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88 SE 020 014
Man's Impact on the Environment: The Barrier Beach asan Ecosystem. Update.Brevard County School Board, Cocoa, Fla.Bureau of Elementary and Secondary Education(DHEW/OE) , Washington, D.C.[75)134p.; For the Pilot Test Edition, see ED 106 076.Related documents are SE 020 015-017. Photographs andnewspaper examples used may reproduce marginallyThe slides described in the abstract are availablefrom ERIC/SMEAC, The Ohio State University, 1200Chambers Road, 3rd Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43212 (onloan)
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Conservation Education; *Ecology; *Environmental
Education; *Instructional Materials; LearningActivities; *Oceanology; Science Education; ScienceMaterials; *Teaching Guides
IDENTIFIERS Elementary Secondary Education Act Title III; ESEATitle III
ABSTRACTThis environmental education program emphasizes the
cause and effect of change in a barrier beach ecosystem with specialattention given to man and his role in environmental change. Conceptsare employed from the natural and social sciences to investigateenvionmental problems. The units are designed around thesequestions: (1) What is an ecosystem?; (2) What is a description ofthe ecosystem being investigated?; (3) What are some of the bioticand abj.otic features of the ecosystem and how dr these featuresinterrelate?; 0 Where are some specific locatiuns of the ecosystembeing investigated?; (5) What biotic and abiotic features in theecosystem have changed and are undergoing change?; (6) What are thenatural factors causing change in the ecosystem and how have theybeen brought about?; (7) What are the man-made factors causing changein the ecosystem and how have they been brought about?; (8) What arethe results of the changes?; (9) What, if any, new changes are neededin the ecosystem?; and (10) How might these needed changes to theecosystem be brought about? The units are inquiry oriented andcontain learning activities, resources, evaluation techniques, andteacher suggestions for implementation of the program. Readings,maps, and other handouts are given for learner use. Slides withdescriptions are included. (Author/MR)
Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished materials not available from other sources- ERIC makes every
effort to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the
quality of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).
hDRS is not responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from
the original.
U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION &WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO.OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE.SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY
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k pr
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ted
or r
epor
ted
here
in w
as p
erfo
rmed
pur
suan
t to
agr
ant f
rom
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es O
ffic
e of
Edu
catio
n, D
epar
tmen
t of
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lth, E
du-
catio
n, a
nd W
elfa
re. H
owev
er, t
he o
pini
ons
expr
esse
d he
rein
do
not n
eces
-sa
rily
ref
lect
the
posi
tion
or p
olic
y of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es O
ffic
e of
Edu
catio
n,an
d no
off
icia
l end
orse
men
t by
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es O
ffic
e of
Edu
catio
n sh
ould
be
infe
rred
.
RE
PRO
DU
CT
ION
OF
TH
IS M
AT
ER
IAL
Con
trar
y to
usu
al p
ract
ice,
no
rest
rict
ions
are
pla
ced
on th
e us
e, r
e-pr
oduc
tion
or q
uota
tion
from
thes
e re
sour
ce u
nits
if th
e go
al is
inte
nded
toim
prov
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal a
war
enes
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of te
ache
rs, s
tude
nts,
and
the
publ
ic in
gen
eral
RA
TIO
NA
LE
Env
iron
men
tal d
egra
datio
n is
rec
ogni
zed
as a
con
cern
of
incr
easi
ng m
agni
tude
. Man
is th
e pr
e-ci
pita
ting
fact
or in
the
dete
rior
atio
n of
the
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
fac
tors
of
his
envi
ronm
ent,
his
high
lyto
uted
acc
ompl
ishm
ents
not
with
stan
ding
.It
is p
ostu
late
d th
at e
nvir
onm
enta
l pro
blem
s ar
e ex
acer
bate
dby
man
's la
ck o
f kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
his
sur
roun
ding
s, b
oth
phys
ical
and
soc
ial,
as w
ell a
sin
divi
dual
mot
ivat
ion
to a
ct r
espe
ctfu
lly to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
ts.
Thi
s br
oad
spec
trum
env
iron
men
tal e
duca
tion
prog
ram
has
bee
n de
velo
ped
to c
omba
t thi
s sh
orta
geof
und
erst
andi
ng a
nd f
eelin
g. E
mpl
oyin
g co
ncep
ts f
rom
bot
h th
e di
scip
lines
of
natu
ral a
nd s
ocia
l sci
ence
s,a
lear
ner
can
be e
xpos
ed n
ot o
nly
to th
e ph
ysic
al p
heno
men
a th
at a
re b
eing
aff
ecte
d in
his
env
iron
men
tbu
t als
o ca
n be
mad
e aw
are
of th
e hu
man
con
sequ
ence
s of
thes
e ch
ange
s. T
he a
pplic
atio
n of
the
self
-di
scov
ery
tech
niqu
es u
sed
in th
is le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ity p
acka
ge w
ill r
esul
t in
a le
arne
r w
ho:
1.D
emon
stra
tes
a si
gnif
ican
tly in
crea
sed
leve
l of
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
ein
terr
elat
ions
hip
of b
oth
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
asp
ects
of
his
envi
ronm
ent.
2.D
emon
stra
tes
a si
gnif
ican
tly h
ighe
r po
sitiv
e at
titud
e to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
t.
By
acco
mpl
ishi
ng th
ese
obje
ctiv
es w
ith a
sub
stan
tial n
umbe
r of
stu
dent
s, th
ey w
ould
be
equi
pped
with
the
basi
c to
ols
with
whi
ch to
act
ivel
y pu
rsue
sol
utio
ns to
env
iron
men
tal p
robl
ems.
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
S
The
Bar
rier
Bea
ch a
s an
Eco
syst
em
Rat
iona
lev
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
vi
Fore
wor
dvi
i
Ack
now
ledg
emen
txx
Loo
king
Ahe
adxx
i
A M
odel
for
Inv
estig
atin
g C
hang
e in
Eco
syst
ems
xxii
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
I
Stud
ent C
omm
ents
31O
C
Tea
cher
Com
men
ts99
35m
m S
lides
109
FOR
EW
OR
D
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent i
s a
lear
ning
act
ivity
pac
kage
des
igne
d to
fost
er a
n im
prov
emen
t
'in th
e le
arne
r's k
now
ledg
e of
and
atti
tude
tow
ard
his
envi
ronm
ent.
As
the
title
mig
ht s
ugge
st, t
his
pack
age
view
s m
an a
s he
aff
ects
his
env
iron
men
t, bo
th th
e liv
ing
and
non-
livin
gfe
atur
es.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
uni
t
of a
naly
sis
used
for
this
stu
dy is
the
ecos
yste
m, a
sys
tem
in w
hich
the
man
yre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
e
livin
g (b
iotic
) an
d no
n-liv
ing
(abi
otic
) as
pect
s of
any
giv
en e
nvir
onm
ent a
rein
vest
igat
ed.
The
eco
syst
em v
iew
of
the
envi
ronm
ent i
s br
ough
t int
o sh
arp
focu
s by
util
izin
gth
e co
ncep
tual
them
e
of c
hang
e.B
iolo
gica
l, ph
ysio
logi
cal,
and
soci
olog
ical
cha
nge
are
all f
acet
s of
this
part
icul
ar c
once
ptua
l
appr
oach
. Maj
or e
mph
asis
is g
iven
to th
e ca
use
and
effe
ct o
f ch
ange
in a
n ec
osys
tem
and
spec
ial a
ttent
ion
is g
iven
to m
an a
nd h
is r
ole
in e
nvir
onm
enta
l cha
nge.
To
faci
litat
e th
e in
vest
igat
ion
of c
hang
e in
var
ious
eco
syst
ems,
an
anal
ytic
al m
odel
- a
ser
ies
ofge
nera
lized
but
bas
ic q
uest
ions
app
licab
le to
a n
umbe
r of
sim
ilar
units
of
anal
ysis
- a
bout
cha
nge
in a
n
ecos
yste
m h
as b
een
deve
lope
d.In
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent,
lear
ning
act
iviti
es a
repr
ovid
ed th
at
appl
y th
is a
naly
tical
mod
el to
a s
erie
s of
spe
cifi
c ec
osys
tem
s: b
arri
erbe
ach,
est
uary
, fre
shw
ater
mar
sh,
the
city
.It
is b
elie
ved
that
onc
e a
lear
ner
beco
mes
acq
uain
ted
with
this
mod
el, h
e ca
n us
eit
as a
gui
de
to s
tudy
any
eco
syst
em h
e w
ishe
s.
The
app
licat
ion
of th
is m
odel
to s
elec
ted
ecos
yste
ms
is m
ade
thro
ugh
an in
quir
y, o
r se
lf-d
isco
very
,
lear
ning
app
roac
h. E
ven
thou
gh th
e le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
are
bas
ed o
n a
very
dire
cted
inqu
iry
tech
niqu
e, th
e
lear
ner
still
ben
efits
fro
m u
sing
his
ana
lytic
al s
kills
, gai
ning
fac
ts, a
nd e
xplo
ring
and
clar
ifyi
ng h
is v
alue
s
and
attit
udes
tow
ard
the
envi
ronm
ent.
vii
How
To
Use
Thi
s L
earn
ing
Pack
et
Thi
s le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
pac
kage
is d
ivid
ed in
to th
ree
maj
or s
ectio
ns -
- L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es,
Stud
ent C
omm
ents
(SC
) an
d T
each
er C
omm
ents
(T
C).
The
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
sec
tion
prov
ides
in-
vest
igat
ions
for
eac
h in
quir
y qu
estio
n lis
ted
in th
e an
alyt
ical
mod
el. T
hese
inve
stig
atio
ns a
re d
esig
ned
to g
uide
the
lear
ner
tow
ard
a w
ell g
roun
ded
conc
lusi
on to
the
inqu
iry
ques
tions
. Alo
ng w
ith th
e L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es, t
his
divi
sion
incl
udes
Res
ourc
es n
eede
d to
com
plet
e th
e in
vest
igat
ions
, sug
gest
ed E
valu
atio
npr
oced
ures
for
stu
dent
per
form
ance
, and
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
. The
eva
luat
ion
tech
niqu
es a
re e
xpla
ined
in d
epth
late
r in
this
For
ewar
d. S
tude
nt C
omm
ents
are
rea
ding
s, m
aps,
and
oth
er h
ando
uts
that
are
inte
gral
par
ts o
f th
e L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es a
nd a
re to
be
repr
oduc
ed f
or le
arne
r us
e. T
he S
tude
nt C
omm
ents
are
num
bere
d an
d lo
cate
d al
l tog
ethe
r fo
llow
ing
the
sect
iOnf
ronA
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
.T
each
er C
omm
ents
give
bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on a
var
iety
of
aspe
cts
of th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng s
tudi
ed.
Eve
n th
ough
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
ts a
re p
rim
arily
des
igne
d fo
r th
e te
ache
r, m
any
inst
ruct
ors
have
fou
nd it
use
ful t
o re
prod
uce
thes
efo
r th
eir
stud
ents
to u
se.
In a
n ef
fort
to m
ake
this
lear
ning
pac
ket a
s st
uden
t-or
ient
ed a
s po
ssib
le, t
here
has
bee
n in
clud
edan
exp
lana
tion
of a
wor
kabl
e pr
ogra
m in
whi
ch s
tude
nts
cond
uct c
lass
dis
cuss
ion.
Rea
d ca
refu
lly th
e fo
l-lo
win
g Su
gges
ted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n fo
r po
ssib
le im
plem
enta
tion
in y
our
clas
sroo
m.
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent a
lso
prov
ides
a s
erie
s of
sug
gest
ed m
etho
ds f
or e
valu
atin
g le
arne
rpe
rfor
man
ce. E
mpl
oym
ent o
f th
ese
part
icul
ar te
chni
ques
are
not
cri
tical
to th
e su
cces
s of
the
lear
ning
unit,
but
are
pro
cedu
res
that
hav
e pr
oved
mea
ning
ful t
o th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
hers
who
dev
elop
ed th
is le
arni
ngac
tivity
pac
kage
. A P
ropo
sed
Sche
me
of T
echn
ique
s fo
r E
valu
atin
g St
uden
t Per
form
ance
mer
its c
lose
atte
ntio
nan
d ca
n be
fou
nd in
this
For
ewar
d.
viii
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n
"The
onl
y le
arni
ng w
hich
sig
nifi
cant
ly in
flue
nces
beh
avio
r is
sel
f-di
scov
ered
, sel
f-ap
prop
riat
edle
arni
ng.
Self
-app
ropr
iatio
n or
'lea
rnin
g it
for
mys
elf
happ
ens
whe
n th
ere
is p
roce
ss, o
r w
hen
the
stud
ent i
s an
act
ivis
t ..
. or
whe
n th
e st
uden
t is
sear
chin
g, o
r w
hen
the
stud
ent i
s do
ing
anyt
hing
with
the
teac
her
like
unde
rsta
ndin
g or
lovi
ng h
im."
*O
ne p
roce
ss th
at c
an b
e ac
tivel
y ut
ilize
d fo
r se
lf-d
isco
vere
d le
arni
ng is
the
stud
ent-
dire
cted
clas
sdi
scus
sion
. Dis
cuss
ion
revo
lvin
g ar
ound
cha
lleng
ing,
inqu
iry
orie
nted
que
stio
ns s
uppl
ied
by th
e te
ache
r,bu
t con
duct
ed e
xclu
sive
ly b
y th
e st
uden
ts, w
ill p
rovi
de th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts th
e op
port
unity
for
act
ive
invo
lve-
men
t. St
uden
t-di
rect
ed d
iscu
ssio
ns a
llow
the
stud
ent t
o ex
pres
s op
inio
ns o
penl
y an
d ar
gue
free
ly f
or h
ispo
int o
f vi
ew in
an
atm
osph
ere
mon
itore
d by
his
pee
rs in
stea
d of
the,
mor
e of
ten
than
not
, sta
idqu
estio
n
and
answ
er s
ituat
ion
stru
ctur
ed b
y th
e te
ache
r.C
lass
dis
cuss
ions
dir
ecte
d by
stu
dent
s al
so f
ree
the
teac
her
to b
ecom
e a
shar
per
obse
rver
of
stu-
dent
inte
ract
ion,
a b
ette
r lis
tene
r, a
nd m
ore
effe
ctiv
e ev
alua
tor.
By
allo
win
g st
uden
ts th
e ch
ance
to c
on-
duct
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
ns a
nd r
efra
inin
g fr
om v
oici
ng p
erso
nal o
pini
ons
and
mak
ing
auth
orita
tive
stat
emen
ts,
the
teac
her
will
hav
e m
ore
time
to o
bser
ve, l
iste
n, a
nd e
valu
ate.
Stud
ent c
onfi
denc
e is
dev
elop
ed w
hen
the
teac
her
allo
ws
them
to w
ork
out t
heir
ow
n pr
oble
ms
and
acts
as
a gu
ide
and
not t
he s
ole
inte
llect
ual
auth
ority
in th
e ro
om. T
each
er s
ugge
stio
ns s
houl
d be
off
ered
spa
ring
ly a
nd o
nly
if s
tude
nts
get t
oo f
arof
f th
e su
bjec
t and
just
can
't ge
t bac
k to
the
busi
ness
at h
and.
One
hig
hly
succ
essf
ul m
odel
for
stu
dent
-dir
ecte
d cl
ass
disc
ussi
on h
as b
een
empl
oyed
for
sev
eral
year
s in
soc
ial s
tudi
es c
lass
es a
t DeL
aura
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
,Sa
telli
te B
each
, Flo
rida
.
* C
arl R
oger
s
Stud
ents
ass
ume
the
thre
e fo
llow
ing
posi
tions
:(1
) M
oder
ator
, (2)
Boa
rd R
ecor
der,
(3)
Des
k R
e-co
rder
. The
se p
ositi
ons
are
all v
olun
tary
and
stu
dent
sm
ay c
hoos
e to
be
one,
two,
or
all t
hree
, not
all
at o
nce.
A s
heet
of
pape
r fo
r ea
ch p
ositi
on m
ay b
e pa
ssed
aro
und
the
room
, and
stu
dent
s m
ay s
ign
upfo
r an
y, a
ll, o
r no
ne o
f th
ese.
Whe
n an
y po
sitio
n is
nee
ded,
the
teac
her
can
just
pic
k on
e st
uden
t, st
art-
ing
at th
e to
p of
the
list.
Mod
erat
or a
nd B
oard
Rec
orde
r se
rve
one
clas
s pe
riod
and
the
Des
kR
ecor
der
serv
es th
roug
hout
the
entir
e di
scus
sion
of
the
over
all i
ssue
. The
se p
ositi
ons
are
exce
llent
for
thos
e qu
iet,
shy
stud
ents
who
hes
itate
to e
xpre
ss th
eir
opin
ions
ina
larg
e gr
oup.
A te
ache
r sh
ould
aw
ard
extr
a po
ints
to th
ose
stud
ents
who
vol
unte
er f
or th
ese
posi
tions
.(1
)T
he M
oder
ator
- R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sA
.C
alls
on
stud
ents
who
wis
h to
exp
ress
them
selv
es.
B.
Con
tinue
s to
cal
l on
stud
ents
who
wis
h to
spe
akas
long
as
ther
e is
qui
et c
oope
ratio
nof
the
rem
aini
ng s
tude
nts.
C.
Mai
ntai
ns p
arlia
men
tary
pro
cedu
re.
(Sim
ple
parl
iam
enta
ry p
roce
dure
mig
ht b
eex
-pl
aine
d by
the
teac
her
-- p
oint
of
orde
r, c
all f
or q
uest
ion,
mak
ing
a m
otio
n, e
tc.)
tv.)
D.
Doe
s no
t exp
ress
an
opin
ion.
(2)
The
Boa
rd R
ecor
der
- R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sA
. Rec
ords
per
tinen
t inf
orm
atio
non
cha
lkbo
ard
as d
irec
ted
by s
tude
nts.
so th
at th
e D
esk
Rec
orde
r ca
n m
ake
a co
py o
f th
e in
form
atio
n fo
r th
e cl
ass
log
and
help
keep
dis
cuss
ion
on th
e po
int.
B.
May
exp
ress
opi
nion
s w
hen
reco
gniz
ed b
y th
e M
oder
ator
.T
he D
esk
Rec
orde
r-
Res
pons
ibili
ties
A. R
ecor
ds in
a c
lass
log
info
rmat
ion
exac
tlyas
it a
ppea
rs o
n th
e ch
alkb
oard
.B
.A
cts
as s
ecre
tary
whe
n ar
gum
ents
occu
r ov
er p
revi
ous
mat
eria
l by
refe
rrin
g to
pre
-vi
ous
reco
rds
in lo
g.
(3)
C.
Plac
es p
revi
ous
day'
s w
ork
on c
halk
bcar
d at
the
begi
nnin
gof
eac
h cl
ass
mee
ting.
D. R
ecor
ds in
form
atio
n on
ditt
o at
the
conc
lusi
on o
f th
edi
scus
sion
s fo
r di
stri
butio
n to
mem
bers
of
the
clas
s.
CH
AL
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BOARD RECORDER
©STUDENT
MODERATOR
Cli)
DESK
RECORDER
0STUDENTS
0TEACHER
Phys
ical
arr
ange
men
ts o
f th
e cl
ass
envi
ronm
ent
cont
ribu
te s
igni
fica
ntly
to c
lass
dis
cuss
ion.
Des
ks s
houl
d be
situ
ated
so
that
stu
dent
s :
'4.
gene
rally
fac
e ea
ch o
ther
for
eas
ier
inte
ract
ion
and
see
the
chal
kboa
rd w
ithou
t dif
ficu
lty.
See
diag
ram
at l
eft.
Rem
embe
r! T
he te
ache
r is
an
obse
rver
,lis
tene
r, a
nd e
valu
ator
! O
ne s
ugge
sted
sch
eme
for
eval
uatin
g la
rge
grou
p di
scus
sion
is e
xpla
ined
in th
e ne
xt s
ectio
n on
Eva
luat
ion
Tec
hniq
ues.
If
this
Stu
dent
-Dir
ecte
d C
lass
Dis
cuss
ion
is to
be
adop
ted
in y
our
clas
sroo
m, t
horo
ugh
expl
anat
ion
shou
ld b
e m
ade,
to y
our
stud
ents
bef
ore
star
ting
the
unit
of s
tudy
. - D
avid
Mac
Don
ald,
June
Sch
mid
lkof
er.
Soci
al S
tudi
es te
ache
rsD
eLau
ra J
unio
r H
igh
scho
olSa
telli
te B
each
, Flo
rida
A P
ropo
sed
Sche
me
of T
echn
ique
s fo
r E
valu
atin
g St
uden
t Per
form
ance
Eva
luat
ing
stud
ent p
erfo
rman
ce is
dif
ficu
lt at
bes
t. M
ost c
lass
room
teac
hers
hav
e de
velo
ped
syst
ems
for
"gra
ding
" th
eir
stud
ents
with
whi
ch th
ey a
re m
ost c
omfo
rtab
le. O
ther
teac
hers
are
qui
te u
ncom
fort
able
with
any
tech
niqu
es f
or m
easu
ring
stu
dent
pro
gres
s. W
e m
ake
no a
ttem
pts
at s
olvi
ng th
e pr
oble
ms
and
in-
equi
ties
inhe
rent
in m
ost e
valu
atio
n sc
hem
es. W
e on
ly p
rese
nt s
ome
way
s th
atso
me
clas
sroo
m te
ache
rsha
ve u
sed
and
have
fou
nd to
be
succ
essf
ul f
or th
em. P
leas
e re
view
the
sugg
este
d m
etho
ds in
clud
ed h
ere
and
mod
ify
for
use
in y
our
own
situ
atio
n. W
hate
ver
gene
ral e
valu
atio
n pr
oces
s is
cho
sen,
exp
lain
its
func
tion
to y
our
stud
ents
bef
ore
begi
nnin
g th
e un
it of
stu
dy.
Stud
ent a
chie
vem
ent c
an b
e ev
alua
ted
on m
ore
than
wri
tten
test
s, e
ven
thou
gh th
ese
have
thei
r pl
ace.
Add
ition
al a
reas
of
mea
sure
men
t may
incl
ude
larg
e gr
oup
disc
ussi
on, s
mal
l gro
up w
ork,
sel
f-ev
alua
tion,
oral
rep
orts
, vis
ual c
reat
ions
(po
ster
s, c
hart
s, g
raph
s, d
iagr
ams,
col
lage
s), a
nd w
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts.
One
sug
gest
ed m
etho
d of
sco
ring
thes
e an
d ot
her
area
s is
thro
ugh
a po
int s
yste
m in
whi
ch a
hig
her
pPnu
mbe
r of
poi
nts
refl
ects
hig
her
qual
ity. A
poi
nt s
cale
is e
stab
lishe
d fo
r ea
ch a
rea
bein
g ju
dged
, poi
nts
are
gran
ted
eith
er b
y st
uden
ts o
r te
ache
r fo
r an
indi
vidu
al's
per
form
ance
and
eac
h st
uden
t rec
ords
his
ow
nac
cum
ulat
ion
of p
oint
s.T
his
reco
rd c
ould
take
the
form
of
an I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
(I.
