed from the time the article became available inthe library but less than 18 months after this time. The colleaguewould examine the material arid answer two types of questions aboutit, as shown on the form reproduced in Figure 1V.2. The questionsof II enabled the returns to be analyzed in such a way as to makethe results almost independent of the quality of the initial selec-tion of articles: Only returns on which 11.1 or 11.2 were checkedwere counted. There were no failures to respond.

Some typical preliminary results appear in Table 1V.12. Thenumbers are so small that sampling errors could be substantial,but they suggest that about half of the non-U.S. literature itemsthat U.S. physicists would e interested in taking time to examinemay fail to come to their attention within the first year aftertheir appearance. The loss entailed is considerably mitigated, how-ever, by the general redundancy of the literature: In many casessimilar results or ideas are put forward by several investigators.

The study was so designed that figures could be separately tabu-lated for experimentalists and theorists and for articles in foreignlanguages. Further studies of this sort would be of substantial in-

terest.

193


I. Previous familiarity with the item. (Check one.)

I. I had previously seen enough of this

item to evaluate its degree of inter-

est for me.

2. I had heard of this Item, but had not

evaluated Its interest.

3. I had not heard of this item, but was

already aware of results equivalentto those quoted in the communication

on it.

4. I had not heard of this item, and was

not aware of the reiults quoted in the

communication on it.

11. Interest in this item. By checking one of

the three alternatives below, please indi-

cate whether this item was of low, medium

or high interest to you, the boundaries be-

ing defined by whether it was of greater or

lesser interest to you than (a) median of

all articles of which you read at least the

abstract, or (b) the median of all articles

of which you read nearly 'all of the text.

1. Interest of this < median of ab-

stracts.

2. Median of read abstracts <interest

of this < median of read articles.

3. Interest of this > median of read

articles.

FIGURE IV.2 Evaluation form for physicists queried about journal

articles.

:AZt,1 r,fr,!P,I!,UW (.7.1 1649

TABLE IV.12 Familiarity of a Sample of Physicists with Resultsof Interest to Them Published in Non-U.S. Journals and Availablefor at Least Six Monthsb

Degree of Interest°At Least as High asMedian of Abstracts Higher than MedianRead (Categories of Articles Read

Degree of Famiiiarity 11.2 4. 113) (Category 11.3)

Seen or heard of: 12 4

Evaluated. (Cate- 11 3

gory I.1)Not eva1Uated 1 1

(Category 1.2)Not heard of: 12 4

Aware of ;imilar 6 1

results (Category3)

Not aware of re- 6 3

sult (Category 4)

aRespondents were theoreticians in nine cases, experimentalists in15.

bEntries are numbers of cases.cIn addition to the 24 cases tabulated, there were six discardedreplies checking item 11.1.

19 5

V

INDEX

OFDATA

This chapter is devoted to a crude hut, it is hoped, usable index

to socioeconomic data contained in all the volumes of Physics in

Perspective, including the present one. (Data of a purely scien-

tific rather than socioeconomic nature are not included in thisindex, although they occur frequently in the earlier volumes. Dia-

grams that are schematic, rather than quantitative, are also omitted.)

The organization of the index is based on the categories of inde-pendent and dependent variables that we described in Section 1.2.1.

Each table or figure has been classified, first, according to the

nature of the quantity tabulated or plotted as ordinate and, second,

according to the variable or variables on which its functional de-

pendence is shown. Using the terms "dependent variable" and "inde-pendent variable" for these two categorieg, respectively, we shall

arrange the index according to the various combinations as follows:

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

People. Numbers or proportional amount ofMdnpower, (Employable) (ME)

Manpower, (Students) (MS)

Money. Dollar figures or proportional amounts ofFunding ($F) . Money assigned to broad programs of scientific

research, etc.Other money ($0). Salaries, income, GNP, costs of equipment, etc.

PUblications (P). Numbers or Frup ortional amounts of articles,

books, etc.Miscellaneous (Misc.). All quantities plotted or tabulated, other

than people, money, or publications.

1650

190

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Physics, chemistry, geology, etc. or, occasionally,physical sciences, biological sciences, etc.

Smalior groupings than the above, mol-; t often the

subfields of physics.Activi*. Such distinctions such as basic and applied research,

development, manageme'nt, teaching, etc.Geogy.(Th?..o.a6. Distinction of one country or one region from another.D:titution or type of institution. This may refer to one or more

specific Institutions performing work in physics or, more often,to the distinction between types of institutions, such as uni-versities, Industrial laboratories, government laboratories.

Support souce. Agency or sector of the economy from which workis suppocted.

[4-Vreo, or mrnk. Most.often this contrasts holders of doctoraldegrees (usually designated "PhD," though ScD, etc. are included);sometimes academic faculty rank is used or, for students, thelevel.

Age.

For a given dependent variable, not all the independent variablesjust listeewill be of interest. For example, the last two arerelevant only if the dependent variable is one of the "people" type.In the tables below, only the more important independent variablesare used. We have omitted those that were found to occur seldom ornever among the tables listed.

Whenever a table or figure specializes its data to one or severalvalues of an independent variable, there is an index entry corres-ponding to this variable. If the data refer to only one value ofthe variable (e.g., if the variable is subdiscipline and the datarefer only to nuclear phynics9, the entry is the numeral 1, or, incertain important cases, a special abbreviation--when the datarefer to the United Stated, the entry in the Geographical column is"U.S."; when they refex to physics, that in the Discipline column is"P". If they refer to two v,)lues of the independent variable, theentry is 2; this entry is alx.o usually used, for example, when thedata contrast one subfield with all the rest of physics. If the

data are separated accotding 1:o more than two values of the inde-pendent variable, the ertr,:l X.

The right half of each Andex page contains additional informationthat may be useful.

Source. This is an abbreviated clue to the source of the data. Notall sources are identified, but the following are (thoUgh onlyin cases where the natt,re pf the source was obvious to the.indexer): The National Registerof.Scientific and Technical Per-sonnel (R); other quenionnoires to individuals or to organiza-tions (Quest.); recordu nf government agencies supporting R&D(Ag); records of other erwmlizations (Rec); abstracting-indexingpublications (A&I); recaeth journals (x); scientific and tech-

f) 7


nicai literature in general (Lit.); editors (Eds.); interviews(Int.).

Hemzrks. Any combination of words or symbols that will provide,within the small space available, a clue to the subject matterof the index entry. For the subfields of physics correspondingto the panels of the Physics Survey, the usual abbreviations areused: Astrophysics and Relativity (A&R); Atomic, Molecular, andElectron Physics (AME) ; Elementary-Particle Physics (EP); Nuc-lear Physics (NP); Plasma Physics and Physics of Fluids (P1.5,F1.);Physics of Condensed Matter (CM) ; Earth and Planetary Physics(ESPP); Physics in Biology (Ph. in Biol.); Optics (Opt.);.Acoustics (Acoust.).

/tem. Preceding the colon is the relevant volume of Physics in Per-spective; following it is the figure (F) or table (T) number or,occasionally, some other designation to identify data material.

CPOSS entries. When a figure or table supplies data of more thanone of the dependent-variable types enumerated above (e.g., sup-plies both funding and manpower data), it will, of course, beentered in more than one place in the index. In such cases,each entry contains, in the last column, the abbreviations for:the dependent variables of the other entries.

We have tried to follow as literally as possible the indexing

scheme just described. For example, tables giving mean salaries of

different types of people are indexed under $O, not ME; ages areunder Misc., though age distributions are under ME; a plot of wordsper year in journals is Misc., not P. But in many cases, hasty andrather arbitrary decisions had to be made, of which we shall try

to list some of the most conspicuous. Data on number of peoplechanging between one employment or specialty and another betweentwo given years are usually identified by a 1 in the "rime" column,

as they approximate the value of a time derivative evaluated at one

time. Data on degrees granted have been assigned to the ME category

not the MS. The identification of interdisciplinary areas may notalways have been consistent: an area whose physics component is onlyone of our subfields (e.g., E&PP) may have components belonging to

two or three major disciplines, and if these are separated in atable, a 2 or an X in the discipline column is appropriate, eventhough there is a 1 in the subdiscipline column. Even fuzzier is

the situation with regard to commercial products, etc.: often

these have been associated regularly with a nonphysics discipline(e.g., electrical engineering) to justify a 1 in the "Discipline"

column. Data referring in one sense to one value of an independentvariable but in another sense to two or more values (e.g., scientistsworking in the U.S. but classified according to country of origin)are usually given a 2 or an X in the relevant column.

The arrangement of the index is as follows: Each of the Tables

V.1 to V.10 is devoted to a particular one of the depcndent vari-ables and in some cases to the combination U.S. physics, of thegeographical and discipline variables, or to the remaining combina-tions (including the combination of U.S. with any other disciplineor with a multiplicity of disciplines in which physics might be in-

cluded). Within each of the tables, the entries are arranged in theorder of the entries in the first column--X, 2, 1 (or U.S. or P,

198

ol Da:',a 1653

when aP propriate). no entryand under each of these in the orderof entries in the second column. Further ordering is not by entriesin the other columns but is sequential through the four volumes ofPhipticil Pcpavccti,v.?. Thu tables are

Table V.1Tab1e V.2Table V.3Table V.4Table V.5Table V.6Table V.7Table V.8Table V.9Table V.10

manpower (Employable)--U.S., PhysicsManpower (Emplovable)--Other Than (U.S., Physics)Manpower (Students)Funding--U.S., PhysicsFunding--Other Than (U.S., Physics)Other MoneyPublications--U.S., PhysicsPubiicationsOther Than (U.S., Physics)MiscellaneousU.S., PhysicsMisce11aneous--other Than (U.S., Physics)

199

TABLE V.1 Manpower (Employable)--U.S.

Physics

1-,

cl,

Lri .p..

Sub-

disci-

pline

Institu-

tion

(or Type)

Degree Age

or

or

Rank

Exp.

Support

Activity

Source

Time

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X 2 2 2 1 1

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2

1 X X 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 ? ? 2 2 2 2 2 ^ 2 _̂ 2 2

Source

Remarks

"Cross

Item

Entries

RInstitutional distrib.

I:F4.8

REmp. patterns

1:T12.9

REmp. patterns

I:T12.10

REmp. patterns

I:T12.13

REmp. patterns

IIC:TII.12

RNonacad. emp.

IIC:TII.2

RTypes of insts.

IIC:TII.47

RDistrib. of emp.

ITC:TII.48

RSubfield distrib.

IIC:TII.14

RGov & Industry

IIC:FII.7

RStudents & PhD's

IIC:TII.24

RUniv. emp.

I:T12.12

Quest.

Univ. sample

IIC:TIII.21

$F

RProgram elements

I:App.4A

$F

RMigration

I:T4.81

RMigration, pl. phys.

I:F4.B.1

RMigration, NP

l:F4.B.2

RMigration, EP

I:F4.B.3

RMigration, ANE

I:F4.B.4

RMigration, CM

I:F4.B.5

RMigration, A&R

I:F4.B.6

RMigration, Opt.

I:F4.B.7

RMigration, Ph

in Biol. I:F4.B.8

RMigration, Acoust.

I:F4.B.9

RMigration, E&PP

I:F4.B.10

RMigration, P1.;iF1

I:F4.B.11

Zoo

TABLE V.1

Manpower (Employable)--U.S.

Physics (cont.)

Sub-

Institu-

Degree Age

disci-

tion

Or

Or

Support

pline

(or Type)

Rank

Exp.

Activity

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

1

21

X1

11

X1

21 2 2 '2 1

21 1

21 X

1X

11

1X

1

11

1X

2

12

2

11

11

11

11

11

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Subfield distrib.

Subfield distrib.

Work activities

Foreign born

Foreign born

S,;bfield distrib.

NP projections

NP projections

NP projections

Comp. of subfields

Acoust. vs other

E&PP field mobility

E&PP etc.

Authors per paper

Birth & citizenship

Noncitizens

Federal support

Transition matrix

Ages

Youth vs mature

Opt. changes

Transition matrix

Subfield mobility

Competence vs emp.

Extern. competence

I:F4.2

I:F4.3

I:F4.7

I:T8.10

Misc.

I:F8.9

IIA:TII.27

IIA:TII.23

SF,Misc.

IIA:TII.24

$F,Misc.

IIA:T1I.25

SF,Misc.

IIA:TIII.4

IIA:FVI.1

IIF:TIX.3

IIB:TIX.5

I:F13.20 )

Misc.

I1C:TII.10

IIC:TII.10

IIC:TII.18

IIC:TI1.25

IIC:TII.26

IIC:FII.4

IIC:TII.27

IIC:TII.28

Misc.

IIC:TII.29

IIC:TII.35

IIC:TII.36

2 0 Z

TABLE V.1

Manpower (Employable)--U.S.

Physics (cont.)

Sub-

disci-

pline

Institu-

tion

(or Type)

Degree Age

Or

or

Rank

Exp.

Activity

Support

Source

Time

X1

1X

11

X1

1X

21

X1

1X

21

X1

X1

rX

1a,

v,

X1

1a%

X1

12

XX

12

X2

12

X2

12

X2

12

X2

12

X1

21

X1

21

22

12

X1

22

X1

2X

12

X1

2X

12

X

Cross

Source

Remarks

Item

Entries

Mob. & competence

IIC:FII.6

Subfield distrib.

IIC:TII.41

MS

Self-identification

IIC:TII.46

E&PP self-identificationIIC:TII.70

Add. competence E&PP

IIC:TII.71

Competence overlap

IIC:TII.74

E&PP mobiiity

IIC:TII.76

Subfield mobility

IIC:TII.77

Subfield mobility

IIC:TII.78

E&PP mobility

IIC:TII.79

Mobility vs overlap

IIC:TII.80

NP vs total physicists

IIA:TII.26

AME physicists

IIA:TIII.2

Emps. of opt. scientistsIIA:TV.1

Acoust. vs aiLphysics

IIA:FVI.2

E&PP emp. patterns

IIB:TIX.6

Ph. in Biol.

IIB:TXI.1

NP vs total physicists

IIA:FII.19

AME physics

IIA.FIII.5

SF,P

AME population

IIA:TIII.1

AME physicists

IIA:TIII.3

B.

Opt. scientists

IIA:TV.2

Acoust. vs all physics

IIA:FVI.3

Acoust. vs all physics

IIA:TVI.3

B.

Ph. in Biol.

IIB:TXI.2

Rec.

Meeting attendance

IIB:FXIV.48

TABLE V.1

Manpower (Employable)--U.S. Physics

(cont.)

Sub-

disci-

pline

Institu-

tion

(or Type)

Degree

Age

or

or

Rank

Exp.

Activity

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Ite=

Cross

Entris

1X

1X

RE&PP

1:F4.17

SF

1X

XR

NP

I:F4.29

1X

XR

AME

I:F4.39

SF

1X

XR

CM

I:F4.45

SF

1X

XR

Opt.

I:F4.52

SF

1X

XR

Acoust.

I:F4.61

SF

1X

XR

Pl.&Fl.

I:F4.70

SF

1X

X1

Rec.

EP manpower

IIA:TI.3

.)-

1X

21

XRec.

AEC program in EP

IIA:TI.7

as

Lre

1X

2Quest.

Univs. granting NP PhD

IIA:TII.30

-..i

1X

1R

Acoust. subdivisions

IIA:TVI.4

1X

12

RE&PP mobility

IIC:TII.81

Mis.:.

1X

12

RE&PP emp. shifts

IIC:TII.83

12

11

RE&PP emp. shifts

IIC:TII.83

1R

A&R

I:F4.78

SF

11

REP

I:F4.18

SF

11

RNP

I:F4.30

SF

11

RAME

I:F4.40

SF

11

RCM

I:F4.46

SF

11

ROpt.

I:F4.53

SF

11

RAcoust.

I:F4.62

SF

11

RPl.&Fl.

I:F4.71

SF

1X

Quest.

& Ag.

NP in U.S.

IIA:TII.9

1x

1Quest.

& Ag.

Univ. manpower NP

IIA:TII.I1

SF

203

co

204

TABLE V.1

Manpower (Employable)--U.S. Physics (cont.)

Sub-

disci-

pline

Institu-

tion

(or Type)

Degree

Or

Rank

Age

Or Exp.

Activity

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

ite-7

Cr..ss

1 1NP projects

New NP facilities

ITA:III.:5

SF

11

Ag.

NP projects

SF,Misc.

12

NP projections

IIA:T11.17

1NP projections

IIA:TII.2i

1NP projections

1NP projections

IIA:T11.20

1NP projections

IIA:TII.21

SF,M:s:.

NI' projections

12

XNP physicists

11


1x

Ag.

Controlled Thermonec.

12

A&R manpower

1x

R & Rec. Growth of acoust.

IIC:TiI.2

12

1A&R subspecialties

1X

1E&PP

IIC:FII.12

11

XAge distrib. E&PP

. 75

11

1E&PP mobility

11

1E&PP mobility

X1

Institutional distrib.

X2

1Institutional distrib.

XX

1Age profiles

XX

2Quest.

Rank structure

1:19.5

XX

1Quest.

Age-rank structure

I:F9.9

X1

2Rec.

List of univs.

I:App9A

X1

Phys. teachers

1:T11.1

:7F.S0

TABLE V.1


Sub-

Institu-

disci-

tion

pline

(or Type)

Degree

Or

Rank

Age

Or

Exp. Activity

Support

Source

Time

X X

1 2

X1

X1

X1

2

X1

X1

X1

2

X1

XX

1

X1

2

X1

11

X1

X1

X1

X1

X1

X1

X1

11

X2

1

X1

1

X2

1

X2

X1

X1 1

21

X

21

X

21

2X

12

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

205

Emp. patterns

I:T12.11

Median ages

I:T12.14

Misc.

Manag. responsibilities I:T12.15

R,Quest.Flux of emp.

I:F12.19

New & replacement emp.

I:T12.19

New employment

I:T12.26

Physics teachers

IIB:TXIII.1 $F,$0,

Misc.

IIB:FXIII.5

Misc.

IIC:TII.13

IIC:TII.15

IIC:FII.2

IIC:TII.21

IIC:TII.23

Misc.

IIC:TII.34

IIC:TII.37

IIC:TII.38

IIC:TII.39

IIC:TII.42

IIC:TIII.20 $F,MS,

P,Misc.

I:F9.3

Quest.

Educ. & emp. pipeline

Emp. distrib.

Federal support

Activities nonacad.

Distrib. of activities

Age & activities

Subfield mobility

Labor force

Labor force

Emp. by sector

Work activities

Quest.

Univ. sample

BNL & ORNL

Emp. trends

First emp.

Emp. projections

National labs.

I:F12.12

I:F12.15

I:F12.21

I:F9.4

1-,

oNoN o

206

TABLE V.1


Sub-

Institu-

disci-

tion

pline

(or Type)

Degree

or

Rank

Age

or Exp.

Activity

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

1X

2Age vs rank

I:F9.8

Misc.

11

XX

1Academic insts.

I:F9.10

$0

11

XX

1Nonacademic insts.

I:F9.11

$0

12

1Teachers vs others

I:T11.2

$0,$F

12

XR,other

Industry & business

I:T12.16

11

1X

Educ. insts.

I:F12.14

11

21

Nonacad. em. proj.

I:T12.24

1 '

1X

XInd. physicists

I:F12.24

11

XX

Govt. physicists

I:F12.25

1X

XQuest,R

ASM vs AIP

IIC:TII.1

1X

Quest,R

ASN vs BLS

IIC:TII.3

11

X1


IIC:TII.19

11

X1


IIC:TII.20

1.

1X

XRes. vs teaching

IIC:TII.22

1 12 2

X 1

1 1

Activity distrib.

Development

IIC:FII.8

IIC:TII.43

12

X1

R&D vs non-R&D

IIC:TII.44

12

Quest.

PhD's granted

I:

.A.1

X1

Manpower flow

MS

XX

Freshmen thru faculty

I:T12.1

MS

XRec.

AIP placement reg.

I:F12.18

Misc.

1X

Unemployment

I:F12.20

1X

Emp. projections

I:T12.27

1X

Prod. projections

I:T12.28

1X

Grads. & enrollments

I:F12.26

MS

1X

PhD projections

I:T12.29

TABLE V.I


Sub-

Institu-

disci-

tion

pline

(or Type)

Degree

or

Rank

Age

or

Exp.

Support

Activity

Source

Time

1 2 X

X

1 1 1

2X

1

11

1X

1

12

1

1.1'

1

1-

1X

1

asas

1X

2

I-

11

21

22

1

2X

1

X1

Source

Cross

Remarks

Item

Entries

Prod. & use projections I:T12.30

E&PP etc.

IIB:TIX.7

Quest.

Teacher backgrounds

IIB:FXIII.3

Age distrib.

IIC:TII.6

Birth & citizenship

IIC:TII.8

Federal support

IIC:TII.16

Subfield mobility

IIC:TII.30

Subfield mobility

IIC:TII.31

Subfield mobility

IIC:TII.32

Subfield mobility

IIC:TII.33

Competence vs emp.

IIC:FII.5

Educ. mobility

IIC:TII.40

MS

Govt. support

IIC:TIII.7

Govt. support sources

IIC:TIII.8

Support sources

IIC:FIII.1

207


TABLE V.2 Manpower (Employable--Other than (U.S., Physics)(No tables in this category have a breakdown by age.)

Otxel-

loh- Intel-r,tiun

li,cre

or

- ^Cross

zraph, pline

X P

X P

plioe lor rype: Rank Activity 4ource rime Source Remarks Item Entries

X CitizenshipDistrib. of authnts

115.8

IC:T1V.h111 sr ,

X

A

PO, tdoct ora I s

Sci. h enz./PoPi :Fil.1 sr

X Scl. h eng. :711.Z

A1.1.0ther Authors

A 1 A1.1.....ther Set, h eng.iGSP :FE.5

1 Postdoe. p. 18.6

1 It Country of PhDEmp. destinattonscontr.' led theruunue.

:18.11

H Destinations 1C:111.11

Ahl Prolific..., function IC:T1V.8 Misc.

..

Set. & ng.c I zensbtp

NeNE. Sel. tea:hers:TN.4:F11.4

Quest. Phys. teachers :F11.5

Rec. Women doctorates :712."

X

rs

X Des, PhD's A postdoci,x Faculty pro leer ions

Ems. trends

CI12.8:T12.22:1I2.25

r, R A611, field of PhD :IB:TVIII.1

2 int. undergrad. majors illi:TIX.:

rs H ',APP. etc. IID:TIX.5

vs R Self-identification IICE111.41,

rs R EMT 1iC:FII.11

Quest. Fields of work haegreelIC:TII.b0rs Quest. :lot. membership IIC:T11.10vs H Environ. net. 11C:111.1.3

X EAPP. tnsts.

vs eell-idenelfi,ation IIC:T1V.7

vs

Posedoc. plans I :TR. 7

Rec. Maio, ind. 141.1s. ICt9.2Q.03t. e,zard of doctorates 1:F12.1

us H M.L. bachelors 1:F12.7vs Rec.otherDegree recipients ItE12.8

Hes. a:civ. I. support I112.17

Us A

purse. PhD's granted Np etc. IIA:111.29

R. &coos. posedocs.us R Phys. chem. specialeleslle:TX.1

X It Phys. aileron. ins.. IIC:111.47vs R Phys. A aileron. 11C:FII.9vs

us

R Fmplover distrib. 11C:TIY.48R Univ. activities

vs R Academic rtink EIC:711.50vs R Theory vs expt. IIC111.51vs R Degree level HE:711.52us 2 R Field of degree IIC:711.55

R Addielonal competence Ile:TII.S6

PS It Growth of MKR Mobility AhR, FE.PP !IC:TH.58

US X 1 ft AO' mobility 11CF11.10vs g E8P lic:T11,54

vs X X K Faculty, FAPP 11CTI1.64

US X X RegrOo prod. IICITIT.bb

2 1 R PhD prod. E. utilix. IIC:T1I.67.

U5 2 2 X R Environ. scientists IIC711.615

US 2 1 R Enirun. scientists 11C:71I.69

US X EAPP TIC:111.70

US Quent. Ind. manpower IIC:TIII.16

US 2 R UM emp. IIA:11V.8

vs 2 X R CM vs all phys. IIA:TIV.9

1 R Ante.. manpower Iill:TVIII.2

X Geosei. projectiong I111FIX.17

PS X X Ceoscieneists

CS R Geoscientlacs IIC:FII.IJ

US Foil profs. I79.6US Unemployment 1F12.4VA Faculty projections 1:712, 11

US GNP factors 1712.23A SO.Misc.US Livilign cmp. I712.23D

US SP mobility IIAITII.28

US 1.ne. Teacher backgrounds 11E:F1111.2

US Nese. Students & teachers IIII:EXI11.4 MS

441 Paper.% per author IIC:FIV.1

Juent. TIn diserib. IIB:EXIV.6

208

TABLE V.3

Manpower (Students)--U.S.

(None of the reports give data on students

outside the U.S.

Sub-

Insti-

Degree

Disci- disci-

tution

or

Support

Cross

pline

pline

(or Type)

Level

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Entries

X X X

H.S. enrollments

I:F11.3

1Quest.

-Career choices

I:T12.2

XQuest.

Choices of major

I:F12.6

1X

H.S.. sci. enrollments

IIB:FX11I.1

11

Students & PhD's

IIC:TII.24

ML

1R

Subfield distrib.

IIC:TII.41

ME

X1

Manpower-flow

I:F12.5

ME

XX

Freshman thru faculty

I:T12.1

ME

1X

% entering grad. sch.

I:F12.9

XI

Quest.

Student support

I:T12.5

IQuest.

Citizenship & sex

I:T12.6

2X

Grads. & enrollments

I:F12.26

ME

XI

Quest.

Educ. & emp. pipeline

IIB:FXIII.5

ME

1R

Educ. mobility

IIC:TII.40

ME,Misc.

2I

Quest.

Univ. sample

IIC:TIII.20

$F,ME,P,)

Misc.

)

1X

Fed. support

I:p12.10

$F

2Grad. stipends

I:T12.4

XX

Projections of pop.

I:T12.20

XProjections of pop.

I:F12.22

XEnrollment projections

I:T12.21

X1

Students & teachers

IIB:FXIII.4

ME

209

TABLE V.4

Funding--U.S.,

Physics

Sub-

discipline

Institution

(or Type)

Support

Source

Time

Source

X1

1Quest.

X1

XX

Ag.

X2

1Ag,other

XX

Quest.

X1

XAg.

X1

XAg.

X1

XAg.

X1

1Ag.

X1

1Ag.

X2

I-,

crs

crs

t--

X X XX

2 2 XAg.

XX

XAg.

XX

1Ag.

X1

1Ag.

XX

1Ag.

21

Ag.

210

2 1x

X1 x

Quest,Ag.

Ag.

1X

X1

XX

1X

X1

XX

1X

XAg.

1X

X1

XX

Cross

Remarks

Item

Entries

Univ. Sample

II:TIII.21

ME

Program elements

1:App.4A

Basic phys. funds

I:F5.2

Fed. & ind. funding

I:T5.2

Biophys. facilities

I:T9.8

$0

AEC

I:F10.4

NSF

IF10.5

DOD

I:F10.6

ARO

I:T10.A.12

NBS

I:T10.A.18

NP projections

IIA:TII.23

ME,Misc.

NP projections

IIA:T11.24

ME,Misc.

NP projections

IIA:TII.25

ME,Misc.

Ag. expenditures

.IIC:TIII.9

DOD expenditures

IIC:TIII.10

NASA support

IIC:TIII.14

NBS expenditures

IIC:TIII.15

Funding distrib.

IIC:FIII.2

P

AME physics

IIA:FIII.5

ME,P

CM vs all physics

IIA:TIV.1

EP expenditures

IIA:TI.6

EP cost projections

IIA:TI.10

EP cost projections

IIA:TI.11

EP cost projections

IIA:TI.12

EP cost projections

IIA:TI.13

EP expenditures

IIA:FI.21

EP cost projections

IIA:FI.23

EP cost projections

IIA:FI.24

TABLE V.4

Funding--U.S., Physics

(cont.)

Sub-

Institution

Support

Cross

discipline

(or Type)

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Entries

1X

XEP cost projections

IIA:FI.25

1X

XEP cost projections

IIA:FI.26

1X

XAg.

NP costs

IIA:FII.18

1X

Ag.

EP

I:F4.17

ME

11

Ag.

EP

I:F4.18

ME

1X

Ag.

NP

I:F4.29

ME

12

1Ag.

VP

I:F4.30

ME

1X

Ag.

-I:F4.39

ME

12

1Ag.

I:F4.40

ME

1X

Ag.

CM

I:F4.45

ME

12

1Ag.

CM

I:F4.46

ME

11

Ag.

Opt.

I:F4.52

ME

12

1Ag.

Opt.

I:F4.53

ME

1X

Ag.

Acoust.

I:F4.61

ME

12

1Ag.

Acoust.

I:F4.62

ME

1Ag.

PL&Fl.

I:F4.70

ME

12

1Ag.

Pl.&Fl.

I:F4.71

ME

12

1Ag.

A&R

I:F4.78

ME

1X

Rec.

LAMPF

I:F5.17

$0

1X

Rec.

NAL

I:F5.18

$0

1X

Ag.

EP expenditures

IIA:FI.22

1X

Ag.

NP support

IIA:FII.17

$0

1X

Quest.,Ag.

NP funding

IIA:TII.9

11

Quest.,Ag.

Univ. funding NP

IIA:TII.11

ME

11

Univ. NP projects

IIA:TII.12

Misc.

11

Natl. lab. NP projects

IIA:TII.13

Misc.

11

NP projects

IIA:TII.14

ME,Misc.

12

New NP facilities

IIA:TII.15

ME

211

TABLE V.4

Funding--U.S.,

Physics

(cont.)

Sub-

discipline

Institution

(or Type)

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

11

Ag.

NP projects

IIA:TII.16

ME,Misc.

12

NP projections

IIA:TII.17

ME,Misc.

1NP projections

IIA:TII.18

ME,Misc.

12

NP projections

11A:TII.19

ME,Misc.

12

NP projections

1IA:TII.20

ME,Misc.

1.

2NP projections

IIA:TII.21

ME,Misc.

12

NP projections

IIA:TII.22

ME,Misc.

1X

XAg.

AME

IIA:FIII.4

11

1Ag.

NSF proposals AME

IIA:FIII.7

Misc.

11

1Ag.

NSF proposals AME

IIA:FIII.8

Misc.

1X

Underwater & geoacoust.

IIA:TVI.2

1X

XAg.

Acoust.

IIA:FVI.4

1X

1Acoust. subdivisions

IIA:TVI.4

ME

1X

Projections AC areas

IIA:FVI.5

1X

XAg.

AME & Pl. support

IIA:FVII.3

1X

1Phys. of Fl.

IIA:sec.VII8.2

11

Ag.

A&R funding

IIB:TVIII.4

11

XAg.

NASA space phys.

IIB:FIX.19

X1

XAg.

AEC labs.

1:F9.15

X1

Teaching expenditures

IIB:TXIII.1

ME,$0,Misc.

11 1

Quest.

Quest.

.R

Ind. public & support

Univ. sample

Salary costs

IIC:TIII.19

IIC:TIII.20

I:T11.2

P

ME,MS,P,Misc.

ME,S0

12

XQuest.

Ind. funding

IIC:TIII.17

11

1Quest.

Univ. salary support

IIC:TIII.22

XAg.

Federal support

I:F1.1

XAg.

Federal support

I:F5.16

TABLE V.4

Funding--U.S., Physics (cont.)

Sub-

Institution Support

discipline

(or Type)

Source

Time

Scurce

Cross

Remarks

Item

Entries

1

Ag.

Basic phys.

I.F10.3

Ag.

Physics/total budget

1:F10.7

Ag.

NASA

I:T10.A.14

1Ag.

Teaching phys.

Salary costs

I1T11.1

1:T11.3

Ag.

Educ. expenditures

I:F11.6

1Ag.

Federal res. obligs.

IIB:TXIII.3

1Rec.,other

Info. services

IIB:FXIV.9 )

I:F13.5

)

1Ag.

Federal obligs.

IIC:TII.17

1Ag.

IDL support

I1C:TIII.11

2I

',I

TABLE V.5

Funding--Other than (U.S., Physics)

Geo-

graphic

Discipline

Sub-

discipline

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

X1

R&D/GNP

I:F8.1

ME

XR&D

I:F8.2

X2

R&D

1:F8.3

X1

Know-how sales

I:F8.6

$0

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

AEC labs

I:F9.16

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

Ag. distrib.

I:T10.A.1

U.S

.X

X1

Ag.

Ag. distrib.

I:T10.A.2

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

Ag. distrib.

I:T10.A.3

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

Ag. distrib.

I:T10.A.4

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

AEC

I:T10.A.6

U.S.

X1

Ag.

DOD

I:T10.A.10

U.S.

X1

2Ag.

Air Force

I:T10.A.11

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

Dept. of Agric.

I:T10.A.15

U.S.

X2

1Ag.

Commerce

I:T1C.A.17

U.S.

XX

Ag.

NP funding

IIA:TII.10

U.S.

X1

X1

Ag.

Plasma support

IIA:pp.725-6

Mis

c.U.S.

XAg.

Environ. Sci.

IIB:TIX.12

U.S.

X1

Ag.

Environ. Sci.

IIB:FIX.14

U.S.

XX

1Ag.

Environ. Sci.

IIB:TIX.11

U.S.

X1

Ag.

OSSA budget

IIB:TIX.20

U.S.

2X

Ag.

Phys. & Environ. Sci.

I:F5.1

U.S.

21

Ag.

NSF

I:T10A.8

U.S.

2A&R recommendations

IIB:TVIII.5

U.S.

21

A&R recommendations

IIB:TVIII.6

U.S.

2Ag.

R&D obligs.

IIB:TIX.10

U.S.

11

Ag.

NSF atmos. sci.

IIB:TIX.13

U.S.

1Atmos. sci.

IIB:FIX.15

U.S.

1NCAR appropriations'

IIB:FIX.16

*.o

TABLE V.5

Funding--Other than (U.S., Physics)

(conL)

Geo-

graphic

Discipline

Sub-

discipline

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

U.S.

11

XAg.

NSF atmos. sci.

IIB:TIX.14

U.S.

11

CAS recommendations

IIB:TIX.15

U.S.

1X

1X

Ag.

NSF geosci.

IIB:TIX.16

U.S.

11

1X

Ag.

NSF geophys.

IIB:TIX.17

U.S.

11

XAg.

NSF oceanog.

IIB:TIX.18

U.S.

11

Ag.

OSSA typical

IIB:TIX.19

U.S.

2X

Surveys

R&D etc.

I:F10.1

U.S.

XX

Ag.

Basic res.

I:F10.2

U.S.

XX

Ag.

Ag. distrib.

I:T10.A.5

U.S.

1X

Ag.

NSF

I:T10.A.7

U.S.

2X

Ag.

DOD vs NSF

I:T10.A.9

U.S.

1X

Ag.

Navy

I:T1O.A.13

U.S.

12

Ag;

NIH

I:T10.A.16

U.S.

21

Ag.

Interior

I:T10.A.19

U.S.

XR&D

I:F12.2

U.S.

XInd. R&D

I:F12.3

U.S.

1X

Fed. support & GNP

I:F12.10

MS

U.S.

2X

Sources of R&D funds

I:F12.11

U.S.

XBasic res.

I:F12.13

U.S.

2Basic res. vs all R&D

I:T12,18

U.S.

Accelerators

IIA:TII.2

Misc.

2 1

5

TABLE V.6

Other Money

Sub-

Geo-

Disci- disci-

graphic

pline

pline

ox X X X X

216

U.S

.X

U.S

.X

U.S.

XU.S.

X

U.S.

PX

U.S.

PX

U.S.

P1

U.S.

P1

U.S.

P

U.S.

P

U.S.

P

U.S.

P

U.S.

P

Insti-

tution

(or Type)

Degree

Or

Rank

Age

Or Exp. Activity

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

1 1 X X

Exports & imports

Electronic trade

Wages

Prices

I:F7.4

IIA:TIV.7

I:F4.106

IF4.107

XMfg. output

I:F4.108

XLabor costs

I:F4.109

1GNP

I:T7.2

1GNP & energy

I:F7.10

Misc.

1Relative R&D costs

I:T8.1

1Know-how sales

I:F8.6

SF

XWage payments

IIB:FXII.1

XConsumer prices

IIB:FXII.2

X xMan-hour productivity

Unit labor costs

IIB:FXII.3

IIB:FXII.4

XU.S. trade

I:T7.3

XU.S. trade

I:F7.3

1Rec.

Prerun costs

IIB:FXIV.21

21

Ag.

Cost increase

IIC:TIII.23

1Costs/man-yr.

I:T5.1

XX

Ag.

AEC costs

IIC:FIII.12

XRec.

LAMPF

I:F5.17

SF

XRec.

NAL

IF5.18

SF

11

X1

Academic insts.

I:F9.10

ME

11

X1

Nonacademic insts.

I:F9.11

ME

X1

11

Salaries

I:F9.12

11

1X

1Salaries

I:F9.13

11

1X

1Salaries

I:F9.14

TABLE V.6

Other Money

(cont.)

Geo-

graphic

Disci-

pline

Sub-

disci-

pline

Insti-

tution

(or Type)

Degree

Age

Or

Or

Rank

Exp. Activity

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

U.S.

PX

XQuest.

Biophys. facilities

I:T9.8

$F

U.S.

P1

21

RTeacher salaries

I:T11.1

$F,ME

U.S.

P1

21

RSalaries

I:T11.1

ME,$F

U.S.

P1

X1

New accelerators

IIA:TII.8

Misc.

U.S.

.P

XTeacher salaries

IIB:TXIII.1

ME,$F,

Misc.

U.S.

P2

21

Salaries

IIB:TXIII.2

U.S.

1X

Cost/scientist

I:F9.1

U.S.

XGNP factors

I:T12.23A

Misc,ME

U.S.

XGNP components

I:T12.23B

U.S.

XGNP

IIA:FII.17

$F

U.S.

XRec.

Semicond. sales

IIA:F1V.2

U.S.

XMagnetics sales

IIA:FIV.3

U.S.

XElectronic purchases

IIA:FIV.4

U.S.

1Semicond. sales

IIA:TIV.2

U.S.

1Unit costs of teachingIIB:TXIII.4

U.S.

.1

Rec.

Runoff costs

IIB:FXIV.22

XNMR equipment

I:F4.101

11

Types of accelerators IIA:TII.4

Misc.

XRec.

Phys. Abstr. price

IIB:FXIV.14

Misc.

1Rec. & J. Journal prices & costsIIB:FXIV.24

1Lit.

Book prices

IIB:FXIV.44

1X

Core memory

I:F4.111

1X

Minicomputers

I:F4.112

1X

Computer costs

I:F7.2

Misc.

11

XCore memory costs

IIB:FXII.6

11

XMinicomputer costs

IIB:EXII.7

X1

Computer installationsI:F7.1

Timekeeping devices

IIB:XIITH.1

XCosts of NMR

IIB:FXI.1

9 1

'7

TABLE V.7

Publications--U.S., Physics

Subdiscipline

Institution

Support

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

X1

A&I

Distribution

XJ.

Phys. Rev.

I:T9.9

X1

A&I

Exp. & theor. papers

IIA:TIII.5

X1

A&I

Distrib. of papers

IIB:TXIV.11

X1

A&I

Papers produced

IIB:FXIV.32

)

I:F13.18

)

X1

J.

Author affiliations

IIC:TIII.3

X1

A&I

Performing inst.

IIC:TIV.4

21

A&I

Theses

IIC:TIV.9

21

A&I

Theses

IIC:TIV.10

X1

X1

J.

Support acknowledgments

IIC:TIII.2

X2

Scientific publicity

IIB:FXIV.49

)

I:F13.29

XX

Age of citations

IIB:FXIV.35

)

I:F13.21

)

X1

J.


IIC:TIII.1

X1

J.


IIC:FIII.2

X1

1J.

Papers supported DOD

X1

1J.

Papers supported AEC

IIC:TIII.5

X1

1J.

Papers supported NASA

IIC:TIII.6

X1

A&I

Distrib. of U.S. papers

IIC:TIV.1

X1

A&I

Distrib. of U.S. papers

IIC:TIV.2

21

A&I

AME physics

IIA:FIII.5

SF,ME

2J.

Age of cits. in revs.

)

I:F13.25

)

1X

1J.

E&PP papers

IIB:TIX.9

1J.

JASA papers

IIA:TVI.5

11

J.


IIA:TVI.6

ME

TABLE V.7. Publications--U.S.,

Physics

(cont.)

Subdiscipline

Institution

Support

Source Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

1J.

Growth of acoust.

IIC:TII.2

ME

1A&I

Major ind. labs.

I:T9.3

1A&I

Types of ind. labs.

I:T9.4

1Quest.

Univ. sample

IIC:TIII.20

$F,ME

)

MS,Misc.)

1Quest.

Teaching vs rating

IIC:FIII.7

1Quest.

Publs. vs rating

IIC:FIII.8

1Quest.

Support vs rating

IIC:FIII.9

1J.

Size of insts.

IIC:FIII.11

11

Quest.

Ind. publs. & support

IIC:TIII.19

$F

1J.

Journal time lags

IIB:FXIV.25

)

I:F13.14

)1

1Quest.

Publs. vs teaching

IIC:FIII.5

11

Quest.

Publs. vs students

IIC:FIII.6

1Eds.

Fate of manuscripts

IIB:FXIV.26

A&I

Citation statistics

IIB:FXIV.37

)

I:F13.22

)1

J.

DOD support

IIC:TIII.12

1J.

Support sources

IIC:FIII.1

ME

219

TABLE V.8

Geo-

graphic

X X X X X X X X X 2

U.S.

I-,

cr.

U.S.

L's

- 22

0

Publications--Other than (Physics, U.S.)

Disci- Subdis-

pline

cipline

Time

Source

.Remarks

Item

Cross

Entries

PX

1A&I

Distrib. by countries

1:T8.3

P1

2AM

CM publ.

IIA:TIV.3

P1

A&I

Regions work vs pr!.!.

IIB:TXIV.9

PX

1A&I

Geog. distrib. of work

IIB:TXIV.10

P2

1A&I

Abstr. jrnl. coverage

IIB:FXIV.12

PX

1A&I

Papers produced

IIB:FXIV.31

I:F13.17

1A&I

Authors

I:T8.2

ME

P1

A&I

Region of publ.

IIC:TIV.3

P1

1A&I

Geog. distrib.

IIC:TIV.5

21

J.

IEEE citations

IIC:TIV.11

X1

Ag.

DOD categories

IIC:TIII.13

21

Quest.

Ind. publ.

I1C:TIII.18

X1

A&I

Citation matrix

IIB:FXIV.29

PX

1A&I

Papers & theses

IIA:TIII.4

P1

1Quest.,Int.

Quality of CM papers

IIA:TIV.10

Misc.

PX

A&I

Specializ, of jrnls.

IIB:FXIV.28

I:F13.15

Misc.

P1

Lit.

Cits. in rev. lit.

IIB:TXIV.14

PX

J.

Age of citation of revs.

IIB:TXIV.15

P1

1A&I

Cits to rev. lit.

IIB:TXIV.16

PLit.

Purpose of books

IIB:TXIV.21

P1

A&I

Quality & cits; CM

IIB:FXIV.36

PX

A&I

Rev. articles

IIB:FXIV.39

PX

A&I

Abstr. jrnl. entries

IIB:FXIV.10

I:F13.6

P1

A&I

Abstr, jrnl. entries

IIB:FXIV.11

I:F13.7

P1

A&I

Jrnl. prolificness

IIB:FXIV.13

l:F13.8

P1

A&I

Phys. abstr. entries

IIB:FXIV.17

I:F13.11

P1

J.

Citations from Phys. LW.

IIB:FXIV.30

I:F13.16

TABLE V.9

Miscellaneous--U.S., Physics

Subdis-

cipline

Insti-

tution

(or Type)

Degree

or

Rank

Support

Source

Time

X1

1

X1

1

X2

X2

X2 X

X1

X1

2

X1

1X

11

1X

X1

X1

1X

11

X1

1X

11

XX

1X

11

X1

2

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

12

12

12

Cross

Source

Remarks

Item

Entries

Quest.

Salary support

IIC:FIII.10

Foreign-born

I:T8.10

ME

NP projections

IIA:TII.23

ME,$F

NP projections

IIA:TII.24

$F,ME

NP projections

IIA:TII.25

$F,ME

Authors per paper

IIB:FXTV.34

I:F13.20

ME

Specialties vs areas

IIC:TII.4

Median ages

IIC:TII.7

Transition matrix & age

IIC:TII.25

ME

Age distribs.

IIC:TII.28

ME

Rec.

Accelerator utilization

IIA:TI.8

Rec.

Accelerator capabilities IIA:TI.9

Accelerators & reactors

IIA:TII.3

Census of accelerators

IIA:TII.5

Census of reactors

IIA:TII.6

Accelerators shut down

IIA:TII.7

New accelerators

IIA:TII.8

$0

E&PP ages

IIC:TII.83

Accelerators

IIA:TII.2

$F

Univ. NP project sizes

IIA:TII.12

$F

Natl. lab. NP projects

IIA:TII.13

$F

NP projects

IIA:TII.14

ME,$F

Ag.

NP projects

IIA:TII.16

$F,ME

NP projections

IIA:TII.17

$F,NE

NP projections

IIA:TII.18

$F,ME

NP projections

IIA:TII.19

$F,ME

NP projections

IIA:TII.20

$F,ME

NP projections

IIA:TII.21

$F,ME

221

TABLE V.9

Miscellaneous--U.S., Physics (cont.)

Insti

Degree

Subdis

tution

or

Support

-Cross

cipline

(or Type)

Rank

Source

Time

Source

Remarks

Item

Entries

12

NP projections

$F,ME

11

1Ag

NSF proposals AME

IIA:FIII.7

$F

11

1Ag.

NSF proposals AME

IIA:FIII.8

$F

11

Univs.& acoust.speciattiesIIA:App.A

11

Govt. labs. acoust.

IIA:App.B

11

2ESPP ages

IIC:TII.81

ME

11

1E&PP ages

ME

XX

Major labs.

I:T9.1

XX

1Quest.

Agerank structure

I:F9.9

X1

Quality categories

I:T9.7

X2

XAge vs employment

I:T12.14

XX

Quest.

Numbers of faculties

IIB:FXIII.6

X1

Teachertime distrib.

IIB:TXIII.1

ME,$F,$0

XX

1Ag.

Info, anal. centers

IIB:TXIV.19

X1

1Age 6, activities

ME

X1

Quest.

Univ. sample

IIC:TIII.20

$F,ME,MS,P

1X

2Age vs rank

I:F9.8

ME

11

Quest.

Res. vs teaching

IIC:FIII.3

11

1Quest.

Support vs teaching

IIIC:FIII.4

XPhDgranting univs.

I:F9.5

2Rec.

Dept. size

I:F9.6

XQuest.

Phys. faculties

I:F11.2

XEmpl. ads

I:F12.16

XRec.

AIP placement

I:F12.18

1Scientific meetings

IIB:TXIV.17

XRec.

Page charge honoring

IIB:FXIV.23

XLength of papers

IIB:FXIV.33

I:F13.19

11

Median ages

IIC:TII.31

ME

Index. of Data 1677

TABLE V.10 Miscellaneous--Other than (U.S., Physics)

Sub- Instl-C00- 1114cl- 114ci- teflon Support

graphic pline Nine (or Type) Source rime Source Remarks ItemCross

Entries

1CSU I:App.RAX Rec. Arcelerature 1.5 GeV 1:14.2X Accelerators 1:F8.8

R Cltieenship 8 age 1:111.8 MERec. Accelerators 1.5 GeV 114:11.4

X Rec. Storage rings 114:11.5X Rec. Accelerator A reactor loc. 1 IA . F 1 I . 7

X A&I Conc. of jrnl,. I 111:FX1V. 21

GNP energy 1:F7.10 SO

1

Semicond. mfgrs. IA:TIV. 5Computer innovations 118:114.6Accelerator location, 1 14:72. 3

2 Energy I:11.42 Le,munic. media

Dept. sloe I :F9. IU.S. X 'Nest. Aptitude scores 1:112.3U.S. X Plasma grants 11A:pp.725-6

X Rec, new starts 1111:118.21U.S. X Data centers I1B:IXApp.BU.'i. Median ages Atat 1IC:TII.54

Telecommunications 1:F4.341. . Energy l:.1.9U. S Univ. fiscal troubles'

Rec. Committees USC 1:114.1U. S. Employment ads 1:F12.11U. S . GNP facrors I:112.234 SO,ME

Growth industries l:T12.23CAg. Reactors IIA:TI1.1

U.S. AN. Nuclear power plants 11A:Fl1.2U.S. AR. Info, anal. centers IIB:FXIV.48 1:F13.28

X Ittest.t1nt. Communic. media IIB:FXIV.4 l:F13.3X Atilt, pmts. etre. IIB:FXIV.15 1:F13.10X All Abstr. Jrnts. IlB:FXIV.I6X Lit. Rev. lir. 1111:FX1V.402 Q cst.Int. Tlme In cvmmunic. IIB:EXIV.3 I:413.3

Plasma expts. 1:48.65Jury ratings 1:F5.4Jury ratings 1:F5.6Jury ratings 1:F5.7Jury ratings 1:F5.8Jury ratings 1F5.9Jury ratings 1:75.10Jury ratings 1 '5.11Jury ratings 1,5.12Jury ratings l:F5.13Extrinsic vs Intrinsic 1:75.14Extrinsic vs intrinsic 1:F5.15Jury ratings 1:App.5A-5D

est.1nt.Types of accelerators 114:111.4Quality of CM papers IIAITIV.I0

SO

Rec. Pev. Jrnts. circ. IIB:FXIV.45

xLit.

441Kinds of rev. lit. IIB:FXIV.46 I:F13.26Emphasis in Jrnts. IIB:XIVApp.AAbstr. A title Jrnts. I111:711V.IAbstr. Jrnts. 118:1014.2litle Jrnts. IIB:TXIV.3Secondary services 1111:11(IV.4

Abstr. Jrnl. indexes IIBITOIV.5Secondary services I1B:TXIV.6 ICTI3.1

1 Energy prod. 1:14.3J. Jrnl. time lags .14:TXIV.8 1:113.2

Age of Jrn1s. rend tt8:TXIV.12 1:113.3Quest. Oral communication 118:11014.18A&I Interdisc. Jrnls. IIB:1XIV.20Int. Info. transmission 118 :FXIV./ I:F13.4Int. Info. transmission 11B:FXIV.8Rec. Phys. abstr. etre. IIB:FXIV.14 1:F13.9 SOJ. Jrnl. bulk C. price Ild:FX17.18

Rec. Jrnl. circa. 1111:FXIV.19 1:F13.13J. Bulk of Jrnlm. IIB:FXIV.20 1:F13.12

Ala Jrnl. specialisation Ila:FXIV.28 IIFI3.15 P

7ueat.A.51 Roy. lit. 114:FXIV.4I l:F13.24Ata Rev. lit. CM

xComputer efficiency l:F1.2Semicond. innovations 114:114.4

SO

Discoveries vs exploit. 1:11.1Laser power 11A:FIV.IComputer generations IIA:FIV.5Timekeeping devices SO

223

APPENDIX A:SELECTED TABLESFROM THE PHYSICSPORTION OF THENATIONAL REGISTER OFSCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICALPERSONNEL

The next few pages reproduce the 1964, 1968, and 1970 questionnaire

forms. After these follow the tables; their content has been de-

scribed in Section 11.1.2. The number following the T in the up-

per left-hand corner of each table designates the type of table,

as labeled in the first column of Table 11.4 of the text. The

labeling of the rows and columns corresponds to the choices of-

fered on corresponding questions of the National Register form;

the numbers in parentheses at the heads of the columns of Table 11.4

can be used to locate these on the 1970 form. Each table is given

an identifying number at the right.

A variety of abbreviations is used in the tables. Those per-

taining to the various subfields are the following;

AO, Astrophysics and relativityAME, Atomic, molecular, and electron physics

EP, Elementary-particle physicsNP, Nuclear physicsF, Physics of fluidsP, Plasma physicsP&F, Plasma physics and physics of fluids

CM, Condensed-matter physicsE&P, Earth and planetary physicsBIO, Physics in biologyOPT, Optics

1678

224

Appendix A 1679

ACOUST, Acoustics

ASTRON, Astronomy (all areas other than astrophysicsand relativity)

MISC, Miscellaneous physics

Many of the tables have subrows labeled with N, H, V, and sometimesHP. Here, N is the number of registrants relevant to the given boxof the table, H is the percentage that this box comprises of thehorizontal total in the table, V is the percentage that this boxcomprises of the vertical total, and HP is the value of the columnvariable at the indicated percentage of the horizontal total. Forexample, in the columns labeled salary ranges , as in Table 12, anentry, 50 = s, in the HP subrow means that s is the median salaryfor the row in question. A statement, dimension-001 01, meansmerely that there is no specialization other than that indicatedfor dimensions 002 and 003.

225


NATIONAL REGISTEROF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

ore THE FELD OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY coNouctro DeAMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

3. I.. 113.1 ****** R. YORR POW Ol. ,0017.13 PRY 01 IIONA L ecrgece POUND, .0.

:sinetinr" .18::::;*.:1. .tInvi:;E::;s. .1i.:: ::::::*:: i'41' 11. :.::17115111511,:: . :FiF * ii7;:17.1'26WiA'n.:.::1F.:.....r.ipiABAhE'f,s1F:Eajirl"s'iSi'..vs... siNT Nswcps IN .. INK tin 'DM

1 .1. YODR N OR .10.1111 SI 3. I' I* iNCORPI.P............ CO../ INP....vioN .30Y/. ROLL .143

P ..... . SU. OLI ..... III. CO. l IN01..0

NOTE II you ham. resmtved and completed Nattongl Register nue...mire from one of the other ores...bons listed bove

sinc. MArch I. l'AM. pl.. wnte the name ol the orgsnagbon her. ileo. piesse ,,,,,plete pro, I. 99a 99 1), bAck of the questMnnaire. give your social security number. date and signature,aml reboil in the eni hand envelope.

SW A.

.. . - __...

I . /I or tmetn a on co ..... OP WM. ;3 113 OR Co. /R OP BSCONCI. S sl.... Os. I1 IICIVOM. OltotaU7/00 0 I ..te

CA 1

3 .1P11... .... .....L2 4 U. : I NON . .monansro ....14.nt ...el, ...11.1[ . 1.1 ,,go POO 0 % . pop ug uee,t. xeto

--.. ._-___----------- ----....------_--.--_--........--s I regsnl myself profeutonally as a I ar 1 'check only one)

Xi X Astronomer 1,-.) at . Chemist,..1,,, . Ling.. ZI ei - psychnlogDt

:Ix - limloOst III PI .Econompt ;:".'n, - Nlphematician 0 IM -Sociologist

;2 .1 Mu31.1 SclentIO 0 XI Engineer :IP, MeornIngist 0 In -Slatisucian

7,10 -Geologist ::: PI - Phssicist CIXII- Other soccifyi

EDUCATION - ... . .......

7 CoLLsos UNorts,1 ow 0.1. INSTIPUTION il...... ou ..1 .0.3 ...JonIP NY 1301.3

MINOR

6 .

. .

... ..-. ..... --CURRENT PPOrraistONAL EMPLOYMENT

st Please check the bos which most fully describes yout current employment status. Check only one

fl i . Full-time Professionally employed rj i -Student, part-time employed C , Not employed, and not reeking

l"., a Part-lame prefermonally employedICiraduate Araimants up. this code, employment

0 S Full.urne profeulanally empb,yed, OS -Student. not DeployedDa - Employed. but nut in professional work

Porttime student (.: 6 Not employ ed. and seeking mnpIoy ment CI o Retired

9 1,9,9 gi9, 999,, a pp..., principal employ .r and actual plsce of employment. lt .4.3 RI... Im/..1.. ...RI ORR. OD..IS 1.1 um... R. ORR IS .

.....1 re...hi m.w.m. 03.3.., ...IRO 3,R ..r ,.......n1 tetip end vlol

HI Check the boa of the category which M most appropriate, for your present principal ernployer. Cheek only one,

n I YRIVTY INIRIATIIT um 11USINFAIS 0 C CAMS -COHMISSIONPM CORPS

0 . finy.rkert.orElr fl L . semersny SERVICE c-rier. DUTY

il t . etILLesic Ug UNI.RAITY. omen TIIN IILIIICL SCHOOL 0 II IIYUY. IDIYUMNRYNT OKNEY

161... 3....1 43; ...I; .....ilatkillai 1110 S . NONPROFIT NOSPITL 0. (71.1Nic

CI Si Str.biet. scsuot. I-1K NONPROFIt OHIINIZTION. OTHFR TIIAN IHRSPITL.CLINIC. OR F.DUCATIONL INSTITUTION

n . SCCoNSRy SCHOOL OR SCHOOL STRUM

CI I irtfIES1. COvICIANSICHT. CIVILIAN KHPLOYKS 0 r OTHCH lorNIFFI

IL Plea.* itive the princip& service you perfonn or product on whtch you work.