P.S
. ) s
how
n on
the
next
pag
e. T
he s
heet
ser
ves
as a
sum
mar
y fo
r po
ints
giv
en in
the
four
cat
egor
ies
of e
valu
atio
n di
scus
sed
in th
is s
ectio
n on
Eva
luat
ion
Tec
hniq
ues.
Oth
er a
spec
ts o
f ev
alua
tion,
not
incl
uded
on
the
Indi
vidu
al P
oint
Shee
t may
be
incl
uded
at t
he te
ache
r's d
iscr
etio
n.B
e cr
eativ
e an
d re
war
d yo
ur s
tude
nts
for
the
good
they
do.
Acc
entu
ate
the
posi
tive
and
elim
inat
e th
e ne
gativ
e.Po
int S
heet
s ar
e ke
pt f
or o
ne w
eek
at a
tim
e by
the
stud
ent w
ho to
tals
his
poi
nts
and
then
turn
sth
em in
to th
e te
ache
r. A
t the
end
of
a st
anda
rd g
radi
ng p
erio
d, a
ll I.
P. S
. tot
als
are
adde
d.an
d th
ete
ache
r co
nver
ts th
em in
to a
gra
de.
Eac
h of
the
divi
sion
s on
the
I. P
. S. a
re e
xpla
ined
on
the
follo
win
g pa
ges
and
deta
iled
scor
ing
inst
ru-
men
ts a
re p
rovi
ded
for
your
con
side
ratio
n in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t sec
tion.
xii
IND
IVID
UA
L P
OIN
T' S
HE
ET
Tot
al P
oint
s
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Poin
tsM
.
T.
W.
Th.
F.
Nam
e
Peri
od
Wee
k
Self
-Eva
luat
ion
Poin
tsM
.
T.
W.
Th.
F.Su
b-to
tal
Sub-
tota
l
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Poin
tsI
Ora
l-V
isua
l-W
ritte
n Po
ints
M.
M.
T.
T.
W.
W.
Th.
Th.
1
F.F.
Sub-
tota
lSu
b-to
tal
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Lar
ge g
roup
dis
cuss
ion
is p
roba
bly
the
mos
t wid
ely
used
lear
ning
tech
niqu
e in
the
clas
sroo
m.
Mos
t of
the
time
this
type
of
disc
ussi
on is
teac
her-
cent
ered
or d
irec
ted.
How
ever
, it i
s po
ssib
le f
orcl
ass
disc
ussi
ons
to b
e st
uden
t dir
ecte
d; th
is le
aves
the
teac
her
free
to b
e an
obs
erve
r, li
sten
er, a
ndev
alua
tor.
The
sec
tion,
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
orSt
uden
t-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n, p
age
ix, g
ives
de-
tails
in h
ow to
est
ablis
h a
stud
ent-
dire
cted
disc
ussi
on.
With
stu
dent
s di
rect
ing
clas
s di
scus
sion
the
teac
her
has
the
oppo
rtun
ity to
bec
ome
a m
ore
re-
liabl
e ev
alua
tor.
Mos
t tea
cher
s ha
ve th
eir
own
met
hods
for
judg
ing
thei
r st
uden
ts' c
omm
ents
as
agr
oup
disc
ussi
on p
rogr
esse
s, h
owev
er f
or th
ose
inst
ruct
ors
who
may
wis
h so
me
help
in th
is m
atte
rw
e ha
ve in
clud
ed a
sam
ple
chec
klis
t in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t Sec
tion
as a
pos
sibl
e m
easu
ring
dev
ice.
1.L
arge
gro
up d
iscu
ssio
ns a
re u
sed
freq
uent
ly th
roug
hout
this
uni
t of
stud
y, e
spec
ially
as
aaz
tech
niqu
e fo
r su
mm
ariz
ing
or r
each
ing
a co
nclu
ding
ans
wer
to th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion
bein
g in
vest
igat
ed.
Cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n 1.
,:ts
been
sho
wn
to b
eon
e of
the
stud
ents
' fav
orite
mea
ns f
or le
arni
ng, t
here
fore
it is
an e
xcel
lent
opp
ortu
nity
for
the
teac
her
to e
valu
ate
youn
g pe
ople
's th
inki
ng a
nd e
xpre
ssio
n.If
the
sug-
gest
ed c
heck
list m
entio
ned
abov
e is
to b
e em
ploy
ed,
expl
ain
its u
se to
the
stud
ents
bef
ore
the
unit
ofst
udy
is b
egun
.
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
is a
n ef
fect
ive
met
hod
used
to d
evel
op c
omm
unic
atio
n, c
oope
ratio
n, s
elf-
expr
essi
on, l
eade
rshi
p, c
reat
ivity
, int
erac
tion
and
shar
ing
of id
eas
and
know
ledg
e. T
his
tech
niqu
e is
succ
essf
ul w
ith s
tude
nts
in m
ost l
earn
ing
situ
atio
ns.
The
pur
pose
of
this
tech
niqu
e is
to d
evel
op a
stu
dent
-cen
tere
d cl
assr
oom
rat
her
than
a te
ache
r-di
rect
ed c
lass
room
. Thr
ough
thes
e sm
all g
roup
dis
cuss
ions
, stu
dent
s fe
el f
reer
to e
xpre
ss th
emse
lves
and
som
e de
velo
p le
ader
ship
ski
lls w
hich
are
not
pre
sent
in la
rge
grou
ps. O
ther
ben
efits
are
that
stu
-de
nts
lear
n to
wor
k or
coo
pera
te w
ith a
var
iety
of
thei
r pe
ers
and
not j
ust t
he s
ame
grou
p al
l the
tim
e.M
ost s
tude
nts
lear
n to
cop
e w
ith a
new
situ
atio
n an
d/or
pro
blem
to s
olve
.It
is im
pera
tive
that
a te
ache
rm
.st
rive
to a
llow
stu
dent
s to
sol
ve th
eir
own
grou
p pr
oble
ms.
Tea
cher
s sh
ould
allo
w s
tude
nts
in s
mal
l...
..1gr
oups
to e
lect
thei
r le
ader
ship
exc
ept i
n N
o. 4
(C
apta
in-s
elec
tion)
of
the
idea
s be
low
.
Her
e ar
e so
me
sugg
este
d w
ays
to o
rgan
ize
stud
ents
into
sm
all g
roup
s.
1.C
ount
ing-
off
a.D
ecid
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
gro
ups
need
ed.
b.Su
gges
t fou
r to
six
mem
bers
in e
ach
grou
p.c.
Star
t cou
nt a
nyw
here
in th
e ro
om w
ith #
1 an
d go
to d
esir
ed n
umbe
r (4
-5-6
).d.
Con
tinue
cou
ntin
g of
f un
til a
ll st
uden
ts a
re m
embe
rs o
f a
grou
p.
2.D
raw
ing
num
bers
a.Sa
me
as N
o. la
abo
ve.
b.Sa
me
as N
o. lb
abo
ve.
c.Pu
t in
a lb
ox th
e de
sire
d se
ts o
f nu
mbe
rs.
d.St
uden
ts w
ill d
raw
fro
m th
e bo
x a
num
bere
d sl
ip o
f pa
per
whi
ch w
ill d
eter
min
e th
eir
grou
p.
3.Se
lf-g
roup
ing
a.A
rran
ge f
urni
ture
pri
or to
cla
ss m
eetin
g fo
r de
sire
d nu
mbe
r of
gro
ups.
b.C
hoic
e of
loca
tion
sele
cted
by
stud
ent u
pon
ente
ring
the
room
.
4.C
apta
in-s
elec
tion
a.C
ount
off
and
sel
ect d
esir
ed n
umbe
r su
ch a
s ev
ery
tent
h pe
rson
fro
m th
e ro
ilboo
k.St
uden
t has
cho
ice
of b
eing
or
not b
eing
a c
apta
in.
b.C
ontin
ue th
is u
ntil
the
desi
red
num
ber
of c
apta
ins
have
bee
n ob
tain
ed.
c.Po
sitio
n ca
ptai
ns a
t var
ious
sta
tions
in th
e ro
om, a
s se
lect
ion
is b
eing
mad
e.d.
Cap
tain
sel
ects
team
mem
bers
. Cap
tain
's p
ositi
on is
rot
ated
am
ong
team
if d
esir
ed.
e.C
ontin
ue u
ntil
all m
embe
rs o
f th
e cl
ass
are
on a
team
.
-D
avid
McD
onal
d, J
une
Schm
idlk
afor
Soci
al S
tudi
es T
each
ers
De
Lau
ra J
unio
r H
igh
Scho
olSa
telli
te B
each
, Flo
rida
Man
y te
ache
rs r
efus
e to
inco
rpor
ate
smal
l gro
up w
ork
in th
eir
clas
sroo
ms
beca
use
they
lack
asa
tisfa
ctor
y pr
oced
ure
for
eval
uatin
g th
e ou
tcom
e of
suc
h ef
fort
s.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
this
uni
t of
stud
y,w
e su
gges
t the
use
of
the
follo
win
g pr
oces
s fo
r ch
ecki
ng th
e re
sults
of
grou
ps in
vest
igat
ing
each
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n. U
se o
nly
whe
re it
is p
ract
ical
to d
o so
.
I.A
t the
end
of
the
stud
y of
eac
h In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
ther
e w
ill b
e an
exe
rcis
e in
the
Lea
rnin
gA
ctiv
ities
col
umn
entit
led
Che
ck I
. Q. A
t thi
s po
int h
ave
each
indi
vidu
al w
ithin
a s
mal
l gro
upw
rite
out
wha
t he
thin
ks is
the
answ
er to
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, b
y fi
lling
out
the
uppe
r ha
lf o
fth
e L
Q. (
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n) C
heck
for
m p
rovi
ded
in th
e St
uden
t Com
men
t sec
tion.
2.T
each
er c
olle
cts
L Q
. Che
ck s
heet
s an
d gi
ves
to a
dif
fere
nt s
mal
l gro
up f
or g
radi
ng.
3.C
lasS
mem
bers
will
:a.
Hav
e in
fro
nt o
f th
em a
cop
y of
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n fo
r th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion
arri
ved
atdu
ring
the
Inve
stig
atio
ns.
b.D
ecid
e ho
w m
any
tota
l gra
de-p
oint
s sh
ould
be
poss
ible
for
the
prop
er r
espo
nse
to th
eIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
4.E
ach
smal
l gro
up w
ill c
ompa
re th
e an
swer
she
et h
ande
d it
with
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n an
d th
en f
illou
t the
low
er h
alf
of th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m. E
xper
ienc
e ha
s sh
own
that
mor
e ho
nest
and
ser
ious
eval
uatio
ns a
re m
ade
whe
n st
uden
ts d
o no
t kno
w w
ho is
che
ckin
g w
hose
pap
er. T
he n
ame
ofC
DC
Dth
e ch
ecke
r on
the
I. Q
. Che
ck f
orm
is f
or th
e te
ache
r on
ly.
5.R
etur
n I.
Q. C
heck
s to
teac
her
who
may
rev
eal s
core
s to
stu
dent
s.
If th
is m
etho
d of
eva
luat
ion
is e
mpl
oyed
, it w
ould
be
esse
ntia
l for
stu
dent
s to
rem
ain
in th
e sa
me
smal
l gro
up u
ntil
com
plet
ion
is m
ade
of a
ll in
vest
igat
ions
for
any
one
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n.
Self
-Eva
luat
ion
App
rais
ing
one'
s ow
n pr
ogre
ss is
pro
babl
y th
e m
ost
effe
ctiv
e m
eans
of
eval
uatio
n. N
oon
e be
tter
than
the
stud
ent h
imse
lf k
now
s ho
w in
tere
sted
he w
as in
the
subj
ect,
how
cle
arly
he
unde
rsta
nds
the
con-
cept
s, h
ow m
uch
effo
rt w
as e
xpen
ded
on th
e le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
, or
how
muc
h co
oper
ativ
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
heto
ok in
gro
up v
entu
res.
A s
yste
m o
f se
lf-e
valu
atio
nca
n gu
ide
a st
uden
t to
a pl
ace
whe
re h
e ca
n se
e hi
sow
n st
rong
fea
ture
s as
wel
l as
wea
k on
es. F
rom
this
van
tage
poin
t, he
can
beg
in to
mak
e co
nstr
uctiv
ech
ange
s in
his
beh
avio
r.
In th
e St
uden
t Com
men
t Sec
tion
ther
e is
pro
vide
don
e sa
mpl
e m
easu
ring
dev
ice
whi
ch c
ould
be
utili
zed
thro
ugho
ut th
is u
nit o
f st
udy.
If th
is in
stru
men
t or
som
e si
mila
r fo
rm is
ado
pted
,pl
ease
exp
lain
its u
se to
stu
dent
s be
fore
any
lear
ning
act
iviti
esst
art.
Ora
l - V
isua
l - W
ritte
n A
ssig
nmen
ts
Var
iety
is a
key
to c
ompr
ehen
sive
eva
luat
ion
of s
tude
nt p
rogr
ess.
Ora
l rep
orts
, vis
ual c
reat
ions
and
wri
tten
assi
gnm
ents
are
but
a s
mal
l lis
t of
activ
ities
that
can
be
used
to m
easu
re th
e gr
owth
of
stu-
dent
s.W
hile
for
mal
ora
l pre
sent
atio
ns a
re a
t a m
inim
um in
thes
e un
its o
f st
udy,
they
may
be
requ
ired
and
we
have
incl
uded
a s
ampl
e fo
rm f
or e
valu
atin
g su
ch r
epor
ts in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t Sec
tion.
Vis
ual w
ork
is c
alle
d fo
r m
ore
freq
uent
ly th
roug
hout
the
lear
ning
act
iviti
es, t
here
fore
we
have
sug
gest
edso
me
guid
elin
es f
or s
cori
ng th
is ty
pe o
f ef
fort
in th
e T
each
er C
omm
ent S
ectio
n.T
hese
two
form
s co
uld
be e
asily
mod
ifie
d fo
r an
y lo
cal s
ituat
ion.
The
ran
ge o
f w
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts r
eque
sted
is s
o gr
eat t
hat
the
eval
uatio
n of
this
are
a is
left
com
plet
ely
up to
the
teac
her.
Wha
teve
r m
etho
ds f
or, e
valu
atin
g or
al,
1.-4
visu
al, a
nd w
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts a
re a
pplie
d sh
ould
be
care
fully
exp
lain
ed to
stu
dent
s be
fore
beg
inni
ng th
eun
it of
stu
dy.
xix
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
T
Thi
s Pr
ojec
t wou
ld h
ave
been
impo
ssib
le w
ithou
t the
eff
orts
and
coo
pera
tion
of th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
hers
who
hel
ped
deve
lop,
test
, and
rev
ise
thes
e en
viro
nmen
tal l
earn
ing
units
. The
ass
ista
nce
give
nby
Dr.
Edw
in S
hirk
ey, o
f Fl
orid
a T
echn
olog
ical
Uni
vers
ity in
Orl
ando
, Flo
rida
, to
eval
uate
the
stud
ents
'pe
rfor
man
ce o
utco
mes
was
inva
luab
le.
Stud
ents
par
ticip
atin
g in
all
the
Pilo
t Cla
sses
mad
e m
any
con-
stru
ctiv
e su
gges
tions
for
rev
isin
g th
e le
arni
ng u
nits
.
Spec
ial m
entio
n go
es to
thos
e te
ache
rs w
ho p
erfo
rmed
ext
ra ta
sks.
Dav
id M
acD
onal
d an
d Ju
neSc
hmid
lkof
er w
ere
inst
rum
enta
l in
wri
ting
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n an
dpa
rts
of th
e se
ctio
n on
eva
luat
ing
stud
ent p
erfo
rman
ce. E
ric
John
son,
Rob
ert F
indl
ay a
nd J
o A
nn S
trin
ger
acte
d as
the
revi
sion
com
mitt
ee, m
akin
g th
e ch
ange
s th
at m
ade
this
fin
al p
rodu
ct p
ossi
ble.
Nin
a B
elle
Fri
tz,
Elle
n C
laus
sen
and
Lin
da L
inco
ln s
pent
hou
rs d
raw
ing
upa
pack
age
of m
ater
ial t
hat w
ould
exp
lain
to te
ache
rsho
w th
ey c
ould
use
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent.
My
grea
test
app
reci
atio
n is
ext
ende
d to
all
of th
ese
indi
vidu
als.
Rog
er L
. Hen
ryC
hair
man
LO
OK
ING
AH
EA
D
Loo
king
Ahe
ad is
a f
eatu
re p
rovi
ded
for
thos
e te
ache
rs w
ho w
ish
to b
e pr
epar
ed f
or th
e le
arni
ngac
tiviti
es b
y se
curi
ng th
e ne
eded
res
ourc
es n
ot s
uppl
ied
with
in th
is p
acka
ge b
efor
e it
is ti
me
tous
e th
em.
Loo
king
Ahe
ad a
t the
Bar
rier
Bea
ch
Plac
e U
sed
(Pag
e N
umbe
r)R
esou
rce
Nee
ded
1.Fi
lmst
rip:
Key
s to
Bas
ic E
colo
gy3
2.D
ictio
nari
es, e
ncyc
lope
dias
, sci
ence
text
book
s6
3.A
tlase
s, e
ncyc
lope
dias
, ref
eren
ce te
xtbo
oks,
wal
l map
s11
N.:
4.M
aps
of lo
cal a
rea
12W
5.L
ibra
ry ti
me:
Ver
tical
file
17
6.Fi
lm: T
reas
ure
Isla
nd23
7.L
ist o
f M
ajor
Lan
d D
evel
oper
s25
A M
OD
EL
FO
R I
NV
EST
IGA
TIN
G C
HA
NG
E I
N E
CO
SYST
EM
S
An
Inqu
iry
Stud
y
I.W
hat i
s an
eco
syst
em?
II.
Wha
t is
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
III.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
do
thes
e fe
atur
es in
terr
elat
e?
IV.
Whe
re a
re s
ome
spec
ific
loca
tions
of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
V.
Wha
t bio
tic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
in th
e ec
osys
tem
hav
e ch
ange
d an
d ar
e un
derg
oing
cha
nge?
VI.
Wha
t are
the
natu
ral f
acto
rs c
ausi
ng c
hang
e in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
VII
.W
hat a
re th
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
caus
ing
chan
ge in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
VII
I.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A. B
enef
icia
l?B
. Det
rim
enta
l?
IX.
Wha
t, if
any
, new
cha
nges
are
nee
ded
in th
e ec
osys
tem
?
X.
How
mig
ht th
ese
need
ed c
hang
es to
the
ecos
yste
m b
e br
ough
t abo
ut?
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
1
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1:
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
1.W
rite
this
que
stio
n on
chal
kboa
rd: "
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?"2.
Tel
l cla
ss th
ey a
re g
oing
to:
a.O
bser
ve a
n ec
osys
tem
.
B.
OB
SER
VE
B.
OB
SER
VE
1.T
his
Inve
stig
atio
nw
ill le
ad s
tude
nts
to d
efin
eec
osys
tem
.2.
The
sch
ool g
roun
dsw
ill s
erve
as
an a
dequ
ate
ecos
yste
m f
or o
bser
vatio
n.
B.
OB
SER
VE
b.R
ecor
d al
l the
y se
e or
sens
e in
thei
r ob
ser-
vatio
ns.
c.Pr
edic
t a d
efin
ition
of
ecos
yste
m.
B.
OB
SER
VE
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.T
ake
grou
ps o
utsi
de o
nsc
hool
gro
unds
and
dep
loy
atva
riou
s si
tes.
3.T
ell a
ll gr
oups
to r
ecor
dal
l the
y se
e an
d se
nse
in th
eir
sur-
roun
ding
s.
C.
PRE
DIC
T/D
ISC
USS
C.
PRE
DIC
T/
C.
PRE
DIC
T/
C.
PRE
DIC
T/D
ISC
USS
1.U
sing
thei
r re
cord
ed o
b-se
rvat
ions
, hav
e ea
ch g
roup
dev
elop
a pr
edic
ted
defi
nitio
n of
eco
syst
em.
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
1.A
t thi
s tim
e, d
o no
tm
ake
any
com
men
t onw
heth
eror
not
the
defi
nitio
n is
cor
rect
2.R
ecor
d co
nsen
sus
onch
alkb
oard
.
Col
lect
wri
tten
copi
es o
f de
fini
tions
and
chec
k.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rep
ort i
tsde
fini
tion
to th
e cl
ass
and
thro
ugh
disc
ussi
on, r
each
a c
onse
nsus
on
the
mea
ning
of
ecos
yste
m.
2
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
D. V
IEW
D.
VIE
WD
.V
IEW
D.
VIE
W1.
Tel
l the
cla
ss th
ey a
rego
ing
to:a.
Vie
w a
sou
nd f
ilmst
rip.
b. C
ompa
re th
eir
defi
-ni
tion
of e
cosy
stem
with
wha
t the
y se
ean
d he
ar.
c. R
evis
e th
eir
clas
sde
fini
tion
if n
eces
sary
.2.
Show
film
stri
p on
eco
logy
.
N'..
....
.3
E.
DIS
CU
SS
1.K
eys
to
E.
DIS
CU
SS
1.A
n al
tern
ate
film
-st
rip
that
cou
ld b
e us
ed:
a.O
ur E
nvir
on-
Bas
ic E
colo
gy "
In-
terr
elat
ions
hip
Set"
Film
stri
p #1
- E
co-
syst
em.
2.O
rder
fro
m:
Olin
Edu
catio
nal S
er-
vice
s, 4
60 P
ark
Ave
.N
ew Y
ork,
N. Y
.10
022.
E.
DIS
CU
SS
men
t: Pr
oble
mor
Pro
mis
e,Fi
lmst
rip
#211
-"E
colo
gy: T
heW
eb o
f N
atur
e."
b.O
rder
fro
m:
A.J
.Nys
trom
and
Co.
,33
33E
lsto
n A
ve. ,
Chi
cago
, Illi
nois
6061
8.2.
Any
loca
l vis
ual-
aid
that
sho
ws
the
defi
nitio
n of
an
ecos
yste
m c
an b
e us
ed.
E.
DIS
CU
SS1.
Thr
ough
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n,re
vise
pre
dict
ed c
lass
def
initi
on if
need
ed.
2.Fa
mili
ariz
e st
uden
ts w
ithth
e m
eani
ng o
f bi
otic
and
abi
otic
, as
.O
ne d
efin
ition
of
ecos
yste
m -
- "a
sys
tem
inw
hich
the
biot
ic (
livin
g) a
ndab
iotic
(no
n-liv
ing)
fea
ture
gar
e in
con
stan
t int
erac
tion.
"2.
Mea
ning
s:B
iotic
mea
ns a
ll th
ings
livi
ngth
ey r
elat
e to
the
defi
nitio
n of
ecos
yste
m. T
hese
wor
ds w
ill b
eus
ed th
roug
hout
the
unit
of s
tudy
.
.
or r
ecen
tly li
ving
.A
biot
ic m
eans
all
thin
gs n
on-
livin
g.B
io-
from
the
Gre
ek, b
ios,
mea
ning
life
.A
_ -f
rom
the
Gre
ek, m
eani
ngno
t.
3
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
F..O
BSE
RV
EF.
OB
SER
VE
F.O
BSE
RV
E
3.T
C #
1,
p. 1
00,
will
hel
p in
a d
etai
led
dis-
cuss
ion
of w
hat i
s co
nsid
ered
livin
g an
d no
t liv
ing.