12 .Fzn:ntth4 tcocoortun,,,,,ztlif: Itityaenta tat vier= ar.allution moat closely related to Your P_RESEta ...Pl./TIMM

th

NA/APA.floSeiaII, TM.

-PLEASE COMPLETE OTHER MOE-

226

"3o3umr

Appendix A 1681

CURRINY PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 4 oNIINIII.0. . .... ..-- . _ ..... .. .. _ ... .

13 Number your tint and eeconol moot important kind ul act.. ty. in terms of workitut USW IlarotwI, by entering "I' 0,1 'nn the pproprigte line. berm.I 0000.tar00 OR ALIIINIIIIIIAIHON Or KEEKARCH ANO I 114 SW RFECARCIIIIEVElorlarNT

n . tEr1,1r0 RINEARCHA YANA...NI OR AVIIINIIITM A/ION Or OTIIVII THAN I DEVI WIWI Wr 011 lortioN

RISCANI11 ANO 14,01.01,0 Mt I CtINMILTING4 11 Al 11100 .01..1..1,14.... 0.01 ill 1011 10....1,. - . .. . .....- -- . ...if I. ,A....4:(.1.11,...Y.oru/..sol.nkrkt.trr.1 .soup:,,,,Iteodi ,,,,r.szlmoirlsent. htrro,:ransl.Gucemnuan funds' 17) Yea r.1 N^ E Don'l know

C t Agriculture Li . Educetion LI r Natural resource. C a- Other program I epee... )0 I -Atomic energy CI 4 Health tj r - Public worksCI i NNW. On Intetnattonal CI s SPIes

NO71: Solar/ mad Ineiona Inhumation Is rogardad as lantlnantlal and 111 be used far alatIntalat parposas nly. It 01NO1In mainsail Ill 517 UST lint will allow It la be Ideallflml milk yna.

IS tIASIC ANNUAI. SALARY (JAN 1200 Please give the Wale nnual salary emactated wlth yuur principal professionalemployment as of Jan 1904.

$If madenurIly mployed, cheek whether sslary is for CI 9.10 Inn. nr 0 11-12 tom.

4::::r... ,..;"::::.,:. 'Z",...::, ".:',.:V.,1",:;,t;....t.":,"::,';',:',":.7..;1!,;.'7.V..':',"7:La:::711::: ' :1`.: `" ``^^ ""' '"'.." """"'la rsilmATED GROSS ANNUAL PROFESSIONAL INCOME. tJan I to Dee 31, 12041 Please grce your estimated gra.. Pro

fessional income from all prelmatnnal &cll... for the year winch wIll end December 31, 1964

eh. sone... 0rts000 .

IS. lintoniany year. nf proles...n.1 work xperience, including teaching. have you hed? 1 I

44111tTIFIE COMPI TINE!,

Pi From Om Accompanying pectaltor. Ii.l. soIett and enter en the Idles below in deermumg trier the four petlaileff in which youformat,or you have kour greatest mienune cumprtence, booed on your total cduralional mul werk emN.T.,..

Greatest Third:fr,..... amity TIO NoWarr awrIalir TillySecond Fourth:14..... SmitT TM* Nawiw SywHilr 1.11

ISA I. your protessranal competence primarily characterited at n Theoretual 0 Lam...mental 0 Oathaw.LANGUAGE AND AREA KNOWLEDGE!)PI FOREIGN LANGUAGE Lot the language. (other then English/ in which You have knuwledge and indicate w.th cheekmark 1 y ) Your ProSereney.

II rmo have nn Imesgr lenguage oneperenra. cherk hers p

PROFICIENCYNY 0CILITY CN READ OHEcN to TRNELATE TECHNICAL .Nowgoog.ways IIIILIvER

CON...VMS EEC...IC/IL NTicLE MUT CNSNHE or LacTURII ,,,,,,,,.... 01.1 OWN UE yEE ALNoLiAGE.1LISO11.0.4 OrU111, INaO *SOLI .......T. CO1441011.LutisTLY riCHLLT FLU ..... SALT 1001.111114 ENOLIEM 1.1{. V 41;1.'4 cTION

7

. .

20 AREA KNOWLEDGE. LIS( the foreign enuntriee or U. S. geographic area. in which you ha taut mian.1 etweialireIlongained by residence, research, or talluel.TOT.. ..... . .

COUNTRY OR WallIDENCE ON ' williwo ON NOWAK or TOUR KNOWLECON ON ECiaLIZATIONOPECIALilATION EECiay.IlEO

. .- - . . . .....-..-.21. socirry MF.MRF.RSIIIP Circle the number In frnot of sll soelenes of which you are member. For write-tn. Include onlynatinnAl prolemiunal soGetles and me ulentdring wdrds In lull,

Sal. AMERICAN lairs:car 'HMIS'S SW ANERICAN ASTRONOMICAL ROCIETYfrt. OPTICAL INICItly Or AmERICA

SW AMERICAN CROSTALLOCNAPHIC ASSOCIATION503. ACOMITICAL /WETS or AMERICABO nom, Or RHEOLOCE SW OTIICIUY opreira.Sal AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF OPIESICII Tr...cora/ 1/4 NONE

22. Plea. glue mailing Or forwarding address through which you c. always be reached if different Iran, address on reverseside.

C/O New., MOW City SW. Us GA.10NA/1... 1.0 Nemo!

OCIL CCURITT NO II 1

23. If you wok to add to the ...eve information concerrung your prof...renal employMOO Or Solailiagiono. Pie.. COOITHenrbelay/ ur on en ...wheel Am., referring to item numbers where appropriate.

2 9 7

................IN.s ColumN


1968 NATIONAL REGISTEROF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

ry cyr PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY cONrIllt Itr, DI 7411.AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF 114.TISICS

ma glom ...I ffffff Air. ir1)0,11 M.. VONA /OW>40 1/14. N1110NAL C110.105 1,11.04011014

!..,'" 1" ,r.:r: ,:.':....'8 %'.7".17..b,,1'... f'71:.1:::,'.,"+''....!n',';:ot''.....p,""ZI':17.tik117::":::.7", ':.:711'.:'%1:1:117.:!!'Z'171'; Aa:::"117:7Voltrr:

Ao....,...... ......... .1....,. 4...1 ..... A4o..., 400 I .1 Ao .44 8 mot 4. ama..1 ta........ tiol IN loloolan al awn...

.,,.., ....or 11N . 11 ,. DA rm.7 i

atimot (,,...11111 1111 {1411,11 011110N.1. If111.11,111 1,1,111./.1. 4.1 ,111.1311.1 .11./ 10T. *Vit. ,10N1 111,0111 11 1111M ff 011 111./.11 1 oftenreo w, ,,..,.,01..E t . 01./11 NTI alsoall allca./over 440 TOUR, roar., 1114 cram ca fkencot.13

_J

NOTE If you haw. r.diVed .111 oonploo4101.notool Ilertioter 1110.11110mme OM. Um nt the other orgonnotiona hated obove

soror Marrh I. 19614, ohm.. urn. Om non. of the wannitatmo lime.

nem. consplo. give your mem' seeltrite Danilor, il.a... and nowturr iwiuw. nal ret ttttt in the ewlweal onvelim.

ViTA 1r DAM or. P,X101 , ,,,,, Oa yonta,

,..1,..,11, 0. .11. 04 ,,,,, cm 0C114 LOU.,

0. aLuDDIA ,11001. aeou.ilou1111

, ma"ll '

4 .1.11,111.10

IDLIC,IIIIN4 4 ,/,, v . Dowaw . IN 01.11

OOIN 1411.011

: II ,00 .a. 3 .tudent. eht.,e myr name. , o Spolma. fondue. i 1 7 SlMItaa, Drt-Orne

PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 1

R Ohm; your ,Inploy.... 0.0.[2. I Employed full.mn. 03 - UnromloyM nrol ...king moployment 0 4 ,Nmoto.41:11grel and not etokIng 05- Retired

01' Emphierd pond..9 Plea.. gloi, noTr. Ot P7.0104 prIompul employ.r of

mlfemployed write in ...11"), oentol plce of employment, ond title of

pres.nt pontion.

wow d town'. minor., woDO,A..1 plan, uf 0110,1.1..1 Dar A OOM

TO. ut smont goollanItofl4 if oarlarM Ay a unltIO. mho,. nr UM.. mil,.

10 Check1,(C,L.L.L.QL4

Ifright

the how of N. wtegtiry which la moot ppropnaw for your prevent princlpol employer (check only one).

t roivarg tnoorrtor no 1,11.107441 R. 4 - STATIC OuvrataNgter

I . Illttr.REPLOYILIPLI II . IRTERNATIONAL.AORTICY

1 COI.LIDM OR IDIMERSITY. OTHER TM,. latIOCAL 5111001. 0 14 .0THER GOVERNIMEHT AGENCY Oroaa.

I. larIlICAL WHOM.0 la .PRIVATR linriTAL OR CLINIC

17 - 40/11oR COI LRCEEi ...NONPROFIT IIIISPITAL OR CLINIC

. OrCONOAFT OR ELEMENTARY SCIIOOL 15.TICIt1. 000101071T ORGAHMAT/UN. OTHER THAN HOSPITAL

I rEORHAL GOVERNIMINT.-CIOILIAN naLorttCLINIC. Olt EDUCATIONAL nerrertrowe

. COPRA MILITARY SERVICE...ACME DUTT LI OTHER tOorar I

odditionany mmIoyed, enter on the line 01 N.the category moot appropriate to thot employer

II. Number your Arrt &ad wand most Important king of ctivity, In termo of working time devoted. by entering .1- and "2" on N.

opproprim Imm below.71 . reolongurrer rot AnroIl ,,,,, ION Or RESEARCH 4 or.073..npur.m.

AND VIIVELOPIIENTM TrArr Or IMUOMENT

10. MAHAGrAlr.NT OW ADMINISTRATION Or OTHER THAN Ss- OICSICN

It00r114041 AIIII DEVISLOPMENT IT DATA COMPILATION. CRoccsAwn

.. PARIC RFAILARCH24 . CONSULTING

4 APPLIRD R0111401111,A -SALMI. MAR/CHUNG. PURCHASING. LIITIMATING

I Ttol(1111.,4IS REPORT OR OTEIR TECHNICAL WMITINC. znalmn OTHER Opoltrl

M . ItoDIPERHT OR SUMMAR 14000O1I1

I2. la ANY of your work Smog supportrd or sponoorol by U. S. Government fund., 0 Yoe 0 No 0 Don't knowIf yes, I. your work reiated to eny of Ne folloveing prose....0 a - Agriculture 0 a - fleold, 0. - Publ. work. 0 N - Urban dem1oprnem

0 N - Montle energy 0 . Hou.ing 0 II - Rurol dmeloprornt 0 Othor pro(ram (apeelfy)

O c - Defetwe 0 0 - International 0 L . Spoce

0 o - Education 0 H Natural resources 0 g - TramparatIon

228

01. .loo. rI"loi01

Appendix A 1683

PROPIMSIONI. ENO.," MEN( ,..., ,, , 1 ,li From the eperteltrae Idi rot. oo-erlyall, iirIPTI And 1.1 Nub rho. nOtolort .1o1 T.,11111,. Lpeti.ity Pinot .,1,,...1, ir111A1 lo TAWFIIINFN I prorripal rolpioyment or w rd. in Pour .1mcisIty .1 it I. not No the lot

n,,.....

Atop "ow other o !eolith eloo.ialtreo tr. which P1111 Wee eotopetorwe

TWO IhITTNATIAP, 1,1. rd...wat rate

two foodNum. 'W.I.,' VI.T MOTO,. Apormity Till

NOTI. Salm and loam inlatmalion is to ddddd as aanlidsnlial and will II used Ist stalleisal AO sssss only. II will NOTIs tal sssss In any toy IAA will allow N la Is Identillad with you.

III CPA ItArIll: ANfiVAL SAI,ARV PO., ,ore tire Ira.", Almost oars. arowrand ...Mr dtot projtroal proltroolonal work to lltem.o., torroirrd dollar.

$If .11:4.11.11, ..0 l'in .11 rho k ohethor "hay to fro ; , A lo moo ot j I II

15 ENTIMATFU (kNOSN ANNUAL l'Itt/FESSIIINAL INCUME tJan I to Pee 31. 111611) PITA. RIAn yoot ettOnstrd WM. IlloolAI!flan AU ptoIrwaunI ctorthee for the your

A

r.::.......:.....1 Y.r.d...r...1 i...... o al.l. Non... redo... Ed pada...rod ...oar.. ,e,iodo 1.re ..r.ro tot..t. d..,.,0,,.., 1 ........., ,,A.o...

IA Ilol ntAny pests Al prolrilionI work trepertence, Including ',WINNE, hare you hod? I 1LANOU.CIE NO AREA K00WLE00E1 . . , .

17 FtalIEII:54 LANCUAGF. Loa the language' (other than Farglishl In *high 500 haw. corntretrnee nd indicate your pron....CIES.If yoti ha. or tor lore err ...,,Airtior. rfoo k her . r ;

Nm 0.LNuysas,,

PROFICIENCY

NO nALITAALACTO

C NNA'S CILITTTo gAiN sssss

TACNNICLTOY sssss

CN ill0TTCHNICLertgt.

Col coVN Ulla

00ANON/L.0G.Ur CN TUM all A.

S.,' =7.CYO, ssssss I.,

10010.11.1.11.

01.11.011.1H 611.

WI.,

a

0 U 0

CATION

II ARFA KNOWLEIXIE Lot the lUrelEn uuntrIes Ul whIC you ha e knowledge gained by residence or ssss rgh.

COUNTAT TOTI. sssss1111PDANCE

rlA 1.111.VIAITAD NATUAA Or TOUR ANOTALCOOt

PROFESSIONAL IDENTIFICATIONII

19 I regard iny.relf profrATOOlsny TO 10111

20 SnatInrTlY. ,,N:(F.51,51.211SIIIPC.he.etstlkle,...:31,1:1:1y104 tors lo.r, LItilSor. orDes of which you are member. For write-ins Include only0 A . ARYAN,. TOTOWA!. nociErr 0 J . A 11010, IN INSTITUTE or ArONNAUTIIE A ASTEUNAOTICSH 0-.I. 50,ISTY or ATOTIOCA

r .auntrartraf. ilarlATT or asterucaI:1 .A.1001,04 $OPITTIT IDS METAL.LI I.. 4510110:AN 04111151 larIrTYLI ...Ww1Wr1 Or loIrOloCy La M . 10010t/MKNT 100IETY Or AMFRICALI g . AIIIMICAN 000AN1AltoN or 01110100 701PHEMS r..I N . SOED-PT Poll APPITTO Ant:TROTH:OPT0 r . A10318.11 401I1000111CAL snorrr Er P.SIOMA PI AIGMA

0 Il .APIEMICAN r11197 ALI...0141.111e AASOCIATION ij T OTHERS Io.ollvl0 11 . AMENICAN ASSOCIATION Or PIIESIcISTIs IN MEDICINE U 001100

21, /lease give marlin, ar for...Mine :Marro, through whIch you can alwaye b. trurhed d different horn satire.. ahoy..

c,o N..eder 1.11.1 .11. MAI. 2igs C.I.

DrE sssssss 0 SIONTuss oPi.... Ass I 41 Non.

sOCIAL ECUSIT ccpurrio

2 2 9


SPECIALTIES LISTFOR use WITH

1968 NATIONAL REGISTER OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

In the section PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT on the l'inN National Register (Nest tinsire yuu alerequested to idea tIme tho list the specialty most closely related to Sottr present employment and other specialtiesin which you may have aingietence (item Eli Meuse use the specially tole fram this selected hal; if you select the"Other" category, me that code number and write in your Mel specialty title.

Amami.012 I 0 Applied osmotic, outeuments 111Y1 appsulutn12211 . Arthilesturst 41.1.111C101215- hat and healing1,1241 3 kelt...wool(i2T 1 . - In hum..01964 Met hanteal ))))) I and shut03277--Mumal ...menu and moo012.1 None

tir11137.1rheetl;01111-1.1101sonks01141--lInderumet roundat to1- Nher (musty(

* Mole ass1 asolosobe physics01411.- A101111C, 10111, and nodamise helm,03415.Atenne motet and anundsme01431 Atom ttruclure and sperIrs01442-4ltemeal bond, and 117.1111C01444 --/lef11011 parsmagnette retonsnee1114e tmport and trattering phenomena.01411.. Neu tpettoutspy014111.- MitlecOlar mom. and matt.Olt 17 Nock. magneto resonant.

Operifyi

Ihretmempskluaflint nAnlenna theory0M24-.Plearical rnensuranentt and intonanentl01631Electromagratic waves01910FJeetrinnagnette was< propardm03617Plettron drum.011413EleUreu microscopy. ion npoct01673-47a. slotharge036111 --Magnetism0.1,11Mason and luen dem.01721Moromm03911PlImell electronics01149Osanturn Outmost01710.4.0.111 interactions01761.-.X.ny Phenomena01772X.rsy technology01291--Othe lipmfy I

Pieetrooks0311 1 4 glutton balloonnoll....Elevinin rule,011110.Elertroche desire circuitry011141Elertrontet inttnitnentstion03115 Electron mouton031163-13.10317 Oman electron.13311104seme00ductor docketO 3911Soisl tute electronics03996-0ther ispersfylglemetuary particles04010Coame rayst140111High enettg 1,41kr...9904016High mergy phenomenaO 4044Parlicleu n3IPhertentrath Dell computer analysis04091Other lipkifyWellman01119Aftlytteal merhane.04127-21.11istm and flight dynamics04135Elsokity041.3Frktion01150High immure physics041n11Impoct phenomena04176Initruments and nkuurensenti04192Phu lipmfyiOpeke044 I nAtomphe rie and mace optics04424Cane, colon/miry04432Fiber maks041.40Cecommal optics114612-11Ungraph10457Infounation tharorg commtotteldons, image

valuer.:04445Infrared phenomena04473In0nferonM7194481Lawn04515 ens.04113Cipokal losIrmems, technique. and &MatO 4531Optirol material.O 4549Photography.04556Plus1es/ moles0,161Phykolomeal rooks04572Properties of thin film,04580Radionletry, photometryNat 4.....ggeemkkory04697-0thee repent)/

hut.. puska11411 - Arre 1.1 sou. Jetelo1r111412 Nemons04214 -Moslem rottener114:42 ..N1Idelif kart.. besoeting042in Nueleat spertrotsopy049.69...Rsolistion elle.01215.-Hadotarme materals tiolutet04211.Reaston1/4117Shieldin404300.--Othet Itpreifyl

PMsles fit 1.11.04 911 Ae todynamirs04'21.--Aermoll04939-11oundary layer effects01917-4A019, and jetO 4954Comptestihle fluid dynsinksthlOntpinunts plenommeol04790ltigh temperatute new04111.--Inempresohle fluid dynamic.041112Magnetts flunl dynamo:4041120Plasou pity..041311liarelmed gas flow1M5411Wwriort Meluding MAIM nu.).)41113--Shock stave phenomena114561--Struture and prompt. nf Mods04579Superfluidily1141149.--Trani00n pheminsens, diffusion044 1 1 Tutbulence0140419Youstity04044Mthee upeeifyl

saki sm. phydes01017.Cerstniet115015Cooperstive phenomenananvrCollallographyomit Dim... tinotwtthg nuwo050111Dokkationi and pluckily0511mDynamies of emstsi landsninl4Ekine15 properties of totem and ontrIlont05042Electrun emissionO 111 fsFetrommutiun0512 siligh mimeo and gigues05132-1Menul frictionnV140-1Inee effech and diffution05157Luminescencenf toOptical mopertiet05173Pannugnettun and diamagnetism01111Photoconduetivity and Isla& phenomena05215 Plsoloeleetrie phenomena05223.Pieeneleelrkity and ferroelectrieity05231Quantum meehanirs of mild,01249Radiation damage05250-0oIc9tatee phenomena05264-4enneondortors05272Supereondortivity01280-0-t0ue structure and Mottles05314Miennal conduction in Mid ilste05.121Thin Mins05397-011.1 !specify/

Thormal Arks135413ColoMM0905421ileat tranamilato05439High temperature ohms"05447Low temperature physics05454Tenmersture and its measurement05461Therrna1 alwarrtiev05470Thermodynamies05411Thennodynatnie relation,. equations of tttttO 5511ThermodynamieO 5195Other (tpectly1

Oeltor plusies ogrotioldu05611Cnostuts. Misdeeds. units. metrology.

eoneersion Won05.629.--Eperm conversion problem05637Meld theory05945H4h mourn techniques05652Kinetie05660Many bodh;*JrieoryO 56711Mathentalkal ohmic.O 56116Moutour, effort05710Physical metalliargy057211Physica1 properties of materials05930Clumtunt mechanics05741Radiation gild health physicsO 5751 Relstisity ond remotion.05769Stallatical mechanics07777Mom of physics and/ne MornontyO 57115Tesehing of physics gild/or astronomy05793Other (mu-PP

230

Aolordomy

00011-A609101lry00026-Astrophysa010114-Calosual meanies011042-Camu . moan, intarplanatary medium00019-Ciantology and samallary00061-flosign a/ noronattlicad insinuormste2011--91slasets1IX1111.-Nsogatmet. gtwblIc atrimomyWM-01w of mink aye00121-Phimael0 01 Aatronotnical sources00111-Physics al Me intantallm00141-PlAnea.00111-11adia Atir000nly00166-21psa Autonomy(4174-Sfeannoopy Attnnanial minas0111112-Star syslems and slailnical stronomy0021es-Stellar energy gaserstion. nueloogenah.

Iteller vulationfe1224-71. ea00212-Ve9able 6111100299-0ther Opacity)

ABroopbarle dada. mai dynodes19919-Aerorany19921-A1mo auermam19911-Annaphea chemistry and radioacliory1.1941-Atmolpholo dynamics and thrinalynamics19930-Almaephene eloaricity111901-Altrapturoc optics and 11011110*PAM-Auras. irglow199114-Cloud and prectintallon physics20016-Counn rays20024-lovaphery2111112-Mommetearology20040-Mwrimel20011-NinneriarruilSeiL1211091- Plaintive tmospheres211011-Andiallry Hader200111-Turhulonce and diffusion20099-.00m IsPailid

IMPB1B441011410122- Ilmeloariaty10110-411Aoplice10141-11knystems. amid communications10137-9lo4ormics and bloonergetke10101-Biotramport, membrane einem10111-Collider101119-Crysial iryhy10411-Met10421-Malaular10499--011wr Wa/

Appendix A 1685

Modoni ehoodotry20114-Catalan and unlace themotry20121-4 !urinal and pate equilibria202.10-Chemnal limas. ass pima and

pineal...natty202411-Chorndal Minna liquid plum20133-Colloid channtry20201 -Crystallogaphy211271 -1' Its ion Ministry202119- linap transfer and rolaanun piano.211111- Manses and a Motives20121-Fused ulliJii119.-Iligh tempt aline chem.,20141- Ion any nd membrane phenomena10114-Neva idled.10101-14quid slain and solutions. electrolyles

and non elecontytrs20110-Molocular pectroacopy203111.-Moleoular $1.111.20412-.8490<as and adlochonisiry20120-Polption in bull. morphology. pax

Hansom.. sinology. and mechanical

204111-=kr: in solution; thennodaiimicsilrydnelaamics. and pectrnscopy

204412-Ousnium ond silence theory10411-11a4lotion and hol.alom elvemniry20401--Solid date chem..,10417 -1 hone hemntry20492-011so Opecifyl

Soise/Mmenery opedsMse20119-Amonomy20721-Aurona. airglow20111-Cann, ay.20741-0ennispeenrn20730-Inutplanetary panicle, and Oda2079/1-I00aphery20779-Lam and planetary geophysia/MolneY201114-Ma1delorylsok panicles and oases20111I-Planoary almopherne20819--Solar physics10914-Tektlits and molearires201821-0thor (1Pool(1)

Meldemeft gaphyola20911 -EAploranon scheming20921-Eiryinralion geophysics parity20911-Faploation pi/physic.. magnetic201441-0eomagnetion and elecolay209311-0ralry20966-Marino geophaics20971-Phakal propane, of mhos! morale209112-Anomie narys21014-Tectonics (including hat Pool21022-Vokanology21097-)10or (speci(y)

OT11OR MELDS OF SCIENCE

00102-Almorylork Minxes01901 -amnia061109-MIMI

011607-Mathonaties24000-Comp10a Science091101-Mansties

12100-Agvicullur9 Sciences12609-Biological and Biomedical Sciences

14704-Prychaogy13206-Ant0eoparyy19700-Ecanorroa11804v-Linguistes18901-radical Science191101,-Salok,0

21101-00w r (specify)

231

L686 PHYSICS IN PERSITCTIVE

Pare

4:18.111:1.7= .

1970 NATIONAL REGISTEROF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

IN TN, 111111 110 PHYSICS ANn IN TI.IE FIELO OF ASTRONOMY CCOMe rrn nY rowOwira licur. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

134 4441 1111111 II...1 heer 10114 av/ 4oAk 10.1AND 11. 44110.11 IIIMCII rtn.DATION

va ... 4e1a .,1 .....4 I.. 0.4 An.0.0,, A.110/.000,5. A44..4.4 4.44.44 I 2,....41 11.4m, 4...... ge......,..4.4.,,,,,,,A ,A,,... ,,,..,,

..,',...7,:s,,7A".1.4.4!".....1f4...."41 1.4..."ll'Itr.' A.474.4.4 :1.747:17.:7/ 4:.4.4...7%n 'I.:4; r.;"::.;...r 1..;:.74Z.:..:,.4...11.AT.:174.41."...7.Lott"..7

.......44 NT 1,24w.mA41 1..6,, 02444 . AN4.404 . NAAR o. ON tyre

r- .) ..... t om Int .141.11 01.1.1.01.4. .11e1111, 0.010 14,104 rt.e.4140,11 I. 00 111In. leel, orforn 41. 61.01111 nair /IAN ANIAMDms ADAC att. 4MA.4 ant coax.,,... . a. Venn NI.. Ann Annell. AM%......01 103 'One 4041. /Iv COO( IA .Dcaf ea

._

!WTI: If you tiave ,,,I and complete) a Saila.) IlrgaTIT? ).10.011.1., from one .1 the other orgo.rationo 1101.1 Above

1e1. I 10'1 1,1e.oe utile Ine n.one 1.1 IR. urgAnitAlion Ilery.

flew.. i Orly Hen, 1. Cyr Tour loyal *acorn', number, 441, ATM so/naturebelow, and rrturn in the rneloaell 4nvniolor

VITA r ..1 -. - ..... : ..... on .n..4 1 ..... o amainu CoUnter or 4 045

11,,,. Oar Tor COUN1NV Or 1510 Csansa1005CIL 41150011004 ' ;I: I . MAI..Cl . rOrle

3 C111/.0.1.11.

.1. 1.4 , II 0 nreelle ...sat/0

DUCATION .- .. -.... .. ...... -. -_-,o61.4.24 10411,11.101 011, 0111eri 0.111,110n VerleC ''. "l'' MAJOR Minna

Ia0111II. .. . r,,,,, I btairee. .I

U TOU are algal«. atterubnit C011ege or univenny..aeek Your status

LI a STVDENT 4111.1..T110, 0 I STODENT PAIIT.TIME

PROFESSIONAL IOENTIFICATION1 L.8 1 regsrd myself prolesonnally aa o fan/ !cheek one)

LI .51.,101110101,1101 E] 11elletTAI.I1Inneellell 0 III MEDICAL PHYSHAST

0 444. AA roorn re leo, CI 144. IA.4cTRDNIC 1111141CIAT0 01 PHYSICIST

0 444 .ATISOOPHERIC PHYSICIST 0 214 OKoVIITHICIAT0 VI .OADIOLOGICAL PHYSICIST

0 oN.Ielovetrstruir C Ill IttAI,T11 PHYRICIST 0 511.11PACIC PHYSICIRT

2 Sto.r111:141CAL PHYSICIST 0 Vs HISTORIAN Or 11100I1, 0 AM 01111.11 IseeolvI

PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT: I9 Cheek your rinploynent status.

0 t MISLOYCII ',MAIM 0 2 .11Nalrelartan ND SERSING /1410.11YirareT 0 I leer ElS0'1.0YRD AND NOT C.; 6 RETIRED

7.13 /01P1.010. PART TIMESEEMING IMPLOYMENT

10 Please give natns of preoent protein.) etnployrr tifNell-entployed write us "sr1I-1. actual place of employinrnt. and title of

preeant pottriCitt.. . .

Nam. or elver. ev.ariral vmelerrern.0.1 plat! sr eliftployniwn1 ,eI7 .1 natal

rine a anent pnenu.nRAO. II InT41114 a 040.4124 mina.. er tomer Ila.t

11 Check the boo nf the y411.4017 which to most eppronnatefor your present principal employer (cheek only one)

0 I . rklv ATE 1141/11.110. OR 10-SINISS0 I. STATE 000E001PE0'T

I 1 I . RELy.Es rt.oro u0 II. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY

0 3 . COLLEGE on tortvEurry. OTHER THAN SEDIC el. ecitout. 0 it OTHER GOVIOINMENT AGENCY IcwIrl

0 . SIZOICAL SC11001.C so PRIVATE IMSPITAL ule Clinic

0 TO . J11641011 COLLEGEn is NONPROFIT HOSPITAL ON CLINIC

0 4 .1IRCONDARY OR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SySTEM0 T. SuNPRONT, ONITAO12..1004. OTHER THAN HollerrAL

0 3. VISDISRAL GOVERNMENT-CIVILIAN EMPLOYEECLINIC. OR ISOCCATIONAL INSTITUTION

0 4. f.IIIPHR MILITARY allIV/CE--ACTIVE mrry0 OTHER Innleel

ll additionally employed. *DIM' on Ihr U.! 52 Ihf,ught the category mat FproprIate to tRA1 .1.1..y.r

12 Number your Prat and eeeolvt moat Important kindof activity, no terms of worktno Unut devoted, by @Meting 1" and

on the GPFropriate hoes belowIN MANAGISMENT OR ADMINISTRATION fly RTMEARCII

4 . DISVFLOPMENT

AND DIVIRLOFSIENT14 . TINT DEVELuralINT

34 MANAGENDIT OR ADMINISTRATION Or 0TRISR 4.perelratTHAN slaltAIIC/1 AND DRELoSsolter II . DATA COMPILATION. PROCZARINO

I. RAMC REI1EARCII34 CONSULTING looe1TrI ..

I APPLIED RUMAIMISU . SALSA. MARRILTING. 1.0110114100. tortMATINO

ITrACHIHOit SOPORT oR OTHZR TECHNICAL wRITING. ODITING OTHER tuvrtert ......

los MUTTONS? 00 sinum APPEAR=

232

ea inev/1111 .

Mil Metre

Appendix A 1687

PROFESRIONAL litinTtNtiklEMPLOYMENT13 From the pacislnie lift free overlrall.s.lret AM enter both thr number ..1 litle of the scientific specialty must closely relates!

to your PAIP.S.S:LiT principal einploytnent, or write in your 111,421.11y d it la not Oil the Itst

Rioar. Sr...e.R In,

I I I. ANY of roar worm heir, Aupported or sponsored by I:. h Government bands. .. Nes ..-: Nu .-.. Don t know

II yrs. is your work re:Ated to any of I}, following progrAms',..; A - ACX111.1.TIlls* TJ g . 0141.711 '' 1 . PIhl 1. woot,A ..7 N 11111,4% orsEt.orKeNT

:-.1 Airolditi riililitir LI r . trws1,1: .-.', s . to,r14....10,.t !Awns', ..1 IITIII1I ClIIII.MAX Irr,I...3 C IIICYCHtE (3 6 I4TE00AIIIIN1.L] II E01104TI114 Li II 117110A1. IINIIIIIECIPI ....; Id TKANSPOn 14 row

NOTI, Salary dd !nesse Infertnallee Is aaaaaaa 11 as confidential and will be used fer otalistioal purposes on. II will NOT

be rel I. asy ay Mat will allow 11 I. be Identified Ile you.

IS 1970 BASIC ANNUAL SALARY. Please 0i10 the hien? Annual salary associated with yoor principal professional work to Onnearest hundred dollars

If academically employed. cheek whether salary is for 0 9-10 moo. or 0 11-12 mos. 8

.t.stertttatt" `:..;";::4::',1 ''''''''''''''''''''''' 4.1r491:1.1.4.117,::::..r.1:1.7.7.1:1:...:g.:::::..,'".. '''' '"" -. l"''''' ''"""*.

iii ESTIMATED GROSS ANNUAL PROVILSSIONAI. INCOME I.Iu/i 1 to Dec. 31, 19701 Please give your timated gross mom.from I1 professional eats...iv for the year

8

iliwas /iiiwil roorowl.sal Iiwiwie la ALL Mamma. www.. N. rretwokiiiii1 wilviiiw eirioaina twair raises aerate 4.410110w. plus Wm.., am,111..Xs., Iswwwww .4.1

IT. How many years of professional work roper:eon, thchsehttg te.chthg. b., yon had Jseiutnne Cori ''''' CFI --

specialties in which 10.1Enter only ...en-

Xwewl. l'alr

apww1m. Tale

IX Frnin the rye...rain. list (see overleaf), select and enter on the lines lielow in decreasing order the (ourcurrently hoe. ,LiouT al '''' xl .01,0111IC competen. ased on your tout educational and nark elthersence.title ureendiratiolis

Grestell Third:0 wrow Nesemltr Tals

,,,,,,...,

Sr** Is1 Fourth:tr aiser seeostir 1111.

IX* Is vorr pmfesonnal competence primarily characterized OM i-7; Theoretical 0 Experimental .....] Both

LANGUAGE AND AREA KNOWLEDGEIf FOREIGN LANGUA(1E List the languages tother than English) in

II you hAre no fore.11 language competence. check here LI

.. - .

CNCONVEOGIE

Nsca C 1.1[CTISMII

LaNCUatietal. ' ..''' ...'' MT ,Ma rumern.r

.

which you have competence arid indicate

PROPICIENC1WAVE rClal Tv ; rNTO WIANLATE TLCISOMCAL

l lCHNIC a . 41. I...1 sOUPWAI. ' eon OWN..,. ...

lave maw........ wialwal romp.. . aM

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.

. .

1

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your

NKAO

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proficiencies.

OlaitANOWLCala411111' CAM r11II A A

NUPIUM OrCOPINUNI,

CaTION

20 AREA KNOWLEDGE 1.1s1 the fnreign countries of which you hat*. a knowledge ginned by residence or resew. 11.

COUNT..,..y....,,...j.n. 1,....,o,......., . NATURE Or TOUR kNOWLKOC

I1

.

II

I

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION: 1II. SOCIETY &FFILIATION, Cheek the appropnate boxes for all Societies of which you are a member For writs-Ina include

only national profesional societies Ariel use identslying word* in lullCI I .MititICAN Pirtitle*I. 411011,0 0 is. MEKICAN 101.11770 III. 11741.8(.] I. 01011,1. ilrleIrrit MI' /.....iiii, 0 II i 010:01041 74001,141 04.11,4Li I miollierIcI. dnetrry or *strafes 0 Is-Mona:MO, NeWle, or 4111.010 4rl s.artetrry III X 11E111.0.9 :1 11.01101149 11111 Air1.1.1r.l. SerOTHIACCII,

o 6 4*0111149 AXAUCIATION Oa 1.004115 TEACHRIta :Ils.sysC. II-AmaXICAM ANTIthiiiiIiiiriAil. prin.:, ;3 III. AiIiiri11.,Iii m4140471,1019 vox 71111 MIN ANIIirALSIT lir

0 1. 4,11E01049 COY STALL.. PM, APOCIATION Milr.Nliir.

(T1 I.AMEXICAM Altat/rIATION Olu PISTMICIPIM IN 5111110100 7...; PP .11111Ella wpowNe

0 s.. AMERICAN INsTrrt711101 AIDIONACTIrn AIDIRIM0111, L.', N. iiititiit.

a Please give mailing or foneardIng ddrre Luuugh which you can Always be reached if ddlerent from address Above.

,.., P.m.. Ream CII, Rm. Zwe Cads

1 SIGNATURE, I Naas. /Ilan rull Nimei

80CIAL Iteuritifir weCOLI,

2 3 (3


1.01

SPECIALTIES LISTFOR USE W1T1/

1970 NATIONAL REGISTER OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

In the sections PROFESSIONAL EMPIA)YMENT and SCIENTIFIC COMPETENCE on the 1970 Na-tional Register Questionnaire you are requested 19 select from this list the specialty most closely related to yourpresent employment (nem IN and those in which you consider you have your zreatest professional competence(item 191. Please usc the specialty title from this list; if you select the "Other" category, use that code numberand write in your own brief specialty title.

Acouak,s771Architectural 3C011a1CS5772-1 Ie artng5773Music5774Noise5775Shock waves5776Speech5777Ultrasonics57711Underwater sound5791VibrationsS7119-0ther (speedy)

Atom. and Mokcoks5741--Atomic and molecular iims5792Atomic, molecular, and electron beams5793Atoms with Z...25794Collision processes5795Free radicals5796-11ydrogen and helium atoms5797-1norganic molecules5799--Macromolecules and polymers5801Mesic and muonic atoms and molecules3902Organic molecules5909Other (specify)

SlopItylies5961Hioacoustics5962Bioeleetricity5963Bioenergetics5964Riological molecules5965Rio-optics5966-1Iealth and medical physics5969Other (specify)

Electromagnetism5811Electrical quantifier and their measuremeri5912Generation of electromagnetic waves51113Infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation51114Interaction of electromagnetic waves with

mmter51115Magnetism5916Propagation of electromagnetic waves5817Radiowaves and microwaves51118X-rays and gamma rays5919Other (specify)

Elementary Particles and Fields51121--Cosmic rays5922Electromagnetic fields, photons5923Gravitational fields, gravitons5924-11adrons5825Leptons5826Quantum field theory5829Other (specify)

Fluids583IDispersions and colloids5832Ek.tric discharges5833Fluid mechanics5834Gasea51135lontration5836Liquids5837Magnetofluid dynamics5838Plmmas51141Quantum fluids5849Other (sPecify)

insfromenbtion5971Antennae, radiators5972Astronomical5973-13cam handling5974Circuits and circuit elements5975--Communication5976Electronic5977Energy conversion5978Nigh pressure5981High temperature5982Information storage5983Lasers and masers5984Measuring, testing, and calibrating5995Microscopes5986NMR-EPR5987Nuclear reactors5988Particle accelerators5991Particle and beam sources5992Particle detectors5993 Photographic5994Plasma containment5995Radio and microwave5996Ra4io astronomy5997Semiconductors5998Spectroscopes6001Telescopes6002Thermometric60(13--Vacuum6004X-ray6009--Other ;specify)

Mechanics

5851Analytical mechanics5852Celesdal mechavcs51153Cortimuun. mechanics5954Elasticity5955Friction5856Many body theory5857Measurement of mechanical properties5858Plasticity5861-0uantum mechanics5862Statistical mechanics5869Other (specify)

Nuclei5871Nuclear decay and radioactivity5872Nuclear reactions and scattering5873Nuclear structure and energy levels5879Other (sPecify)

0005881Colorimetry3882--Geometric optics58113Holography51184Umn5885Non-linear optics5886Photography5887Photometry, radiometry, and illumination5888Physical optics5891Spectroscopy5892Vision5899Other (specify)

3 1

Physkal Chemistry

567ICatalysis5672Chemical and phase equilibria5673Chemical kinetics, gas phase and photo-

chemistry5674Chemical kinetics, liquid pham5675Colloid chemistry5676Crystallography5677Electruchemtstry5678Electrot.7c spectroscopy, including far UN.5681Enerpy transfer and relaxation pnxeNses56112Equilihrium and thermodynamic relationships56113East rentions5684Flames and explosives56115.Fused salts5686High temperature chemistry5687Interfacial chemistry5688Ion exchange and membrane phenomena5692Liquid state and solutions; electrolytes and

non-electrolytes5693Molecular spectroscopy5694Molecular structure5695Nuclear and radiochemistry5696Quantum and salence theory5697Radiation and hot-atom chemistry5698Scattering phenomena5701Solid state chendstry5703Thermochemistry5709Other (specify)

Solid-Earth Geophysks

516IExploration, gravity5162Exploration, magnetic5163Exploration seismology5164Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism5165Gravity5166Heat flow5167Physical properties of natural materials5168Scismology5171Tectonics5172Volcanology5179Other (specify)

Solids

5901Acoustic properties5902--Alloys5903Crystal growth5904Crystal structure5905Dendrites and composites5906Dieledrics59157Diffusion in solids5908Electron states5911Electron transport and carrier properties5912Imperfections5913Interaction of radiation with solids5914Lattice mechanics5915Luminescence5916Magnetic properties5917Magnetic retunance5918Mechan iCal properties5921Metallic conductors5922Mossbauer effect5923Non-crystalline states5924Optical properties51125Semiconductors5926Solid state devices5927Superconductors5928.Surfaccs. interface% films593IThermal properties of solids5939Other (upecify)

Appendix A 1689

Thermal Physics5941-11igh temperature physics5942Kinetic theory5943Low temperature physics5944Phase transitions, changes of slate5945Statistical mechanics5946Thermal measurement techniques5947Thermal properties5948 Thermodyna mica5931Transport phenomenaS959--Other fsPeelfyi

AtrimspheHe Stolen,. and Dynamics991Arronomy4992Airseu interaction4993Atmospheric chemistry and radioactivity4994Atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics4995Atmospheric electricity4996Atmospheric optics and acoustics4997Aurora, airglow49911Cloud and precipitation physics5001Cosmic rays5002Ionosphere5003Mcsometcorology5004Mierometeorology5005Numerical modeling5006Planetary atmospheres5007--Radiative transfer5008Turbulence and diffusion5009Other (specify)

Solar-Planetary RelationshiP.5331Aeronomy5332--Aurora and airglow5333Cosmic rays5334Geomagnetic pulsations5335Interplanetary particles and fields5336--lonosphere5337Magnetosphetie particles and waves5338Solar and planetary physics5341Solar wind5349Other (sPecify)PtanctoloRY5301Interplanetary matter5302Lunar and planetary geology5303Lunar and planetary geophysics5304Meteorites and tektites5305Planetary at mospheres5306Planetary magnetic fields5309Other (specify)Additional Astrophyskal Specialties6011Binary stars6012Clusters6013Comets, meteors, interplanetary medium6014Cosmology6015Galaxies6016-1nterstellar medium6017Planets and satellites6018Quasars, pulsars, X-ray sources602IStellar composition6022Stellar evolution6023The Sun6029Other (specify)Other Specialties603IHistory of physics or astronomy6032Mathematical physics6033Philosophy of physics or astronomy6034Physics information, dissemlnation and

retrieval6035Relativity, gravitation6036Teaching of physics or astronomy6037Units, constants, standards, conversion factors6039Other (specify)

OTHER FIELDS OF SCIENCE5350Atmospheric Sciences5760Chemistry5360Earth Sciences6210Mathematics6330Computer Science6350Statisties6590Agrkultural Science6580Biological and Biomedical Sciences

6790Psycholoo6900Anthropology7050Economics7160Linguistics7270Political Science7360Sociology9990Other (specify)

235

r cr, 0

0123 PRImARY

C1rtNSION-CCI

011465104-00

010ENS1Ls-ce

PFIP ACT1V

6AS1C RCS

A)PIIEC RES

CEvEl..OESICN

MAKAG - R.0

MANAG - OTPER

TEACHING

OINCR

NO RESPONSE

707Al

CINENsioN-001

OINENsInN-002

GIMENSION-003

PASIC 875

APPLIE0 RES

0EvE140EsION

MANAG - R.0

MANAG - OTHER

TEACHING

OTHER

NO RESPONSE

707A1

5011, ACTIVITY BY 2NOAAY %CM ACT,=OPLCIER.SPECIALIY OF

P. O

151 CCPP: ICIAL ALE PA,EL GAWP:

'v.'s C.LLEr4 CF 001,1051/v

----- ----- .-Fcc% -VARY AcT1- VITY

BASIC APPI. rEdil, rv,A,; P&NSC TEJO.

REs

4E5

CES

RC

LIPE4

-16,: 01,-ER

N197

46

IR

15

2120

150

H8.5

5:8

2.9

.5

65.7

8.2

41.1

3.7

Y.

A11

82.c

'1 8

m39

145

it

19.2

312.1

1.8

1.4

vSg.i

IA

1.1

1.1

23.6

8.4

F.

s1

1

h7.

]7.]

?

V38.5

23.1

7.7

2....

.5

1.2

r4

;Ii

28

2li

9H V

26.9

13:0

.9

8.1

:521

1:4

5.1

4 5

2.4

4.5

3N

49

6I

39

215

8H

60.9

2.3

13.9

2.3

V11:766

365

6.3

i42

NAt%

ii;

1

i,

4H

69.9

9.4

1.6

V54.6

60.6

14:3

31.2

97.4

35.2

w5

21

75

11

3.1

6.1

21.5

15.6

V26.1

6.1

.3

.3

.5

.5

.3

1.4

P. r V

2975

N622

84

214

401

2585

367

H36.6

7.7

1.0

2.6

4.9

31.9

4.5

y99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0

59.9 100.1 ICC.1

0mo

151 COPPS 10146 ,111 PANE/. GROUPS

EPP& PRIVATE MOSTA'',

91

525

58

HOA

12.5

114

8.0

v3Z:7

1.7

20.2

3.4

36.8

14.1

N359

154

447

232

625

128

H24.5

10.5

30.4

15.8

.4

1.7

11.3

V01.0

12.7

64.7

51.4

4.1

36.6

4C.5

N1

113

35

32

53

28

M1.2

52.8

13.9

12.7

2.0

1.2

11.1

V.7

11.0

5.5

7.1

3.4

4.4

6.8

A70

437

124

122

12

85

N7.7

48.3

13.7

13.5

1.3

7.2

V15.8

36.2

19.3

82.4

17.6

150

N1

11

3.a

661

.8

4.8

48.5

1.3

V.2

.4

1.2

18.0

2.9

12

231:1

N2

m14.3

26.6

28.6

V.2

.2

.4

N9

41

16

13

13

128iti

11

5.8

26.5

10.3

8.4

6.5

.6

28.4

V2.0

3.4

2.5

2.9

6.6

1.5

10.7

6 m v N443

1208

641

451

148

68

410

11

11.8

32.2

17.1

12.0

3.9

1.6

IC.9

99.5 100.0

99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0 1CC.0

CO.P, LUAU

P.0

8658. ICIAL

155

1C4'

12.1 1CC.1

43 9

37.1

11

,tc

1.1

91.; 13

ICC.1

i26

1:2 1CC.1

02.7

5!1 1Cg2

3.8

4.3

244

4028

2.2 1Cr.1

2e.4

45.8

r32

18.8 1CC.1

.1

.4

ICVA 10138.G

21.0

2.3

677

5125

ic.e

95.5

ICC.1 1CC.2

103

729

14.1 1CC.0

28.5

19.4

39

1466

5.4 1C0.0

2C.6

5.1

13

252

5.2 1CC.1

3.4

6.7

74

4C4

8.2

55.5

1913

24.1

3127

13.6 1CC.0

8.0

4.5 7

100:3

21

155

13.5 ICO.0

5.5

40

10

IcC.0 100.0

16.3

1.4

381

3752

10.2

55.5

ICO.0 1CC.0

Al

A2 23

6

121 PAIRARV wma ActIvIlv HV 2hCIAR/ WORM ACI.EPPLOYER.SPECIALTY OF COPP. GEGREE

SITT4:88/ riV cr.,. 141.11. ALL PAK L G9CUPS

0 M hS ON-CC

_MAI L091Rhst.41-f(OCAALEETC.

SECCh -CARY Am- VIII,

86114 ACT1V

IlAhi Mt. CfirEL 81430

84411C 0E143

NO

RES

CES

155.

OTHER

-INC 072.E6 RESP. TOTAL

1451C PES

h18

135

346

12P

111

7C3

H3it.23

2.6

19.2

.4

6.9

16.2

15.6 100.4

V63.3

2808

62.5

7.7

69.7

s3 a

C.

4e

,f

APPLIED RES

496

23

31

56

111

41

15

230

H!?:153

;-.2

.,.,

25.9

2.6

16.1

111.2

20.3

.4

44

11:9

5.4 100.6

26.6

19.1

OEVEL4OESTOR

42

H15.i

61.1

15.4

7.4

11

2C.2

2C.9

102031:

.9

4.R

MAVAG - 50

N1.0

1.9

86

105

12

641

46

33t

H4Z:2

ik..1

14:

99'1

41

14.3

11.7 160.1

RARAO

OTHER

41

le

15

41

2.1-

5.1

2.2

34.8

4.5

2.3

2.7

3.2

H6.!

32.6

13.8 1CC.0

TEACHING

14

.11

1.6

7.4

14

11

50.1

25.0

25.0

140.0

OTHER

V N1.3

11

7.4 4

634

.3

H2,4

11.8

17.8 10C.G

ea

37.

20.6

5.i

1.7

2.1

2.3

NO RESPONSE

N1.6

2.7

1.6

3.2

5.1

36

34

Htgo.o teg..c

rTOTAL

NV192

414

63

216

19

66

238

220

1448

16.4

25

as

H13.3

28.6

4.4

14.9

2.7

4.6

16.4

14.2 ICC.I

va

V79.9 100.1 100.0

99.9 100.0 100.0 1CC.0 166.4 ICC.0

I-,

OTMENSICh-001

PHD

0I6E25I09-002

1S1 CUSP, TPTAL ALL PANEL GPCUPS

DIMENSION-003

rP1,1 RESEARCH CEhttR

OASIC RES

0 6!1

14.5

2121

260

153

_192

835

H3

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7.Z

18.3

3 C 1CC.0

V'

51.6

24.4

56.5

10.0

73.2

420

63.8

44.5

APPLIED RES

N153

61

118

E2

128

549

0.9 11.5

22.3

15.5

!:

137.h

5.3

99.9

H

lii

30

11

41i.1

27.3

5.S

5.3

28.2

OEVEL,OESIGN -

- N

.6

12.3

56.5

38.3

H21.5

46.2

16.9

6.2

4.!

4.! 10011

V4.8

6,0

5.3

1.9

H7

131

132

MANAG -_840

N101

133

25

15

j4i

29.3

38.6

7.2

4.3

2.0

0.

9.9 1CC.0

34.7

26.8

12.0

23

23

75.0

2.5

11.4

11.3

18.4

MANAG - OTHER

N1

42

17

H11.8

17.6

11.8

17.6

5.9

23.5

11.8 1CC.0

TEACHING

N.7

.6

1.0

1.4

1.2

1.5

.7

.9

N VOTHER -

-21

13

24

2

V7.2

2.6

1.0

1.9

10.0

41 10

52

199.9

2.6

H40.4

25.0

3.8

7.7

3.6

NO RESPONSE_ _

g34

34

707AL

NVNCI

1C0.0

11.

1.3

----------

H1in

2:1,1

1i27

115.2

1.1

4.4

14.1

16.0 100.0

26

82

264

30

1677

100.0

99.9 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 115.1 100.1

237

A3

A9

6721 PRIMARY

CIPENSIOE.-CCI

WENS 04-CC2

011411.5 UN-003

PRIM 4011V

BASIC PCS

APPLIFO RCS

CLVEL.DESIGN

HANAG - 4.0

KAHAG - OTHER

TEACHING

OTHER

NO RESPONSE

TOTAL

0154E6510N-001

0INFNSIGN-002

0INENSICN-0O3

BASIC RES

APPLIED KIS

DEVEL4DESIGN

MANAG

MANAG - OTHER

TEACHING

OTHER "

NO RESPONSE

TOTAL

vrAF ACTIVITY

PHO

15T

CPI.:

PmD

1ST

Lep*

157 INUATV

ECI.Rt 1013L

OTHER 4h0.4

eASIC

RES

N H V N43

H27.4

v50.0

ft

54

14.3

V3.5

N H11A

V N12.8 4

m5.0

v473.213.0

N H23.129

v22.1

N6

H5.6

V7.0

N Hv N

-86

H10.6

v10

0.1

COMPT 707at

AO RESPU6sE

N it v V V V iy

150.0

V100.0

V H

.4

100.0

%CPR ACI.EmPLOY19.SPECIALIY OF COPP. OEGREE

A5

ALL PANEL 0R0URS

sEcc4 -CART 4C1I- VITT

APPL. CEvEL MANRG NI610

5.0)

-1NG c.ER taSp. TOTAL

165

CES

0o

340

34

63

21N

41:0'

11.1

1.2

14.e

13.9 21

36.7

18.5

39.2

6.1

453?

28.O

310

20

:5

25

; 1 tql

1.4

12.7

11.9

1.1

17.2

15.9

3.2 12C.0

6.5

37.0

31.6

4.3

24.1

20.0

3.2

14.3

74

2I

21

33.3

19.0

9.5

4.8

14.3

4.5

7.4

2.5

.9

2.4

4.! IC'i.CE

Is

612

eIC:

44n

).0

16.0

6.0

12.0

8.13 1Cc.C.

28.4

,.6

54.0

5.4

9.6

5.1

1.)

s7

12

17

73

tc

6.3

8.8

10,..,

ICC.?

15.2

21.3

28.8

1.5

3f4

15.3

16.4

7.6

S.E

11.141

3.7

17.1

159

261.8 10721.i

7.1

31

29

IC.4

13.9

10.1

18

10

010

14

31

IC7

16.8

9.3

5.6

11.2

9.3

11.1

29.0

49.9

11.0

18.5

7.6

25.5

9.0

11.2

19.6

13.1

1E

16

.

IV8.? ITO

155

54

79

47

111

125

154

615

19.0

6.6

9.7

5.4

13.6

15.3

19.4 10-.0

100.0 100.0

99.9 100.0

99.9 1C0.0 1CC.0 100.1

ALL PANEL GROUPS

I100.0

1CO.

A6

33.3

.3

11

1CC.0

180.0

.3

11

100.0

1130.0

33.3

.3 -

12

50.0

100.0

100.0

.5

150.0

50.0 100.02

33.3

,3

.5

3,6

376

-

-1CC.0 IMO

94.7

98.2

3 .e377

383

.k

.1

9 8.4 100.1

100.0

100.0

99.9

1CC.0 10C.1

/- o kID

1A

12: PRIMARY 8064 ACTIVITY ry 240249 leCAA ACT.EMPLCYER.SPECIALIY

018185104-CC1

ke PHD

01828SIO9-002

1ST CCPPt IC7AL ALL 82461 CPCUP

01M185116-CC3

!WS CLLLEGE CR 131EEPSIIY

STCC5 -ow,

PRIM AMY

EASIC APPL. [EVE( PAn4C

RES

mES

DES

A.0

ILASIC kEt

k162

159

20

k11:)

4.2...!1

36:1

h26

xi

47

16

APPLIED RES

V H 9ii:;

t.i.

11..;

11:(

0I4EL4GCSIGN

11 m

24n 199 219

3.i

h46AO - 8.0

V2.1

' '

05.3

3.6

h6

19

eH

10.9

34.5

14.5

.9

3.2

3.3

A1

NAAAC - OTHER

V H6.g

6.g

5.;

1

.9

1 0

2.0

II

8526

1544

16

TEACHING

V .i2:2

2!:3

.11:;,

27:3

vOTHER

14

91

40

21

H.33.1

17.4

7.4

.e

NO RESPONSE

V II6.0

3.6

3.7

101

H

TOTAL

N669

566

244

55

H11.1

11.5

4.8

1.1

V100.0

99.9 100.0 100.0

DINEASICN-001

AC APO

0IMENSION-002

151 COPP: TOTAL ALL PANEL GROUPS

DIME8SION-003

EPP: PaIVATE IACUSTRY

BASIC RES

n103

22

11

54.2

11.6

6.6

NAPPLIED RES

v129

la;

hl

118

H7.4

17.4

40.7

9.7

DiVELDESIGN

-M - -

41'1

115.1

41;1

39'4

..f 39!8

30.g

8?1)

rt

918

3.11i

2244

21"

%MOW -.

1140

v H1.2

37.4

29.2

PANAC - -OTHER

V6.3

22.6

16.1

n133 len 21.3

OP CORP, 0E08E1

ACT1- 54111.

pA%sc TEACh

AO

CILA

-141 Cut-ER REIP. IOTAL

4.16

413

7c7

2564

-1

=1"

I6-'1

"-"L'.-1

24 64,9

11.0

41.3

.C.3

271

11

49

:41

.626.7 "a "."'"i

t.0

7.1

6.6

!.c

6.