F.O
BSE
RV
E1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Tel
l stu
dent
s th
ey a
re g
oing
to:
a.C
heck
thei
r ne
w d
efi-
nitio
n w
ith th
e ec
o -
G. D
IAG
RA
M
Col
lect
list
of
ob-
serv
atio
ns.
G. D
IAG
RA
M
Rem
ind
stud
ents
to c
arry
are
vise
d de
fini
tion
with
them
to th
e sc
hool
gro
unds
.
.G
. DIA
GR
AM
syst
em th
ey f
irst
obse
rved
.b.
Lis
t spe
cifi
c ex
ampl
esof
:(1
)bi
otic
/abi
otic
feat
ures
they
ob-
serv
e(2
)re
latio
nshi
psam
ong
thos
efe
atur
es.
3.T
ake
stud
ents
bac
k ou
t to
scho
ol g
roun
ds.
G. D
IAG
RA
MH
ave
each
gro
up w
ork
toge
ther
usi
ng
.
Col
lect
dia
gram
san
d ch
eck.
1.Su
gges
t tha
t arr
ows
(---
) co
uld
be u
sed
to s
how
rela
tions
hips
.2.
Thi
s co
uld
be a
nin
divi
dual
ass
ignm
ent a
ndw
orke
d on
at h
ome.
obse
rvat
ion
lists
and
pro
duce
one
diag
ram
whi
ch il
lust
rate
s th
e va
riou
sin
terd
epen
dent
rel
atio
nshi
ps a
mon
gth
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
.
4
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
H. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
H. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
rsm
all g
roup
wor
k.
LE
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FI.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SC #
1, p
. 32.
(L Q
. Che
ck)
I.E
VA
LU
AT
E
TC
#2,
p. 1
01, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
I.E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
valu
ate
them
selv
es.
rs.: r.0
.
SEL
FSE
LF
If I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
s(L
P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
SC #
2, p
. 33.
5
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IL
Wha
t is
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
Lea
rnin
: Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Su:
.: es
tions
mm
--.
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSA
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSA
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSA
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SS1,
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
vie
w S
CV
s 3-
6 an
d th
en d
evel
op a
wri
tten
desc
ript
ion
of a
bar
rier
bea
ch,
3.Pl
ace
each
gro
up's
def
i-ni
tion
on c
halk
boar
d,
B.
DE
CID
E
Stud
ent C
omm
ent
(SC
) #'
s 3-
6, p
p.34
-37.
B.
DE
CID
E
1.C
olle
ct e
ach
grou
p's
desc
ript
ion
and
eval
uate
con
tent
s.2.
Allo
w o
necl
ass
to c
ompa
re d
e-sc
ript
ion
with
oth
ercl
asse
s w
orki
ng o
n th
esa
me
assi
gnm
ent.
B.
DE
CID
E
1.Pl
ace
Inqu
iry
Que
s-tio
n on
cha
lkbo
ard.
2.Se
e Fo
rew
ord,
pag
enu
mbe
r xv
, for
set
ting
upsm
all g
roup
dis
cuss
ion.
3.T
C #
3, p
. 102
,gi
ves
som
e ba
ckgr
ound
toth
e fo
rmat
ion
of a
bar
rier
beac
h.
B.
DE
CID
ET
hrou
gh c
lass
dis
cuss
ion,
dec
ide
on o
ne d
escr
iptio
n,
C.
RE
AD
/CO
MPA
RE
C. R
EA
D/C
OM
PAR
E.,
Use
TC
#4,
p. 1
03.
C. R
EA
D/C
OM
PAR
E
See
Fore
wor
d, p
age
xiv,
for
setti
ng u
p la
rge
grou
p di
s-cu
ssio
n.
C.
RE
AD
/CO
MPA
RE
1.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#7
and
othe
r so
urce
s fo
r a
desc
ript
ion
of b
arri
er b
each
,2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
ompa
reth
eir
clas
s' d
escr
iptio
n to
the
ones
foun
d in
SC
#7
and
othe
r so
urce
s.3.
Thr
ough
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
nha
ve s
tude
nts
mak
e an
y ne
cess
ary
chan
ges
in th
eir
desc
ript
ion.
1.SC
#7,
p. 3
8.2.
Dic
tiona
ries
,en
cycl
oped
ias,
sci
-en
ce te
xt b
ooks
.
Use
TC
#4,
p. 1
03.
6
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IL
Wha
t is
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
:A
. DIS
CU
SSA
. DIS
CU
SSA
. DIS
CU
SSA
. DIS
CU
SS1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
dis
cuss
and
note
the
gene
ral n
atur
e of
bea
ches
incl
udin
g th
ese
idea
s:--
com
posi
tion
-- to
pogr
aphy
(str
uctu
re o
fth
e be
ach)
B. R
EPO
RT
B. R
EPO
RT
B. R
EPO
RT
B. R
EPO
RT
1.E
ach
grou
p re
port
s to
cla
ssits
des
crip
tion
of th
e be
ach.
2.H
ave
clas
s di
scus
s al
l re-
port
s an
d re
ach
a co
nsen
sus
de-
scri
ptio
n.
C. R
EA
D/R
EV
ISE
C. R
EA
D/R
EV
ISE
C. R
EA
D/R
EV
ISE
Rec
ord
of d
escr
iptio
n sh
ould
be k
ept f
or f
utur
e re
view
.
C. R
EA
D/R
EV
ISE
1.H
ave
each
stu
dent
rea
dSC
#8. 2.
'Hav
e cl
ass
revi
se it
s de
-sc
ript
ion
of th
e be
ach
if n
eces
sary
,
D. D
IAG
RA
M
SC #
8, p
. 39.
D. D
IAG
RA
MD
. DIA
GR
AM
Em
phas
is s
houl
d be
pla
ced
on th
e im
port
ance
of
the
four
th z
one
whi
ch in
clud
es th
edu
ne li
ne.
D. D
IAG
RA
M1.
Hav
e ea
ch s
tude
nt d
iagr
amth
e be
ach,
sho
win
g th
e fo
ur m
ajor
zone
s. 2.A
llow
stu
dent
s to
rev
iew
SC #
8, if
nec
essa
ry.
SC #
8, p
. 39.
Col
lect
dia
gram
san
d ev
alua
te.
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:U
.W
hat i
s a
desc
ript
ion
of th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
.C
HE
CK
L Q
.E
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.E
.T
C cedu
re
F.
CH
EC
K L
Q.
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
mal
l gro
up w
ork.
.E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F1
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
SC #
1, p
. 32.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
#2, p
. 101
, giv
es p
ro-
for
this
che
ck.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
J
SC 1
27p.
33.
.te
8
1In
quir
y Q
uest
ion:
III.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
do
thes
e fe
atur
es in
terr
elat
e?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A.
VIE
W/L
IST
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
A.
VIE
W/L
IST
A.
VIE
W/L
IST
A.
VIE
W /L
IST
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.H
ave
each
gro
up v
iew
slid
es#1
-10
and
list a
ll bi
otic
and
abi
otic
feat
ures
see
n. L
ist i
n tw
o se
para
teco
lum
ns: C
olum
n A
- A
biot
icC
olum
n B
- B
iotic
B. R
EV
IEW
Slid
es #
1-10
, p.1
08.
B. R
EV
IEW
,
B. R
EV
IEW
1.A
dditi
onal
film
ssh
owin
g bi
otic
and
abi
otic
re-
latio
nshi
ps o
n th
e ba
rrie
rbe
ach
may
sup
plem
ent t
his
sect
ion.
a. O
ne p
ossi
bilit
y is
"Suc
cess
ion-
-Sa
nd D
une
toFo
rest
."b.
Thi
s fi
lm is
#8-2
97 in
the
Bre
vard
Cou
nty
Film
Lib
rary
.2.
Rea
d fo
r ba
ckgr
ound
data
:T
he L
ife
of th
e Se
a-sh
ore,
Will
iam
Am
os,
McG
raw
-Hill
, Inc
. ,N
ew Y
ork,
196
6, p
p.66
-70.
B. R
EV
IEW
1..H
ave
grou
ps e
xcha
nge
lists
and
chec
k th
at e
ach
item
is p
rope
rly
cate
gori
zed.
2.H
ave
clas
s di
scus
sion
on
any
ques
tiona
ble
item
s an
d th
en m
ake
one
mas
ter
list (
Col
umns
A a
nd B
)fo
r en
tire
clas
s.
TC
#4,
p.1
03.
1.E
ncou
rage
stu
dent
s to
back
up
chan
ges
with
rea
sons
.2.
Plac
e fi
nal m
aste
rlis
t on
chal
kboa
rd.
9
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:E
L W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsC
.D
IAG
RA
M/E
XPL
AIN
C.
DIA
GR
AM
/C
.D
IAG
RA
M/
C.
DIA
GR
AM
/EX
PLA
IN
1.H
ave
each
gro
up s
elec
t an
item
fro
m C
olum
n A
and
Col
umn
Ban
d re
alis
tical
ly r
elat
e th
e tw
o by
diag
ram
min
g th
e re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
nth
e ab
iotic
and
bio
tic f
eatu
res.
2.M
ake
a sh
ort w
ritte
n ex
-pl
anat
ion
of h
ow a
nd w
hy o
rgan
ism
sre
late
to th
eir
abio
tic e
nvir
onm
ent,
D. D
EM
ON
STR
AT
E/D
ISC
USS
EX
PLA
INE
XPL
AIN
1.R
emin
d st
uden
ts o
fth
e de
fini
tion
of e
cosy
stem
.2.
A s
erie
s of
thes
eco
rrel
atio
ns m
ay b
ette
r sh
owth
e st
uden
t the
inte
rrel
atio
n-sh
ip o
f bi
otic
and
abi
otic
feat
ures
.
D.
DE
MO
NST
RA
TE
/DIS
CU
SSD
. DE
MO
NST
RA
TE
/
1.H
ave
grou
psex
chan
ge d
iagr
ams
and
expl
anat
ions
tore
view
and
que
stio
n.2.
Col
lect
dia
-gr
ams
and
wri
tten
expl
anat
ions
for
eval
uatio
n.
D. D
EM
ON
STR
AT
E/
1.O
ne s
tude
nt f
rom
eac
h gr
oup
illus
trat
es o
n th
e ch
alkb
oard
a r
e-la
tions
hip
foun
d in
the
barr
ier
beac
h.2.
Thr
ough
dis
cuss
ion
of il
lus-
trat
ion,
gui
de s
tude
nts
to a
n un
der-
stan
ding
of
biot
ic/a
biot
ic r
elat
ion-
ship
s.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
TC
447
ii.11
M.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.E
. CH
EC
K I
. Q.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
tsof
thei
r sm
all g
roup
wor
k,
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FF.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC#
1, p
.32
.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2
,p. 1
01.
give
s pr
oced
ure
for
this
che
ck.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
em-
selv
es.
SC#
2, p
. 33.
10
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IV
. Whe
re a
re s
ome
spec
ific
loca
tions
of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:
A. R
EA
DA
. RE
AD
SC O
TT
-40.
B.
LO
CA
TE
A. R
EA
DA
. RE
AD
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
9 an
d no
telo
catio
ns o
f va
riou
s ba
rrie
r be
ache
s.
B.
LO
CA
TE
B.
LO
CA
TE
B.
LO
CA
TE
1.D
ivid
e st
uden
ts in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
and
allo
w e
ach
grou
p to
se-
lect
one
of
the
follo
win
g st
ates
toin
vest
igat
e: --Fl
orid
a--
Lou
isia
na--
New
Jer
sey
--N
ew Y
ork
--N
orth
Car
olin
a--
Tex
as2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
ske
tch
the
outli
ne o
f th
eir
stat
e an
d lo
cate
ex-
ampl
es o
f ba
rrie
r be
ache
s.3.
Lab
el a
ppro
pria
te b
odie
sof
wat
er, l
and
mas
ses
and
maj
orci
ties
whi
ch a
id in
des
crib
ing
the
loca
tion
of b
arri
er b
each
es.
C.
VIE
W
1.A
tlase
s, e
n-cy
clop
edia
s, r
efer
ence
text
book
s, w
all m
aps.
2.R
oadm
aps
from
loca
l ser
vice
stat
ions
are
goo
dso
urce
s of
info
rma-
tion.
(If
not a
vaila
ble
try
Cha
mbe
r of
Com
-m
erce
.)
C.
VIE
W
Col
lect
map
s an
dev
alua
te,
C.
VIE
W
Ret
urn
any
map
s in
err
oran
d as
k fo
r co
rrec
tions
.
C.
VIE
WPl
ace
eval
uate
d an
d co
rrec
ted
map
son
bul
letin
boa
rd a
nd a
llow
cla
ssto
look
ove
r th
em f
or b
arri
erbe
ache
s fo
und
in o
ther
sta
tes.
Thi
s ac
tivity
of
revi
ewin
gm
aps
can
also
be
done
by
sim
ply
circ
ulat
ing
com
-pl
eted
ske
tche
s am
ong
the
smal
l gro
ups.
11
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IV
.W
here
are
som
e sp
ecif
ic lo
catio
ns o
f th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
: Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Su.
-ite
stio
nsD
.LOCATE
D.LOCATE
D. LOCATE
D. LOCATE
to th
ese
mad
e as
late
r
and
de-
a fi
eld
trip
toba
rrie
r be
ach
Q.
1.M
ake
anot
her
bulle
tin b
oard
.D
ispl
ay a
nd s
how
map
s of
the
Bre
-ya
rd C
ount
y ar
ea,
2.H
ave
each
stu
dent
vie
w th
ebu
lletin
boa
rd a
nd th
en lo
cate
and
labe
l bar
rier
bea
ches
on
the
outli
nem
ap o
f B
reva
rd C
ount
y (S
C #
10).
3.M
ark
bodi
es o
f w
ater
, lan
dm
asse
s, a
nd m
rjor
citi
es w
hich
aid
in d
escr
ibin
g th
e lo
catio
n of
the
barr
ier
beac
h.
E.
CHECK L Q.
1.
Cha
mbe
rs o
fC
omm
erce
and
ser
-vi
ce s
tatio
ns c
anpr
ovid
e m
aps.
2.SC
#I0
, p. 4
1.
E. CHECK L Q.
Col
lect
all
map
s an
dev
alua
te,
E. CHECK L Q.
1.
Ref
eren
cem
aps
may
be
SC's
are
rea
d.2.
If p
ossi
ble
sira
ble,
take
one
of th
e lo
cal
loca
tions
.
E.CHECK L
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
r sm
all g
roup
wor
k.
F. EVALUATE SELF
F. EVALUATE SELF
SC #1, p. 32.
F. EVALUATE SELF
TC #2, p. 101,
give
s pr
o-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
F. EVALUATE SELF
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
valu
ate
them
selv
es.
SC #
2, p
. 33.
12
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
.W
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
are
unde
rgoi
ng c
hang
e?L
earn
in: A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
u: e
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1
A. V
IEW
/CO
MPA
RE
A. V
IEW
/CO
MPA
RE
A. V
IEW
/CO
MPA
RE
A.
VIE
W/C
OM
PAR
E1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Hav
e al
l gro
ups
view
slid
es11
-20. 3.
Hav
e st
uden
ts v
iew
SC
's #
's11
-15
(pic
ture
s).
4.H
ave
stud
ents
com
pare
the
visu
al s
hots
of
Bre
vard
bea
ches
and
note
any
dif
fere
nces
or
chan
ges
that
appe
ared
to h
ave
occu
rred
ove
r th
eye
ars.
-B.
DIS
CU
SS
1.Sl
ides
11-
20,
p.10
9. 2.SC
Vs
11-1
5,,
pp. 4
2-46
.
B.
DIS
CU
SSB
.D
ISC
USS
1.T
C #
5, p
.104
; giv
espr
obab
le c
hang
es a
nd c
ause
sfo
r th
e co
nditi
ons
show
n in
the
slid
es.
2.C
opie
s co
uld
besh
own
on b
ulle
tin b
oard
or
indi
vidu
al c
opie
s co
uld
bepa
ssed
aro
und
grou
ps.
B.
DIS
CU
SSIn
sm
all g
roup
s, h
ave
stud
ents
dis
-cu
ss a
nd li
st th
e ab
iotic
and
bio
ticch
ange
s th
at m
ost l
ikel
y to
ok p
lace
betw
een
time
peri
ods.
C. R
EA
D/R
ESE
AR
CH
/LIS
TC
. RE
AD
/
Col
lect
list
s an
dev
alua
te.
C. R
EA
D/
C.
RE
AD
/RE
SEA
RC
H/L
IST
1.H
ave
grou
ps r
ead
one
of th
eSC
#'s
16-
18 a
nd li
st w
hat b
iotic
and
abio
tic c
hang
es th
e re
adin
gs a
re s
ug-
gest
ing
that
take
pla
ce o
n th
e ba
r-ri
er b
each
,2.
Arr
ange
tim
e in
libr
ary
for
stud
ents
to f
ind
othe
r bi
otic
/abi
otic
chan
ges
occu
rrin
g on
the
beac
h.3.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
list
all
thes
e ch
ange
s.
RE
SEA
RC
H/L
IST
RE
SEA
RC
H/L
IST
1.St
ress
that
art
icle
sar
e be
ing
read
to f
ind
biot
ic/
abio
tic c
hang
es.
2.O
ne m
agaz
ine
artic
leth
at m
ay h
elp
is:
"As
the
Seas
hore
Shif
ts,"
Sci
ence
New
s,
SC #
16-1
8, p
p. 4
7-49
.C
olle
ct c
opy
of li
sts
and
eval
uate
.
June
17,
197
2, p
p.39
6-7.
13
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
.W
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
areu
nder
goin
g ch
ange
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsD
.D
ISC
USS
In la
rge
grou
p di
scus
sion
, hav
est
uden
ts d
ecid
e on
a g
ener
al a
n-sw
er to
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n by
usin
g th
e lis
ts th
ey c
ompi
led
inac
tiviti
es B
and
C.
E. C
HE
CK
I.Q
.H
ave
stud
entS
che
ck r
esul
ts
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
em-
selv
es.
D.
DIS
CU
SS
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
F.E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
D.
DIS
CU
SST
C #
41
p.10
3.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
SC#
1, p
.32.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
SC#
2, p
. 33.
D.
DIS
CU
SS
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
TC
# 2,
p. 1
01,
give
s pr
oced
ure
for
this
che
ck.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
Inqu
iry.
Que
stio
n:V
LW
hat a
re th
e na
tura
l fac
tors
cau
sing
cha
nge
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
ey b
een
brou
ght a
bout
?V
II.
Wha
t are
the
man
-mad
e fa
ctor
s ca
usin
g ch
ange
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
ey b
een
brou
ght a
bout
?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
. RE
VIE
WA
. RE
VIE
WA
. RE
VIE
WA
. RE
VIE
WH
ave
smal
l gro
ups
revi
ew s
lides
1.Sl
ides
11-
20,
p. 1
09. 2.
SC #
's 1
0-14
,pp
. 42-
46.
B. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
TB
. DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
1.Sl
ides
11-
20 a
ndpi
ctur
es a
re s
elec
ted
shot
sof
Bre
vard
's b
arri
er b
each
.2.
Stre
ss th
at s
tude
nts
11-2
0 an
d SC
#'s
11-
15 a
gain
.
cr;
B. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
T
are
now
ook
ing
for
fact
ors
that
cau
se c
hang
e an
d ho
wth
e ch
ange
hap
pene
d.
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
Hav
e st
uden
ts d
iscu
ss a
nd li
stap
pare
nt c
ause
s (n
atur
al a
nd m
an-
mad
e) f
or th
e ch
ange
s no
ted
in th
epr
evio
us I
nves
tigat
ion.
C. S
CA
N/L
IST
C. S
CA
N/L
IST
Col
lect
and
eva
luat
elis
ts o
f ca
uses
.
C. S
CA
N/L
IST
C.
SCA
N/L
IST
1.St
uden
ts s
houl
d sc
an S
C V
s16
-18
agai
n.2.
Stud
ents
will
dis
cuss
and
list
appa
rent
cau
ses
(nat
ural
and
man
-m
ade)
for
the
chan
ges
note
d in
the
prev
ious
Inv
estig
atio
n.
D. D
ISC
USS
SC V
s 16
-18,
pp.
47-4
9.
D. D
ISC
USS
D. D
ISC
USS
D. D
ISC
USS
1.In
larg
e gr
oup
disc
ussi
on,
have
stu
dent
s de
cide
on
a ge
nera
lan
swer
to w
hat n
atur
al a
nd m
an-
mad
e ca
uses
hav
e br
ough
t abo
utch
ange
.2.
Stud
ents
sho
uld
then
ans
wer
:W
hat n
atur
al f
acto
r is
the
one
maj
orca
use
of .c
hang
e on
the
barr
ier
beac
h ?
Und
oubt
edly
stu
dent
s w
illre
cogn
ize
eros
ion
as th
em
ajor
phe
nom
enon
cau
sing
chan
ge o
n th
e ba
rrie
r be
ach.
15
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
I..
Wha
t a-r
e th
e na
tura
l fac
tors
cau
sing
cha
nge
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
eyV
IL W
hat a
re th
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
caus
ing
chan
ge in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
been
bro
ught
abo
ut?
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
[T
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsL
earn
in: A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
E. R
EA
DSt
ucff
iirsT
hhou
ld r
ead
SC #
19 a
ndin
sm
all g
roup
s, w
rite
ans
wer
s to
thes
e tw
o qu
estio
ns:
-- H
ow d
oes
natu
re c
ause
eros
ion?
-- H
ow' d
oes
man
cau
seer
osio
n?
F. D
ISC
USS
E. R
EA
DE
. RE
AD
E. R
EA
DSC
#19
, p. 5
1.
F. D
ISC
USS
F.D
ISC
USS
F. D
ISC
USS
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rea
d an
swer
s to
clas
s an
d th
en d
ecid
e on
a c
on-
sens
us.
G.
CH
EC
K L
Q.
G. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
TC
#4,
p. 1
03.
G. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
Lis
t con
sens
us o
n ch
alkb
oard
.
G. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
H. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
, EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
1, p
. 32.
H. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
01, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
H. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.SC
#2,
p. 3
3.
16
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:vi
n.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A. B
enef
icia
l?B
. Det
rim
enta
l?L
earn
in: A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1:
"Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
" -
A S
imul
a-tio
n.A
. PR
EPA
RE
A.
PRE
PAR
EA
.PR
EPA
RE
A.
PRE
PAR
E1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead:
a.SC
#20
for
an
over
view
of th
e si
mul
atio
n.b.
SC #
21 f
or b
ackg
roun
don
Res
olut
ion
1.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
evie
w S
C#2
2 an
d ch
oose
whi
ch c
omm
unity
rol
eth
ey w
ould
like
to p
lay.
040.
.
1-4
B.
PLA
N
1.SC
*20
, p.
54.
2.SC
#21
, p.
54-A
. i,
3.SC
#22
, p.
55.
B.
PLA
NB
.PL
AN
1."C
ount
y C
omm
is-
sion
" is
a s
imul
atio
n de
vise
dto
hav
e st
uden
ts r
evie
w, d
e-ba
te, a
nd d
ecid
e on
moc
kre
solu
tions
dea
ling
with
the
detr
imen
tal a
nd b
enef
icia
lus
es o
f th
e ba
rrie
r be
ach
envi
r on
men
t.2.