9.114012.1 ICC(21

.6

1.1

.2

1..

29

74

55

3.6

12.4

12.7

7.1

49.9

1.0

.9

1.0

.2

1.1

46

73

1)

10

52.2

14.8

12.5 ICC.0

4.1

1.6

.7

1.7

193

176

661

1762

10.1

31.5 1C0.1

11:7

25.1

4C./

34.2

416

921

121

3.3

13.2

7.4

17.4 ICC.0

2.0

1.6

1.1

1.3

2.4

1C3

IC3

1C24 1CO.0

205

979

710

1650

5057

4.0

19.2

13.4

12.4 1CC.0

100.1 100.0 1CC.1 1CC.0 1CC.0

3.1

l811

711 IC110

22

80

112

3,1 IN

1.3

.9

18.6

4.1 1C0.1

10" 21"

14.3

It" 33"

2.2 XI

5!; 3M

13i1

12.1

Itill

14e1

ii0

9.6

.7

14.1

7.5 1(0.0

40.8

e.s

12.9

14.3

16.4

15.5

11.A

1i.2 IC4.55

17.

2!/

316C?

!!!!

?!.CC,

39

2IT

52.9

11.8 100.0

1.5

.9

.4

.3

506.S

3!1

21!;

11'4'

ts".o8

3205

33.6

16.1

24.2

112.4

70

7C

100.0 10C.0

15.7

1.3

10.4

ill

11'3

14.1 ilEi

99.9 100.1

95.9

55.9

99.9

A7

AIL

TEACHING

t3Ti"

-- -

no RESPONSE_

70)8E

_.i

V.6

5.0

6.2

27.6

%t

tt

H5.9

5.9

5.9

- -Z-- -

11.85

2021

51,121

53.:

H V6.3

9.9

6.9

6.4

n H v IIk!? iln Wi

V.k

99.9 100.1

99.9 100.0

239

1-,

crs

MD 6,

12s PRImAgy mORR ACIIVITY 81 241'465, hePR ACI.EMPLCVER.SPECIALIv OF CUP.

CIPFh510N-CCI

N0 14.0

01P285108.-002

151 CLPP: TCTAL ALL PAhEi GAELPS

Di.thSICN-OC3

LPPT 0091Rh*.hT-FECCPAL

TC.

5E,f4 -0889 A011- 9115

PAD, ACT1V

625I0 APFL. rEvEL PAhAC hAhAC 784(8

he

AES

ALS

[CS

8.0

Cr8CP

-INC C18E1I RES..

BASIC RES

14

33

37

4IC

92

39

m8.1

4.0

1.0

2.4

22.5

8.5

v2

7.6

APPLIED RtS

N148

260

ili1

417

"il

114g

"Al

HIii

15.6

16.8

27.4

12.4

1.2

1.2

2C.6

4.8

V68.2

20.8

59.9

51.4

12.4

34.4

18.1

20.7

OEVELCESIGN

N10

8;7

.

H4.9

42./

47

23

22.8

11.2

2.4

.t

13.1

2.4

v4.6

11.4

10.8

1C.8

5.8

3.1

5.3

2.3

MANAG - 11.0

n41

383

35

235

64

H7.4

49.4

13.4

.6

13.2

7,1

MANAG

OTHER

Z16.1

30.6

15.7

23

11

21

41:1

9.4

12.3

15.9

15.6

VTA

/:t

, 9.9

N4

C:i

118:i

11.1

TEACHING

M H7.1

7.1

35.7

21.4

V.5

.2

212;

OTHER

N14

14

51;1

15;

-9!1

27S1

7.1

5.5

9.5

2.0

26.9

12.6

V10.6

9.0

4.1

6.6

27.0

15.6

13.2

14.5

NO RESPONSE

N45

H

TOTAC

Ii81

n217

769

434

213

89

32

514

220

H8.7

30.9

17.4

0.8

3.6

1.3

20.7

8.6

V100.0 100.0

99.8 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 ICO.0

018E851018-001

NO PHO

DIMENSION-002

1ST COPP: TOTAL qt. PANEL GRCUPS

OIMINSION..003

EPPI RESEARCH CFNI:R

BASIC RES

N64

16

820

67

57

H27.6

6.9

3.4

8.6

21.9

24.6

V46.7

37.0

4C.0

APPLIED RES

N38

27;T

9.6

16.7

80

27

450

5H

1C.3

et

1.5

19.0

- V

tki4 IN

5.7

,i11:1

D6.3

8.7

13.3

27.6

13.2

OEVEL.DESIGN

N4

43

33

122

H3.8

40.6

31.1

.9

2C.8

2.1

V6.9

10.6

19.9

2.1

12.2

2.6

MANAG - 840

N45

20

10

18

11

H3.7

41.7

18.5

v6.9

19.5

12.0

43:i

16.7

10.2

919

9.6

MANAG ... OTHER

N9

84

12

3H v

14.1

21.4

19.0

im 28,

2.6

5.4

16.7

6.6

1:1

TEACHING

N1

11

1H

25.2

25.0

25.0

v__

..6

.9

9:1

OTHER

e4

10

211

H12

25

9.6

4.8

12.0

2.4

13.3

13.1

V10.3

/8:!

4.8

8.3

43.5

6.7

6.1

9.6

-NO RESPONSE

13

100.0

v

_

NTOTAL

H

58

231

166

48

2B

3!1

21!1

Iii2

N6.8

27.1

19.5

5.6

13.4

v100.0

99.9

99.9 100.1 100.0 100.0 10C.0

49.9

(AGREE A9

10180

4C9

59.5

1,830

ICO.0

16.;

1CC.0

2.0

6.1

1C01.t

19.1

1Li14

99.9

2;1

1C0.0

IC.?45

14:5

;488

100.0

1CO.0

232

100.0

241

27.3

Imo

30.9

1CLC,t

17.5

108

1C0.1

12.7

42

1CO.0

9:1 C3.5

100.0

9.8 13

100.0

1;1

99.5

1C0.1

A10 24

0

1-,

ONvpLA

4121 PF104PI. heRF ACTIVITY RY 24^443 6CRA 1CT.EHPLC314.SPECIALT3 OF CLHP. CEGAIE

CINENSI04-CCI

KC opic

0IMENSION-102

151 CCAPt 1C131 ALL PANTE '.:FCLIFS

0IMEN5I015-0O3

CPPA OTHER 6:C4N

SECCh -(463 ACIA- VITY

RIM ACT1V

eAsIc APPL. CE-L 04.46 01.1C 11400

he

P4ES

+ES 4 CP:

46C

C11.16

-16C (DER 9E5P. 1CTAL

BASIC RES

1429

56

15

30

29

116

H25.0

4.1

5.2

1.i

12.4

23.1

23.1 1CL.0

APPLIE0 RES

V5.6

3.5

8.5

.2

8.c

5.2

1.9

3.4

h21

34

4::

21

2.37

H6.9

14.3

16.9

13.1

2.1

92.4

29:1

5:3 loc.,-

516.4

11.4

26.4

44..

1.2

12.2

IC.6

1.4

7.1

CEVEL4CESIG14

N1

IA

4t

2Z

12

444

V.4

4.4

20.6

.5

1.1

2.1

N45,40 - 646

Pi

2.3

29.5

9.1

13.6

4.5

4:5

27.3

9.1

99.9

.E

54

68

11

25

12

43

11 4

lil

H4.4

17.9

6.0

73.6

7.7 Icc.c

6.3

22.9

7.E

5.6

6.4

1.5

.5

5.4

MANAG - OTHER

V)7.1§

r.1

NIIC

63

70

287

H22

IQ

12

7 .7

3.3

4.2

38.3

22.0

24.4 1CC.1

TEACHING

V151

76

17.1

58.5

10,9

4.2

f.'s

N326

1181

2125

H4.0

4.6

2.6

.2

17.5

15.3

55.6 ICC.0

OTHER

V66.4

34.3

39.0

7.1

68.7

56.6

76.9

63.2

N13

29

le

IC

23

26

41

97

235

H5.1

11.4

6.3

3.9

9.0

10.2

16.1

38.0 ICO.0

V10.2

9.8

11.3

14.3

5.4

ILA

7.1

6.3

7.6

NO RESPONSE

h H1011.8 1C1!

V_

7.7

3.5

TOTAL

N120

297

141

70

425

108

576

1535

3,61

H3.8

8.6

4.2

2.1

12.7

5.6

11.1

45.6

99.9

V100.1 100.0

99.5 100.0 100.1 100.1 ICC.0 ICC.0

99.9

0I13ENSION-001

NO Phe

0I0E13SI014-002

1ST CCPP: TOTAL ALL PANEL Cocos

CINENSION-0O3

EPP* NO 0E56e35E

BASIC RCS

h4

26

_Ii

33.3

1C0.0

APPLIE0 RES

V111:1

100.0

.3

N H

OEVEL40ESIGN

N N VRAMAG - Rf0

H VHMO - OTHER

N1

1

10C.G

. 100.0

V20.0

TEACHING

N1

H50.0

50.1 110.1

V-100.0

.1

OTHER

N H VNe RESPONSE

--R

.2017

2017

14

100.0 160.0

VICC.0

99.6

TOIA1

NI

52

2C16

2026

.1

99.6

99.9

V160.0

-

100.0

100.0

loc.0 106.0

All

Al2

241

111 gi

r4 it

-

2414.

tAk) frit

13114111#311

Sft

nil3iIA

PHOU1NENCIU4-00 Ws COLLEGE OP 1141VERSITY Al 5DIN1A5M-00. PRIMARY AO, TOTAL Ph0114PAAI1A L P N -141

V 84.8 d1 4.60A3214 14 2 h

91.31E P--- -------*: 25.8PAN418 P

VN

1.1 2.7

1.1 4.02 22

PAN5811, A.(

PAN51110

PAIS1P CP 12

VIi

.74VPAN61C Ft N

V 1.f 5!,1

PAN9IOPTICS ---NV

V .6PAN715 [ P N 1

P4962810 I.

v .111

,i.4

.I .1 .1 .361.4

91.2 2 4 e4 et

1.0 92.0 .1 .4 .430 119

.1

i .1 1.3 sPf 4i!!i

7117---41 -XI.

.i .2 79.4 92.9 05.82 208 221 429

.; 1!; 131 .1 2,74

*I

.1 .1 .1.22

.f .4 I.i .1 1.,

7 2

2.4 1.6 6.1 13.6 1.1 1.9 i.6 6.6 8.2) 11 161 --4-11

9

.9 4.f 2.5 3.6

11 114 3.; 3tg .1 102-94 Vit1,4 11 1044 7.3 3.,

..1 1.t .1

.1 Il 1.1 iN.1 1.1

.1 11 1.1 ;:l

1.9 2.1 1.f 1.?2 45 524,1

I /0 431 I;611;12 1.: 15r4 149 161; 1.1 1 .9 21. 5.2

.1 056., 1.1 2. .6 1./ 1:1

1.1 16 27 4 .494.4 1,4 2.6 3.2

61 11

2.129 I.! 3.1 511 2.; 48( 4.0 1nPANIOIACOUSTICS N 1

.f14

!1 1.i InPAN11-151451110N--9

PANIOINISC M

12.6 1

.2 5.4

.81 14 *

1 .4 7191.1 61:1 21 2 : Z71

V

6.7 .

7.1 2.9 2!6 2.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 2:6 5.6 8.1 6.1 4.1 ,!1 589 32;.1 Lill

'104 EffiKANNV

118 44( 100,1 Ogg 262 21;- 141 123 271 93 36t Lent 151 7341100.0 100.4 100.3 100.2 174.4 192.8 105.8 101.9 102.6 101.5 101.1 100.0 100.6 102.4 104.4 10 .0

D1x04510.5-001 PHD11~6104-002 IOPI01,06510U-003 P510A

:AV

V

PAN2 TA X E

-PAPTIIE P

PA94111 P

PA7:5517

PAN513IPV

1-PANSIP LF

VPA.461C

VPAN7SS T-1i

VPAN81810

pAmlosicousvics

-P8911.1514STION----11V

PAN161NISCV

-NTRESPOISTUTAL 64014

RY ACT1 TOTAL KNOWN12

124 4 48).7 14.8 24 3._1.i

2 1.1 66-9 6!1 .1

2 11 912.5 4.11 11.1 712.1 4.1 3.S 3.8

101

41. 72.0 1.5 49.5

4 56 60

1 104

1.7 .1 2.6 83.6 _28;6

1 43Iii 74'1 MI 78.i2.3

107 57 1 4

8.3 18.6 3.7 6.2 8.4 4.; 7.1

.1 1.1

.7

-Psdi9tOPTICS--P7-- -5361.6 1.1 A

1.43 3

2.1

.t

61 446.i4. i

1

16 23 27 1i3 143 61100.1 107.1 100.0 102.v 174.8 10.2 176.1

11 19

4.1- i 2.1 .5As 1

3 i 2813

!I '5:6

LI 4 .1 4.2 sil 5.3 7,4114 321 23 20 3.4

27 1

it iii

1.9 71 10.5 27.1:93 321' 5.9 4.1 6.8

1.1 2.315

3.0 5. 4.520- 162

91a.1 1.1 lg. 4. 1. 3. 41i 1

III 4./ 7.1 4.8 401 9.1 t.021

42/11

12.1 10.6 31.: 0 13!1 6.8 14.1. 22! UN2- '3 8-.f _784 1 16-- 3 -11784.5 3.4 .6 .6 18.2 2.4 3.4 3.3

f4

1.

101.3 104.3

243

12 1 1 2 IS41. .8

6.4 54? .1 4.i 5:1 6-.' IP3. .8 69.6 .1 2. 3.2

2.426 S

-47.1 .1 N2.1338 3) 47651 4.0 6.8 54i2 37.2 13.7

24 919 115 44 610 138 359441

99.8 101.4 104.8 104.3 104.2 109.1 101.1

A 16

f.144.43109-002

EMPI GOV1RNNEHT-FEOCPAL TIC.

1,11meNtui-001

PHD

Al7

DIM1;t1104003

PRIMARY ACT1 TOTAL 69019

P511I1A

I. R

N16

V76.2

.4

I.i

P54214 H I.

N V736.;

2.1

4ID

12.1

13

23

6.1

4.1

2.7

3.t

7.3

855.

0

20:.I

14

2120

P64116 P

H1

37-H

101

2.4

,is

1.0

86.0

5.6

2:1

1.6

1.1

.)

4.

4.6

4.7

V1.3

I.i

4.1

2.i

1.1

7.1

5.7

6.7

PANAM P

k

P5951111

X---30

31

11

12

25

4.6

2.1

461.2

2.1

32.0

2.9

I./

1.0

3.5

PANSB1P

N1.0

3.4

I7

P4451P C 6

41---

31.1 __2.1 _________2111

4Ia _f1.11

II __14

11

.?

21

99

2.i

1.4

IAANISIC

N11

4.6

3.1

2.1

V4.4

6.1

63.1

63.3

71.2

3.i

2.7

S2i2

31

.1

i41q

41.

2.9

7.2

4.;

22.1

2.1

12!:

83:2

i20.0

21.4

8.5

PM:7:S C F-

11

22.1

47

lOs

2-

i3

4'e

1122

17 a

24?-,

2129

PAN41610

g9.5

4.I

2.1

2.0

11.9

2.0

5.2

91.1

.4

i

70.5

IS

1.3

2si

1.4

PANIO:ACOUSTICS

N2.1

1.

5.4

4.8 6:1 42.

1.7

3.7

4.1

2.1

7.2

Is

./

0)

6.

2.

49,4

V4.1

141:

2.1

1--

i19

43-

Ia

99

8/0191GPTICS

N

2.

3.8

51

114011-L5:ASTRO?:

-N

-I

15

1/I

494

1.0

1.0

67.0

2.0

2.1

6.8

VG 5E57.09-.8

/iV

2.1 2

3.!

4.f

64_ 53

21!

1:1

5.1

10./

6.4

48.7

57.1

10.5

PAN16:9151

42

796

20

144

TOTAL 4004N

N21

96

43

107

49

44

9/

373- 149

25

101

59

109

147

35

1377:0

-V

104.9 103.1 102.2

99.4 143.1 183.5 173.2 101.2 102.8 100.0 102.1 103.5 100.8 100.4 103.0 107.2

as9DCO

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PHO

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A19

014145104-003

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sP59I14 C R

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1.5

68.2

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41.4

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5.2

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--1757131E-7-

1,4144:4 P

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1.5

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4247

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11.2

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244

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24,1

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60.8

3.0

24.4

2.5

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2.I

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212

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118

164

0

11

4

19

4.1

3.3

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10.9

20

195

11.6

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14.4

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2.4

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100

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409

74

131

205

162

91

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11

69

204

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116

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245

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410.0

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1 23 11 2 69 a 6 58 9 813

PAN7:5 C P WV 14.2 15.9 4.4 5!/ 13f1 IA 8fi 711N 9.4 11.1 14.5 _7.6 12.4 ._11.z 24.3 33.9

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p41.81210 14

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24.3 12.914

114.4 105.5 102.1 101.2 173.3 135.6 170.3 102.2 105.4 500.0 101.4 104.0 101.9 103.6 113r4 lit:2

oil SPEC OF END AY SPEC OF 157 CONE% SY EMPLOYEA.PAIMAAY VORA ACE16116.0EGOEF

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VI:L'24:4

536

21

64

38

846

361

21

*

11

169

84

21

411

31

1449

00

------U ----100.0 102.9-103.0

-102.4 173:7 200:0 178.3-102.3 100.0 100.1 101.4 100.2 100.1-101.5 100.3 103.a

OtRINSIER-001

NO P40

rt,,,,:iwi-ooz

CO0, torn xtio.N

A 3

6.

UIA.?.51l,-033

PRIPAP.1 AC11 11140 -- 60

8.51,4 6

.,

4 E

rAttts4 P

1,2453:F-

PG4413:P

P19.50

CT

'PASEIE 4

pA4700 t-

F4s61710

PANS:OPTICS-

P10101ACOUSTICS

P1411-15105T509

00u10=mtst

lgais,NKL-

4 V 9 V 4 v I. V

766 7

333

5S!7

4.1 5

10.6

.

54.1

- 5-

735.7

6.0

50.1

70111

.i

.4

4.1

.1-

v N Al 0 m v

33.1

4 V h :

1

.9 4

3.4

7.1---3.1

V 4 72

817.0 1

2.2

v 4 4101

1

,.9

7.1 -64

14

117

99.9 101.1

N V133.1

47

99.9

.1

13

14

)69

2.1

7.1

3.1

2.1

1.1

4.1

4.1

2.8

1.6

9.3

.1

2_

.__

7_

2_22

.6

1.4

3.7

1.4

2i1

1.1

2.;

5.;

5.1

I.:

A4f1

16.;

in0.:

66.i

1.1

;-3!1

2.1

2.T- it.i

.1

1.!--TD----2::

4.0

10

171.4

16.

1

.81.

9.9

0-0N

20!!

'

00:2

2.!

..1

10.1--

71

tii

3./

311

1.4

0N,

12.t

19./

71!1

1.4

347

-13.6

7.0

211.2111 AN

6to -

i70

1.0

67.1

.6

A 22.2

2.0

3.

4.3

635.1

2/

tI

11_254

-

2.1 --1.1 --3./--11!:

11.:

114 -Xi- --;, -14.4---64 -11.1 --19!*6

72.1

1.1

2.4

2.1

5.9

.1

81:/

3./

3!!

3.

15I1

14

1.3

1.4

12.t

7A 11.1

4!;

5.; 23A

7!!

3.;

5131 604 Ca 211):

723

47

48

14

6/

294

70

IT

317

14/

27

508

54

1419

166.8 178.4 169.3 102.7 104.2 111.9 100.3 101.3 103.7 103.4 102.0 104.0

rt 5PIC OF thP BY SPIE OF 15T 104P BY ENPLOYEA.PalvAdy WORK ACT IvIrY.CECAEE

004t5105-001

NO P40

I-,

-4

CD

kr,

DINFA104-002

COPS TOTAL KNOWN

CIPENJ1C,-u01

P.I.AN. ALT. hmti; --

__PAnti. 0641-1.

SOFRO 157 CONP

12

p64114 1 4

0

044214 6 t

7r

50.z

P3gC P

%

P.../414 P

7V

14.3

PAN5Alf

ri

- v

°MCA

P611.

1

5o,g

-1;.1

33.1 1

100.0

24411

4 2.3

lit

10.1

-

4./ ./ 1

B.

148

100.0

PANEL

54

SSA 6

54.5

9.1

36.: 11

154.5

7./

53.8 7-

53.8

7.3

7./

23.1

-

11

153.8

PAh501P

Pr V

P6951P t F

N

PA.1611 N

- ----- : v

14.1

P45715 / P

5

24591010

v N

PAN4:1071C5

V N2

14.3

Zp4U10:.tCOOST1CS

VPA5t1-1514STROV

ri

0,..16:P1tC

v7.1

nt

'314V11:f:,

N14

-V- - 103.0

(wok:my-1

ma ere)

01hEN104-00

CMPI TOTAL 1040.8

DIPthS11.1.-Ou

A.RINAKY 4[31 TkACNING

vP102(5 h t

h92.9

45

62.

7.3

41

78.2 2

3.6

5.1

1.1

1.i

-

St

100.0

De

8_1.7

1.11

.4

-

.1

.4

131:

-

109

100.0

T64310 P

-

N.-

1V

1.4

P14418 P

N2

PIN5ASF -

v

2.6

PANSCIP

N li

PAVSIP C F

vPAuctC R

N v8.1

PANT'S C P-N v

PL4011110

11'444:OPTICS

6V

7.1-

R.

PA510:4CONiTICS

N1

V-------

-1.4

P4411-15:457710h

-

5 VPANI6INISC

V_15!1_

N-

It

7i

V100.0 100.0

.Ub- FttlD

CF

WI,. SPFC. ----- ----- ----- ----- --_-

PAttil

Pah

a.Pc.tt, PANEL Mai. PAK'. PANEL PAKL PANEL NO

TOTAL

t.

56

78

910

11-15

16

;ESP. 16Crk

73

12

1.6

31.1

2.6

.1

t

6.1

2.2

4.1

1.1

25.:

..0.1

.1

75.0

20.0

2.

3.4

/a

..

1.4

26

61.16

2.1

6.0

6.7

16.2

...2 2

175.0 603

.1

17

6./

681.11

12.-;

3;1

?.1-

---I--

t:

'A

14

41.7

11.1

6.3

8.

9. 11.2

th.3

10

8.1

.I.

3.!

I15

.9

2.6

,35.1

1.!

2.1

J5!!

6.1

12

78!?

115

/eirl

6.41..;

14

i9

3Sv

IIS'

2.4

8.3

3.0

3.4

6.1

2I

26.7

8.1

16.7

33.1-2v.

8.3

25.0

671;

tat!

3211

15

123

24

3114

41

12

4e6

Po

411

175.0 160.1 100.6 100.0

99.9 101.9 102.2

99.4 100.9 101.0 101.5

l2

14

3

12

7.1

0.

135

2.1

1.0

...,

4.8

4.i

IA5.1

2.2

2.;

327

i1

5.1

3.1

1.3

.4

2.3

2.0

22

IS

71.9

2.5

3.1

1.I

4.3

75--

2.6

li

:1

5ili

2

2.1

K2

13

215

78.9

46.9

.2

15

22-

520

Ci

78.9

68.8

2.5

.7

1.0

1.3

5.1

6.1_6M_

14

2

3.1

o!?

-2.1

1.;

.1

oi!I --i-J- 1.)

3.1-- 6,!1

:!5

s..:

I:::

-1,:iii

-

21

l

9:2;6

3:130

:52ii

46:31

ill

'I

lel

.1

.1

.7

3SO

75.0

I.0

1.0

1.4

I .1

15.:

152 25!!

41.3

11.1 103

2i3Il

72.7

221

2409

- 011-

33

,ha

4,13

71

;'=

"28

2941

304

3418

178.9 160.8 102.5 100.0 10u.0 100.0 100.0

99.r 100.6 101.1 101.3

255

.13 SPEC OF EPP EV SPEC OF 1ST COMP 5! EMPlOVER,PRIpARY SOAR ACtIVITV.OEGAIE C1..16104-001 NO PIM OW81104-002 -111P1 TOTAL-ANONN "

Nei45104-001 PRIMART 411s 1.11CR ANOvn -- 5n8- F1110 CF ENPL. SPEC. ----- ----- ------ ----- ------

SU3FLO 1ST CChP PANLIPANELPTLWIELPANCIPA4ELPANELPr.EL PANEL 55441 PANEL 534E1 PANEL PANEL AU ICIAL

1 2 4 SA SE 5 6 7 8 V IC 11-15 16 AESP. 'Av.%

P441:4 I A 7N / 1 4

7'.0 3.6 .7 1

014311 7 21.6

17

.1 6.0 1.2 7 I

8!) I.) 3.6 1.; 5.1 3.1 40

577214 A E - m '4

1 .2 1.1 3.1 I!: 31

P EN5AIF V .1

6:1 71!7 7./ 7.1 4.5 4.1 10.8 1.4 2.4

3.6 42.1 1:1 iN

PA.:4t4 P N 2 2 _

P4951117

VN 1.i 23.1 3 3.5 1

1.4 S IS

MAK-8

IN'

4 2./

23.1

7./

21.4

72 3.5 4

123q11.1 1.5 2.4 1.e SI

. I. 1.i

A ./ .7 1 .1

1.3 1

.5

F1153P 4 F 3 I . 9 2 at

8.4

2:1 60.3 4.7

49 7 2 63 P137sS I P

13.11 4.0 5.1 Si 141

12.1 118

P446(810 ;

- 7 I 6- 7" II ::i 6i'

1 57.0 1.4

PAn9toPEICS V 4 5

1.4

.i

2.1 I5.i 100.8 21.6 I4!. 3.1 620:1

63f; 3.i 3.! 4!: 10.! 1/!I

P5411-15:ASTRON N 25.0 1

21.6 3.5 6

2.6 1.1 1:1

P4%10:4COUST1CS 1W11

2 72 16

PA.(16t.ISC V Pf 4 -5 11 6- 15

1i(1 I 9

1.4 117.11

4 64.3 1.1 18 7

2.5 3:

V 42.9 12.9 14.n 10.0 6.5 4.9 10.1 71!! 46M 3-.?7,

13.0 24.0 6.0 46.2 Qllt.r,..-:(i.%

i

4 25 2t

138 6 4 2 1 .(... *J

16 tli

134 82 21 E13 18 4.233 8 -- - m ----100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1

1231.1 100.8 I211.1 tan 103.3 100.0 102.0 99.9 100.1 101., 102.7 101.4

001W-10s-001 NO Pn0 IniK.I39-662 CAP( TOTAL 84044

A - 01,-*,:1'A-cu3 PEIPAAv ALT) 1081 ANOvN

P1L1s4 L ( 4 2 1 12 24 s 128 - - :::: 1

N

4

4 61.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 .4 1.2 3.2 411

ii ii

493 A2

6 1 7 i/ 2!;

2.; 1!; .! 2.t 128

2.1_ 43.4 831

5.2

V% 7-77.67 1 .1 3.6.4.0.8

2 I 3 11 5 7

P4141% P 144 4".80")."'.5 '4 'V LI I:

6 1

4 4 71 21 244

1

1.2 3d ,ta

5.6%5517 Y. 1.0

1 21.; 115.? 6E6 I.t 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.8 6.4 1.1 1.t __II

1:8 7.3 m.1

- 242 53 8 - 3-- 17 58

9 21

i1.01.3.1.663!33.140.51.81.4 2.1 .9 1.3 1.8 1.0 .8 7.6 6 411--

P34;51P N -I 6 108 94 3).4 .1 .9 4 6 5 .1 NI .2 IN

83.4.8 L-F--t, - I 'a tzt 87.5

145 436 57 14 3 - i'

- 9 5 08 9 1.6 - 2 5 6 1.6 1.2

./ .7

6i.0 85.9 72.9 2.0 2.7 2.1 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.5 1.3 .1

PA96:C 8 3 76 111 56 56 4 39 8 486 91 3231 ;

1.0 11.0 2.9 4.4 15.1 1.8 10n /1.1.? 4!! 7!6 IiI3

5.5 2.0 0.1 12.5 23.1 P19715 L 7,----- 97 1, I ! 11 415 2 14

P4481010

.i .i .1 1.6 .4 1.-

9 - 27 71 14 se(

12 465.31.4.7 1.3 6.5 1.2 2.t lit

5 69 4 6 21 'I; .13

.9 .2 PANTICPTICS-171 --- - 1-- 111 - 6 16 16 41.6

4.5 9.1 5.8 12.1 60.1 1.5 4.5 5.5 5.2 13.4 27 2E3 37 17 1106 - II 15 326 37 2129 49" "9 4:: .4 .7 .7

104610:1COUSTICS t 1.0 14.6 1.0 1.1 4.3

2 36 15 5.c

1

.! 't

-- .?