Add
any
rol
es n
eces
-sa
ry to
rep
rese
nt a
cro
ssse
ctio
n of
you
r lo
cal c
orn-
mun
ity.
B.
PLA
N.
1.H
av e
stu
dent
s m
ake
plan
s to
inte
rvie
w a
per
son
who
clo
sely
re-
sem
bles
the
role
they
hav
e ch
osen
topl
ay.
Que
stio
ns li
ke th
e on
es in
SC
1.SC
#23
, p.
56.
2.V
ertic
al f
ileof
new
s cl
ippi
ngs.
Indi
vid.
list
s of
reas
ons
and
evid
ence
coul
d be
col
lect
ed a
ndev
alua
ted.
1. I
nter
view
s sh
ould
be
cond
ucte
d af
ter
scho
ol h
ours
.2.
SC #
23 c
onta
ins
only
sugg
este
d qu
estio
ns; a
llow
#23
shou
ld b
e as
ked
by th
e in
ter-
view
er.
2.A
llow
tim
e fo
r st
uden
ts to
rese
arch
the
issu
es.
a.R
evie
w li
brar
y m
a-te
rial
s.b.
Col
lect
cur
rent
new
sar
ticle
s on
sim
ilar
subj
ects
.3.
Out
line
reas
ons
and
evi-
denc
e fo
r po
sitio
n on
res
olut
ions
.
stud
ents
to c
ompo
se q
uest
ions
they
des
ire.
3.E
ncou
rage
stu
dent
s to
talk
with
peo
ple
they
kno
wpe
rson
ally
.4.
If s
tude
nts
wis
h, a
fter
reas
ons
have
bee
n ou
tline
d,al
low
them
to f
orm
gro
ups
ofsi
mila
r in
tere
st a
nd p
lang
roup
actio
n fo
r co
unty
com
mis
-I
sion
er's
mee
ting.
17
c
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n: V
III.
Wha
t are
the
resu
lts o
f th
e ch
ange
s?A
. Ben
efic
ial?
B. D
etri
men
tal?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsC
.PL
AY
1.H
ave
chai
rman
of
the
Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
cal
l the
mee
ting
to o
rder
, rea
d th
e re
solu
tion
and
call
on e
ach
com
mis
sion
er f
or a
nin
itial
pos
ition
sta
tem
ent.
2.N
ext,
each
citi
zen,
or
citiz
en's
gro
up w
ill g
ive
its p
ositi
onan
d re
ason
s on
the
reso
lutio
n.3.
Follo
win
g th
e ci
tizen
pre
-se
ntat
ions
, the
com
mis
sion
ers
will
disc
uss
the
evid
ence
pre
sent
ed, l
ist
adva
ntag
es/d
isad
vant
ages
on
the
chal
kboa
rd, a
nd ta
ke a
fin
al v
ote
onth
e re
solu
tion.
C.
PLA
YC
.PL
AY
Eva
luat
e al
l"p
laye
rs"
on th
eir
pres
enta
tions
.
C.
PLA
Y1.
Arr
ange
cla
ssro
omto
sim
ulat
e a
publ
ic h
eari
ngbe
fore
the
coun
ty c
omm
issi
on.
2.D
elib
erat
ions
of
the
com
mis
sion
er s
houl
d be
don
ein
fro
nt o
f th
e en
tire
clas
s.
18
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
III.
Wha
t are
the
resu
lts o
f th
e ch
ange
s?A
.B
enef
icia
l?B
.D
etri
men
tal?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#2:
A. R
EA
DA
. RE
AD
T.-
-SC
#24
,p.
57. 2.
SC #
25,
p. 5
8. 3.SC
#26
,p.
59. 4.
SC #
27,
p. 6
0.
B.
LIS
T
A. R
EA
DA
. RE
AD
1.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#24
and
note
the
purp
ose
for
build
ing
"jet
ties.
"2.
Rea
d SC
#25
and
not
e th
epa
rtic
ular
eff
ects
of
jetti
es o
n Po
rtC
anav
eral
.3.
Rea
d SC
#26
to s
ee e
co-
nom
ic im
port
ance
of
Port
Can
aver
al(F
lori
da).
4.St
udy
care
fully
SC
#27
, and
note
the
prob
lem
s an
d ap
pare
ntca
uses
pre
sent
ed in
the
App
lega
teC
ase.
B.
LIS
TB
.L
IST
Stud
ents
may
wis
h to
con
tact
Tod
ay n
ewsp
aper
for
act
ion
take
n on
the
App
lega
te C
ase
afte
r M
ay 6
, 197
3.T
oday
New
spap
er'3
08 F
orre
st A
venu
eC
ocoa
,Fl
orid
a 32
922
B.
LIS
T1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Ask
eac
h gr
oup
to li
st th
ead
vant
ages
/dis
adva
ntag
es o
f bu
ild-
ing
jetti
es f
or a
por
t lik
e Po
rtC
anav
eral
.
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
Col
lect
and
eva
luat
elis
ts.
C.
DIS
CU
SSC
. DIS
CU
SSIn
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, h
ave
a gr
oup
repr
esen
tativ
e gi
ve it
s lis
t and
dis
-cu
ss g
ood/
bad
poin
ts o
f je
tties
. Tal
kab
out s
peci
fic
prob
lem
s of
the
App
lega
te C
ase
(SC
#27
).
D.
LIS
TD
.L
IST
TC
#4,
p. 1
03.
D.
LIS
TD
.L
IST
Lis
t on
chal
kboa
rd a
ny c
onse
nsus
reac
hed.
19
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VII
I.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A.
Ben
efic
ial?
B.
Det
rim
enta
l?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.E
. CH
EC
K I
. Q.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.E
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
rsm
all g
roup
wor
k.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FF.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
1, p
. 32.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
01, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
pi...
,Pb
SC #
2, p
. 33.
20
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IX
.W
hat,
if a
ny, n
ew c
hang
es a
re n
eede
d in
the
ecos
yste
m?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
. RE
AD
1775
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.H
ave
all s
tude
nts
read
SC #
28.
3.H
ave
each
stu
dent
rea
dan
y on
e of
the
follo
win
g:
A. R
EA
D17
§C #
28,
p. 6
5. 2.SC
#29
-33,
pp. 7
0-87
.
B. D
ISC
USS
A. R
EA
DA
. RE
AD
B. D
ISC
USS
B. D
ISC
USS
a.SC
#29
b.SC
#30
c.SC
#31
d.SC
#32
ti,..
e.SC
#33
cn B.
DIS
CU
SS1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts d
iscu
ss a
ndde
scri
be th
e va
riou
s ar
ticle
s re
ad.
2.L
ist a
ny a
dditi
onal
idea
sfo
r re
duci
ng d
estr
uctio
n to
the
barr
ier
beac
h.
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
Enc
oura
ge s
tude
nts
to b
ecr
eativ
e an
d th
ough
tful
whe
npr
opos
ing
way
s to
red
uce
beac
h de
stru
ctio
n.
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
1.H
ave
stud
ents
sel
ect a
tle
ast o
ne w
ay o
f co
n ro
lling
bea
chda
mag
e to
illu
stra
te2.
Stud
ents
ma
mak
e si
mpl
esk
etch
es, c
olle
ct m
alFa
zine
/new
s-pa
per
pict
ures
, or
take
pho
togr
aphs
of lo
cal e
xam
ples
.
1.C
olle
ct il
lus-
trat
ions
for
eva
lua-
tion.
2.SC
#34
,p.
91.
Illu
stra
tions
cou
ld b
e us
edfo
r a
bulle
tin b
oard
dis
play
.
21
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:ix
.W
hat,
if a
ny, n
ew c
hang
es a
re n
eede
d in
the
ecos
yste
m?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsD
. PL
AN
/PR
ESE
NT
D.
PLA
N/P
RE
SEN
TD
.PL
AN
/PR
ESE
NT
D.
PLA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
If s
tude
nts
com
e up
with
unus
ual a
nd p
rovo
cativ
e su
gges
tions
,al
low
them
to m
ake
plan
s fo
r a
pres
enta
tion
to th
e en
tire
clas
s.2.
Phot
ogra
phic
fea
ts m
ayal
so b
e pr
esen
ted.
E.
DIS
CU
SSE
.D
ISC
USS
E.
DIS
CU
SSE
.D
ISC
USS
1.In
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, h
ave
stud
ents
con
side
r th
e fo
llow
ing:
-Wha
t met
hods
of
eros
ion
cont
rol d
o yo
u th
ink
wou
ldbe
bes
t for
the
loca
lba
rrie
r be
ach?
ga.
-Why
?=
2. R
ecor
d an
y co
nsen
sus
onth
e ch
alkb
oard
.
F.C
HE
CK
I. Q
.F.
CH
EC
K I
.Q.
TC
#4,
p.1
03.
F. C
HE
CK
I.Q
.
Ask
stu
dent
s to
con
side
r th
eec
olog
ical
, pol
itica
l, an
dso
cial
fac
ets
to th
eir
sugg
es-
tions
.
F. C
HE
CK
I.Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
tsof
thei
r sm
all g
roup
wor
k,
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FG
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC#
1, p
. 32.
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2, p
. 101
,gi
ves
proc
edur
e fo
r.
this
che
ck.
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
em-
selv
es.
SC#
2, p
. 33.
22
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
.H
ow m
ight
thes
e ne
eded
cha
nges
to th
e ec
osys
tem
be
brou
ght a
bout
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
.R
EA
D/D
IAG
RA
M#3
5 an
d th
enth
roug
h go to
proj
ect.
A. R
EA
D/D
IAG
RA
MA
. RE
AD
/DIA
GR
AM
A. R
EA
D/D
IAG
RA
MH
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
diag
ram
the
maj
or s
teps
whi
ch th
e C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rsde
velo
p a
beac
h re
stor
atio
n
B. S
HO
W F
ILM
/DIS
CU
SS
SC #
35, p
. 92.
B. S
HO
W F
ILM
/
Col
lect
dia
gram
s an
dev
alua
te.-
B. S
HO
W F
ILM
/
TC
#6,
p. 1
06, s
how
s th
em
ajor
ste
ps f
or d
evel
opin
ga
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
bea
chre
stor
atio
n pr
ojec
t.
B. S
HO
W F
ILM
/DIS
CU
SS
1.Sh
ow s
tude
nts
Tre
asur
e Is
land
.th
e fi
lm
used
to
smal
l
read
SC
#36
g qu
estio
ns:
Cal
ifor
nia
ontr
ollin
g an
yge
s in
its
egio
n?iv
e an
are
aif
orni
a pl
an
the
Cal
i-ap
ply?
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
Film
is in
col
or a
nd r
unni
ng,
time
is a
bout
eig
ht (
8)m
inut
es.
C. R
EA
D/A
NSW
ER
1.T
o bo
rrow
film
, wri
te to
Arm
yC
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs,
Publ
ic A
ffai
rs O
ffic
e,P.
0. B
ox 4
970,
Jack
sonv
ille,
FL
3220
1. 2.T
reas
ure
C. R
EA
D/A
NSW
ER
2.D
iscu
ss m
etho
dsre
stor
e be
ach.
C. R
EA
D/A
NSW
ER
Isla
nd is
loan
ed f
ree
of c
harg
e.
C. R
EA
D/A
NSW
ER
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
grou
ps.
2.H
ave
stud
ents
and
answ
er th
e fo
lio--
Wha
t is
thm
etho
d of
futu
re c
hco
astli
ne--
How
ext
enw
ill th
e C
aco
ver?
-- T
o v/
hom
will
forn
ia p
lan
SC #
36, p
. 95.
If w
ritte
n an
swer
sar
e re
quir
ed, c
olle
ctan
d ev
alua
te,
Loo
k fo
r ne
ws
artic
les
deal
-in
g w
ith o
ther
sta
tes
and
thei
r la
nd u
se p
lann
ing.
Off
erth
ese
artic
les
to s
tude
nts
asad
ditio
nal e
ffor
ts f
or c
on-
trol
ling
coas
tline
dev
elop
men
t
23
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
.H
ow m
ight
thes
e ne
eded
cha
nges
to th
e ec
osys
tem
be
brou
ght a
bout
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns--
Wha
t evi
denc
e is
ther
eto
sho
w th
is C
alif
orni
aef
fort
is s
uppo
rted
by
the
resi
dent
s of
that
stat
e?--
Wha
t arg
umen
ts c
an b
em
ade
for
both
sid
es in
the
publ
ic v
s. p
riva
teri
ghts
issu
e of
the
stat
eco
ntro
lled
coas
t de-
velo
pmen
t?
D. D
ISC
USS
4,
D. D
ISC
USS
D. D
ISC
USS
D.
DIS
CU
SSSt
reiF
tWir
oble
ms
of b
al-
ance
bet
wee
n pu
blic
and
priv
ate
use
of b
each
are
as.
E. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
In c
lass
dis
cuss
ion,
con
side
r ea
chg:
oup'
s an
swer
s to
the
ques
tions
.Sp
ecia
l em
phas
is s
houl
d be
pla
ced
on th
e la
st q
uest
ion.
E. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
E. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
TC
#4,
p.1
73.
E. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
37 a
nd d
is-
cuss
in c
lass
the
follo
win
g qu
estio
n:-
How
does
this
loca
l gov
ernm
enta
lag
ency
(Po
nce
Inle
t Por
t Aut
hor-
ity)
plan
to s
olve
thei
r lo
cal
eros
ion
prob
lem
?
SC #
317,
p. 9
6.T
C #
4, p
. 103
.1.
Dat
a on
bea
ch e
rosi
onco
ntro
l in
Bre
vard
may
be
obta
ined
fro
m th
e fo
llow
ing:
Rob
ert P
. Mur
kshe
961
S. B
reva
rd A
venu
eC
ocoa
Bea
ch, F
LM
r. M
urks
he s
erve
s on
the
Bea
ch E
rosi
on C
ontr
ol A
d-vi
sory
Com
mitt
ee f
or th
eB
reva
rd C
ount
y C
omm
issi
on.
2.T
o en
d di
scus
sion
,re
min
d st
uden
ts th
ese
wer
eon
ly g
over
nmen
tal a
ppro
ache
sto
pro
blem
ero
sion
.
24
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
.H
ow m
ight
thes
e ne
eded
cha
nges
toth
e ec
osys
tem
be
brou
ght a
bout
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
F. W
RIT
E/D
ISC
USS
F. W
RIT
E/D
ISC
USS
F. W
RIT
E/D
ISC
USS
F.W
RIT
E/D
ISC
USS
1.H
ave
a sm
all c
omm
ittee
of
stud
ents
wri
te to
maj
or la
nd d
evel
op-
ers
inqu
irin
g in
to th
eir
ecol
ogic
al-
cons
ider
atio
ns m
ade
whe
n bu
ildin
gin
bea
ch a
reas
.2.
SC #
38 g
ives
som
e sa
mpl
equ
estio
ns r
elat
ing
to e
colo
gica
lco
nsid
erat
ions
.3.
Stud
ents
rea
l and
dis
cuss
repl
ies
from
thes
e de
velo
pers
.
ca
1.SC
#38
,pa
ge 9
7.
2.M
ajor
de-
velo
pers
in F
lori
dain
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
-- A
mel
iaIs
land
Plan
tatio
n,A
mel
ia I
slan
d,FL
320
34--
Arv
ida
Cor
p.,
1st N
atio
nal
Ban
k B
uild
ing,
Mia
mi,
FL33
131
-- G
ener
alD
e-ve
lopm
ent
Cor
p.,
1111
S.
Bay
shor
e,M
iam
i, FL
3313
1--
Mac
kle
Bro
th-
ers,
Div
isio
nof
Del
tona
,32
50 S
. W. 3
rdA
ve. ,
Mia
mi,
FL 3
3130
_
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ion
Thi
sA
ctiv
ity is
an
atte
mpt
to s
how
how
pri
vate
bus
ines
s ca
nbr
ing
abou
t cha
nges
in th
eec
osys
tem
.
25
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
.H
ow m
ight
thes
e ne
eded
cha
nges
to th
e ec
osys
tem
be
brou
ght a
bout
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsG
. IN
VIT
EG
. IN
VIT
EG
.IN
VIT
EG
. IN
VIT
E1.
If r
espo
nses
to le
tters
toSC
#38
, p. 9
7.
H. S
UM
MA
RIZ
EH
. SU
MM
AR
IZE
H. S
UM
MA
RIZ
E
deve
lope
rs ta
ke to
o lo
ng, i
nvite
alo
cal d
evel
oper
or
his
repr
esen
tativ
eto
spe
ak to
the
clas
s.2.
USE
SC
#38
as
the
basi
s fo
rde
velo
per's
talk
.Su
pply
him
with
copy
bef
ore
the
spea
king
eng
agem
ent.
H. S
UM
MA
RIZ
EIn
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, h
ave
stud
ents
mak
e a
sum
mar
y st
atem
ent t
hat
will
ans
wer
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n.
CA C)
TC
#4,
p. 1
03.
26
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
. How
mig
ht th
ese
need
ed c
hang
es to
the
ecos
yste
m b
e br
ough
t abo
ut?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
:A
. RE
AD
/DIS
CU
SSA
. RE
AD
/DIS
CU
SSA
. RE
AD
/DIS
CU
SSA
. RE
AD
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
39an
d di
scus
s th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tions
:--
Wha
t did
the
publ
ic d
o?--
Wha
t mig
ht b
e so
me
rea-
sons
for
wha
t the
y di
d?--
Wha
t are
pos
sibl
e ha
rm-
ful r
esul
ts f
rom
wha
t the
vote
rs d
id?
B. P
LA
N1.
Pret
end
anot
her
refe
rend
umfo
r a
beac
h er
osio
n co
ntro
l tax
will
be h
eld
in tw
o m
onth
s.2.
Mak
e pl
ans
for
conv
inci
ngpe
ople
to v
ote
eith
er f
or o
r ag
ains
tth
e ta
x. 3.Po
ssib
le a
ctiv
ities
incl
ude:
-- M
akin
g po
ster
s--
Wri
ting
spee
ches
-- W
ritin
g bu
mpe
r st
icke
rs--
Wri
ting
radi
o-te
levi
sion
anno
unce
men
ts--
Cre
atin
g bi
llboa
rds
-- M
appi
ng o
ut a
doo
r-to
-do
or c
anva
ssin
g ro
ute
and
ques
tions
SC #
39, p
. 98.
B. P
LA
NB
. PL
AN
B. P
LA
NIf
inte
rim
see
ms
to b
e hi
ghan
d it
appe
ars
feas
ible
, go
beyo
nd th
e cl
assr
oom
to c
on-
duct
this
moc
k re
fere
ndum
.
1.A
ll pl
ans
coul
d be
col
lect
edan
d ev
alua
ted.
2.SC
#34
, p. 9
1.
27
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
.H
ow m
ight
thes
e ne
eded
cha
nges
to th
e ec
osys
tem
be
brou
ght a
bout
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
C. P
RE
SEN
T/D
ISC
USS
C. P
RE
SEN
T/
C. P
RE
SEN
T/
C. P
RE
SEN
T/D
ISC
USS
1.E
ach
grou
p or
indi
vidu
alw
ill p
rese
nt h
is "
cam
paig
n co
ntri
-bu
tion"
to th
e cl
ass
and
disp
lay
ifpo
ssib
le.
2.D
iscu
ss a
ny c
onfl
ictin
gis
sues
as
they
ari
se.
D. V
OT
E1.
rake
a c
lass
vot
e on
the
beac
h er
osio
n co
ntro
l tax
.2.
Ana
lyze
the
resu
lts o
f th
evo
te.
E. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
T
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
D. V
OT
ED
. VO
TE
TC
#4,
p. 1
03.
D. V
OT
E
E.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
E. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
TE
.D
ISC
USS
/LIS
TIn
sm
all g
roup
s, d
iscu
ss o
ther
way
sin
divi
dual
s/gr
oups
may
be
invo
lved
in b
ring
ing
abou
t nee
ded
chan
ges
tohe
lp s
ave
the
beac
hes
and
list t
hesu
gges
tions
.
F. S
UM
MA
RIZ
EF.
SU
MM
AR
IZE
Lis
ts m
ay b
e co
l-le
cted
and
eva
luat
ed.
F. S
UM
MA
RIZ
EF.
SU
MM
AR
IZE
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rep
ort t
o cl
ass
thei
r lis
t and
hav
e cl
ass
mak
e a
sum
mar
y st
atem
ent o
n br
ingi
ngab
out c
hang
es a
s it
rela
tes
to th
eIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
TC
#4,
p.1
03.
28
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
. How
mig
ht th
e ne
eded
cha
nges
to th
e ec
osys
tem
be
brou
ght a
bout
?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
G. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.G
. CH
EC
K I
. Q.
G. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.G
.
H.
CH
EC
K I
. Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork,
H. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC#
1, P
. 32.
H. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
# 2,
p. 1
01,
give
s pr
oced
ure
for
this
che
ck.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
valu
ate
them
-se
lves
.
cyr
c.4.
1
SC#2
, p. 3
3.
.
.
29
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:A
SU
MM
AR
Y I
NV
EST
IGA
TIO
N
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
iR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
AL
TE
RN
AT
E C
LO
SIN
G T
O T
HIS
UN
IT
A. S
ET
UP
Set u
p m
ock
hear
ings
bef
ore
a St
ate
Env
iron
men
tal R
esou
rces
Boa
rd.
Thi
s B
oard
will
con
side
r th
e is
sues
of d
evel
opin
g vi
rgin
bar
rier
bea
char
eas
into
som
e ty
pe o
f pr
ojec
tus
eful
to m
an.
B. P
LA
NSt
uden
ts c
hoos
e is
sues
and
wor
k in
smal
l gro
ups
to a
l.a13
v up
a p
lan
ex-
plai
ning
why
sel
ecte
d pr
ojec
t is
need
ed o
r no
t nee
ded.
C. P
RE
SEN
T1.
Eac
h gr
oup
pres
ents
vie
wto
Boa
rd a
nd o
rally
just
ifie
s it.
2.B
oard
que
stio
ns p
lan.
D. V
OT
EE
ntiT
ecT
ass
vote
s if
pro
ject
is to
be c
arri
ed o
ut.
A. S
ET
UP
B. P
LA
NU
sekT
IEIn
v ed
gele
arne
d fr
om a
llea
rlie
r in
vest
igat
ions
.
C. P
RE
SEN
T
D. V
OT
E
A. S
ET
UP
A. S
ET
UP
B.
PLA
N
Som
e
B.
beac
h pr
ojec
ts:
-- h
ousi
ng d
evel
opm
ents
-- r
ecre
atio
nal a
reas
-- in
lets
-- f
ishi
ng p
iers
-- r
oads
ove
r sa
nd d
unes
PLA
N
C.
PRE
SEN
TC
.PR
ESE
NT
D.
VO
TE
D.
VO
TE
30
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
TS
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
:Sm
all G
roup
Eva
luat
ion
I. Q
. (IN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
) C
HE
CK
Nam
eG
roup
Num
ber
Cla
ss P
erio
dD
ate
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
nB
eing
Inv
estig
ated
:
My
Ans
wer
toth
is I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion:
Cin
0....