6 42.11( 1 i2 62'9 1.3 1.4 4.6

n7 m3mil-tatimaaar----, 7

21 1.2

1 78 13 7,7

NO 3LsPovr -- ----il ----- -- 3 - II 27 - 40 F. 7 56 7

4!1 271!1

682 rA416tolsc

Z 7.0 .i

.z .2 .8 .2 .2 .8 .1 69.Z 1.0 I.f .711.; -- -

8 " 32783511"1"""1"4"41 425 53.4 1 1 5 7 6 2 44.87.76.610.411.46.7173.4 5..8 31.7

FOAL ANC.% 11 11 471

103 693 616 1215 371 227 595 2494 635 140 1917 713 396 5173 711 15,41

101.0 101.2 100.2 100.9 164.8 164.7 172.9 107.1 107.2 107.0 161.1 101.3 1C2.0 101.6 101.2 104.1

0INFJ.5!0% -001

PHD

01.thSlfs-002

EmP SPEC, PANEL GROUP 1 --

g 8

011.i-1.11LN-003

FPPI TOTAL 89099

111"C 1'11 --- --- -- if -- -- ---- - - --- ----e7!1- -66?1--.7!! --so!Z--se-1

94.1 ---21-71 --xEci.1

6.63

61!1 ico.i

HP

25. 30.1

50. 33.9

75. 39.1

APPLIED_ILLS____

1--_-

14-A

HP

25. 31.4

50.48 2;i75.34.8 2.4

kt.6Elt015119 -.---79 9

2.1

.1-----

HP

25. 40.8

50. 42.0

75. 43.1

214AG - 11.10_

151

5.!

17.1---7.1 -id

4N

HP

25. 34.5

50. 42.0

73 44.3

HANAC._,_D1151.1_

k2.4

4.1--

33.1

V.3

gP

244 43.3

50. 52.0

75. 65.8

02.i

302.1

21!i

fo.1--35:3--r8i

14.i

7r!;

HP

25. 32.0

SC. 34.7

73. 4C.8

Y2.1

7.1

.02

HP

25. 27.0

50. 37.0

75. 47.0

0S.1 --1.1

FA

s

mp

25. 27.6

50. 12.0

75. 16.3

_LLA

CH

I.r.

WiRF3poksp

IUTAL________

loca 100V) 1.,11

-40!Z ICG9 Ise.1-lec.1

lei!? pr.!

-

HP

25- 30.9

$5. 34.7

73. 4L.e

otH-..3inS-001

PHD

--itr.MIE;I:t2i -P;S,,TAILT.P..h"cut 2 '- " 1

-

,....slc ALS

N2

95

105

85

74

42

13

a6

33

5C5

V'100.0

66.4

54.6

46.2

36.5

30.2

23.6

33.3

26.1

23.1

50.0

47.5

112

25. 30.3

50. 33.2

62PLIE0 RES

421

53

30

17

12

a4

21

144

14.7

14.8

16.3

11.5

10.9

14.5

16.7

8.7

7.7

13.9

_HP

25. _31.0_ __30. 34.5

75..41.6 ,

L Yel..1151C9

.1

2.1

1.f

1.?.

2.1

LI

4.1

12

V1.7

14.5

71, 55.1

N.NAG - 1.0

N1

13

11

23

IS

12

32

222

.7

3.6

6.0

15.5

13.6

21.0

12.5

6.2

15.4

7.1

__23._37.1____50._53.0_ 75.

P .AG - OTPEA

NI

21

57

5y

.7

.6

.5

3.4

6.4

9.1

4.1

e. i

7.1

2 f1

_hP

21. 41.8____5G. 47.0_

75. 52.1

1f.CHING

N11

.14

217.

1285.i

264.!

242.;

23.11

20.1

43.1

23.1

33.i

213.41

__

______

hp__ 25. 32.4

50. 37.5

75. 45 )

O71-ER

12

114

V11

111

11

1.1

4.1

15.4

16.7

1.3

HP

_25. 33.3____50. 56.5

75. 62.0

nd CSPON!E

11

57

3.S

2.0

.t

2.1.1

3.1

8.7

7.1

2.21

._HP 25.

30.2_ __50. 34.5

75. 47.0

TOTAL

92

143

347

184

148

110

55

24

23

13

610E5

103.0 100.0 100.0 vox 100.1

99.9

94.11 ICO.0 tcc.o lec.i 1C0.0 100.0

HP

23. 31.2

5-3. ss.1

7s. 41.-.! 25

7

___OtrENSIEINtf0

EIHANSION -00

PP -vim

GA

C00

3E

DINENSION -00

EmP3 TOTAL 14084

211

338

182

106

OAS1C RES

:440.__

13;

4411

0/0.

07_

7s61

1 .4

36.

66

18

7

7_11

.__I

WL

29.2

14.

01C

.0

t 120

.49:

:; 1C

0.

APPLIED RES

05

14

11

47

56;231.;3_2.375.341.1_333.1_56i___

DEVEL.OESIGN

3.,

L,___257.17_3201

ii..1

55.1

4.1_

1.1

_ 2.

13.

1_2

16

NANAG - R.0

__Ip60

161

lip

15. 34..T50. 43a

1.17t_,A11;71122.1___111./__15.t

21.1 3s,a_24.!

HANAG - OTHER

2:1

h

4,.._

2_...

675.

11:3

.70_

11__

_2.L

_L.3

8.i

201

is.1

33

:(ACHINO

16

1.3

51:1_st;43.15210.175.25111.12311

151.8__1161__10.;

10.i

20.1

_117.1

/1

OthER

7.

29

15. 2

9.11

-307

,- S

lat 1

"175

-34.

1c.

g9

.6

NO RESPow.1

HP

--23

.30.6

tz

11

ta.A

10.

39

268

IOTAI

1035

1r9

;11

,As ,A 31

24

100!3 1001.1 ICC.i

10!1 10?.i

HP-257.73-076-50. S .

7 0 40.1.

100.0

DIMENSION -001

p40

8-1M1115Z8212f-Faisc,EiitenEING1°"---4--7--5-1---

61111 .A

N5!1; 41" 4240

121

65

2/.3

31

25.4

IIP

25. 10.11

sn.7.,5.2

'271. A,..a3 '

APPLIED RES

N14

V1530

15-.1;

15!;

14!:

10!1

11.5

ht.-

-25r

_..1

1.8

50.-37

OLVEL.DESIGN

03.1 423 1.0

1.0

2.1

.8

HP

75. 10.6

___511._33 3

750_39.7

HANAG - 84

*3

le

19

46

62

31

1.5

3.4

5.6

14.6

26.1

25.4

.,

25.

40.1

10T

_A3.

/23i

L19.

6_11A460 - MLA

.1.3

1.1

t!S

7!?

9!1

AP

73. 31.11-...-..50.

44.6

.___

_332

1 i9

.1_

11.04140

014!1

21,1.0

279.1

22:4 zzn

zt:1

MP

29. '

2.6_

10. 3

7.9_

7.3t

_44.

6___

01011

04

2.9

132.

:1.

:1.

7.1

HP

231.

_11.

4-10

."_3

7.11

71. 45 I

NO RESPONSE

..

59

67

.;

3V

1.9

1.1

2.7

1.9

2.9

tIP__

_251

5.1_

30.41.2_

75._ 40.11.

fOYAL

11

25.0 9

17.3

620.0

16.;

215.4

23.1

60.1

17.3

33!;

7./

7.1

G./

7.1

13

25.0

3IC.0

536.5Mt

1.i

6.i

7.)

120

.0

35.4

6. 1

471!1

257

14.6 47

2.6

197

11.1 69

3.9

21!/

275

32!

1

40

2.2

10E9 91t1 101:1 tot!Z ton! taHl taca tcc!i tto!I tca.Z t!Ill

t'd Hp

254_32.1____501_37.6_ _ 75. 44.6

0

4c, vr

N .

0 w. .0 0 P

1

',ON ,m 0 "8

° ; g C°

I T.

!Z".... V.1110.

Moor leZZZ 11 000 000 WNr

.4.1z 4" 4" 4:" 4"

N Ti N

NI I

F g, g 2P . . .

. .6 'L. 2 0 0 0

1 e. U. 0 0 00". Oa"' 1 g 0 0 T .1? 0

0 . .

a N 10 0 MA a 60W F t g IJ:47 V...t. I

4' "...

g 1. I M

N .0 VI M

0 W i 4t Lel .. ., ... 1 1 .

v .. . .

0 1

NWro t :C: g:ON ert 71F4r2 0 r I '

N . .

10..0 Om r. 1

6 . b

ts. . ° I

i tz L4 r 7;

6 N W .

4. 4, I.

A

LILT

ft

ncz T.12 Z.Z Z.Z ZwZ X..c2 ZcZ I 0 V II 0, 0 NI IC 87, I

I I

,

V 0 0 Zrl.

0 0 V 0 :21,

.1 T 0 T V IT ;: VI

.. . ...! ..1 .

.. . .0! es

: . 0

. I

- r.. r C-. f.

. . . . . . .6 . . V 0 VA. riii To , IN 0 . 0 0 loo 0. CP., Ow L. .. m .... 1... ..... N Ooro 011.. 0.00 .0.06. at Jr .1. NUN> ro00 C 0 0 0 CL I* Nisi kW...

i r F.

- sw 0 N rN :14

,w0 Oro NA] rr rb NN v cr ,

L , a L

I

L . N N 4:1

or 1. r r- ,--=

. . , .. .....

IN N 0 IN 0 / Ow ... , LW. kr. 4 'row :,....

.... . ..

Woo 7.

0

N

:

Or

N N

7 a N LI

I--,

....1

I--,

.C,

0151.4510h-001

PHD

01h155104-002

EPP SPECI PANEL GROLP 5 -- P 1 f

..C1PC15/11-003_11.P1 IL7.41_85C86__

6ASIC .ES

..

I- -60 --1-24-

v50.0

59.6

39.2

HP

25. 30.6

50. 14.4

-94-

12.9

75. 40.8

e2

25.3

75. 42.0

75. 42.0

lc!:

75. 43.3

1.4

75- 44.5

t1

25.4

75. 44.8

.i

75. to.a

1

2.9

75. 7.1

?an

C..:

/.... 4,-6

150

38.3

75. '5 5

194

21.2

75. /1.4

/A

2.3

75. 4.1.1

ea

9.2

75. /2.9_

5.5

75. 59.5

232

25.4

75.

6.7

75. 56.4

le

2.0

75. 44.9

10E1 10ttt

75. 43.0

'57-11-1T--

30.3

24.4

45

24

23.9

18.9 -i.6

i1.2

te!:

222.8 4

1.3

1.1

42

31

22.3

26.0

5-------

19.7

17.2

7.1

57.1

3115-77:1----

iltemItU RtS

h1

27

90

v50.0

23.7

28.5

HP

25. 31.7

50. 15.9

Ti-VEL.LES:GN ----- N

._.

HP

25. 32.0

50. 14.5

1..1.1G--

Pi-f

r.-

- -n

-v

.1.t

MP

25. 37.8

50. 42.9

23,

.6

HP

25. 39.5

50. 45.8

-TEACHI'he

12

3-----1

19.7

10.3

21.4

14.3

003--247g

61.7

14

21!1

27.2

2e.:

14.1-

,1!1-33.1

12

17-----

1.6

6.9

1.1

N14

72

V12.3

22.0

HP

25. 33.0

50. 37.9

20

93-

132.6

31.0

21.4

14.3

21n 33.1

1-i-THER

.4

MP

25 36.4

50. 62.0

.1 4

3-

2.1

3.9

tee-

127

4;.4

55.4

I1.6

7.1

33.,

.6/

NO PESPGNSE

-6-441------

DImENSION-001

V11,661,1;.!,-003

VASIC aES

Aev1.1t0 81.5

.

I'VE/405MS

P.

4V

3.5

1.1

HP

25. 11.6

53. '9.1

--

4--

-7

114

3t6

V10%0 1.150 111.:

HP

25. 12.4

5o. f1.2

PHD

SPAct. PANEL 08012_6.-- C rL.

EPP: lUIAL 86416h

1295

548

00.0

60.3

44.1

hP

25..50.4

50. 34.0

N119

303

V24.1

24...

_-- HP__ 25..11.2

50. 3,.0

11

11

24

V2.2

2.1

HP .

25. 11.5

50. 35.1

- 1

2- 2

23

1.0

6.9

14.3

2.6

61-

21----14

7

55.9

91.:

57.5 ICC.G 1CC.Z 17-1!C

97.5

195

104

29.4

22.8

39

16

23!Z

17.t

42.1 0 .0.i

22.6

15.0

125

82

14.6

16.0

30

42.3

.5

527

113

19.1

24.6

20

23

97

1881

11.7

21.5

14.1

20.0

14.3

21.3

4I

71

195

2.3

.i

1.6

2.9

14.3

2.4

mAvAG - 8.0

PS4

49

.5

3.9

PP

15. 32.1_____50. 43.a__

42

19

11

3454

1

24.6

17.8

17.2

16.3

10.1 20.0

- OTNER

Is

313

V.6

1.0

HP__ 25. io.a

50. 45.5

10

36

4.5

7.9

152

105

22.9

23.0

13

10

33

11.6

7.0

9.3

4.7

8.6

2.5

TEACHING

46

262

V9.4

21.1

_HP___2.0- 32 9

30. 37.5

42

25

17

10

651.

224.6

33.4

26.6

28.6

21.0

40.0

OTHER

N5

10

I.n

.8

5____50. 45 5

43

.6

1.1

16

72.4

1.5

lan

66

1it

3.5

7.5

7.2

5.;

14.3

1.3

ND RESPONSE

__

%6

24

V1.2

1.9

HP_25.!_32.1____50 10.1

55

166

2.9

4.7

43

2.6

14.3

2.1

TOTAL

N V100.6

91.1

4t4.1

54T.

25. 31.7

50. 36.4

74152

510EA 10,4?? 100n 100!? 100.0 100.2 100.0

DIML3:5103.-.501. _FNU

W.:I5C611.13ti9"""

" °

-86516

CIM

5SI(

-N-5

3RFS

N48

118

61

561

501Et

_2C.A

4111115 PtS

NII

35

23

23

4Ile

.

50221E1.720.275'V'

19.J .21:1 .10:9_12.1

:25.0_

11.1_

et31L.DESIG9

N3

37

__.

_ 3.5

1.6

135

1.1

3.4

10

Hp 25.

26./

350. 12.e

75. 36.3

mv.AC - PeD

N7

619

70

450.2,1*.,.. 3.10514;3.523.5

2723 35,11_24./40.t1

25.A

1[9

_15.1

64440 - 016E6

....._

..__

.!'io

..

25.

33.3._._50.1;10. 1.575, ii.9_,0.-___.5

IA

.V.1

3l

?

lt6C6l4C

,70

33.9

50.6311-1.1754.910H

13.1

'Li_ 24.2

10,S. ZIA

11:1

6a636

Iv

SS

2____ 4

29._29.5_50.5;Ls_0.605.10.0.

__1.13

1.A 29325.1 __NA

LN

he 0.E1(03*5E

N3

1.4

.6.1

gP

25. 54.2

50.40.0 2.175.':i.6

i'l

10341.

64

193

133

Ili

60

SI

33

12

1:1

lip _25..31.9 .._5g00.I00.1720zL999.9 le0.2 .100.0

99.0

icr.S 105.0 (00.0 100.0

_______

3,1g

c.:N

C65

17N

-001

eN0

013.,si,N_Qc2

tmp 563(01 vANEL GRONP

JCPNA51e9-00.1_.[NP: 7u191._AN0139

t;SIC ,15

N v NP

25. 30.5

40PLIE0 RES

h v HP

25m 32.8

6 -- el°

79!1

6140i

!.53.31.

-5-316

50. 34.5

75. 44.3

16

4.

2.6

8.0

3.9

50. 37.5

75. 49.5

.4

.!

.1

I31

50. 34.5

05. 395

1I.t

6:4

7.1

50m 40.3

75. 43.3

1

3.6

-50. 49.5

75. 52.0

55!2

8.3

37.0

45X-16.A

1CO.A

100.13--;A!!

14.0

16.7

20--

7.3

1.5

ri.v1.1.065IG3*

V HP

25.

29.5

39.0

44.5

87.1.30 - 4o0

3* v HP

25

.ilitaG ..-dliTElt---- ii------

V ..P

25.

411.1 I

2.6 -a

22.2

61

322.2

9.1

50.0

22

8.0

27.4

-....

14.8

45.5 -T7:i

1.5

TELC1.117,1

N v Hp

25.

32.6

5-15

"Ir

-e12

.522.1

19.6

' 28.6

50. 38.4

75. 46.8

12.6

1.A

1.A

3.6

50. 37.0

75. 43.3

57

20.6

1511IER

V HP

25.

30.8

3.A

51.8

ha 113500990

N v 30

25.

-rum

32.0

31.7

22

2.9

3.9

50. 34.5

75. 37.0

'

39

66

56

'26

100.1 100.1 100.9 100.1

50. 37.0

75. 6.5

1 A

N v HP

55.

)6-

100.0

27-----11

99.9 100.1 ICO.t

ICC.1

10C.0

101!t

261

C181-H5104-41

Pt°

-01:4HilEit-101--E14/516711PNOING"12-3-"-"""

BASIC hES

N30 '

79

43

26

5024.i:.287775;93;.116.4

ton

7.1 3.1

7.1

..1

205

19.0

APPLIE0 RES

N32

117

76

SO

39

14

19

10

37.2

42.9

15.2

31.4

27.1

17.3

33.9

25.6

_RP

_250_32.0____50. 26.6.

75. 44.2_

Tqua.OF51...N

N4

17

IS

83

33

3

4.7

6.2

6.3

5.0

2.1

3.8

5.4

7.7

AP___25. 12.A____50.. 36.8

75. 41.3

mANAG - 11,0

P7i4G - OTHER

2362

18.;

25.0

33.6

56

5.2

s.:

811

204.Z

26'.

314.1

312.1

26,3

251.2

12. i

12.i

lin

25

53

53

2.3

.74.2

3.1

3.5

3.6

11.9

7.7

12.1

11P

ZS. 31.3

50..44.5_

75 57.5

36

3.3

itACHING

771

21

20

26

22

N9

66

1

8.1

11.4

9.7

12.6

18.1

27.5

16.1

15.4

37.5

25.0 XI 100.0

v HP___25. 34.4

_50.43.5

75* 51.2

WER

24

35

2.1

1.5

1.4

3.1

3.;

5.0

23.6

10.1

12.i

233

25.0

3.1

ItP__118_11.3.____10. 47.0

.75. 51.9

NO RESPONSE

4.23.31.8

I2.i

74

41

53

63

124

2.2

TOTAL

___IVIP

25. 35.5_

50.4Z1.1__*4.75.24.7 1.9

N10 3 1

"1 10;:t

915; 10;41

00" 10 5t 1301 m:4 100.8 0 1003

;111.

25. 32.9

50.038.700* 75. 57.1 1*

*1

*2

0*

*

eihsosinh-cht

PhD

.01qh5turi7n02._(PP SPLCs.PADEL r,ROUFAILf.t AGGUSTIO

CI4fhsft4,-0O3

ENP: 10/AL KhChh

EPP1110 RES

07400E5M/1

MANAG - 6.0

34.6

.75. 43.9

15.1

6.9

12.2

7.1

3.3

10.0

7.1

8.1

213.11

17N

N10

14

23

10

910

38.5

47.2

43.1

20.4

22.0

37.0

.117

_15. Ja.1____508 3E.1

75 44.4_

'vl

11.5

4.2

S.2

8.2

2.4

33

34

I

ItE..

2111

.2__

__ia

it.d_

15. 43.1

N30

le

17

10

4

5.6

17.12

32.7

41.5

37.0

20.0

PP

25. 40.4

_50._45./____75. 11.1

43

20.0

21.4

8.1

106

32.7

16.7

21.1

33.1

68

21.0

14,S4G - UFO/

i:,

11

t1

2

1.4

3.1

2.0

1.7

10.0

PP _25._311.3_ _50.32.0_

75. 57.6

h4

12

12

10

83

4

15.4

16.7

20.7

20.4

19.5

11.1

20.0

HP

25. 34.0___50.An.,

75. 48.4

ft-ACHING

1

8.3

72.

2

159

35.1

20.0

18.2

J

PINEK

N4

31

22

31

18

5.6

5.2

2.0

4.9

10.Ci

14.3

25.0

20.0

5.6

NP

25..35.1____50._47.0._

75s_63.3

No RESPONSE

N3

I2

22

11

4.2

2.0

2.

7.4

10.0

40.0

3.4

____

25- 34.1 ___50. 55.8.

75. 57.6

TuTAl

N26

72

58

49

41

27

20

14

12

S324

100.0 100.2 100.0

95.9 100.0

99.9 100.0

99.9

99.9 100.0 100.0

.101___25....33.3.____10._40.1__

75. 59.1 __.

__

__

_._

I-,

.4

01M0.3106-0001

PHD

-glit01PFNSION:00

IMP SPIALF1/44GROUPS 11-15 -- ASIRORGPV

Si41. 13

--P1PINTa 4

V6-21Z---12g---674!---1-54.10---47-7;;11---;5.01

HP

25. 30.3

50. 34.16

75. 11.3

-41

6.3----

29./

866.7

750.0

-370

50.5

I100.4

al CO- Ti t 5

r1.1

12!1

ca

4.3

7:5

HP

25. 29.2

50. 32.5

39.3

210.0

16./

49

7.7

275.

DEati7E110W------11

3

2.0

1.0

41.1

HP

25. 27.8

50. 32.0

75. 19.5

814140-=-R.0

67

II

13

3.5

10.3

16.3

HP

25. 39.4

50. 56.1

75. 55.5

14

29.2

-4.3

-

10.t

723.3

30.t

451

8.1

16.1---1111/

NANT0-=-07141

V.)

7.4

3.1-

HP

25. 37.0

50. 41.2

75 45.8

33

1.6

Trieffirhe

1149-

20

17.1

16!)

HP

25. 31.0

50. 34.3

75. 42.6

14.1

315.0

25.0

325.0

106

17.1

WIRER

N V.4

3.8 1.4

-. --

----2.1

HP

25. 30.0

SO. 32.8

75. 35.8

WirkftPOR11--------N

5.4

16.7

1.1

22

V1.9

1.0

No

25. 28.9

50. 33.1

75. 55.8

-

3.1

7ZTIL

N V-101?k 101(.1

1-0j(.1 100.9 IOC!!

HP

25. 30.6

50. 3.0

75. 43.4

-11MIEHI -MisChi;LIT12.1:8""p "

99.t.100.1

ICC.2

1C01

100.t 100.3.?

100.;

HASIC aEs

V204.!

75.8

7!1

5!t

HP

252._30.4_

70. 26.1

71. 41.6

49

3:1

2.1

4.1

3.t

3.1

1!!

APPI110 RFS

N34

126

77

70

V15.6

17.6

13.1

13.4

HP

25t_.32.1_____30. 30.2_

75. 41.1

SR

10.5

35

12.0

13

5.2

16

9.3

54.8

435

12.6

20.0

.

DEVELIDESIGN

II

024

16

V3.6

3.4

2.1

1.1

HP

23t_32 0.___ 30. 21 0

75. 56 0._

21

1.3

2.t

1.3

1.8

80

2.1

MANAG - 8.0

N/

43

69

99

V1.1

6.0

11.1

18.9

H__25. 79.1___50

46.0

75. 42.7

121

21.9

80

27.5

50

20.2

30

17.4

10

9.5

1,

0.10.8

120.0

NANAG - OTHER

Ni

77

43

72

V2.2

3.0

7.3

13.0

lip_251,._10.5

50mAk.1____15m_53.1

SO

16.3

2"

38.6

46

17.8

349.01

43

17.3

115

46.4

11N 84

40.8

101 /

17!!

31.1

60!2

360

10.4

11!1

360.0

TEACHING

N449

511:71

449.3.

4in

V HE-_21. )3 3_-__50. 39 8_

15. 49

OTHER

11

17

43

40

19

7.6

6.0

6.8

3.6

HP

21._33.0____50. '8.9_

71. 11.2_

19

3.4

4!1

S!!

41

21.3

010 RESPUNSE

.4

211

if4

211

;IP

50. 52.0_ .,75. 57.6

*29

416.4

2.8

31.7

43.8

3.0

60

2.0

__251-13.0._

TOIAL

Nvi2.1 10Z1.; 1038.1 2032.3

33.0

50.

15. 41.4

10119.0

9i4.1

172

95.9

ICS

1CC.0

33

99.9

1452

100.0

5100.0

263

A53

;1!&071.;11/Ttyl

4CTIVITY By ENPI.CVER, EPPLOYPENTSPECIALTY, CEGREE

214nN4=2.11 t;:;;SattelETt4MetniVe"""

Oh114 ACTIV

EISIC itS

APPLIE0 6E5

LEvel'OESIGN

MAVAG - 9.0

__

MV.AG - 01610.

TEACHING

UlHER

N0 ACSPUNSE

AGE

_.. V60E4

--

20

20-24 25-29 30-34 351.39 40-44 45-49

50-54-55=59-60L14-65-69

N4

665

IQII

566

341

2E7

25._29.980.0,,081611.s".412432.3.

23.4 .

135

69

57

2!!

21

FIP-25.11.550.3;6.6 R.975.30.0

14

2 t

25. 29.6

50. S1.9

"75. ZL.4

N3

15

30

V.9

4.1

6!)

73.;

IIP

--25.-40.2

50. ;17- '675.1)1.5

7.1

28

77

76

87

57

.3

1.275

2.3

96.4

. 9.6. 11.8

. )2.

1.

___5074;121/n752L5121

5.00

Sin

32.9

7.

79

42

3

HP

25. 10.5

so. il.e

'475.

"-'3-

L5._,:.4_50.210n75.214_23.i___11.121.L-35___2.;

122.1

2.:

4.8

4!:

6!1

42

12

.13.1.

8.9

6/n 61!4 3

152.1

2.3

4.1

CVER_TCTAI.

69

66CFN

_27.1 _33.92___16.1

7.1

NC

-RESP.

in 63

Pi

6,3

10

7.2

64.1

1.Z

29.5

52!3

23_

12.!

155

W1 46.1

!.4

193

TOTAL

51003

7021

6411

444

L25

.11

300.

051.

1012

.168

.W01

.2.1

.84.

93i.i_loo.Labot:i ell Ico_:1 INg_isto!?

GieeNsloo-ool

PHO

j IPi55ien-002_ EPP SPEC: 71394E 41.1.

PANEL 18P085

PI:174't r007

EPP: 1.10TE 14CuSt8y

I.

127

2,0

165

95

51

22

14.0

24.9

21.1

15.0

9.9

9.1

2.

o.

e.

12.

6

hE

25..30.6

50. 34.1.

75. 39.4

1C

i1

4.31

V

AP6LIE0 RES

h38

183

515

3E6

208

149

57

33

20

11482

49.1

49.3

40.0

32.0

29.0

23.6

25.6

25.6

33.

12.5

39.0

33.1

v H.e___ 25._31.1

50. 35.2

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_f__CPT

54.5

11.2

21.2

3.0

1.0

99.9

L___

)6.4

3.7

9.1

65.5

100!!

__

_1_2

1_

IL_

h46.4

29.0

3.2

16.1

3.2

:v.v

NiNf

21

qi

67

,.

_I,

m62.1

11.4

7.1

17.5

.7

(.7 100.1

h536_

130

h1

0_

1)

611

-1111A1

m61.1

16.6

__115_

5.4

16.2

.7

1.6

04.9

279

4u4.

5-

-4 4.

1.,,

g

5

I 1

00 . 'OP V ON .0

e.

,441s4...e.11Cq

I

Valtnat'n't MOS0024:48a2 ,

1734

..... 545 EX

11

I 1:4

1 I 2

1

!;

r

0.4,09. 0 0.44/0,

=19

*0

.4;

""'"11:19g112.

2. X.E

=1'

--- M*1000.04

t., tn

1 =

t'a g .".^!