.k'.4
110
0,
Impo
rtan
t par
ts o
f th
isIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion
Ans
wer
Lef
t Out
:
Poin
ts P
ossi
ble
for
Poin
ts A
war
ded
for
this
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
nth
is I
nqtf
iry
Que
stio
n
Nam
e of
Che
cker
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
Nam
e
Dir
ectio
ns:
Poin
t Sca
le:
:Se
lf-E
valu
atio
n
SEL
F-E
VA
LU
AT
ION
FO
RM
Peri
odD
ate
Whe
n yo
u ha
ve c
ompl
eted
all
wor
k on
an
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, u
se th
e Po
int S
cale
bel
ow a
nd r
ate
your
self
on e
ach
of th
e ca
tego
ries
list
ed in
the
char
t.
5 po
ints
exce
llent
; 4 p
oint
sab
ove
aver
age;
3 p
oint
sav
erag
e;2
poin
tsbe
low
ave
rage
; 1 p
oint
poor
CA
TE
GO
RIE
SIN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
NU
MB
,....
ZS
III
III
ivV
VI
VII
VII
IX III
Inte
rest
(To
wha
t deg
ree
wer
e yo
uin
tere
sted
in th
is I
nqui
ryQ
uest
ion?
)
Und
erst
andi
ng(T
o w
hat d
egre
e do
you
fee
lyo
u un
ders
tand
the
con-
clus
ion
to th
e In
quir
yQ
uest
ion?
)
Eff
ort
.
(To
wha
t deg
ree
did
you
doal
l act
iviti
es to
the
best
of
your
abi
lity?
)
Coo
pera
tive
Part
icip
atio
n(T
o w
hat d
egre
e di
d yo
u co
n-tr
ibut
e us
eful
idea
s in
sol
ving
grou
p pr
oble
ms
and/
or h
elp
othe
rs r
each
a c
oncl
usio
nab
out t
his
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n?)
Tot
al P
oint
s.
33
:-T
UD
EN
T C
OM
ME
NT
NO
Vic
w (
)I a
har
rit,r
Ht-
ach
,, "
a'.
- .
5- t
,.. :
--..
,.,-
-`"
-.,
...,
.:,-,
'....,
t, 4"
,,"
,: ,
,,,,,
_,'..
,,-,,$
.,,T
,,,,,-
..(14
.,4-,
....
-. 2
..5.4
r,,,
,,,-
' '4
..t#4
rI,
.4.7
,,"
--
--'
.7.
`'
- o.
.....4
?40.
041.
44"V
...e,
::4-
44
,5 7
.
,-
34
alor
-
rro
r.,
".
-r
z
59
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
5 :
Dia
gram
of
Bar
rier
Bea
ch
Est
uary
Sea
Bar
rier
Bea
ch
----
----
----
-(
Inle
tB
arri
r B
each
Lag
oon
Riv
erR
iver
36
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
6 :
Dia
gram
of
Off
shor
e B
ar (
Bar
rier
Bea
ch)
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
7 :
Poss
ible
Des
crip
tions
of
Bar
rier
Bea
ch
(1)
A b
arri
er b
each
, oft
en r
efer
red
to a
s an
off
shor
e ba
r, is
a lo
ng, r
idge
par
alle
l to
the
shor
e an
dse
para
ted
from
it b
y a
shal
low
lago
on.
The
se b
ars
are
form
ed in
fro
nt o
f th
e lin
e of
bre
aker
s w
here
the
wav
es b
reak
in s
hallo
w w
ater
som
e di
stan
ce f
rom
sho
re.
The
se a
re c
omm
on a
long
the
Atla
ntic
coas
t (D
ayto
na B
each
, Coc
oa B
each
, Cap
e C
anav
eral
, etc
. ).
Bre
aker
s pi
le u
p th
e sa
nd o
ffsh
ore
onth
e sh
allo
w, s
andy
bot
tom
and
for
m lo
ng s
and
bars
.
--T
hom
pson
, Hen
ry D
. , F
unda
men
tals
of
Ear
th S
cien
ce ,
App
leto
n-C
entu
ry-C
roft
s, I
nc.,
N. Y
.19
60, p
. 258
.
(2)
An
offs
hore
bar
or
barr
ier
beac
h is
a s
and
bar
that
run
s pa
ralle
l to
a st
raig
ht s
hore
line
and
isno
whe
re a
ttach
ed to
it.
...A
n of
fsho
re b
ar p
rote
cts
the
shal
low
wat
er o
n its
land
war
d si
de f
rom
win
d an
d w
aves
.T
his
area
of
quie
t wat
er b
etw
een
the
bar
and
the
mai
nlan
d is
a la
goon
.
(3)
CD
LN
Z
--N
amow
itz, S
amue
l N. ,
Don
ald
B. S
tone
, Ear
th S
cien
ce:
The
Wor
ld W
e L
ive
In, A
mer
ican
Boo
k C
ompa
ny, N
. Y.
1969
, p. 3
12-3
13, 6
50.
An
offs
hore
san
d ba
r w
hich
has
bee
n bu
ilt u
p by
wav
e ac
tion
depo
sitin
g sa
nd to
a h
eigh
t abo
vem
ean
sea
leve
l.
--R
amse
y, W
illia
m L
. , R
aym
ond
A. B
uckl
ey, C
liffo
rd R
.Ph
illip
s, F
rank
M. W
aten
paug
h, M
oder
n E
arth
Sci
ence
,H
olt,
Rin
ehar
t and
Win
ston
, Inc
. ,N
. Y. ,
1973
.
38
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
8 :
Wha
t Det
erm
ines
the
Nat
ure
of B
each
es?
The
fir
st f
acto
r to
con
side
r is
the
actu
al c
ompo
sitio
n of
the
beac
h: w
hat k
ind
ofsu
bsta
nce
is it
mad
e of
?
Mos
t bea
ches
are
com
pose
d of
san
d, v
aryi
ng in
text
ure
from
ver
y fi
ne to
ver
y co
arse
.T
here
are
two
maj
or
sour
ces
of m
ater
ials
on
beac
hes:
str
eam
sfl
owin
g ou
twar
d fr
om th
e la
nd, c
arry
ing
sedi
men
t; an
d th
e w
aves
and
curr
ents
of
the
ocea
n, w
hich
tran
spor
t san
d. T
he la
tter
forc
e re
mov
es s
and
asw
ell a
s de
posi
ting
it.
Som
e be
ache
s ar
e co
mpo
sed
of o
ther
mat
eria
ls, s
uch
as m
ud o
r st
ones
. Man
ybe
ache
s in
New
Eng
land
, for
exam
ple,
are
mad
e up
of
rath
er la
rge
ston
es c
alle
d "s
hing
le"
or "
grav
el. "
Mud
beac
hes
occu
r on
ly w
here
wav
e ac
tion
is v
ery
mild
, bec
ause
the
turb
ulen
ce c
ause
d by
stro
ng w
ave
actio
n w
ould
kee
p th
e fi
ne m
ud p
ar-
ticle
s in
sus
pens
ion.
Whe
re m
ud b
each
es d
o ex
ist,
they
are
gen
eral
ly c
over
ed w
ithm
arsh
gra
sses
.A
noth
er a
spec
t of
the
beac
h is
its
topo
grap
hy: t
he s
truc
ture
of
the
land
itse
lf.
It c
an b
e di
vide
d in
to
four
maj
or z
ones
.Fi
rst i
s th
e of
fsho
re z
one,
or
the
area
und
er th
e se
a be
yond
the
brea
ker
line.
Seco
nd
is th
e in
shor
e zo
ne o
r sh
oref
ace,
whi
ch in
clud
es th
e ar
ea f
rom
the
brea
ker
line
toth
e m
ean
high
tide
mar
k.
The
thir
d zo
ne is
the
actu
al b
each
or
shor
e its
elf.
Thi
s is
div
ided
into
two
sub-
zone
s: th
e fo
resh
ore,
whi
chdo
es c
onta
ct w
ater
dur
ing
high
tide
s; a
nd th
e ba
cksh
ore,
whi
ch is
sub
mer
ged
only
dur
ing
fier
ce s
torm
s.T
he b
acks
hore
usu
ally
con
sist
s of
one
or
mor
e le
dges
or
leve
ls k
now
n as
ber
ms,
sepa
rate
d by
bea
ch s
carp
s
("m
ini-
clif
fs")
.T
he f
ourt
h zo
ne o
f th
e be
ach
is th
e up
land
, whi
ch in
clud
es th
e m
ajor
blu
ff o
res
carp
men
t
(dun
e) th
at p
rote
cts
the
inla
nd r
egio
n. G
rass
, and
som
etim
es b
ushe
s an
d tr
ees,
gro
w o
n du
nes,
and
the
dune
sbe
com
e a
natu
ral l
evee
aga
inst
the
sea
atta
ck.
Dun
es a
re th
e fi
nal p
rote
ctio
n lin
e ag
ains
t the
sea
, and
are
also
a s
avin
gs b
ank
for
the
stor
age
of s
and
agai
nst a
sto
rmy
day.
The
dun
e lin
e is
gen
eral
ly th
reat
ened
onl
y
by th
e m
ost i
nten
se s
torm
s.--
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
,W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.
,Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
-lin
es, A
ugus
t, 19
71
39
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
9: E
xam
ples
of
Off
shor
e B
ars
The
re a
re m
any
exam
ples
of
offs
hore
bar
s al
ong
the
coas
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es f
rom
sout
hern
Lon
g Is
land
all t
he w
ay to
Tex
as. M
any
of th
e la
rger
bar
s in
pop
ulat
edar
eas
have
bec
ome
popu
lar
bath
ing
reso
rts,
as
atFi
re I
slan
d an
d Jo
nes
Bea
ch in
Lon
g Is
land
and
Atla
ntic
City
in N
ew J
erse
y. T
o re
ach
an o
ffsh
ore
bar,
ala
goon
mus
t be
cros
sed,
usu
ally
by
brid
ges
or r
oads
cal
led
caus
eway
s.A
ll of
fsho
re b
ars
are
low
and
ver
y na
rrow
in c
ompa
riso
n w
ith th
eir
leng
th.
Fire
Isl
and
is a
bout
30
mile
slo
ng b
ut n
owhe
re m
ore
than
a m
ile in
wid
th.
Its
grea
test
hei
ghts
are
thos
e re
ache
d by
the
tops
of
its s
and
dune
s--
abou
t 30
feet
abo
ve s
ea le
vel.
One
off
shor
e ba
r, P
adre
Isl
and,
runs
a h
undr
ed m
iles
alon
g th
e co
ast o
f T
exas
.G
alve
ston
, Pal
m B
each
, Day
tona
Bea
ch, a
nd M
iam
i Bea
char
e al
so lo
cate
d on
off
shor
e ba
rs.
The
lago
on b
etw
een
an o
ffsh
ore
bar
and
the
mai
nlan
d is
rar
ely
so n
amed
. Exa
mpl
es a
re B
isca
yne
Bay
be-
twee
n M
iam
i Bea
ch a
nd M
iam
i, L
ake
Wor
th b
etw
een
Palm
Bea
ch a
ndW
est P
alm
Bea
ch, I
ndia
n R
iver
and
Ban
ana
Riv
er b
etw
een
Cap
e K
enne
dy a
nd th
e Fl
orid
a m
ainl
and,
and
Gre
at S
outh
Bay
bet
wee
n Fi
re I
slan
d an
dL
ong
Isla
nd, N
ew Y
ork.
Des
pite
thei
r na
mes
, the
sear
e al
l lag
oons
.
--N
amow
itz, S
amue
l N.
,D
onal
d B
. Sto
ne,
Ear
th S
cien
ce: T
he W
orld
We
Liv
e In
,A
mer
ican
Boo
k C
ompa
ny, N
Y.
,19
69,
pp. 3
12-3
13.
40
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
0:O
utlin
e M
ap o
f B
reva
rd C
ount
y, F
lori
da
41
99
Picture 1. South Side of Canaveral Harbor.
Picture 2. City of Cape Canaveral
11.111.0
Picture 3. Sidney Fisher Park at Cocoa Beach
AAA".;rwer.AA...-71-A,
A r;
Picture 4. Cocoa Beach.
g9
Picture 5. Officers Club at Patrick Air Force Base.
Picture 6. Dragline fill at Patrick Air Force Base.
Q1
69
Picture 7, Satellite Beach.
4.'-' 4., V.
Picture 8. Indialantic Beach.
C/1 1-3
z 1-3
z
0
w 11 cD
'1
0 0
cD
C)
cD
`-<
Co
rn)-4
cLi
Picture 9. Melbourne Beach -- Active Erosion
Atigar - 714t
_
A.
Picture 10. Beach Conditions About 5 Miles South of Melbourne Beach
tTJ
IL
TODAY, Sunday, January 2, 1972
Editorials
Robert Bentley Editor
Ed Frank News Editor
T PA Y
Buddy Baker Managing Editor
Nick White Editorial Pals Editor
Wrecking the Landscape
The high dirt banks along some of Brevard's roads and the sand dunes
in many of our wilderness areas have taken on a different appearance
during the past year or so from the natural look that had existed for
hundreds of years. Many of them are now defaced with ruts and have
badly eroded crests. This is not a natural erosion caused by water or wind. it is a
man-made erosion caused by the re- cent popularity of the "sport" ow dune
buggies and other "off-the-road" types of vehicles, .including some
motorcycle riders. These sand dune riders get their
kicks from the wild ride a n d challenge of their motorized sport. It
is not their intent to injure the land and destroy the beauty of the coun-
tryside for others. But this i s nevertheless an unfortunate
byproduct of their sport. We generally take a liheral at- titude toward any activity that is,en- joyed by it's practitioners, as long as
it doesn't harm or endanger other members of society.
Although the dune buggie may not offer a direct threat to the health or
safety of the public, it does seem a threat to the general welfare in some
abstract ways. For the few minutes of pleasure it affords a dune buggy
pilot, it leaves an enduring scar on the land that cheats others of the
natural beauty of nature. And there may also be some more concrete ob-
jections at least in some beach areas.
"There's no question that they do cause environmental damage," says
Rep A. H. "Gus" Craig, D-St. Augustine, chairman of the House
Natural Resources Committee. "As time goes on and you keep getting
more of them, (dune buggies, etc.) you're going to have to find some place to put these people. I don't think you can do away with them. You have to realize that they're here
to stay, but you have to keep it from getting completely out of hand," he
said. Craig's committee will be holding
hearings soon on a couple of bills designed to protect the peace and integrity of the great outdoors.,One is
a bill by Rep. Bill Fulford, D-Orlan- do, to regulate air boats, and the
other is a bill by Rep. Don Tucker, D- Tallahassee, to ban dune buggies
from most beaches. State Recreation and Parks Director Ney Landrum says the pro-
blem of dune buggies "is bad enough so that we're trying to take some
steps to get it under control.' We agree that some limits and
controls should be placed on the in- discriminate use o f off-the-road
vehicles before our state suffers very much more needless destruction.
Restrictions were p 1
a c e d on halftracks and other swamp rigs in
game management areas not long ago. These should be expanded and
extended to cover other damaging vehicles and lands outside game
management areas. Perhaps there could he some
specified areas around the state where this type of activity could be
allowed. We hate to see more and more
restrictions placed on the public, but the thoughtless abuse by some dune
buggy drivers makes such action seem necessary
txj z
tri z
O
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
7:Sh
iftin
g Sa
nds
A s
lend
er r
ibbo
n of
ligh
t-co
lore
d sa
nd, a
bout
thir
ty m
iles
long
and
less
than
a m
ile w
ide,
arc
hes
grac
eful
ly s
outh
war
d fr
om L
ong
Isla
nd a
nd p
ierc
es th
e da
rk b
lue
wat
ers
of th
e A
tlant
ic O
cean
. Map
mak
ers
call
it G
reat
Sou
th B
each
, but
to m
ost N
ew Y
orke
rs it
is k
now
n as
Fir
e Is
land
.Fi
re I
slan
d is
the
nort
hern
mos
t seg
men
t of
an a
lmos
t con
tinuo
us c
hain
of
low
bar
rier
isla
nds
that
ext
ends
fro
m N
ew Y
ork
toFl
orid
a. S
imila
r ba
rrie
r ch
ains
line
muc
h of
the
Gul
f C
oast
, the
Nor
th S
ea c
oast
of
Hol
land
, and
the
Bal
ticSe
a C
oast
of
Pola
nd. I
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
a n
umbe
r of
impo
rtan
t ind
ustr
ial a
nd r
esor
t citi
es -
- G
alve
ston
,M
iam
i Bea
ch, A
tlant
ic C
ity, t
o m
entio
n th
ree
-- h
ave
deve
lope
d on
thes
e is
land
s.
..
The
geo
logi
c pr
oces
ses
that
sha
pe a
bar
rier
isla
nd d
o no
t cha
nge
with
the
arri
val o
f m
an. T
heco
mpl
ex c
oast
al p
roce
sses
--
thei
r br
oad
patte
rns
and
deta
iled
vari
atio
ns -
- ar
e pa
rt o
f an
ong
oing
his
tory
of p
hysi
cal c
hang
e in
whi
ch n
eith
er o
f th
e m
ain
fact
ors,
wav
es n
or b
each
es, g
ains
a p
erm
anen
t vic
tory
....
3N
.,T
he p
roce
ss o
f sa
nd tr
ansp
orta
tion
with
in th
e su
rf, f
or e
xam
ple,
is a
res
pons
e by
the
beac
h to
the
chan
ging
patte
rn o
f br
eaki
ng w
aves
. The
pro
blem
for
man
is n
ot th
e m
ovem
ent o
f sa
nd a
s su
ch, b
ut r
athe
r its
mov
emen
t aw
ay f
rom
are
as w
here
it is
nee
ded
for
the
prot
ectio
n of
exp
ensi
ve h
omes
. Whe
n th
e be
ach-
fron
t was
uno
ccup
ied,
the
beac
h co
uld
shif
t with
out a
larm
ing
anyo
ne. N
ow, w
ith th
e pr
esen
ce o
f ho
uses
and
othe
r fi
xed
obje
cts
agai
nst w
hich
sho
relin
e ch
ange
s ca
n be
mea
sure
d, is
land
dw
elle
rs b
ecom
e di
s-m
ayed
by
the
loss
of
thei
r sa
nd.
..
Schu
bert
h, C
hris
toph
er J
., "B
arri
er B
each
es o
f E
aste
rn A
mer
ica,
" N
atur
al. H
isto
ry, J
une,
Jul
y 19
70,
p. 4
6.
48
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
8: M
ovin
g B
each
es
The
dis
tanc
e an
d th
e di
rect
ion
that
san
d gr
ains
mov
e ar
e re
late
d to
the
coas
tal c
ondi
tions
of
sum
-m
er a
nd w
inte
r se
ason
s. D
urin
g th
e su
mm
er, w
aves
are
usu
ally
low
, the
surf
is n
ot tu
rbul
ent,
and
the
corr
espo
ndin
g sw
ash
is a
thin
she
et o
f ge
ntle
wat
er. F
ew s
torm
s oc
cur.
Und
er th
ese
quie
t wea
ther
con
-di
tions
, fri
ctio
n w
ill h
old
sand
gra
ins
agai
nst t
he b
otto
m d
urin
g th
e ge
ntle
bac
kflo
w o
f w
ater
, and
mos
t are
not c
arri
ed b
ack
in th
e un
dert
ow to
the
brea
ker
zone
. As
a re
sult,
the
net m
ovem
ent o
f sa
nd is
land
war
d.B
egin
ning
in e
arly
sum
mer
, bill
ions
of
sand
gra
ins
alon
g th
e le
ngth
of
the
beac
h sl
owly
bui
ld u
p a
broa
dte
rrac
e.
..
Inte
nse
win
ter-
spri
ng s
torm
s w
ith o
n-sh
ora
win
ds o
f ga
le f
orce
oft
en p
rodu
ce h
igh
tides
and
cha
otic
patte
rns
of b
reak
ing
wav
es. A
turb
ulen
t sur
f an
ez a
pow
erfu
l sw
ash
floo
d th
e w
inte
r be
rm a
nd o
ften
tear
into
the
dune
s, r
emov
ing
tens
of
thou
sand
s of
cub
ic y
ards
of
sand
..
.
If th
e sa
nd m
oved
onl
y in
a s
trai
ght l
ine
away
fro
m th
e sh
ore
in th
e w
inte
r an
d ba
ck in
the
sum
mer
;if
in o
ther
wor
ds, t
he s
ame
sand
mov
ed b
ack
and
fort
h in
a c
lose
d sy
stem
, the
n be
ach
eros
ion
wou
ld b
e a
sim
ple
prob
lem
. Unf
ortu
nate
ly, s
and
also
mov
es le
ngth
wis
e al
ong
the
beac
h .
..
The
san
d pa
rtic
les
mov
e al
ong
the
chai
n be
caus
e w
aves
rar
ely
appr
oach
par
alle
l to
the
beac
h .
..
The
upr
ush
of w
ater
fro
m th
e br
eaki
ng w
ave,
plu
s th
e sa
nd p
artic
les,
mov
es o
bliq
uely
up
the
beac
hfa
ce. B
ut th
e re
turn
flo
w a
nd th
e sa
nd p
artic
les
follo
w a
str
aigh
t pat
h do
wn
the
beac
h fa
ce. W
hen
mov
edby
the
next
sw
ash,
the
sand
gra
ins
follo
w th
e sa
me
step
wis
e pa
ttern
.M
ultip
lied
by c
ount
less
rep
etiti
ons
on a
see
min
gly
infi
nite
num
ber
of s
and
grai
ns, t
his
actio
n tr
ansp
orts
a v
ast
amou
nt o
f sa
nd a
long
the
en-
tire
beac
h, p
rim
arily
in th
e su
rf z
one.
Thi
s pr
oces
s is
cal
led
beac
h dr
iftin
g, a
nd th
e m
ovem
ent o
f w
ater
is k
now
n as
the
litto
ral c
urre
nt.
On
Fire
Isl
and,
in N
ew Y
ork,
the
litto
ral c
urre
nt e
ach
year
mov
es 6
00,0
00 c
ubic
yar
ds o
f sa
nd
wes
twar
d. M
ost o
f it
rem
ains
in th
e qu
iete
r w
ater
s of
Fir
e Is
land
Inl
et a
nd f
orm
s su
bmer
ged
sand
bar
s,
49
whi
ch q
uick
ly c
oale
sce
into
low
abo
ve w
ater
acc
umul
atio
ns. T
his
sand
per
sist
ently
ext
ends
Dem
ocra
ticPo
int,
the
wes
t end
of
Fire
Isl
and.
Six
hund
red
thou
sand
cub
ic y
ards
of
sand
is e
quiv
alen
t to
a co
nvoy
of
cem
ent t
ruck
s du
mpi
ng lo
ads
of s
and
at n
ine
min
ute
inte
rval
s, 2
4 ho
urs
a da
y, y
ear-
roun
d. T
he F
ire
Isla
nd li
ghth
ouse
, ere
cted
in 1
858
at th
e w
este
rnm
ost t
ip o
f th
e is
land
,no
w s
tand
s fi
ve m
iles
inla
nd .
..
Schu
bert
h, C
hris
toph
er J
., "B
arri
er B
each
es o
f E
aste
rn A
mer
ica,
" N
atur
al H
isto
ry, J
une,
July
197
0,p.
46.
50
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
19: C
ause
s of
. Bea
ch E
rosi
on
One
of
the
prim
ary
envi
ronm
enta
l con
cern
s in
Bre
vard
Cou
nty
is th
epr
oble
m o
f be
ach
eros
ion.
Kno
wle
dge
of th
e na
tura
l for
ces
whi
ch o
pera
te u
pon
the
beac
h an
d th
e co
nseq
uenc
es o
fm
an's
act
ions
in th
is a
rea
is e
ssen
tial
if th
is p
robl
em is
to b
e so
lved
.B
each
E._
osi
on is
ess
entia
lly a
sim
ple
mat
hem
atic
al e
quat
ion:
if m
ore
mat
eria
l is
rem
oved
fro
m th
e be
ach
than
is d
epos
ited,
ero
sion
is s
aid
to h
ave
occu
rred
. The
re a
re s
ever
al c
ause
sof
bea
ch e
rosi
on, b
oth
natu
ral
and
man
-mad
e.T
he m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t for
ce in
flue
ncin
g on
shor
e, o
ffsh
ore
and
alon
gsho
retr
ansp
orta
tion
of s
and
is th
e br
eak-
ing
wav
e, o
r "b
reak
er. "
As
a w
ave
appr
oach
es th
e sh
ore,
it c
olla
pses
whe
nth
e de
pth
of w
ater
is e
qual
to a
p-
prox
imat
ely
1. 3
tim
es th
e he
ight
of
the
wav
e (e
. g. ,
a w
ave
thre
e fe
et h
igh
wou
ld b
reak
at a
dep
th o
f ab
out 4
fee
t).
Whe
n a
wav
e br
eaks
, it's
ene
rgy
is s
udde
nly
unle
ashe
d, a
nd th
e tu
rbul
ent r
ush
of w
ater
stir
s up
mat
eria
ls o
n th
ebo
ttom
. The
ene
rgy
is s
pent
as
the
foam
ing
wat
er s
urge
s up
the
slop
e in
to th
e se
a....
,i:.r
tG
ener
ated
by
win
ds a
t sea
, wav
es a
ffec
t the
bea
ches
in tw
o m
ajor
way
s.Sh
ort,
stee
p st
orm
wav
es te
nd to
tear
the
beac
h do
wn;
this
is k
now
n as
ero
sion
or
shor
elin
e re
cess
ion.
Lon
g sw
ells
fro
m d
ista
nt s
torm
s, h
ow-
ever
, reb
uild
bea
ches
by
depo
sitin
g sa
nd.
Thi
s is
kno
wn
as a
ccre
tion
or p
rogr
adin
g.E
rosi
on a
nd a
ccre
tion
may
occ
ur a
ltern
atel
y, a
ccor
ding
to th
e in
tens
ity a
nd f
requ
ency
of s
torm
s, o
r by
sea
sons
, or
even
in c
ycle
sco
veri
ng s
ever
al y
ears
.T
his
forc
e is
con
tinua
lly w
orki
ng o
n th
e sh
orel
ine,
but
it is
gen
eral
ly q
uite
gra
dual
, and
of m
inor
impo
r-
tanc
e in
the
Bre
vard
are
a.T
he s
econ
d na
tura
l for
m o
f be
ach
eros
ion
is m
uch
mor
e of
a th
reat
toB
reva
rd's
bea
ches
.T
his
occu
rs
whe
n th
e w
aves
bre
ak a
t an
angl
e to
the
beac
h.E
ach
wav
e m
oves
som
e sa
nd p
artic
les
a lit
tle f
urth
er a
long
the
beac
h.T
his
proc
ess
is c
alle
d lit
tora
l dri
ft.
Whi
le th
e ef
fect
of
each
indi
vidu
al b
reak
er is
insi
gnif
ican
t,th
e cu
mul
ativ
e ef
fect
is s
ubst
antia
l. A
long
an
unin
terr
upte
d ex
pans
e of
bea
ch, h
owev
er, t
heim
pact
is n
ot
notic
eabl
e, b
ecau
se r
ough
ly a
s m
uch
sand
is d
epos
ited
as is
car
ried
off
; an
equi
libri
um e
xist
s.T
he d
irec
-
51
tion
and
exte
nt o
f th
e lit
tora
l dri
ftar
e de
term
ined
by
the
dire
ctio
n an
d vi
olen
ce o
f th
ew
ave
atta
ck.
It v
arie
sco
nsid
erab
ly in
dif
fere
nt r
egio
ns o
f th
e oo
untr
y.In
a c
oast
fac
ing
east
war
d, a
s in
Bre
vard
Cou
nty,
sto
rm w
aves
fro
m th
e no
rthe
ast
caus
e a
high
rat
e of
litto
ral t
rans
port
to th
e so
uth.
Mild
wav
e ac
tion
from
the
sout
heas
t,on
the
othe
r ha
nd, r
esul
ts in
a m
uch
less
er li
ttora
l dri
ft to
the
nort
h, u
nles
s it
cont
inue
s fo
r a
muc
h lo
nger
tim
e th
an th
e no
rthe
ast
wav
es, i
n w
hich
case
ther
e is
a n
et m
ovem
ent o
f sa
nd in
a n
orth
erly
dire
ctio
n.A
lthou
gh li
ttora
l dri
ft v
arie
s w
ith th
e w
eath
er,
ther
e is
usu
ally
an
over
all m
ovem
ent
in o
ne d
irec
tion
duri
ng th
eye
ar.
In B
reva
rd, t
he p
redo
min
ant l
ittor
aldr
ift i
s so
uthw
ard.
Kno
wle
dge
of th
edi
rect
ion
and
inte
nsity
of
litto
ral d
rift
isim
port
ant i
n de
velo
ping
eff
ec-
tive
shor
e pr
otec
tion
plan
s.
Hur
rica
nes
Wag
e B
erm
War
fare
Hur
rica
nes
or o
ther
vio
lent
sto
rms
can
have
an
enor
mou
s ef
fect
on
the
beac
hes.
The
larg
e,st
eep
wav
esge
nera
ted
by s
uch
stor
ms
carr
y of
f m
uch
mor
e sa
nd f
rom
the
beac
h th
an o
rdin
ary
wav
es.
In a
dditi
on, t
hein
tens
e w
inds
oft
en c
reat
e a
stor
msu
rge
whi
ch r
aise
s th
e w
ater
leve
l eno
ugh
to th
reat
enth
e hi
gher
par
ts o
fth
e be
ach
whi
ch a
re n
ot u
sual
ly s
ubje
ctto
wav
e ac
tion.
Man
-mad
e st
ruct
ures
situ
ated
too
clos
e to
the
wat
erC
'D
are
ofte
n de
mol
ishe
d, a
nd lo
w-l
ying
area
s ne
ar th
e oc
ean
or la
goon
s an
d ba
ysar
e in
unda
ted.
Stor
m s
urge
sar
e m
ost d
evas
tatin
g if
they
coi
ncid
e w
ith h
igh
tide.
The
ber
m o
r be
rms
of th
e be
ach
gene
rally
bea
rth
e1N
rnt o
f a
viol
ent s
torm
, but
they
can
be o
vert
oppe
d by
the
stee
pest
wav
es, e
xpos
ing
the
dune
s or
blu
ffs
inth
e up
land
rea
ches
of
the
beac
h to
a w
ater
y as
saul
t. M
oreo
ver,
as
the
stor
mw
aves
ero
de th
e be
rm, i
tspr
otec
tive
valu
e is
red
uced
, and
incr
easi
ngly
mor
e ov
erto
ppin
g re
sults
. The
wid
th o
f th
e be
rm a
nd th
edu
ratio
n of
the
stor
m a
re th
eref
ore
criti
cal i
n de
term
inin
g th
e am
ount
of
upla
ndda
mag
e th
e st
orm
can
in-
flic
t. A
gen
tly s
lopi
ng b
each
of
suff
icie
nthe
ight
and
wid
th is
nat
ure'
s ow
n ba
rrie
r to
hurr
ican
es. N
o m
at-
ter
how
mas
sive
the
impa
ct o
fa
hurr
ican
e, h
owev
er, t
he d
amag
e to
the
BE
AC
H it
self
is r
epai
red
by n
atur
alm
eans
--th
e er
osio
n is
usu
ally
rep
lace
d by
accr
etio
n fr
om s
wel
ls. M
an's
str
uctu
res
som
etim
es d
on't
fare
as w
ell.
The
Sea
Is
Ris
ing
Ano
ther
maj
or n
atur
al f
orce
whi
ch a
ffec
ts th
e be
ache
s is
a g
radu
al r
ise
in th
e le
vel o
f th
ese
a--a
ppro
xim
ate-
ly 1
/100
of
a fo
ot p
er y
ear.
Thi
s pr
obab
ly r
esul
ts f
rom
mel
ting
ice
in p
olar
reg
ions
.T
he e
ffec
t of
such
a r
ise
is f
ar g
reat
er th
an th
e m
easu
rem
ent w
ould
indi
cate
; eve
n th
is v
ertic
al r
ise
can
caus
e th
esh
orel
ine
to r
eced
e by
up to
thre
e fe
et p
er y
ear.
Obv
ious
ly, s
uch
a pa
ttern
is h
ighl
y si
gnif
ican
t for
com
mun
ities
alo
ng b
each
-fro
nt
area
s. The
re a
re o
ther
nat
ural
for
ces
whi
ch c
ontr
ibut
e to
bea
ch e
rosi
on: t
he d
isso
lvin
g of
she
ll m
ater
ial,
the
pulv
eriz
ing
of b
each
mat
eria
ls in
to f
ine
gran
ules
whi
ch a
re c
arri
ed in
to d
eepe
r w
ater
, and
win
dsw
hich
blo
w
sand
inla
nd f
rom
the
beac
h. H
owev
er, t
hese
are
min
or c
ompa
red
to d
irec
t wav
e ac
tion,
litto
ral d
rift
, and
the
risi
ng s
ea le
vel.
The
chi
ef in
stan
ce w
here
man
con
trib
utes
to b
each
ero
sion
is b
y in
terr
uptin
g th
e lit
tora
ldri
ft.
He
does
....1
.....1
this
by
crea
ting
inle
ts, a
lteri
ng e
xist
ing
inle
ts, a
nd c
onst
ruct
ing
jetti
es.
Whi
le n
atur
al in
lets
are
a P
AR
TIA
Lba
rrie
r to
litto
ral d
rift
, im
prov
ed in
lets
and
man
-mad
e in
lets
can
be
TO
TA
L b
arri
ers.
Lon
g je
tties
on
the
nort
h si
de o
f in
lets
can
trap
nea
rly
all t
he s
and
drif
ting
sout
hwar
d. A
ny s
and
whi
ch le
aks
thro
ugh
or is
was
hed
arou
nd th
e je
tty is
cau
ght i
n th
e de
ep c
hann
el a
nd e
ither
rem
ains
ther
e un
til it
is d
redg
edou
t or
is w
ashe
d in
and
out b
y tid
al c
urre
nts.
The
res
ult i
s dr
amat
ic b
each
ero
sion
on
the
sout
h si
de o
f th
e in
let,
beca
use
ther
e is
no s
and
from
the
nort
h si
de to
rep
lace
wha
t is
lost
to a
new
ly-b
egin
ning
litto
ral d
rift
to th
e so
uthw
ard.
Nea
rly
50%
of
the
sand
in th
e so
uthw
ard
litto
ral d
rift
alo
ng th
e Sp
ace
Coa
st is
ent
rapp
ed b
y na
tura
l or
man
-mad
e ob
-
stac
les.
"The
Beh
avio
r of
Bea
ches
," S
hore
Pro
tect
ion
Gui
delin
es ,
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
,W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.
,A
ugus
t, 19
71, p
. 16-
24.
Eas
t Cen
tral
Flo
rida
Reg
iona
l Pla
nnin
g C
ounc
il St
aff,
The
Coa
stal
Are
a ,
Titu
svill
e, F
L, O
ctob
er 1
968,
pp. 3
2-34
.
53
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
0:C
ount
y C
omm
issi
on -
- A
Sim
ulat
ion
"Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
" is
an
activ
ity in
whi
ch s
tude
nts
play
the
role
of
vari
ous
com
mun
ity p
eopl
e w
hom
eet a
t a s
essi
on o
f th
e co
unty
gov
ernm
ent's
exe
cutiv
e bo
dy to
dis
cuss
the
issu
es o
f th
is r
esol
utio
n.R
esol
utio
n 1:
Be
it re
solv
ed th
at, z
onin
g re
gula
tions
be
chan
ged
to p
erm
it th
e co
n-st
ruct
ion
of m
ulti-
fam
ily d
wel
lings
kno
wn
as c
ondo
min
ium
s al
ong
the
coun
ty's
ent
ire
barr
ier
beac
h.A
fter
stu
dent
s ch
oose
whi
ch r
oles
to p
lay,
rea
d ba
ckgr
ound
mat
eria
l, re
sear
ch th
e is
sues
, wri
teou
t evi
denc
e, th
ey w
ill d
ebat
e th
e re
solu
tions
in a
n op
en h
eari
ng b
efor
e th
e co
unty
com
mis
sion
ers
who
will
then
dis
cuss
the
"citi
zens
' " p
rese
ntat
ions
and
vot
e on
the
prop
osed
res
olut
ions
.
54
Beaches Land Plan
Faces CommissionDecember 9, 1972
ny BLANTON McBRIDEStaff Writer
Brevard County commissioners gota final rundown Wednesday on aproposed beaches land use plancompiled by the Brevard CountyPlanning Department on a crashbasis in the last 90 days.
The plan, already subjected tothree public hearings in the beachesarea, is on the agenda of thecommission for final approval today.
JOHN HANNAH, Brevard Countydevelopment director, outlined thebasis for the correlated land useplan as the need developedapproximately eight months ago.
According to Hannah, the beachesland use plan is the first of fourprograms, the second will be asimilar use plan for Merritt Island,the third will evolve around themajor interchanges in the county anda fourth will tie all the programstogether.
Utilized in the preparation of thebeaches plan were the Brevard areatransportation study; the county'sutility plan; population predictions,including the 1970 census; and otherplans and statistics in the !gaping_inventory.
"WE TIED IN other considerationsbeyond the standard concepts in landuse planning," Hannah said. "Thesewere existing land use, existingdensities and the capacity of pro-posed transportation facilities; reli-ability of the water supply andexpansion potential and adequacy of
sewage systems and expansionpotentials."
Based on predicted populationoccupying different types of dwell-ing units, it was determined that by1995, the beaches area of BrevardCounty from the cape south toSebastian Inlet would have anestimated population of 114,300 withan ultimate possibility of 170,500 inthe area.
"The plan takes into considerationthe present existing land use withinmunicipal boundaries and attemptsto establish compatible contiguoususage in the county," Hannah said."There has been no attempt todictate to the cities how they shouldzone their lands."
FOR THE PURPOSE of the study,Hannah said they set up to five unitsper acre as low density, from six to15 units as medium density and from1510 as high density residential.
Densities recommended in thenian are not based on presenttransportation facilities but onitinrovement of »recent roads. Theplan recommends two additionalmairond access roads or causewaysto the beaches area.
A zoning board recommendationmade part of the report is that thearea south of Melbourne Beach toSebastian allow a total of only 15acres for motel development at 40units per acre. This is based on thesix laning of AlA and a totalpermanent residential developmentof 24,000.
"WITH TOURISTS and throughtraffic, we will be talking about
79
to
0
60,000 vehicles a day," Hanna said it?.To questions regarding the
tions placed on the purchaser ofbeach frontages at up to $500 perfront foot, Hannah said developershave already sounded out the plan-ning department on proposals forplanned unit developments, townhouse and the like, based on tenunits or less per acre.
Ed Washburn, county planner,said the land use plan was to beconsidered a guide, flexible enoughto incorporate future changes intechnology.
"ALL SYSTEMS,water, sewer, areeach other," he saidunless something isto water source inbefore 1980, theretrouble."
To a suggestion by commissionerGene Roberts a plan should not beone that copld be altered everytimesomeone wanted a change, Wash-burn noted it was a "planner's hopeto produce a plan never needingchange but the possibility of changesin technology must be taken intoconsideration."
Both Washburn and Hannahindicated the 90 day program toproduce the plan was sufficient andthey would not come up with adifferent plan if six months were .
devoted to the task.The land use plans now being
produced are the third and mostdetailed ever prepared for thecounty and the first based on the 1970census.
transportation,dependent on
. "For example,done in respectSouth Brevardwill be some
/ -7 -7,2
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
2: C
omm
unity
Rol
es f
or "
Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
"
Rea
d th
e lis
t of
role
s be
low
and
cho
ose
one
who
se id
eas
you
wis
h to
rep
rese
nt.
Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
ers:
Cha
irm
an.
Com
mis
sion
erC
omm
issi
oner
Com
mis
sion
erC
omm
issi
oner
Com
mis
sion
erC
omm
issi
oner
Com
mis
sion
erC
omm
issi
oner
- In
sura
nce
Exe
cutiv
e-
-Ele
ctri
cal E
ngin
eer
- -
Rea
ltor
--Sa
ilboa
t Man
ufac
ture
r--
Aut
omob
ile D
eale
r--
Res
taur
ant O
wne
r--
Con
serv
atio
nist
-Scu
ba_D
ivin
g C
ompa
ny-E
xecu
tive
- -F
uner
al H
ome
Ow
ner
Publ
ic:
Hom
e ow
ner
- bu
sine
ss m
anC
ontr
acto
rH
ome
owne
r -
Past
orH
ome.
ow
ner
- ov
er 6
5Su
rfer
Stat
e R
epre
sent
ativ
eH
ome
owne
r -
Plum
ber
(Une
mpl
oyed
)H
ead
of E
nvir
onm
ent G
roup
Gro
cer
Tou
rist
fro
m K
ansa
sPo
lice
Chi
efFi
rem
anT
each
erSc
ient
ist
Gar
dner
Tee
nage
rs (
2)R
ealto
rB
anke
rH
ouse
wif
eFa
rmer
Sew
age
Tre
atm
ent O
pera
tor
55
Dir
ecto
r of
a L
ocal
Par
kD
ock
Wor
ker
Car
pent
erW
aitr
ess
Serv
ice
Stat
ion
Ope
rato
rR
etir
ed N
aval
Off
icer
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
3: S
ugge
sted
Int
ervi
ew Q
uest
ions
for
"C
ount
y C
omm
issi
on"
1.D
o yo
u us
e th
e be
ach?
How
oft
en?
For
wha
t pur
pose
--re
crea
tion,
bus
ines
s, r
esid
ence
?2.
Do
you
live
in a
con
dom
iniu
m?
Hav
e yo
u th
ough
t of
buyi
ng o
ne?
3.W
hat d
o yo
u th
ink
a co
ndom
inum
is?
4.W
hat e
ffec
t do
you
thin
k th
e bu
ildin
g of
con
dom
iniu
ms
alon
g th
e be
ache
s w
ill h
ave
on th
e co
mm
unity
?a.
Eco
nom
ical
lyd.
Polit
ical
lyb.
Mor
ally
e.E
sthe
tical
lyc.
Edu
catio
nally
f.E
colo
gica
lly5.
Wha
t do
you
thin
k ar
e th
e ad
vant
ages
/dis
adva
ntag
es o
f liv
ing
in c
ondo
min
ium
s?6.
How
wou
ld y
ou d
irec
tly b
e ef
fect
ed b
y th
e bu
ildin
g of
a g
reat
num
ber
of c
ondo
min
ium
s al
ong
the
beac
hes?
(res
tric
tive
use
of b
each
? pr
ice
of g
oods
? ta
xes?
).
7.Sh
ould
'the
re b
e la
ws
mad
e to
reg
ulat
e th
e bu
ildin
g of
suc
h co
ndom
iniu
ms?
If
so, w
hat?
56
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
24:
Purp
ose
for
Jetti
esA
str
uctu
re d
evel
oped
to m
odif
y or
con
trol
san
d m
ovem
ent i
s th
e je
tty.
Thi
s st
ruct
ure
is g
ener
-al
ly e
mpl
oyed
at i
nlet
s in
con
nect
ion
with
nav
igat
ion
impr
ovem
ents
. Whe
n sa
nd b
eing
tran
spor
ted
alon
gth
e co
ast b
y w
aves
and
cur
rent
s ar
rive
s at
an
inle
t, it
flow
s in
war
d on
the
floo
d tid
e to
for
m a
n in
ner
bar,
and
out
war
d on
the
ebb
tide
to f
orm
an
oute
r ba
r.B
oth
form
atio
ns a
re h
arm
ful t
o na
viga
tion
thro
ugh
the
inle
t, an
d m
ust b
e co
ntro
lled
to m
aint
ain
an a
dequ
ate
navi
gatio
n ch
anne
l. T
he je
tty is
sim
ilar
to th
egr
oin
in th
at it
dam
s th
e sa
nd s
trea
m.
Jetti
es a
re u
sual
ly c
onst
ruct
ed o
f st
eel,
conc
rete
or
rock
. The
type
dep
ends
on
foun
datio
n co
nditi
ons,
wav
e cl
imat
e an
d ec
onom
ic c
onsi
dera
tions
.Je
tties
are
con
side
r-ab
ly la
rger
than
gro
ins,
sin
ce je
tties
som
etim
es e
xten
d fr
om th
e sh
orel
ine
seaw
ard
to a
dep
th e
quiv
alen
tto
the
chan
nel d
epth
des
ired
for
nav
igat
ion
purp
oses
. To
be o
f m
axim
um a
id in
mai
ntai
ning
the
chan
nel,
the
jetty
mus
t be
high
eno
ugh
to c
ompl
etel
y ob
stru
ct th
e sa
nd s
trea
m.
Jetti
es a
id n
avig
atio
n by
red
ucin
gm
ovem
ent o
f sa
nd in
to th
e ch
anne
l, by
sta
biliz
ing
the
loca
tion
of th
e ch
anne
l, an
d by
shi
eldi
ng v
esse
lsfr
om w
aves
.A
dver
sely
, san
d is
impo
unde
d at
the
updr
ift j
etty
, and
the
supp
ly o
f sa
nd to
the
shor
e do
wn-
drif
t fro
m th
e in
let i
s re
duce
d th
us c
ausi
ng e
rosi
on o
f th
at s
hore
.Pr
ior
to th
e in
stal
latio
n of
a je
tty,
natu
re s
uppl
ies
sand
by
tran
spor
ting
it ac
ross
the
inle
t int
erm
itten
tly a
long
the
oute
r ba
r to
ret
urn
toth
e do
wns
trea
m s
hore
.