1735

22.22.22. I

C

C

Olxp

_Ett_SELE._- 46 F

7172 OF F.1.00/14 -

TOTAL 100101

F1ELO CF

P.r

CAM-al-- 0

6111.

A63

22

152

h4.0

14.0

4.0

1.3

00.0

I./

1.1

01.9

V10.0

!malt' .

'13-_,L

77.8

19.0

.,..z____17.1

2C.1

.Li

14.1

11.1

32

26.1

154

.I.1

59.7

031.1

1.1

1.3

11.1

V

_11131.1.41121116

ft__1

0.7

11.3 IC

7.1

24.1 2

21.

33.3

27.0

1. __-_

17

70.1

11.4

100.0

1

/.....741_,E.3__._...z, 9

8.1

_ z___

1.5

1.4

_3.1.,

.1

51.3

1.3

1

.9

12

1

1.1

1.1 It

44.4

1.1

42.7

r16.7

4.1.4.4_1_1/201.11___ ft____

I..1

12.9

I7.1

14.4 .

7.1 I

11.3 .

it

37.5

10.0

12.1

_ IC0.0

r

IA.ALrilhi________Ti

I

1.033_

14

1.0 Li_

7.1

1.4

5i

147

N.1

40.1

.7

2.7

51.3

3.4

1.4

100.0

rauks 14049

8.1

20.1

12.1

28.6

13.8

11.1

11.1

21.6 /

1CO.71

H57.1

42.9

V

0C_A

1SP

.511

b1.4 0

1.4 1

1.---..-

1.2

l'o

.40.0

46.1

11.3

_ 100.0

V

tahu

.h

12

2.0

:31

_ D_. 21

3.2

22?

14.1 14

6

2.6

610

.2.1

11.n

1.4

2.5

,..4

.

2.1

1.1

107.1

v100.0

102.1 101.2

44.4

IC1.1

11.1

91.1

51.4

A51

FIELO OF 700 by 7417411 4066 ACTIVITY 81.

t..

- 18

TYPE OF EPPLOVER - TOTAL 44984

FIELO CF 760

ImPLEVER ASO

700101.191-SPECIALTy

PACE- 21

pi/ AAAA 1_4[71v1Ty

CHL._01Z7

POTS A5790

7410

6101

04290 F,17g:

REV. TOTAL

DASIC AtS

91

194

l32

2233

i27.6

41.9

50.0

_11,1____,9

32.0

40.0

_ACcrl

41.6

6071IE0 RES

N1

80

11

11

116

0,

694

27.6

.1

.9 100.1

_____I

V26.6

09.1

32.0

10.0

70.0

20.7

Otti1.0005761.

9 N00.0

100.0

.1

.6

86942 - 440

N1

41

,2

ss"

1P A

1.1

1.6

IC0.0

r14.3

Me

4.0

20.0

IC.1

76762 - OTHER

N4

______ _100.n_ ----

_100.0

V1.0

.7

ILACNING

N1

11

231

I1

109

.14__1,4,1

1.8

01.4

.9

11.9

V28.6

11.4

31.3

__21

31.0

20.0

50.0

20.4

OTHER RhOwN

0 V90 61170951

h12

714

045.7

7,1

7.1

11,9

V2.9

16.7

1.0

2.6

TOTAL

m7

414

4100

52

534

1 5

77.1

1.1

47

.9

, 99 9

__N. V

100.1

100.3 100.0

100.0 100.0

100.0

14.7

2 i :

) ,

APP SPLC__,. 5

0.2

140C OP IPP1.01214

101AL 44684

91110

--0611C_AL1

11

a _-_271

CP 960

A83

71.6

1I

20

20

I,

42-- 211

200

IA

0 44.4

H2.1

V42.1

14.4

640 31.1

210

21.1

25.0

14.2

...ALCM(' RFS,

R.

1122

L11-----1-___-1-

2l0

11

1.3

41.7

.4

31.9

loS

1.1 1000

V210

_Iltr

ti...g

.CLU

LY__

_ft1

.240 li

7.1

26.1

210 110 240

216

1.

40

61.3

120

100.1

VSO

....._

13.1

..a4_

r_ 3

.111

...__

_IL_

___

.110 ea.

.6

I.)34

2----

111

H20

6-70

_.1 0

.11

27.5

10

100.1

V15.6

120

Tel

Tel

110 100

110

......

e.A

NA

4m.D

IALI

__N

____

______

IA

II

30.,

___I

31.1

DO

4,9

VTFAck1.16

MA

1.0

111

14

4e2

70

1.1

106

24_

H1.2

31e2

1.2

1.6

-6..._..3_

41.4

2.1

10 10161

V15.6

160

21.4

2166

12.9

110

17.5

21.2

_altE

llarg

ig__

_n_

i1

' hSlel

.L42.9

16160

V

_30 PFSPONSE

A.6II

1

.4

.6

I2_____

29H

62.1

2.4

27.6

6.4

100.0

V_t

ali&

____

_21

_12

20

_.lo

ll7.1

20 100

20

304_

__It

g1104

__11

-11_

7.1

10

H1.7

44.1

24.2

1.7

.7 100.0

V100.1

91..

99.9

99.9

99.9

IC

0.1

100.

0 IC

h.0

h.

4110 FIELO OF PHD BY PRINARY 4CR0

.....1

EPP SPEC

6CP

t...1

TYPE OF EMPLOYER

TOTAL 11610611

CF

EARTH

PRIMARY A6711077

CHEN

SC1

ACTIVITY IlY EOPLOYER ARJ EMPLOYMENT SPECIALTY

;17: IT

PRO

OTHER

NO

PMI'S ASTAC

PATH

E1CL E4666 1111084

2ESP TOTAL

BASK RES

N17

1313

23

5130

614

1574

PI

4.2

V52.0

39.2

33.3

27.3

62.5

24.2

22.2

72.1

17.9

PPPPP (0 RES

N33

2441

I166

14

2081

M30

.2

12.6

.5

.1

21.1

1.6

.2

160.0

V17.7

66.7

19.2

66.7

1.1

34.4

30.9

1.1

21.2

0E0EL00ESIGN

N2

111

15

96

H2.0

62.7

15.1

100.0

V1.1

2.4

2.8

2.4

0A9A0

1140

N26

1344

161

2455

H5.7

9.1_

2.2

17.0

.6

99.9

V14.0

31.1

10.3

6.1

15.1

5.6

10.1

NANAG .. OTHER

X4

93

114

4116

H3.4

00e2

.9

12.1

3.4

100.0

V2.2

2.6

1.1

2.9

11.1

2.2

TEACHING

N19

757

51

qB

74

893

M2.1

44.6

.6

.3

11.0

.11

.4

100.0

V10.2

22.6

45.5

37.5

18.2

19.4

18.2

21.5

OTHER 104064

N2

40

10

52

m3.0

76.9

11.1

91.9

V1.1

1.2

1.9

1.3

NO RESPONSE

N3

7k

41

66

H3.5

90.7

4.7

1.2

750.1

V1.6

2.3

.7

2.6

-

2.1

TOTA1

N106

33347

611

II

530

36

22

6157

m4.5

el

00.5

:1

.3

.2

12.4

.9

.5

420,0

V100.1

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.1

100.0

100.1

100.0

100.0

100.1

283

.10...aopowcpww ' II:1;ow .... ,., ...... v....

.. "..

1

.1.*:41...9-1'.

^.1 ,

1

1!

-E

y F:Tr2,1War,y

74-.I9

1738

7 LI

9

441'11,F

D-01.011:1

T10161. 40C40

71140 OF 960

AIM( Af%

N-

15

I110

I__

IL

1_

202

..9

___.1_

71.0

2.4

1.1

7.6

0100 0

V

_ASP1.117

as.

M57.7 100.0

219.0

29.4

37.5

215,

1

12.1

71

41.1

19.0

1.8

v

1.7

It'

100.0

M.6

76.2

9.9

19.0

v7.7

.f1 7/4-71,0.510_4___6____

32.6

23.$

in

101.8 7

32.3

60.7

32.0

1'I0

12.1

1.4

1.0

14.5

1.0

11.1

100.0

5.1

V1.1

5.4

29.0

4.1

2b14.6C__:_ittO______ 4 H

_I___ ..._

3.1

104_

1

79.6

9.4

71

t4 .7

1

.9

_1641.1

v

MAIA0 -1. 07414

1,_

14.1

20.0

Ir.,

22

19.1

12.2

19.6

22.2

100.0

77.8

V

1169.0147

ri2I

tt_l_

1.)

IV

4.8ti

1.1

II

191

H1.3

66.1

2.0

1.1

3.3

12.6

.7

.2

100.0

v

11141.1 10046

h7.7

14.0

17.6

90.0

82.5

26

11-

11.3 3

11.1

11.1

14.2

2.13

0?WI

1.0

3.0

4.1

6.1

100.0

V

_Nr2

ALI

PA

ISII

N

3.1

5.4

25.0

1.9

22.2

3.1

2027

.6)

62.7

1

6.2

24

300.0

m V

_112

IAL_

k2.4

1.9

11.1

2.2

_24.

____

_1_

2.0

.1

II.2

__A

l __

..-1

078.1

1.6

.4

.1

119

1.0

9 .0

V .1

1219

90.9

H V100.0 100.0 100.1

89.9 100.0 100.0

490

91.9

100.0

100.0

6010 FIELD 01 000 87 PitImAav KOK AC014111 01

EoP SPEC

10 ACOUS7

POI OF 169101E0

TOTAL 44046

FIELO CF Pop

00101E. ANO E41L094147 SPEC

11910

01420

40

_241130144 ACTIVITY

0H7H

501

8625

65200

6620

8101 411044 04044

0112TOM

BASIC 660

N1

26

I10

I19

h--t

a--it

s'0.6

25,0

2.6

100.1

v25.0

11.5

1(0.0

13.5

9.1

11.0

060L11,0 065

ft

41

72

M9

V61,9

320

1I14

3.8

22.6

1.8

.1

94.6

425.0

50.0

31.7

15.0

32.4

16.4

100.0

32.1

00971,010104

h13

H910

21

12.5

6.3

10

400.1

4.4

v5.7

2.7

1.1

RANAG - 0.0

N1

154

11

6.

m1.'

1.5

729.:

.1

16.1

29.0

14.0

100.1

31.0

V39.0

50.0

1

MANAG - OTHER

44

m41.1

21

/

300,0

v1.0

__13.0_14.3

2.7

9.1

1.2

%ACHING

N1

18

16

459

H1,7

44.4

21.1

6.0

1C0.0

VMO

16.7

21.6

16.4

18.2

010E6 44064

h12

6.7

11.1

16

V8.3

8.1

5.6

NO 01580650

6O

IIt

H12.7

21.1___

TOTAL

V3.5

4.1

3.4

h4

2227

41.9

_14

70.1

41

74

11

1.1___.3_00.0

10

1324

99 9

vl

100.0

V100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1

100.0

283

-

.--2.--'

.. . .. .,. :::1

tl "...'-..t .. .......... .. ..14.

J..., -....... ........... ..,_.... .; - --:,_

1:

1740

7.7Z)

a

;TO MitemSC APIA IT ACE.

eoP

torm

onSPEC AAAAA AMD DitAff

olmenr.84

;02

01610 ak-00

LAr SPECT TOTAL ALL PANEL GROUPS

ACE

ACADEMIC RANA

92314 20-24 25-20 10-w03-3.-.0.,00-4... 50,54-35-50-10-64 115.43

7:ta-Igh 115p.- -

DEAN

:1

52

!!

.N. 11

Z!1

I:4

.4

- ow

so. 44.3

FALL P0Uf

3:1

IN 21.71

,r.:

31!..:

3:!:

3.t6.0

11'3

31!/

1r.;

21.1

A

AS12C 0007

--- ---Z9P

70!... 04.4

02

20. 07.5

- --

1.1

ti3 An 1ln

IN

.:1

02.?

3!3

1.1

..t WI 1..1

""' "07 --------i,

32.).0.i--Xt WI -111:

3!:

-

1:1

.t

.I -

.4

I.

WI 21.:

1%1TAUCTO4

6

____50.Mi._ 2!: _ 11

!:

'.1

.1

.1

.i

Ill.1

1!1

f:

ft

.:

.1

./

.1

.1

.1

I.i

1um.,

..___,P-.3/0 . _

,_

1.

3. ..,

.1

.

"" "" -------:

40:1 ICI

;!:

111

.7

.5

AHP

50. )0.3

1.1

1...;

3.1

-k5"----

----

1P10:-20.4

-!7

./

12!:

!I

.3

./- 1

./

2.

WHIM

N'1 1)1/11

-__.NO AFSPOMSE

i,50._,..v...___to_____

___

9._

_119 1:!1

11!)

1:7.1

149

5:;!:

51!:

5:!1

317.1

42!1

::!;

II.:

I--.

77760.

-'1

7- j"

-1-

1"g

--43

1--1

72P

. -74

2! iA

VI-

PO 1-0141 at - 01ct - 991 1:1± 1001;

4,I.L00.

1 O.

.4.

..

10 .

..

1.

.

s..1

31-0.5imr-0(3

91

7 AENSION-001

Mc PME,

S :0104-00

LOP SPILT TOIAL ALL PANEL 000475

24/

_.1_

il.

500 30.7

FULL /001

.1

.1

!I

:1

25

el

el

el le; 17.1

In

0 .P

50. y2,1

ASSOC PAO/

A.t

!TI- In

3!1

4!:

4!1

7!)

711

10111

1.!1

mP

50* 40.0

- -

--:.

---

-i -

-et

et -

el - - el

el -

el --.!1

.2.1

el

4.1

in

ml

500 )5.7

**

1407AuC109

41

719

11:

r.1

in _,l/

el

el _el

_in

2.1

..;

15.0

5.1

HP

50. 31.) --

LECluit4

k.1

!I

n.1

.1

.1

.1

.1

..i

nO

.3

t 0 ASSr

-Ze

"" 32'1

-0---

12-- 41

-17-

5-

4-1 --- J _ _

I.

159

.0

1.1

1.1

.7

.3

.5

.4

.0

.0

.0

HP

SO. 29.5

10"

-- ---------- :

----

311 -MI

1!: -3!)

!I

.1

.1

.1

.1

Illl

70.1

01010

II,

50. 27.2

04

:4

_ .1

.1 _

.)

SS

_ _____ _

.4

4so. 24.1

1.4

01

.4

NO 91100030

:100.0

6t!1

::!1

11II

11:1

Ill1

11!:

eel Tin AS 019 00n 132N 01!!

TOTAL

--------- -

5P

301.0011123 2t3n eIll IWO lign al Slt 3039 001!1.20SN WI 12:!1 Icon

HP

50. 17.,

287

'.4..

24

1. -.7 19017NE 13 -1.070100.10261.20(91 SetC14777.010otE

$1,...,...

07 So

-4,

...1.1,.-411.40311

,0.

--- : -- 3: 1:00- Vit 'C.:! :1.0.0!

90

TOIAL

'

...hi

1e:9

14.:

24.9

74.9 19.21.1231.-1hC1.4

::,9--00.

NP

2S-.1 2

"Sc. .!...

.175. 17.3

I-

'.3

-__ ___ALVIi

I.t

.7,4,,

':

,2

2.

,fl.

4-

-7, 11.0

v-1;.'

-.

-9

-I

9

II-11.402

h74

..

_.

6:t

1611:::

li.1

.2.4

m

10-16.4770

.to

25. 171-7

...50.,-;i... 2.02,.. TO

25. 11.0

SS. 12.4

rt. 11.9

17.1,4,.

.:

.:

21:: oin

15:i

ZP

2se'i.o

"vo.11.34..675!11!..1

7C-14.100

e96

%,

:3

1:1

li:: :t:i 11:1- 4

"2S.

19.1

SC. 17.6

71. 14.4

21-34000

h1.6

47

20 4

TO

M w.2

-

HP

254 14.9

SO. 22.0

3:3 7f:-

90 29.133:i

11:Z

1,..1o.

N73

tl

490

'..;

3-4

3:1

241 :::; le;:i

--1Ci::

me Af,:.407

,...7

2h. 23.6

50. 27.9

79. II./

1.

A)

IS

I.

322

III-

25. 14. .. ".'574 .311.119.0)Si3ILI 3.1

- 6.3

ICO.0

40/40 7,0Ah

!:

Wi 23N 1;!

1,12.1

in

.1

1:0f:

4.P__ 25 11.2._

50. 11.1

734 17.1

-211. .'(.

Ll......7..-.:C,

Low 27.0 IC117 ALA 744i0 ZA7u75

Ct.-091,1-0C)

1.7

SAL 17,574 0919 - .2 .01

_404002 2CLO

h9in

43

2.1

-

I"- 121!t

429.'1:1.1

.492. :.1

'IS.

6.4

2t]

41!

A

40.6

4.,

27.0.1

.3

12.1

11:9

77

29 0.2

90e

1.5

7910.2

_13,11.922

yh139

1(.0

12.3

311.6

r.8

72

*2

121.4- Ir.1

.

.1mO

21. 11.5

SC. 12.)

* 13. 13.2

9.:

_17r.11000___

_11

16!

421

:7

25. i].5 2:350i3i: 967:479.

i 1

h 9.i

21

11!4

Si!:

A"

:g------

V.1

3.0

20.7

60.6

.2

1.2

11.1

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sc. 20.9

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ili

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2.0

7:1

30:9

74:7

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sc. 4

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79. 37..5

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11:3 ;K:r 2.3 "S:t

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01M17.51414-001

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1.9

11.9

24.9

340'35.01'7 51,:-KMCV

U. 104 1,070

h5

4

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25.

2.4

50..

4.6

75.

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15. 33.s"

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111--'1,1

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74.000.

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25. 26.0

50. 29.0

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.....____110.__2,._lia_50,1.31.11514875.2442.1!,...293_74;_i81.10112.1

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610

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1013

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197

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5.8

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8.0

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75. 10.6

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6.1

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25.

2.4

SO.

4.9

75.

7.3

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75. 1).2

16.1

9.2

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S. 14.6

50. 15.4

74. 16.2

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25. 170

50. 18.3

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50. 22.3

75. .2.7

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308

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7591

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61.1.c.1Ch-Cci

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5PEC7 70761 410 P6511. GJC995

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135 740L5 65C51

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4.0

712:-%

4.

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31 :;:i.i. 1

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25. 12.7

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10

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12

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1/ 6

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554

516

24

24

1161

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256

220

17.0 !

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13.6

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75.0

t.0

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hp

25. if.1

1506

5.1

756

6.2

20.2

5.4

12.c

11.0

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t.4

1950. 21.3

756 10.1

IS127.1131

V7i.4

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22...1

11.1

79.4

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25. 11.2

50. 12.2

75. 75.1

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15.5

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1.0

17.5 -P0.6

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254 15.2 "050I'i71.277.3754 16.1

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254 11.2 "544212.2""75:211.1

______

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5.6 ra. -75.0

liti..I

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4254 20.0

504 21.7 ..'754t.ii.37"

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121

41

.

V.

2.1

75.0

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Iii:1

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5.9

7541!.522.'

7-5

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10.:

12.:

3.2

2C.7 100.0

11.2

5.4

hp

27. 29.4

SC. 42.1

1>.. /1.3

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12.4

21.)

22.3

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4.12 __1:1-.

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10,3

r254.1).1 -

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75. 21.3

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to.

II.nt

,:t7.1_

...1.4,-2.-1.6.1 ...1 v...1_

4.5. -

290

7012 111.4,5 Of OCTAL 17C01,t AV EPOI0102.(60606161 0,61s610,61CO23

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2406,61og-021

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117 1651.1 44C51 --..- ----- -----

'11(.1"1121:0 Wi 110; 119!..i 231?i 1;2.0

37.0e 11100. N;:k

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2-17.000

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21,10.100

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10.5

17-19.600

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-----01-. s-- - - -

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11:1

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lo-26.600

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:7. 210

70. 22.5

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25. 10.5

SO. 20.5

750 10.0

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31.1- 57:i -06.4-- - - 90 -100.S

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210 120

SO. 20.0

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i1E[REM- M :Ow 1,,i;A 15W0M,P,"0705

l..n

2.020 6.006

h.

147

12

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5.6

2.6

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171

215

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11-19.960

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3757.0A-

1C-24.900

15-34.900

hI*1

42.It/** 346

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---- .._ _____.

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90.7

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256 :1.0

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241

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64

87

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h1.2

13.1

11.0

13.6

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16.6

17.2

2.6

100.0

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- 25.21G.711.31.7072/124."2/2117.10?..1.4-140

1

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21.5i1.2 2.750!b17.4"*'7511).11'*3

!I.;

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4" 1.01!° -------

A99

A10

0

291

TI SALA,. 65 70I2L 1NLCPF ev ENPLCVE3.EPPLC.PEN1 5P.CIALTE,C8C411

0145110E-001

141 PHO

01hINSI15-003

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--

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014EN51114-003

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124

4,052

l't1"

18.9

lie; 1

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10141.

14.9 3s.a. 8FSP. 440.2.

____ . _ _ __

...._

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100.0

,,:11

2)2.0

50.

4.0

75.

6.0

6-10,900

33

1881

100.0

50.0

HP

25.

4.6

in. 7,

79. 10.3

VIU:8

114

11-13000

k mP

25. 01.0

50. 12.5

75 .

13.3

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16.7

14-16,900

9 HP

25. 11.8

50. .2.5

75. 11.3

17-19,900

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20-24000

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-25-

3403

00A H

1

VJ154004!

11_-_-

4 VNO 8E5P095E

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50.0

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100.0

mHP

25.

6.5

50. 10.0

75. 11.8

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01111451119-102

V.P Wei PANEL G801.0 i .. A 0 2

018195105-023

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SAL UASE, UNIV - 12 OGS.

A10

:USLE2 8.000

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51

2

HP

22g.0

50.

4.0

75.

6.0

0.1-4

100.0

7-139:i

6-10,900

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100.0

1.

HP

25.

0.8

50.

9.5

75. 10.3

14

1.20 9

liq.1

11-13.900

N2

HP

25. 11.6

50.61f.5

75. 13.3

H10040

---10

14-16.900

4

33.3

HP

25. 11.8

50. 12.5

75. 13.3

17-19000

N It_

V70.24.400

N H V'I

,A10

1

75.34.400

N.:.:.1

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N_--

H VNO RESPONSE

N12

H._

100,A

10041_

HP --2--5--2-2.5

50. 3 .0

75. 32.5

59

TOTAL KNOWN

N2

33

H25.0

37.5

17.5

100.8

Hp

25.

tAIL____50?_10.11_

isila

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0tmLh5f05-00i

014F%slrH-002

01S11.519,-001

NO PHD

(46 spECt IcIAL ALL PANEL 00CUP5

50p

,f,AL SASE: 941, - q PCS. sAtAR

ea:0.00-

14.0-

.110-

8.0

0.9

t3.1

10.s

1111

17.0-

14.9

11-045

70.0-

24.9

4,051

24.0

)4.4350.

MEP 8.U..0

.

sl

.--..._-

i_

--11

:?__

1:1

.

HP

25.

2:1

54.

4.1

74.

0-10000

42

265

---: .

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ih----

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1 12

11.

6.11

m,

25. O ..

io-

q.1

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121

4101

tir

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St:7

11-13000

REP. ANC46 67

6.2

308

4...9

10.1

31.9

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7.7

22:9

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HP

25.

9.4

50. 10.8

74. 12.4

14-16000

N1

2 1

87

30

119

HP

25. 11.3

50. 12.7

75. 14.0

-154.0 ----

Y,

:1

1;:t-

12:4

il.i

17-19000

50

40

0

2.8

12.3

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38.5

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HP

25. 12.4

50. 14.8

75. 16.3

20-2400

410

21

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;1-

'al

il:S

. Al

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0,0

-2.1

HP

25. 14.4

50. 16.0

75. 17.9

/-1'

itt itS

182:

3lo

g.8

,25-34.900

32

HP

25. 20.8

50. 23.3

75. 27.5

135,000.

mg

190)1

I

tiN

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25. 11.8

50. 12.5

75. 13.3

RP

25114.1611150PIL0-8.375;ZIT:5

36

TW

A'.

KN

ON

NN

10d

411

192

61

I)

410

13.7

52.0

24.3

7.7

1.6

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1.-004---Z5-

161-5"--1(61---11. 12.2

DIMENSION-002

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01NENsION-003

CPP

SAL eASE: UNIV - 12 PCS.

MNDER_11.0C0._______N

115

H1;:i

il

v HP

254

2.1

50.

4.2

75.

6.3

0-10.ion

19_202_1

Hp V HP

.1-4

=-1

5 21

0 4.

.

V HP

V HP

/11.2-5.3.00

4 HP

8.6

91.0

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14.1

78.9

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25.

8.5

50.

9.4

75. 10.2

25.14.300

.7

t6.8

79.4

25. 11.2

50. 1i.1

75- 13.1

3A--27!0--an

16

t5.I

75.9

25. 13.4

50. 14.8

75. 15.9

1-271

2413

513

3.2

15.2

70.2

25 15.3

50. 17.4

75. 18.7

324

4:a

25. 10.8

50. 20.2

75. 9.6

1

5.0

578-15;0

35-3

50.1

"3Q-10t!S

95.1

14.7

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27.3

1.0

26.1

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15.0

3 105.51

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7.0

.: "21

6 -100i8

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2.5

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6.4

20.6

72.7

15.000.

HP

25 20.0

50. 23.6

75. :sot

m U711J 7- ---1-671

sg-..3

10------icro.t

2.9

2,.!

1u 0

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25- 2

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2A2

A.-

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0

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44

HP

25.

8.9

50. 10.7

75. 13.3

155

256

218

112

47

34

11

13000

814

TOTAL KNOwN

NIA 6

91.6

76

L__u

a_5. 8

4.7

t

A10

4

293

i-A

101A1 An044

N15

261

1150

1299

895

748

339

68

147

4775

s4

1.

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5.5

24.1

27.2

15.7

15.7

7.1

1.4

100.1

ts

H9

".75

13.4

59..16.2

75. 19,9

CO

Um-CS-

C:04:001 --h0 -0H0

01MENSIO4 -002

kW' SATC: TOTAL ALL PA4EL CACUPS

.A106

014ANSILIN-001E8A.551. FASE. GOVERhAE.51 - ALCSITAL ETC.

t1t1)E11 d

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100.0

100.0

100.0

30.7

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25.

2.0

50.

4.0

75.

6.0

6510.900._._______h_____

H977.1

1.1

1.1

1-1--q913

76.0

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17.3

3.2

HP

25.

8.5

50.

9.5

75. 10.7

,22____456

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-

95.4

-"-IX

H8

22.9

88.8

14.7

20.7

HP

25. 11.6

50. 12.4

75. 17.2

15=14.100__

4 HA- --.7'3 -9/'7

10

te,

ei

lqa..

1.

10.3

92.2

13.3

25.5

HP

29.14.6

50. 15.4

75. 15.2

11=11.101_

4_

H!

ati '

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HP

25. 17.5

50. 1:. 4

6.3

93.5

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4.0

21.2

75. 19.2

2117241900

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.k

2.8

7.'1

91`.

87

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v.?

1.2

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6.5

95.2

9.3

17.2

HP

25. z...

50. 22.2

75. 23.6

25=35.100_ ____21 4

.I

f'

.1

Z1.1

2ii!!

1.13 lei!!

HO

20e 26.7

50.29.5

75. 32.2

114.0013.

---1

--30A

80.S

---1 -100.g

.6 100.0

1.3

.1

HO

25. 30 0

50. 35 0

75. 67.5

210_RESEQ454

ft

222.

i -25

!225

.3.1

-1.

27S

.t24

114 '

25' '3" 96".512.2 .8275-41;-2

374

169

75

2324

TOTAL 19049

_If

___.

.3-.

1_22

.2-2

9.3

zLo_

...,_

__La

.-9

9.9-

he

[5

4.2

56 Lt./

.5. ....

. 112 SALA1, 5v 10141 INCOPE Pi E.PLCTEA.P.ALCTFENT SPACIAL17,0EG8EE

OlmENSIOT.-001

h0 PHO

CIW5St0n-202

Cm.. sPAct ictAL ALL PA4E1 CACUPS

GleTNS1Ch-001

Eh?

541 45E: 7815811 15005145

SALAA

111 Thc'S A8,051

1-NCOMP---

--

--

0:!09 418:9 111.77 1141.1i

111'1; 23;0.; Ie.; 35.04 .0157. R21- -

U-Xttt 0.030

I.

13e

14

11

051

-25.-9 35:1

5-10.901

HP

25.

1.3

50.

4.1

75.

7.0

42

191

4

MP

25.

8.7

50.