"Man
mad
e E
ffec
ts o
n th
e Sh
ore,
" Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
lines
, Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy
Cor
ps o
fE
ngin
eers
, Was
hing
ton,
D. C
. , A
ugus
t, 19
71, p
. 45. 57
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
5:D
escr
iptio
n an
d E
ffec
ts o
f C
anav
eral
Por
t, Fl
orid
a
Can
aver
al P
ort f
orm
s th
e so
uthe
rn b
ound
ary
of th
e C
ape
Ken
nedy
Air
For
ce S
tatio
n. E
ntra
nce
from
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an is
in C
anav
eral
Big
ht v
ia a
dre
dged
cha
nnel
and
art
ific
ial c
ut th
roug
h th
e ba
rrie
rbe
ach
to a
dik
e-in
clos
ed h
arbo
r an
d tu
rnin
g ba
sin
in B
anan
a R
iver
. The
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs'
pro-
ject
pro
vide
s fo
r m
aint
enan
ce o
f th
e 37
and
36-
foot
dep
th e
ntra
nce
chan
nel a
nd 3
5-fo
ot d
epth
turn
ing
basi
n;co
nstr
uctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
of a
san
d tr
ansf
er p
lant
; rel
ocat
ion
of th
e pe
rim
eter
dik
e ab
out 4
,000
fee
t wes
t-w
ard
and
exte
nsio
n of
the
harb
or w
estw
ard;
two
entr
ance
jetti
es to
the
12-f
oot d
epth
con
tour
;a
lock
; a c
han-
nel a
nd tu
rnin
g ba
sin
31 f
eet d
eep
near
the
relo
cate
d di
ke; a
nd a
bar
ge c
anal
12
feet
dee
p an
d 12
5 fe
et w
ide
from
the
turn
ing
basi
n to
the
Intr
acoa
stal
Wat
erw
ay. L
engt
h of
the
proj
ect i
s ab
out 1
1.5
mile
s. C
onst
ruc-
tion
of th
e lo
ck w
as c
ompl
eted
, and
the
lock
ope
ned
to n
avig
atio
n, in
196
5. T
he o
vera
ll pr
ojec
t is
now
abou
t 62
perc
ent c
ompl
ete.
Wor
k re
mai
ning
to b
e do
ne is
con
stru
ctio
n of
the
sand
-tra
nsfe
r pl
ant a
ndex
-te
nsio
n of
the
harb
or.
Dat
a fr
om th
e C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs' C
anav
eral
Por
t rep
ort i
ndic
ate
that
the
inle
t cha
nnel
and
the
jet-
ties
are
actin
g as
a c
ompl
ete
litto
ral b
arri
er (
see
SC #
19",
p. 5
1),
and
that
, for
all
prac
ticab
le p
urpo
ses,
no s
outh
erly
dri
ft r
each
es th
e sh
ores
sou
th o
f th
e in
let.
Con
tinue
d in
terc
eptio
n of
the
sout
herl
y dr
ift a
t the
inle
t wou
ld d
epri
ve th
e be
ach
sout
h of
the
inle
t of
50 x
350
,000
cub
ic y
ards
,or
17,
500,
000
cubi
c ya
rds,
dur
ing
proj
ect l
ife.
Cal
cula
tions
indi
cate
that
suc
h a
volu
me
of m
ater
ial n
ot r
each
ing
thb.
sho
re w
ould
mea
n a
lose
of a
bout
475
acr
es. T
he s
and-
tran
sfer
pla
nt a
utho
rize
d fo
r C
anav
eral
Har
bor
will
con
sist
of
a si
mi-
stat
iona
ry d
redg
e pu
mp
oper
atin
g on
a tr
estle
con
stru
cted
abo
ut 1
,000
fee
t nor
th o
f th
e ex
istin
g no
rth
jetty
.T
he tr
estle
wou
ld e
xten
d to
the
15-f
oot d
epth
con
tour
.Pl
ant c
apac
ity w
ould
be
250
cubi
c ya
rds
an h
our.
Dis
char
ge w
ould
be
at a
poi
nt a
bout
1,5
00 to
2,0
00 f
eet s
outh
of
the
sout
h je
tty.
The
pla
nt w
ould
byp
ass
abou
t 90
perc
ent o
f th
e es
timat
ed s
outh
erly
litto
ral d
rift
of
350,
000
cubi
c ya
rds
a ye
ar. T
he r
emai
ning
10
perc
ent,
or 3
5,00
0 cu
bic
yard
s, w
ould
set
tle in
the
chan
nel a
nd b
e re
mov
ed b
y su
pple
men
tal c
onve
ntio
nal
dred
ging
. To
date
the
sand
tran
sfer
pla
nt h
as n
ot b
een
cons
truc
ted.
58
Port CanaveralActivity Rising.
TODAY Waitids061114.4 1173Cargo handling at Port Canaveral has
nearly tripled in the past five years, whilevalue of the cargoes has quadrupled.
According to figures from the FloridaState Chamber of Commerce, the SpaceCoast's outlet to the sea has been boomingwith imports, while exports have remainednegligible.
Port Canaveral handled 1.3' million tonsof cargo last year, with a total value of $28million.
Imports accounted for all but about65;000 tons of the traffic. The importsmostly fuel oil, cement and newsprintwere valued at $25 million; exports weremostly citrus products.
Port Traffic in 1971 totaled 1.2 milliontons, also valued at $28 million. According tothe state chamber of commerce, exportsconsisted of a mere 850 tons of citrusproducts. The 1971 imports consisted of920,000 tons of residual fuel oil (used by thepower stations of Florida Power & Light Co.and the Orlando Utilities Commission),2i7;600 tons of cement and 32,000 tons ofnewsprint (printing paper for TODAY andthe Orlando Sentinel-Star).
In previbus years, exports were evensmaller than in 1971, while imports wereexpanding rapidly. Cargo handled at the portin 1968 totaled '453,000 tons, valued at $7Million. This rose to 831,000 tons worth $15million in 1969 and to 1 million tons worth$19 million in 1970.
"We're gaining a little bit every year,"commented George King Sr., Canaveral PortAuthority manager. Fuel oil and newsprintimports have been rising steadily, he point-ed out, and cement imports would be rising&Met-seas plants could supply it.
84
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
27: T
he A
pple
gate
Cas
e St
udy
The
hou
se s
its th
ere
sere
nely
aw
aitin
g th
e ne
xt w
ave
to c
ome
near
and
spl
ash
agai
nst t
he b
arri
er im
-pr
ovis
ed f
rom
junk
car
s.T
ouri
sts
and
othe
r cu
riou
s pa
sser
s-by
hol
ler
out i
ndig
nant
ly,
"You
bui
lt th
e ho
use
kind
a. c
lose
to th
e w
ater
, did
n't y
ou?"
. The
yea
r is
197
2 an
d ev
eryo
ne is
see
min
gly
cons
ciou
s of
the
envi
ron-
m,m
t and
yet
we
find
one
per
son
appa
rent
ly b
uild
ing
a ju
nk p
ile in
her
ow
n fr
ont y
ard.
"An
eyes
ore"
, som
eca
ll it.
Has
she
no
sens
itivi
ty to
the
beau
ty o
f th
e oc
ean?
Mrs
. Lyn
ne A
pple
gate
has
a s
tory
to te
ll, a
sto
ryth
at b
egan
in 1
960
whe
n th
e be
ach
was
big
and
bea
utif
ul. M
iles
nort
h of
the
App
lega
te h
ome,
a p
ort w
as d
e-ve
lope
d by
the
U. S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs a
nd a
jetty
con
stru
cted
to k
eep
back
the
sand
that
nor
mal
lyfl
owed
fro
m th
e no
rth
to th
e so
uth.
The
jetty
was
nee
ded
to k
eep
the
sand
fro
m f
illin
g up
the
chan
ned
dept
h,w
hich
is v
ital t
o th
e po
rt. A
few
yea
rs la
ter,
in 1
963,
the
prop
erty
ow
ners
at t
he b
each
beg
an to
not
ice
that
they
did
n't h
ave
to w
alk
as f
ar to
the
ocea
n as
they
onc
e di
d.T
he U
. S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
wer
e qu
oted
by th
e B
reva
rd S
entin
el-S
tar
as "
inve
stig
atin
g th
e pr
oble
m."
Yea
rs w
ent b
y an
d no
one
off
ered
a p
lan
to k
eep
chun
ks o
f th
e be
ach
from
was
hing
out
into
the
ocea
n. T
hem
ovem
ent o
f H
urri
cane
Gla
dys
in O
ctob
er o
f 19
68 s
erve
d to
bri
ng to
pub
lic a
ttent
ion
the
dire
mna
of
the
App
lega
teho
me.
Wav
es c
rept
to w
ithin
fou
r fe
et o
f he
r ho
me.
An
appe
al to
the
loca
l Civ
il D
efen
se o
ffic
e by
Mrs
. App
le-
gate
bro
ught
littl
e co
mfo
rt. S
he w
as a
dvis
ed th
at C
ivil
Def
ense
cou
ldn'
t do
anyt
hing
unt
il th
e oc
ean
wat
ers
star
ted
brea
king
aga
inst
the
hous
e.T
he s
easo
ns o
f hu
rric
anes
onl
y ac
cele
rate
d th
e er
osio
n of
the
beac
h. T
he je
tty a
t the
Por
t, w
hile
ser
ving
its in
tend
ed f
unct
ion,
was
the
sole
cau
se o
f th
e er
osio
n of
bea
ch p
rope
rtie
s.Sa
nd w
hich
nor
mal
ly f
low
eddo
wn
the
coas
t and
fed
the
hung
ry, p
ound
ing
surf
was
bui
ldin
g up
on
the
shor
e no
rth
of th
e je
tty, w
hile
hun
dred
sof
fee
t of
ocea
n fr
ont l
and
to th
e so
uth
wer
e sw
allo
wed
who
le b
y th
e oc
ean,
nev
er to
ret
urn.
At t
he u
rgin
g of
Mrs
. App
lega
te, e
very
leve
l of
gove
rnm
ent b
ecam
e aw
are
of h
er v
anis
hing
pro
pert
y. A
Bre
vard
Cou
nty
Com
-m
issi
oner
in 1
968,
Geo
rge
Kin
g, J
r. ,
endo
rsed
a p
lan
to in
stal
l a p
alm
etto
log
jetty
bac
ked
up w
ith s
urpl
usco
ncre
te d
ebri
s in
fro
nt o
f th
e A
pple
gate
hom
e as
an
effo
rt to
cha
nge
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
curr
ent.
Com
mis
sion
erK
ing
cons
ulte
d w
ith th
e Su
peri
nten
dent
of
the
Cou
nty
Dis
tric
t 3 R
oad
and
Bri
dge
Dep
artm
ent,
Geo
rge
Ham
ilton
,60
and
Cou
nty
Eng
inee
r, E
arl M
elvi
n, a
nd g
ot th
e ap
prov
al o
f W
illia
m C
arlto
n of
the
Bea
ches
and
Sho
re D
ivis
ion
of th
e Fl
orid
a St
ate
Dep
artm
ent o
f C
onse
rvat
ion.
Wor
k w
as b
egun
.T
his
cons
truc
tion
proj
ect w
as a
ppro
ved
by S
tate
and
Cou
nty
offi
cial
s as
an
emer
genc
y m
easu
re w
hile
a m
ore
perm
anen
t sol
utio
n to
the
eros
ion
was
bein
g de
vise
d.T
he U
. S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, who
fir
st c
onst
ruct
ed th
e po
rt je
tty w
hich
cau
sed
the
prob
lem
, beg
anto
talk
of
plan
s to
con
stru
ct a
1. 8
mill
ion
dolla
r "s
and
tran
sfer
pla
nt"
on th
e no
rth
side
of
Port
Can
aver
alH
arbo
r en
tran
ce. O
nce
the
plan
t is
oper
atio
nal
,sa
nd w
ould
be
pum
ped
thro
ugh
unde
rgro
und
pi p
es f
rom
the
nort
h si
de o
ver
to th
e so
uth
side
in a
n at
tem
pt to
rec
reat
e w
hat w
as o
nce
a na
tura
l flo
w. W
hen
this
pla
n w
asde
vise
d, in
the
fall
of 1
968,
they
hel
d ou
t hop
e th
at th
e "s
and
tran
sfer
pla
nt"
wou
ld b
e co
mpl
ete
in tw
o ye
ars.
But
wha
t of
the
prop
erty
alr
eady
lost
to th
e oc
ean?
The
"sa
nd tr
ansf
er p
lant
" w
ould
onl
y ho
pe to
mai
ntai
n th
eex
istin
g sh
orel
ine,
not
reb
uild
it.
The
pos
sibi
lity
of r
e-bu
ildin
g th
e be
ach
prop
erty
was
oft
en d
iscu
ssed
by
city
, cou
nty,
sta
te, a
nd f
eder
alof
fici
als
who
dev
ised
a p
lan
usin
g fe
dera
l mon
ey to
"m
atch
fun
ds"
with
loca
l and
sta
te m
onie
s. T
he c
ost t
ore
stor
e 15
0 fe
et o
f be
ach
was
est
imat
ed to
be
1. 5
mill
ion
dolla
rs in
ear
ly 1
969
whe
n th
ese
plan
s w
ere
firs
tdi
scus
sed.
The
pla
n ha
d on
e pa
rtic
ular
req
uire
men
t tha
t mad
e it
unre
ason
able
in th
e, v
iew
of
beac
h pr
oper
tyow
ners
."G
ive
up a
ny c
laim
of
owne
rshi
p to
the
beac
hes
in f
ro n
t on
your
hom
es a
nd th
e pu
blic
fun
ds w
ill b
eav
aila
ble
to r
ebui
ld th
em. "
"W
e ca
nnot
spe
nd p
ublic
mon
ey f
or th
e im
prov
emen
t of
priv
ate
prop
erty
. " T
heow
ners
wer
e gi
ven
hard
cho
ices
: rel
inqu
ish
owne
rshi
p, o
r go
to th
e w
alle
t with
oth
er b
each
ow
ners
for
a d
o-it-
your
self
pro
ject
, or
sit b
ack
and
wat
ch th
e w
aves
rol
l in.
For
Mrs
. App
lega
te, a
nd o
ther
s, w
ho y
ears
ago
pai
d pr
emiu
m p
rice
s fo
r la
nd n
ow s
ubm
erge
d, th
e ve
ryth
ough
t of
givi
ng u
pcl
aim
to it
was
tota
lly a
bsur
d. W
hile
oth
er p
rope
rty
owne
rs f
ough
t the
idea
in c
ourt
Mrs
. App
lega
te d
irec
ted
her
effo
rts
to f
ight
ing
back
dir
ectly
aga
inst
the
poun
ding
sur
f on
ly f
our
feet
fro
mhe
r do
or !
Onl
y 11
day
s af
ter
cem
ent w
as p
oure
d be
twee
n an
d ar
ound
the
palm
etto
log
pilin
gs in
an
effo
rt to
bre
akw
aves
and
det
er e
rosi
on, i
t was
evi
dent
that
the
ocea
n w
as d
eter
min
ed to
hav
e its
usu
al g
ulp
of s
and
even
if
61
it ha
d to
go
unde
r co
ncre
te to
get
it!
On
Oct
ober
17,
196
9, P
resi
dent
Nix
on o
rder
ed f
unds
for
pla
nned
fed
eral
con
stru
ctio
n pr
ojec
ts b
e te
m-
pora
rily
with
held
; thi
s de
lay
halte
d th
e fi
naliz
atio
n of
pla
ns f
or th
e lo
ng a
wai
ted
"san
d tr
ansf
er p
lant
. "B
y la
te 1
969
and
earl
y 19
70, t
he g
roun
d in
fro
nt o
f th
e A
pple
gate
hom
e be
gan
to d
evel
op h
uge
crac
ks.
The
situ
atio
n, a
lway
s se
riou
s, w
as n
ow d
espe
rate
! M
rs. A
pple
gate
atte
mpt
ed td
:.get
hel
p fr
om c
ity, c
ount
y,an
d st
ate
offi
cial
s, b
ut th
e an
swer
was
alw
ays
the
sam
e, "
We
can'
t leg
ally
spe
nd ta
x m
oney
to s
olve
a p
ro-
blem
of
one
priv
ate
land
owne
r."
Tak
ing
the
situ
atio
n in
to h
er o
wn
hand
s, s
he h
ired
a "
drag
-lin
e" to
mov
ebe
ach
sand
to th
e fr
ont o
f he
r ho
me.
The
dra
g-lin
e fi
lling
ope
ratio
n w
as o
nly
a te
mpo
rary
sol
utio
n in
an
effo
rt to
buy
pre
ciou
s tim
e w
hile
the
thre
e le
vels
of
gove
rnm
ent b
urea
ucra
cy c
hurn
ed a
nd d
ragg
ed th
roug
h th
e m
otio
ns o
f pl
anni
ng a
n ef
fect
ive
atta
ck o
n th
e er
osio
n pr
oble
m a
t som
e fu
ture
tim
e.St
ate
legi
slat
ors,
mea
nwhi
le, p
asse
d la
ws
regu
latin
gth
e dr
edgi
ng a
nd la
nd f
ill o
pera
tions
, pop
ular
met
hods
that
rea
l-es
tate
dev
elop
ers
used
to c
reat
e bu
ildin
gsi
tes,
whe
reve
r ne
eded
.E
nvir
on m
enta
lists
gen
eral
ly b
elie
ved
this
a v
icto
ry, b
ut f
or M
rs. A
pple
gate
and
her
neig
hbor
s on
the
shor
e, th
e la
w m
eant
cer
tain
sur
rend
er to
the
will
of
the
ocea
n, a
s us
e of
a d
rag-
line,
and/
or b
ulld
ozer
, to
rebu
ild th
eir
lost
land
was
now
dee
med
ille
gal.
The
sta
te le
gisl
ator
s w
ere
mad
e aw
are
of th
e sp
ecia
l ero
sion
pro
blem
s of
Bre
vard
Cou
nty
and
in a
law
,pa
ssed
Jul
y 2,
197
0, m
ade
Bre
vard
Cou
nty
an "
eros
ion
prev
entio
n di
stri
ct,"
allo
win
g th
e co
unty
toas
sess
.16
mill
s fo
r er
osio
n co
ntro
l.($
160,
000
can
be
levi
ed w
ithou
t a r
efer
endu
m)
Anx
ious
to r
aise
thei
r 1/
4sh
are
of th
e to
tal $
2 m
illio
n pr
ojec
t cos
t, th
e B
reva
rd C
ount
y C
omm
issi
on, i
n M
ay o
f 19
71, h
eld
a re
fere
ndum
aski
ng th
e co
unty
pro
pert
y ow
ners
to ta
x th
emse
lves
an
extr
a 1/
2 m
ill w
hich
wou
ld r
aise
the
requ
ired
one-
half
mill
ion
dolla
rs th
e fi
rst y
ear.
The
incr
ease
d ta
x bu
rden
on
the
owne
r of
a $
20,0
00 h
ome
was
to b
e on
ly$7
. 50
per
year
, yet
whe
n it
cam
e to
a v
ote,
the
answ
er w
as N
O. T
he B
reva
rd C
ount
y bu
dget
for
bea
ches
rem
aine
d a
mer
e $7
5, 0
00; t
his
was
far
fro
m th
e re
quir
ed $
500,
000
to s
et th
e pr
ojec
t in
mot
ion.
1 In
stea
d of
a qu
ick
star
t on
the
eros
ion
proj
ect,
dela
ys a
t all
leve
ls r
esul
ted:
the
U. S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs d
elay
edco
nstr
uctio
n of
the
prop
osed
"sa
nd tr
ansf
er p
lant
" fo
r fu
rthe
r fe
asib
ility
stu
dy; C
ongr
ess
requ
ired
that
the
stat
e an
d co
unty
gov
ernm
ents
hav
e on
han
d on
e m
illio
n do
llars
bef
ore
they
allo
cate
thei
r m
atch
ing
fund
s.62
Whi
le f
undi
ng p
robl
ems
enla
rged
, the
bea
chfr
ont c
ontin
ued
to s
hrin
k at
an
even
fas
ter
rate
, ass
i ted
by a
sev
ere
"nor
thea
ster
" st
orm
in D
ecem
ber
of 1
971.
Cap
e C
anav
eral
City
Man
ager
, Ber
t Fra
ncis
, est
im-
ated
the
dam
age
at a
roun
d $2
50, 0
00, t
he v
alue
of
the
beac
h lo
st to
the
ocea
n.T
he C
ape
Can
aver
al C
ity C
ounc
il at
a r
egul
ar m
eetin
g di
scus
sed
a nu
mbe
r of
"dr
astic
" ac
tions
t ey
cou
ldta
ke.
(1)
One
way
was
a p
ossi
ble
law
suit
agai
nst t
he C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs a
nd P
ort-
Can
aver
al. T
heity
At-
torn
ey, D
ick
Scot
t, lo
oked
into
pos
sibl
e gr
ound
s fo
r su
ch a
sui
t and
con
^.lu
ded
that
the
city
cou
ld n
otin
agai
nst a
sem
i-go
vern
men
t age
ncy
such
as
the
U. S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs. T
he b
asic
pri
ncip
le L
s th
atgo
vern
men
t age
ncie
s ar
e "i
mm
une
from
law
suits
," a
n id
ea c
arri
ed o
ver
from
the
Eng
lish
that
the
KI
G c
anto
no
wro
ng. O
ne c
an s
ue to
get
an
inju
nctio
n to
sto
p ac
tion,
or
one
can
sue
to f
orce
an
actio
n (a
cti n
for
man
dam
us)
but a
cas
h se
ttlem
ent i
s ne
ar to
impo
ssib
le.
(2)
City
Cou
ncilm
an, R
oger
s G
raef
e, s
ugg ?
sted
the
city
mig
ht lo
ok in
to th
e po
ssib
ility
of
getti
ng th
e be
ach
area
dec
lare
d a
"dis
aste
r ar
ea"
pavi
ng th
e w
ay f
or p
os-
sibl
e fe
dera
l or
stat
e fu
nds.
A "
disa
ster
Are
a" in
deed
! It
was
unl
ikel
y th
e ar
ea w
ould
now
be
decl
ared
a d
isas
ter;
how
ever
, the
pub
lican
d th
e pu
blic
off
icia
ls h
ave
igno
red
for
such
a lo
ng ti
me
the
follo
win
g se
ries
whi
ch le
d to
the
real
dis
aste
r:1.
Bui
ldin
g a
port
that
dis
rupt
ed th
e na
tura
l flo
w o
f sa
nd2.
Del
ayin
g, f
or la
ck o
f fu
nds,
the
sand
tran
sfer
pla
nt, d
esig
ned
to r
esto
re th
is n
atur
al f
low
3.D
elay
ing
the
rebu
ildin
g of
the
beac
hfro
nt u
ntil
the
mon
ey is
rai
sed
and
deci
sion
s m
ade
asto
who
ow
ns th
e la
nd4.
Los
ing
the
thre
e be
autif
ul p
alm
s to
the
ocea
n an
d be
ing
repl
aced
by
a pa
lmet
to-l
ot a
ndce
men
t bar
rica
de.
"Dis
aste
r" is
a w
ord
usua
lly a
ttrib
uted
to s
ome
sudd
en, 2
4 ho
t-, t
rage
dy s
trik
ing
with
out w
arni
ng. D
urin
g a
disa
ster
eve
ryon
e m
oves
to h
elp
and
even
mon
ey, t
hat c
omm
odity
sca
rcel
y ar
ound
imus
uall
circ
umst
ance
s, is
imm
edia
tely
mad
e av
aila
ble.