9.5

75. 10.3

11.6 "i:i

17

691

Y-

II.?

:I1/

2:7

11-17.900

h4

t5:

161

990

i23::

12:I

:1

:1

18 1057

-I2.2 43:1

HP25.11.6

50. 12.4

75. 11.2

14-16,900

52

5144

1079

I2

31

1213

II

- 11:i

1:: IN :I.?

.1

.I

HP

25. 14.4

50. 15.3

75. 16.2

-71:1 Ti.1

17-19,900

ht

10

931

q_

9187

73f

:4

11 12.!

707.Z

.1

20-24.900

HP

25. 17.1

150. 18.1

75. 19.1

222

I47

612

.12.2-1!!

14

505

------ -------------

h

-----5:11-- :1---:$ - i:i - i'Ls

174:i -

:I

9.5 - 16.9

HP

25. 20.2

50. 21.8

75. 23.4

25-14,900

al

15

11

109

294

4422

ti----

1i

1:i

?;

IN .12:4-

o.1 LIM

HP

25. 24.0

50. 27.5

75. 31.4

35,000.

ht

344

65

'X RESPOSSE

PiP

25. 30.7

50. 44.5

.175. 72 2

.4- 13.0 lo0.7---14

7.4

44

24

74

04

62-

32

19

Ag

2

100:1:.

Z.6

17.9

58.6

PO.---25.111.0 1.95050..823.57SC a.110.5_6.2

A116

105

A10

5

112 SALAvlr Bv TPTAL INCOME BV EPPLOVER.E0PLCVMENT SPECTALlv.OECOEE

OW1745104-001

NO PHO

OIMEOSIC'-002

EPP SPEC: TOTAL ALL pAhEL CROUPS

.

01.ENS104-003

EMP

SAL BASE: 8E014601 CENTER

SALRA v

115 TOLS :NOS,

N'O

.d 0,

11 0- 140.-

7C.C-

LS.9

16.9

1179.4

2 4.9

34.4 15cw AEU,.

KA

cha.

09028 5.000

11

415

ft _100.0_

11111.1

HP

2Vi:62.0

50.

4.0

75.

6.0

11.1

-.6

8-10.900

h19

740

--1

--1(1 --- ---

1-

HP

25.

6.8

50.

9.5

75. 10.3

11-13,900

N7

154

--- ---------1).--------1::i-13:I-

1161

14-16,900

le

25. 11.6

150. 14.4 1.975. 13.2

12

179

2:6

i!..1

?A::

-ra

-130:1

HP

25. 14.6

50. 15.4

75. 16.2

17-19.900

N12

176

2 __148

1VI

.

I:I

It:2

1.1 150:1

HP

25. 17.6

50 18.4

75.

L92

20-24,900

N1

41

114

4126

V--

;2

3.9

2:% r.'

NP

25. 20.9

50. 22.2

75.

25-34.900

73 6

3.4

NS

41

3SO

2;9 -it:1 III-

2.6 "9:8

35,000.

NHP

25. 25.9

50. 28.9

75. 32.0

Tr

52:I 48:8 ---1Q-gli

NO RESPONSE

161P

25. 30.0

50. 35.0

75. 67.5

1-+

.4

-16----/57-T2

A3.5

30.4

11.4

07

428

23

.

%JD

m.6

6.6

23.0

26.1

20.2

17.1

6.0

.i-

114

C91-illi-

n. 13.9

25. 16.5-

P .

TOTAL KNONN

N4

47

164

106

144

122

43

innuf0:061_Loo pj__ZIT_13.350±:lo.3

..25_.__11.4

(16E65109-002

EPP SPECS TOTAL ALL PANEL LRCM'S '

0_64

____M

OlmrhS1E4-003

ErP

SAL 8457, OTHER 80069

1,DES

11412__

A:1

ri)

:1

31.1 .13:3

H161_,Att

,=,...0__________T

25.

2.0

50.

4.1

75.

6.1

&a 8V1-

A.1-

-11-

A.1

.900

N

-11-117.9 Si!?

22.9

72.6

.2

aHP

25=

11.4

AO.

9.2

75. 10.1

H1!3

ifa--21!1

.1

" logi

14-16 900

I-1

.! lN--5!?:

HP

25. 10.7

50. 11.9

75. 13.0

2.0

23.3

71.4

10.0

13.1

27.4

32 lUil2

.4

3.0

24.3

70.7

9.7

18:1

12.2.11.500

m1025. 12.5

50. 1,4.4

75. 15.7

1.1

9.6

411?,--/dri

49523

.3

2.4

23.1

63.1

1.8

6.9

2o-24.900

HP

25. 14.9

50. 16.4

75. 18.1

.4 N

.11

.1

7.1--14--11!;--AlW

9 10la

gP

25. 19.0

"50.10.4 "7521/3.125.°

-2.7

4.3

23=34900

It H

4.i

8.1-

11±

. 131

.240

f.8

15.000*

V HP

25. 20.1

50. 23.6

75. 28.8

.2

1.0

4.0

22.2

78.3

2.7

1.6

9 loon

As.A

s-.S

Rd-

-1C

IA -

ZS

3ZO

.1

.1

.5

2.8

d1.1

90:i

.9 21712:9

HP

25* 22.5

50. 33.0

78! 63.8

NO RfLPONLE

N N264.1

26!1

-2S

4.1i

ri.i2

s.3- 1.4

1.1

211 lot!?

Al.C

7

HP

28!

7 7

50. 10 7

-1129-...A.E.12111(212-11.365

!/31

!CI

329 Ian_

TOTAL 10106N

295

I-.

.4.1

HP

25.

6.0

50. 15.5

75. 21.3

C141245101-001

NO PNO

U.

L156451d!..202_.221P SPLEL.TCTAL ALL PANEL 08E5075

L-NP

SAL pASE: TOIAL KhEwN

h97.3

7.2

.5

3280

593

100.0

577

17

14-3154 4.020

h3

75.5

.7

.1

177,04---5.44---

HP

25.

2.1

50.

4.1

75.

6.2

8-10.900

N178

1441

83

1171

1631

H10.9

88.4

.5

.2

.1

100.1

11-13000

HP

25.

8.5

se.

9.3

75. 10.2-

h12

469

2456

a1

..

.4

11

1.2_

2.2 230

::::

1105

2944

V23 0

72 2

.3

. .1

_al

'friP--.

2-57.11T.3".55020sii.2228.4175. Oa"

93

2855

14-26000

N5

60

1i

17-19.560

h6

94" 375

1430

21

1.41_123.2_

22.1

17.5

8C.1

.1

125-4 it-2-1"15bP13-- 1'2'970. 16

r--I

.3

/67

20.1

7'

2.1

.

el

32

1865

40- -25.-1-7J--'3504/178.113.675. g.o--

-'

II

20.24.500

N2

420

73

247

1187

138

1529

Ha1

.3

1.3

4.8

15.8

77.6

.1

Y3

___...2

.0_ _2.6

14,3

07.4

.2

__I...0_12:A

HP

25. 20.2

50Z-21.6

75. 23.4

25-34.900

h1

311

23

160

530

18

128

H1

V0

.4

1.5

3.2

22.0

12.8

11M

hIS. 74:3--.

.1_

44

2.4

11.8--547.3

gAl 1.3

2.7

4.0

36.9

54.4

6ss

81

20

1654

354000.

24

11,

zs.s _.150. ad .115, 15.1_04_

9.5_1841____6221:1_

40 RESPONSE

'4

60

124

175

156

106

51

27

7934

706

h8.5

17.6

24.6

22.1

15.0

7.2

3.8

1.0

lb/II-TROCR

J4E---25'12.1310055C;a1.°2750751p11.41350---507----02--3745-12204

100.0

h6.1

16.2

24.8

22.4

13.0

11.0

4.8

.7

500.2

HP

259 11.3

50. 14.4

75. 16.2

hp

254

8.7

50. 11.0

754 I..,

772

-tL-'Y

T10141. 15C00E 77 14PLOYF8.IPPLETPih1 5P3rIALTY.EE08EE

EINE57(5-CU1

PHO

el.1,.sic%-eo2

4PP ;PTO: TOAL ALL RAH L

0000

PS

OlPthSION-C(

EPP

SAL PAST: hC pS:ENSE

sALAa

115 fpA'S msE51

u5CcR 4.0-

17.0- 14.v- I7.C- 2C.O-

50

TOTAL

INURE

6.6

10.9

12.9

16.3

11.4

24.9

'4.9 15-0.

RE7S01:NiTi:Ni

293

6.0CJ

5. o10, -

Hp

25.

2.0

50.

4.0

71.

6.0

8-10.4CC.

29

Til

11-17.7PC

i.-160J0e

N1

21;

I

V hI00.0

ICC.0

100.0

.P

25. 14.0

5C. 15.5

75. 16.3

6.4

311

17-19.930

h h10

2.6

100.A

20-21.100

6

1.:-ISSA

.25m15.1C0

N100.0

1HP

25. 21.3

50. 22.5

75.

hA

35.000

N 14

_11.1211-3t0',N-

11

95.4

NO RESPONSE

.N

1634

33.i

33.1

13.!

All0

17) cf7i,,..221P 140

Ctu

mrx

. l#

1.14 B1 A.

,iAfter.1.11 52IC0111.1f(A11

1I1(

6510

9-00

101

oixr

AS

IC1-

0.72

722 SPIC$ PAUL

C67

7.3,

7- 4 . 4

(4)".

cot '

It*C

htif

ghrm

,.4

0/7

7,1

iou.

:..7

114.8.

,C.-

(1112 U.S.

42 .- WIT

E.%

I(15

V 5112 1A551.

_U-k

V 5552 (Salt

UnN

r0

:4-20

3;a

66. r

10- 14

366

461.0

12- 19

415

462.1

44-44

22

17.7

13

46.1

50-74

86

58-11

4S

60-68

91

450.0

65-69

II

IQ

0701

14161 00001

9126

99_0

43 4E0POISt

NI

7. 50.

/C1

Q...

8)41.

911

P.V4121,

,,,,,

611

5.0.

fl.

*11

7.5-

al [{514

/It ..4A.

(1314

S.," IL,

I

2.1

7

/6. r

3

2.1

29

69.0

1.

2

21.9

LI54

61.0

r

16.1

1

2.9

47

Z14

64

16

TO

14

II2.8

18.0

41.2MO

61.1

16.2

4I.

135

II

3.2

1.

.4

1.1

24.0

5.4

1/.5

12.1

5.4

15.0

25.3

41

22?

lu

225

11.8

11.1

5.9

6..1

29.7

5.9

.62.5

1 r.:

11

.1

III5

8.1

00.1

04-1

51.1

22

41

711

16.2

16.2

9.;

7,5

16.4

9.1

81.5

19.1

11

'I

24

17

14.5

14.3

71 8

26.6

65.2

14.0

11

72

50.0

50-0

50.0

190.6

48

100.11

100.0

100.3

112

45

9129

6 r

910.

95

Se55

.4

6.6

17.6

3.5

70.2

26.3

3.5

62.0

12.6

.4

1I

11

42

'2'0

51.0

50.0

.0.0

- 21.0

42.0

35.0

3/.0

33..

46.6

37.0

34.6

35.0MO

34.6

42 V

i

4711 (171/o430I9 00(

340c0SiCN-001

albrksirs-ol:

Pno

(004103 Cf

81010 SI 0C4.1.4100810007[C(4416.01061t

_ -

r;41.4.1ov-oos

197SPOCI

1!,..":!'

11X. 2 -

:D:u1

11161.,----- 4.6.- 1ATm

-41L

411

ALL

AIX

414. -

U.S.

40%- CM/

U.S.

00,.-

CI111 U.1.

C111/

U.S.

30405

4.0.

U.S.

40301 uns.

(14471

WIZ

CIII1

uot[Mt[Mt

le.4 [Mt C1112

u04

31670 .....

6141m

CIT12

C1711 C1122 00141

41,709 70

23-24

01

II

11

12

451.3

50.7

37.7

30.0

30.*

50.0

25-26

9173

220

72

ILI

11

V137

ZO

Ztie

m79.0

1.3

13.0

4.5

1.1

74.4

14.3

5.1

03.7

13.0

1.3

5.7-34

201

2IV

00

Z3

1:85

07

305

40

5170

874.5

.5

5.1

10.7

.5

.8

.3

17.0

77.9

2.1

87.4

19.2

1.4

15-19

3123

172

15

01

124

51

7151

36

119*

1-,

g45.4

.5

11.7

10.0

5.2

.4

44.3

50.5

5.7

110.5

14.1

.5

..41

(Jn

40-44

ft

Ill

214

14

3II)

30

3112

14

1141

4.5

77.7

20.3

2.0

80.2

0.4

-

45-46

470

129

11

_1.0

71

40

3102

I/

1Its

001.4

.9

254

1.e

3.0

43.3

J4.1

Z.

49.5

41..

.4

998

5,54

M M40

11.4

1

1.0

916.1

7.1

11

1.6

1.8

114

13.2

25.0

11.6

°A

04.1

3SG

7.1

5.4

5,-49

014

11

I17

V1

26

I64.0

4.0

26.0

4.0

66.0

26.0

4.0

04.0

69-44

20

31

23

0af

275

m80.0

17.0

8.0

00.0

70.0

91.2

8.0

05-09

3II

515

14

M76.6

21.4

78.6

21.4

140.0

70

0019

51

a45.1

16.7

03.1

16.7

100.0

03141 6.10,04

0.

005

0111

317

A74

15

115

231

24

340

141

14

SIC/

13.1

.1

24

.1

.5

71.11 234

2.5

64.7

13.4.

1.1_

64 AU/MASI

VP 504

34.4

,.42.0

43.0

31.0

53.5

44.2- 37.0

21.3

54.3

16.8

35.2

45.6

-33.1

14.5-31.2-

113 1121/24S4IP 440 70414147.07.111111.

01004S109-001

01

0I0I3SIC.-002

POO

01.143104-013

IPP 1.7.02_104E1. CROUP

84.427.1.040040.1 SPEC1647,010421

3.- 3 p

U.S.

91404. -- %ONUS

4.4.

41214

41.4

all

PLL

414

1.1.

404

8.,.

nON-

CIII1 1.4

40.-

Cittl U.S.

%C.-

CIII1 U.S.

42461

4.0.

U.S.

*MS 6.1.

148.:

11711 11111

0..

01111 lITI1

2144. (171/.11711

uNit

2116104141.

6141. CI112 1111201712

12481

U%0111 20

4

20-24

20-29

196

219

0,

1444

56

8219

01

270.2

.8

5.7

16.1

3.0

75.2

22.0

3.0

81.0

16.3

.8

30-34

h143

131

103

38

3.8

116

8316

120

*.18

.70.0

.6

6.3

26.0

.6

1.6

77.0

27.5

1.6

78.4

20.4

1.2

3S-39

2.1

24

68

47

201

16

3210

II

4002

67.2

7.9

22.0

1.3

1.0

67.2

31.8

1.0

76.2

22.0

1.1

46-04

%100

i28

05

1110

74

1.1

.1

1124

41.4

1.1

10.4

23.4

.5

2.1

54.5

10.4

2.1

70.5

71.4

1.6

US

US

45-49

hTO

64

"2

270

35

216

92

150

m-

60.0

22.4

8.4

1.1

1.0

a..

37.7

1.0

89.7

8.4

1.1

50-34

21

74

20

77e

44

471.1

18.4

10.3

71.1

14.4

00.5

101.0

55-39

4II

82

17

220

ZS

.61.0

24.0

1.0

60.0

20.0

8.0

107.2

60-64

N1

8$

11

11

472.7

72.7

27.0

100.0

es-el

71

22

12

51.3

33.3

8.1

18.3

11.3

8.3

101.2

70

00E4

3

13022

101.;

100.0

TOTAL 44044

4114

7142

263

10

32

991

Ott

12

1151

289

17

19-20

061.0

_.5

9.9

18.4

.7

_2.2

61.8MO

2.2

SO..Me

1.2

NO 201204S1

tI

1i

2'

4S0.0

50.0

40.0

40.0

151.1

vP

504

33.4

32.0

34.7

30.0

37.0 30.5--

31.6

35.4

30.5

30.2

38.0

35.1

30.2

3

41I4 C1712,47.16 6.3 3Ou4047 27

Ct./51,144-001

01

01.15:114-242

772

6141.

6, ult.11.7q.0 .....

sculi6(77.62c4t6

41.745103-001

190 771c4

76%44

:43,7

4.5.

0I.1u

47,G4 t1..

4.4.!Wm

6111

613.

641

611

111.

P11

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APPENDIX B:ALLOCATION OFNATIONAL REGISTERSPECIALTIES TOPHYSICSSUBFIELDS

1772

PP 1

PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

A&R

PhD's Non-Ph s

5823 Gravitational fields,gravitons

26 8

6014 Cosmology 16 8

6015 Galaxies 45 176018 Quasars, pulsars, x-ray

sources84 40

6035 Relativity, gravitation 77 35

PP 2 AME

5673 Chemical kinetics, gasphase, and photochem-istry

26 18

5684 Flames and explosives 8 325693 Molecular spectroscopy 101 515694 Molecular structure 26 175696 Quantum and valence theory 22 9

5791 Atomic and molecular ions 51 38

5792 Atomic, molecular, andelectron beams

106 66

5793 Atoms with Z > 2 47 17

5794 Collision processes 208 935795 Free radicals 6 7

5796 Hydrogen and helium atoms 22 30

5797 Inorganic molecules 3 9

5798 Macromolecules and polymers 69 245801 Mesic and muonic atoms and

molecules11 7

5802 Organic molecules 8 105809 Other (atoms and molecules) 52 285942 Kinetic theory 14 4

Overlap Group

5861 Quantum mechanics (1/2) 295986 NMR-EPR instrumenta-

tion (1/4)5

Spectroscopy (1/2)5678 Electronic spectroscopy

including far uv7

5891 Spectroscopy 71 755998 Spectroscopes 5 12

X rays (1/5)5818 X rays and gamma rays 12 156004 X-ray instrumentation 8 13

Modern optics (1/4)5698 Scattering phenomena 3 3

5814 Interaction of electromag- 27 19

netic waves with matter5884 Lasers 82 71,

5885 Nonlinear optics 20 105983 Lasers and masers 6 10

Appendix B 1773

PP 3 EP

5821 Cosmic rays

5822 Electromagnetic fields,photons

5824 Hadrons5825 Leptons5826 Quantum field theory

5829 Other (elementary-par-tidies and fields)

PhD's Non-PhD's

9994

741

94129111

41

48

3124273

66

Overlap Group

5861 Quantum mechanics (1/4) 14 3

Beams (1/2)

5973 Beam handling 8 6

5988 Particle accelerators 63 40

5991 Particle and beam sources 5 5

5992 Particle detectors 21 26

PP 4 NP

5695 Nuclear and radio

chemistry

6 13

5697 Radiation and hot-atomchemistry

5 7

5871 Nuclear decay and radio

activity

132 84

5-872 Nuclear reactions andscattering

593 279

5873 Nuclear structure andenergy levels

400 198

5879 Other (nuclei) 220 186

5966 Health and medicalphysics

162 336

5987 Nuclear Reactors 128 138

Overlap Group

X rays (1/5)5818 X rays and gamma rays 12 15

6004 X-ray instrumentation 8 13

Beams (1/2)

5973 Beam handling 8 6

5988 Particle accelerators 63 40

5991. ,Particle and beamsburces

5 5

5992 Particle detectors 21 26


PP 5

PP 6

P&F

PhD's Non-PhD's

5831 Dispersions and colloids 8 /

5832 Electric discharges 51. 375833 Fluid mechanics 257 1455834 Gases 20 135835 Ionization 1 55836 Liquids 23 215849 Other (fluids) 24 385853 Continuum 63 245937 Magnetofluid dynamiOs 28 115838 Plasmas 488 2115994 Plasma containment 8 12

Overlap Group

Thermal (3/10)5682 Equilibrium and thermo- 2 1

dynamic relationships5941 High-temperature physics 8 45944 Phase transitions and 14 9

changes of state5945 Statistical mechanics 20 85946 Thermal measurement 5 7

techniques5947 Thermal properties 4 65948 Thermodynamics 5 95951 Transport phenomena 14 85959 Other (thermal physics) 6 55981 High temperature instru- 0

mentation6002 Thermometric instrumen- 0 3

tation5775 Shock waves (4/5) 28 38

CM

5671 Catalysis 5 25674 Chemical kinetics, liquid 4 1

phase5676 Crystallography 48 385692 Liquid state and solu- 10 6

tions; electrolytes andnonelectrolytes

5701 Solid-state chemistry 23 95815 Magnetism 33 41-5841 Quantum fluids 53 225856 Many-body theory 31 145858 Plasticity 7 35862 Statistical mechanics 52 115902 Alloys 54 295903 Crystal growth 43 315904 Crystal structure 30 29

PP 6

Appendix 13 1775

CM

5905 Dendrites and composites

5906 Dielectrics5907 Diffusion in solids5908 Electron states5911 Electron transport and

carrier properties

PhD's Non-PhD's

6

4146

139156

3

33

17

55

87

5912 Imperfections 105 42

5914 Lattice mechanics 60 34

5915 Luminescence 66 41

5916 Magnetic properties 242 125

5917 Magnetic resonance 258 126

5918 Mechanical properties 89 50

5921 Metallic conductors 29 17

5922 MOssbauer effect 74 36

5923 Noncrystalline states 34 17

5924 Optical properties 218 110

5925 Semiconductors 305 254

5926 Solid-state devices 311 237

5927 Superconductors 174 91

5928 Surfaces, interfaces,films

260 232

5931 Thermal properties ofsolids

33 39

5939 Other (solids) 145 135

5943 Low-temperature physics 158 92

5978 High-pressure instru-mentation

8 10

5982 Information storage 20 27

5997 Semiconductors 10 28

Overlap Group

Mechanics (1/4)5861 Quantum mechanics 14 3

NMR & EPR (3/4)5986 NMR-EPR instrumentation 15 14

Mechanical (1/2)5854 Elasticity 10 5

5855 Friction 1 4

6003 Vacuum 11 38

Ultrasound (/3)5777 Ultrasonics 51 52

5901 Acoustic properties 20 10

X rays (3/5)5818 X rays and gamma rays 36 45

6004 X-ray instrumentation 24 39

Measurement and instru-ments (1/2)

5811 Electrical quantities and 10 26

their measurement

3 2 1


PhD's Non-PhD's

PP 6 CM

Overlap Group

5857

5913

5976

Measurement of mechan-ical properties

Interaction of radiationwith solidsElectronics

13

94

51

23

64

160

6009 Other (instrumentation) 41 1086037 Onits, constants, sten-

dards, conversion factors2 6

Shock waves (1/5)5775 Shock waves 7 9

Thermal (7/10)5682 Equilibrium and thermo-

dynamic relationships4 3

5941 High-temperature physics 19 8

5944 Phase transitions, changesof state

33 20

5945 Statistical mechanics 47 18

5946 Thermal measurementtechniques

11 16

5947 Thermal properties 10 15

5948 Thermodynamics 12 20

5951 Transport phenomena 33 19

5959 Other (thermal physics) 13 12

5981 High-temperature instru-mentation

1 4

6002 Thermometric instrumenta-tion

1 6


5814 Interaction of electromag-netic waves with matter

27 19

5884 Lasers 20 10

5885 Nonlinear optics 20 10

5983 Lasers and masers 6 10

PP 7 E&P

4991 Aeronomy 24 27

4992 Air-sea interaction 1 4

4993 Atmospheric chemistry andradioactivity

11 7

4994 Atmospheric dynamics,thermodynamics

7 17

4995 Atmospheric electricity 6 9

4997 Aurora, airglow 9 20

4998 Cloud and precipitationphysics

16 15

PP 7 E&P

5001 Cosmic rays5002 Ionosphere5003 Mesometeorology5004 Micrometeorology5005 Numerical modeling5006 Planetary atmospheres5007 Radiative transfer5008 Turbulence and diffusion5009 Other (atmospheric struc-

ture and dynamics)5028 Rocket meteorology5031 Satellite meteorology5161 Exploration, gravity5162 Exploration, magnetic5163 Exploration, seismology5164 Geomagnetism and paleomag-

netism5165 Gravity5166 Heat flow5167 Physical properties of

natural materials5168 Seismology5171 Tectonics5172 Volcanology5179 Other (solid-earth geo-

physics)5185 Physical oceanography5191 Underwater sound5199 Other (oceanography)5302 Lunar and planetary geology5331 Aeronomy5332 Aurora and airglow5333 Cosmic rays5334 Geomagnetic pulsations5335 Interplanetary particles

and fields5336 Ionosphere5337 Magnetospheric particles

and waves5350 Atmospheric sciences5360 Earth sciences

Overlap Group

Solar/planetary (1/2)5338 Solar and planetary

physics5341 Solar wind5349 Other (solar/planetary)6023 Sun4996 Atmospheric optics and

acoustics (1/2)

Appendix 5 1777

PhD's Non-PhD's

6 4

28 34

1 5

0 5

13 9

14 8

31 21

12 1018 17

0 0

0 0

2 5

5 3

24 235 12

3 8

1 1

16 9

12 24

1 0

0 0

21 8

11 14

0 0

10 14

7 10

23 12

23 16

11 30

7 3

26 14

17 20

78 50

33 4624 39

26 20

11 5

6 5

46 21

15 12

L778

PP

PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

8 PB

5688 Ion exchange and membranephenomena

5962 Bioelectricity5963 Bioenergetics5964 Biological molecules5969 Other (biophysics)6580 Biological and biomedical

sciences

PhO's Non-Phi:Os

3

21

8

86

89

44

4

12

8

27

4934

Overlap Group

Hearing (2/5)5772 Hearing 6 6

5776 Speech 7 4

5961 Bioacoustics 3 2

Bio-optics (1/3)5892 Vision 3 2

5965 Bio-optics 2 2

PP Optics

5813 Infrared, visible, and uvradiation

42 142

5881 Colorimetry 7 16

5882 Geometric optics 31 208

5883 Holography 74 94

5886 Photography 24 114

5887 Photometry, radiometry,and illumination

39 209

5888 Physics optics 98 144

5899 Other (optics) 104 286

5985 Microscopes 6 19

5993 Photographic instrumenta-tion

7 43

Overlap Group

Measurement and instru-ments (1/2)

5811 Electrical quantities andtheir measurement

10 26

5857 Measurement of mechanicalproperties

13 23

5913 Interaction of radiationwith solids

94 64

5976 Electronlcs 51 160

6009 Other (instrumentation) 41 108

6037 Units, constants, stan-dards, conversion factors

2 6

Spectroscopy (1/2)

324

Appendix B 1779

PP 9 Optics

Overlap Croup

5678 Electronic spectroscopyincluding far uv

5891 Spectroscopy5998 Spectroscopes

Bio-optics (2/3)5892 Vision5965 Bio-optics

PhO's Non-Phi:Os

7

71

5

7

6

6

75

12

5

4


5814 Interaction of electromag-netic waves with matter

55 38

5884 Lasers 163 1415885 Nonlinear optics 41 205983 Lasers and masers 12 21

5996 Atmospheric optics andacoustics (1/2)

15 12

PP 10 Acoustics

5771 Architectural acoustics 10 35

5773 Music 8 7

5774 Noise 33 120

5778 Underwater sound 155 407

5781 Vibrations 21 55

5789 Other (acoustics) 33 57

OverZap Group

Ultrasound (1/3)5777 Ultrasonics 26 26

5901 Acoustic properties 10 5

Hearing (3/5)5772 Hearing 9

5776 Speech 9 6

5961 Bioacoustics 5 3

PP 11 Astrophysics

6011 Binary stars 23 19

6012 Clusters 14 1

6016 Interstellar medium 66 32

6021 Stellar composition 32 29

6022 Stellar evolution 50 22

6029 Other 129 85

12 Astronomy

5852 Celestial mechanics 61 69

1780

PP 13

PRYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE

Interplanetary

5301 Interplanetary matter5304 Meteorites and tektites

5305 Planetary atmospheres5306 Planetary magnetic fields

5309 Other (planetology)6013 Comets, meteors, inter-

planetary medium6017 Planets and satellites

PhD's

9

5

30

2

6

15

26

Non-PhD's

2

11

2

6

10

18

PP 14 Instrumentation

5972 Astronomical 32 29

5996 Radio astronomy 39 17

6001 Telescopes 5 14

PP 15 Overlap with E&P (1/2)

5338 Solar planetary physics 26 20

5341 Solar wind 11 5

5349 Other (solar/planetary) 6 5

6023 Sun 46 21