No
help
is im
med
iate
ly a
vaila
ble
for
Mrs
. Lyn
ne A
pple
gate
and
her
hom
e th
at d
angl
es n
ear
the
wat
er,
how
ever
. By
outla
win
g th
e pr
ivat
e us
e of
dra
g-lin
es a
nd b
ulld
ozer
s to
reb
uild
the
sand
, the
Sta
te o
f Fl
orid
ale
ft M
rs. A
pple
gate
onl
y on
e ot
helin
e of
def
ense
; her
cho
ice
was
bui
ldin
g a
stur
dy b
arri
cade
aga
inst
the
poun
ding
sur
f.T
he c
ount
y ha
d tr
ied
befo
re w
ith s
tate
app
rova
l, bu
t the
ir b
arri
cade
was
inef
fect
ive.
To
the
63
log
and
cem
ent b
arri
cade
, wei
ghty
dis
card
s w
ere
pile
d.It
was
ugl
y, b
ut it
was
inte
nded
to b
uy n
eede
d tim
e,w
hile
gov
ernm
ents
bic
kere
d ov
er w
ho, h
ow a
nd w
hen
to r
esto
re h
er s
ubm
erge
d la
nd. N
ow th
e ju
nkca
rs a
read
ded
and
sudd
enly
the
publ
ic is
sho
cked
. The
App
lega
te h
ouse
is a
new
s st
ory
agai
n. A
com
plai
ntw
as m
ade
to c
ity o
ffic
ials
by
an a
part
men
t hou
se o
wne
r w
hose
pro
pert
y is
nea
r en
ough
to th
e A
pple
gate
pro
pert
y to
see
this
dar
ing
new
deb
ris,
yet
-far
eno
ugh
from
the
ocea
n as
not
be
thre
aten
ed y
et h
imse
lf.
The
city
cou
ncil
ofC
ape
Can
aver
al d
ebat
es o
ver
wha
t act
ion
to ta
ke.
"If
we
find
she
is v
iola
ting
city
dum
ping
ord
inan
ces
we
can
act o
urse
lves
," s
aid
City
Man
ager
, Ber
t Fra
ncis
, add
ing
that
the
city
mus
t fir
st d
eter
min
e w
heth
er th
e St
ate
or e
ven
the
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs h
as ju
risd
ictio
n.It
was
det
erm
ined
, som
e of
the
new
deb
ris
lay
on p
rop-
erty
tech
nica
lly b
elon
ging
to th
e ci
ty, a
nd s
ome
debr
is w
as in
an
area
def
ined
as
with
in th
e ju
risd
ictio
n of
the
Stat
e of
Flo
rida
Dep
artm
ent o
f N
atur
al R
esou
rces
, who
hav
e au
thor
ity o
n al
l mat
ters
fro
m th
e "h
igh
wat
erm
ark"
(th
at e
dge
of th
e su
rf a
t hig
h tid
e) a
nd 5
0 fe
et o
ut in
to th
e oc
ean.
Sinc
e th
e hi
gh w
ater
mar
k ha
s m
oved
seve
ral h
undr
ed f
eet i
n 12
yea
rs, t
hat m
ark,
tech
nica
lly, n
ow r
uns
thro
ugh
the
mid
dle
of th
e A
pple
gate
hou
se.
A le
tter
from
Mr.
W. T
. Car
lton,
Chi
ef o
f B
urea
u of
Bea
ches
and
Sho
res,
Sta
te o
f Fl
orid
a D
epar
tmen
tof
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es e
xpla
ins
the
stat
us o
f M
rs. A
pple
gate
's s
ituat
ion
as o
f Fe
brua
ry, 1
972:
Febr
uary
10,
197
2M
rs. L
. H. A
pple
gate
18 W
ashi
ngto
n A
venu
eC
ape
Can
aver
al, F
lori
da 3
2920
Dea
r M
rs. A
pple
gate
:
You
will
rec
all o
ur r
ecen
t tel
epho
ne c
onve
rsat
ion
rela
ting
to e
mer
genc
ym
easu
res
to p
rote
ct y
our
beac
h fr
ont p
rope
rty.
Our
sta
ff h
as in
spec
ted
your
pro
pert
y on
sev
eral
occa
sion
s si
nce
I ta
lked
to y
ou.
As
stat
ed to
you
in o
ur te
leph
one
conv
erst
aion
,yo
u sh
ould
hav
e se
cure
d th
e se
rvic
esof
a p
rofe
ssio
nal e
ngin
eer
to a
dvis
e yo
u ho
w to
bes
t pro
tect
you
r pr
oper
ty.
Als
o, y
oush
ould
hav
e co
ntac
ted
us to
sec
ure
perm
issi
on to
take
this
emer
genc
y ac
tion.
We
wou
ldha
ve c
oope
rate
d w
ith y
ou in
eve
ry p
ossi
ble
way
and
wou
ld h
ave
been
ina
posi
tion
to g
ive
you
som
e ad
vise
.Si
nce
you
appa
rent
ly e
lect
ed to
pro
ceed
with
out p
rope
r te
chni
cal a
d-vi
ce a
nd w
ithou
t Sta
te a
ppro
val,
as r
equi
red
by F
lori
da S
tatu
tes,
we
mus
t now
insi
st th
atyo
u m
ake
a fu
ll re
port
to u
s re
gard
ing
this
act
ivity
.64
We
are
of th
e op
inio
n th
at s
ome
of th
e m
ater
ial p
lace
d in
fro
nt o
f yo
ur p
rope
rty
help
ed to
giv
e yo
u te
mpo
rary
pro
tect
ion.
How
ever
, we
mus
t now
req
uest
that
you
take
imm
edia
te s
teps
to c
lear
the
area
of
all d
ebri
s su
ch a
s ol
d ca
rs, t
ires
,w
ood,
and
oth
er m
ater
ial w
hich
will
eve
ntua
lly d
isin
tegr
ate
or b
e w
ashe
d on
toad
jace
nt p
rope
rty.
You
r fa
ilure
to c
ompl
y w
ith th
is r
eque
st w
ill m
ake
it ne
ces-
sary
for
us
to ta
ke a
ctio
n as
pro
vide
d in
Flo
rida
Sta
tute
s.
You
are
fur
ther
adv
ised
that
aft
er a
com
plet
e "c
lean
-up"
of
the
pres
ent s
ituat
ion,
cons
ider
atio
n sh
ould
be
give
n to
som
e ki
nd o
f pe
rman
ent p
rote
ctio
n.A
gain
you
!ar
e ad
vise
d to
see
k th
e as
sist
ance
of
a pr
ofes
sion
al e
ngin
eer.
Such
act
ion
at th
istim
e m
ay w
ell p
reve
nt y
our
havi
ng to
take
em
erge
ncy
actio
n in
the
futu
re.
Plea
se a
dvis
e im
med
iate
ly y
our
agre
emen
t to
rem
ove
all l
oose
deb
ris,
old
car
s,et
c., a
sre
q..e
sted
abo
ve.
Sinc
erel
y,
W. T
. Car
lton,
Chi
efB
urea
u of
Bea
ches
and
Sho
res
The
issu
e re
mai
ns u
nres
olve
d. T
he f
eder
al g
over
nmen
t use
d "p
ublic
fun
ds"
to c
onst
ruct
the
port
whi
chca
used
the
eros
ion
prob
lem
- e
very
one
agre
es o
n th
at p
oint
.T
he a
rea
of d
isag
reem
ent l
ies
in e
ffor
ts to
cor
-re
c..t
the
prob
lem
. "W
e ca
n't u
se p
ublic
fun
ds to
impr
ove
priv
ate
prop
erty
" is
a c
omm
on r
espo
nse
by g
over
n-m
ent o
ffic
ials
, yet
pub
lic f
unds
wer
e us
ed to
des
troy
(in
eff
ect)
pri
vate
pro
pert
y.T
he f
eder
al g
over
nmen
t is
will
ing
only
to p
ay o
ne-h
alf
the
cost
to r
esto
re w
hat t
hey
them
selv
es d
estr
oyed
leav
ing
the
rem
aini
ng b
urde
nfa
lling
upo
n th
e co
mm
unity
and
sta
te th
at y
ears
ago
wel
com
ed th
is f
eder
al p
ort p
roje
ct.
In h
is le
tter
to M
rs. A
pple
gate
, Mr.
Car
lton
urge
d he
r to
"se
ek th
e as
sist
ance
of
a pr
ofes
sion
al e
ngin
eer,
".
..im
plyi
ng th
at s
he, a
pri
vate
citi
zen
pay
to b
uild
a b
arri
cade
to p
rote
ct w
hat r
emai
ns o
f he
r pr
oper
ty f
rom
furt
her
dam
age
by g
over
nmen
t cau
sed
eros
ion,
and
aft
er b
uild
ing
the
barr
icad
e, s
he m
ust a
lso
be c
onte
nt to
clai
m o
nly
that
pro
pert
y co
ntai
ned
with
in th
e ba
rric
ade
once
the
gove
rnm
ent'f
ihis
hes
rebu
ildin
g w
hat w
as lo
stan
d ca
lling
it "
publ
ic b
each
.'
65
The
re is
als
o th
e qu
estio
n of
des
igni
ng a
wor
kabl
e ba
rrie
r.E
ven
cons
ultin
g a
"pro
fess
iona
l eng
inee
r"is
no
guar
ante
e.In
196
8, b
efor
e th
e lo
g je
tty w
as c
onst
ruct
ed in
fro
nt o
f th
e A
pple
gate
hom
e, B
reva
rdC
ount
y en
gine
ers
wer
e co
nsul
ted.
Eve
n M
r. C
arlto
n ap
prov
ed th
e pr
ojec
t, ye
t tha
t bar
rier
was
tota
lly in
effe
c-tiv
e.M
rs. A
pple
gate
's o
wn
engi
neer
ing,
whi
le u
nsig
htly
to b
e su
re, h
as b
een
mor
e ef
fect
ive.
The
dan
ger
from
bro
ken
glas
s an
d sl
iver
s of
met
al is
no
grea
ter
than
the
tons
of
glas
s bo
ttles
and
met
al b
ever
age
cans
left
on
the
beac
h ea
ch y
ear
by th
e sa
me
publ
ic th
at ta
rget
s M
rs. A
pple
gate
for
thei
r ou
trag
e.W
hat i
s m
ore
outr
ageo
us, h
owev
er, i
s th
at th
e St
ate
of F
lori
da, t
hrou
gh M
r. C
arlto
n's
offi
ce is
det
er-
min
ed to
enf
orce
a la
w "
stat
ute
#161
. 052
," w
hich
pro
hibi
ts c
onst
ruct
ion
on a
bea
ch w
ithou
t a w
aive
r fr
om th
eSt
ate'
s D
epar
tmen
t of
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es. M
axiu
m p
enal
ty is
a in
isde
amea
nor
fine
of
$500
to $
1,00
0.B
ecau
se s
he h
as f
aile
d to
yie
ld to
dir
ectiv
es f
rom
sta
te o
ffic
ials
insi
stin
g th
at s
here
mov
e th
e ju
nk c
arbr
eakw
ater
, Mrs
. Lyn
ne A
pple
gate
now
fac
es a
pos
sibl
e ci
vil s
uit b
y th
e st
ate'
s at
torn
eys
offi
ce.
In la
te A
pril,
197
2, M
rs. A
pple
gate
rec
eive
d co
urt n
otic
e to
rem
ove
her
mak
eshi
ft b
arri
ers.
Whe
n th
e ca
se a
r.pe
ars
in d
ourt
, 2 a
num
ber
of k
ey is
sues
will
nee
d to
be
reso
lved
.In
def
ense
of
Mrs
.A
pple
gate
, she
cou
ld m
ake
any
one
of th
e fo
llow
ing
clai
ms:
:40
CL
AIM
1.
The
sta
te h
as n
o ju
risd
ictio
n be
caus
e th
e "h
igh
wat
er m
ark"
sho
uld
bede
fine
d as
that
edg
e of
the
surf
at h
igh
tide
whe
n th
e pr
oper
tyw
aspu
rcha
sed,
not
whe
re it
hap
pens
to f
all,
each
yea
r in
chin
g cl
oser
.C
LA
IM 2
.T
he s
tate
sta
tute
und
er w
hich
she
is to
be
pena
lized
(pr
ohib
its "
con-
stru
ctio
n" o
n a
beac
h.
.. e
tc. )
is n
bt a
pplic
able
bec
ause
she
did
no
"con
stru
ctin
g. "
CL
AIM
3.
The
fed
eral
gov
ernm
ent h
as d
amag
ed h
er p
rope
rty
and
with
sup
port
ing
evid
ence
bri
ng c
ount
er-s
uit a
gain
st th
e fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent t
o fo
rce
actio
n to
reb
uild
her
pro
pert
y (a
ctio
n fo
r m
anda
mus
) an
d se
ek c
ash
re-i
mbu
rsem
ent f
or f
ines
and
oth
er p
enal
ties
likel
y to
be
impo
sed
byth
e st
ate
and
for
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
.
If y
ou w
ere
the
pros
ecut
ing
atto
rney
for
the
stat
e,or
fed
eral
gov
ernm
ents
, wha
t arg
umen
ts w
ould
you
use
to p
rese
nt y
our
case
?If
you
wer
e th
e de
fens
e at
torn
ey, w
hat c
olle
ctio
n of
und
ispu
ted
fact
s m
ight
hel
p yo
u su
bsta
ntia
te a
ny66
one,
or
all t
hree
of
the
hypo
thet
ical
def
ense
cla
ims?
If y
ou w
ere
the
owne
r of
the
App
lega
te h
ome
and
prop
erty
, wha
t wou
ld y
ou h
ave
done
, or
wha
t wou
ld y
oudo
now
?
1.B
reva
rd C
ount
y C
omm
issi
on h
as s
ince
rev
erse
d th
e vo
ters
on
the
beac
h er
osio
n re
fere
ndum
and
deci
ded
to s
pend
$16
0, 0
0C f
or it
s sh
are
of th
e er
osio
n co
ntro
l pla
n.
2.T
oday
new
spap
er r
epor
ted
on M
ay 6
, 197
3, th
e ca
se a
gain
st M
rs. A
pple
gate
is s
till p
endi
ng.
67
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
8: C
hang
es in
the
Bar
rier
Bea
ch
Tod
ay, w
e fi
nd th
at a
lthou
gh th
ere
are
still
man
y be
autif
ul b
each
es f
or o
utdo
or e
njoy
men
t, in
mos
tar
eas
ther
e is
less
and
less
san
d re
achi
ng th
em a
nd th
ey e
rode
. Cau
ses
for
our
shri
nkin
g be
ache
s ar
e in
gene
ral t
he n
orm
al g
eolo
gic
chan
ges
and
chan
ges
mad
e by
man
. Con
side
ring
a v
ery
long
-ter
m b
asis
, the
slow
ris
e in
sea
leve
l, if
it c
ontin
ues,
will
sub
mer
ge p
art
of th
e pr
esen
t bea
ches
. How
ever
, thi
s ri
se is
so s
low
that
cha
nges
occ
urri
ng in
the
cour
se o
f a
norm
al h
uman
life
time
will
not b
e no
ticea
ble
with
out
mea
sure
men
t by
prec
ise
gage
s. C
hang
es w
hich
occu
r on
a s
hort
er-t
erm
bas
is, a
nd w
hich
are
of
grea
ter
urge
ncy,
are
thos
e ca
used
by
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
e sh
ore
bym
an f
or v
ario
us p
urpo
ses.
As
shor
e ar
eas
are
deve
lope
d, a
ttem
pts
are
mad
e to
sta
biliz
e th
e be
ache
s an
dst
op e
rosi
on o
f th
e bl
uffs
whi
ch w
ould
nor
mal
lyfu
rnis
h sa
nd to
the
beac
hes.
The
refo
re, t
here
is le
ss m
ater
ial
avai
labl
e fo
r re
plen
ishm
ent o
f th
e m
ovin
gsa
nds.
Num
erou
s fa
ctor
s co
ntro
l the
gro
wth
of
deve
lopm
ent a
t bea
char
eas,
but
und
oubt
edly
the
beac
h is
cs,
c4.7
the
reso
rt's
bas
ic a
sset
. The
des
ire
of v
isito
rs, r
esid
ents
,an
d in
dust
ries
to f
ind
acco
mm
odat
ions
as
clos
eto
the
ocea
n as
pos
sibl
e ha
s re
sulte
d in
man
's e
ncro
achm
ent
on th
e se
a. T
here
are
num
erou
s pl
aces
whe
reth
e be
ach
has
been
gra
dual
ly w
iden
ed b
y na
tura
lpr
oces
ses
over
the
year
s; li
ghth
ouse
s an
d ot
her
stru
ctur
esw
hich
onc
e st
ood
on th
e be
ach
now
sta
nd h
undr
eds
of f
eet i
nlan
d.In
thei
r ea
gern
ess
to b
e as
clo
se a
spo
s-si
ble
to th
e w
ater
, dev
elop
ers
and
prop
erty
owne
rs o
ften
for
get t
hat l
and
com
es a
nd g
oes,
and
that
land
whi
ch n
atur
e pr
ovid
es a
t one
tim
em
ay la
ter
be r
ecla
imed
by
the
sea.
Yet
onc
e th
e se
awar
d lim
it of
a de
-ve
lopm
ent i
s es
tabl
ishe
d, th
is li
ne m
ust b
e he
ld if
larg
ein
vest
men
ts a
re to
be
pres
erve
d. T
his
type
of
encr
oach
men
t has
res
ulte
d in
gre
at m
onet
ary
loss
es d
ue to
stor
m d
amag
e an
d ev
er-i
ncre
asin
g co
sts
ofpr
otec
tion.
68
Floo
d co
ntro
l and
wat
er s
uppl
y da
ms
are
nece
ssar
y to
the
ever
yday
life
and
saf
ety
of p
eopl
e, y
etth
ese
dam
s of
ten
alte
r th
e fl
ow o
f w
ater
whi
ch b
ring
s sa
nd f
rom
inla
nd to
the
shor
e. T
hey
may
in s
ome
in-
stan
ces
trap
san
d th
at w
ould
mov
e to
the
sea
by th
e ac
tion
of n
orm
al f
low
s. I
mpr
ovem
ents
of
inle
ts a
ndri
ver
mou
ths
for
navi
gatio
n ca
use
inte
rrup
tions
of
the
sand
mov
emen
t or
shif
ting
of th
e sa
nd to
dee
per
wat
erfr
om w
here
mos
t of
it m
ay n
ever
ret
urn
to th
e sh
ores
. Unl
ess
mea
ns a
re p
rovi
dbd
to o
verc
ome
thes
e lo
sses
of b
each
san
d fr
om-t
he s
hore
zon
e, o
r m
etho
ds a
re d
evis
ed to
rea
uce
the
effe
cts
of d
evel
opm
ent;
stab
ilizi
ngbe
ache
s w
ill b
ecom
e z.
,1 e
ver-
incr
easi
ng p
robl
em.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Was
hing
ton,
D. C
., Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
lines
, Aug
ust,
1971
.
69
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
9: S
hore
Pro
tect
ion
Met
hods
Bul
khea
ds, S
eaw
alls
and
Rev
entm
ent
Mea
sure
s de
sign
ed to
sta
biliz
e th
e sh
ore
fall
into
two
gene
ral c
lass
es:
(a)
a st
ruct
ure
to p
reve
ntw
aves
fro
m r
each
ing
erod
ible
mat
eria
ls; a
nd (
b) a
n ar
tific
ial s
uppl
y of
san
d to
the
shor
e to
mak
e up
for
ade
fici
ency
in s
and
supp
ly th
roug
h na
tura
l pro
cess
es, w
ith o
r w
ithou
t str
uctu
res
such
as g
roin
s to
red
uce
the
rate
of
loss
of
litto
ral m
ater
ial.
One
set
of
stru
ctur
es b
uilt
to r
educ
e w
ave
actio
nis
des
crib
ed in
the
follo
win
g pa
ragr
aphs
.
BU
LK
HE
AD
S, S
EA
WA
LL
S A
ND
RE
VE
TM
EN
TS
Prot
ectio
n on
the
uppe
r pa
rt o
f th
e be
ach,
fro
ntin
g ba
cksh
ore
deve
lopm
ent,
is r
equi
red
as a
par
tial
subs
titut
e fo
r th
e na
tura
l pro
tect
ion
that
is lo
st w
hen
the
dune
sar
e de
stro
yed.
Sho
refr
ont o
wne
rs h
ave
re-
sort
ed to
arm
orin
g of
the
shor
e by
wav
e-:r
esis
tant
wal
ls o
f va
riou
s ty
pes.
A v
ertic
al w
all i
n th
is lo
catio
n is
som
etim
es k
now
n as
a b
ulkh
ead,
and
ser
ves
as a
sec
onda
ry li
ne o
f de
fens
e in
maj
or s
torm
s. B
ulkh
eads
are
cons
truc
ted
of s
teel
, tim
ber,
or
conc
rete
pili
ng.
Typ
ical
ste
el a
nd ti
mbe
r pi
le b
ulkh
eads
are
sho
wn
on:0
*co
Figu
re la
nd a
con
cret
e pi
le b
ulkh
ead
is s
how
n on
Fig
ure
2. F
or o
cean
-exp
osed
loca
tions
, bul
khea
dsdo
not
prov
ide
a lo
ng-l
ived
per
man
ent s
olut
ion,
bec
ause
eve
ntua
lly a
mor
e su
bsta
ntia
l wal
l is
requ
ired
as
the
beac
hco
ntin
ues
to r
eced
e an
d la
rger
wav
es r
each
the
stru
ctur
e.U
nles
s co
mbi
nes
with
oth
er ty
pes
of p
rote
ctio
n,th
e bu
lkhe
ad e
vent
ually
evo
lves
into
the
mas
sive
sea
wal
l cap
able
of
with
stan
ding
the
dire
ct o
nsla
ught
of
the
wav
es. E
xten
sive
sea
wal
l str
uctu
res
have
bee
n bu
ilt p
rinc
ipal
ly in
Mas
sach
uset
ts, F
lori
da, M
issi
ssip
pi,
Tex
as a
nd C
alif
orni
a. S
eaw
alls
may
hav
e ve
rtic
al, c
urve
d or
ste
pped
fac
es (
see
Figu
res
3, 4
, and
5) .
Whi
le s
eaw
alls
may
pro
tect
the
upla
nd, t
hey
do n
ot h
old
or p
rote
ct th
e be
ach
whi
ch is
the
grea
test
ass
et o
fsh
oref
ront
pro
pert
y.In
som
e ca
ses,
the
seaw
all m
ay b
e de
trim
enta
l to
the
beac
h in
that
the
dow
nwar
dfo
rces
of
wat
er, c
reat
ed b
y th
e w
aves
on
stri
king
the
wal
l, ra
pidl
yre
mov
e an
d fr
om th
e be
ach.
The
Gal
-ve
ston
sea
wal
l., s
how
n on
Fig
ure
5, in
clud
es a
sto
ne a
pron
to m
inim
ize
scou
ring
of
the
beac
h an
d-u
nder
min
ing
70
the
wal
l. A r
evet
men
t arm
ors
the
slop
e fa
ce o
f a
dune
or
bluf
f w
ith o
ne o
r m
ore
laye
rs o
f ro
ck o
r co
ncre
te.
Thi
s pr
otec
tion
diss
ipat
es w
ave
ener
gy w
ith le
ss d
amag
ing
effe
ct o
n th
e be
ach
than
wav
es s
trik
ing
vert
ical
wal
ls. A
roc
k re
vetm
ent b
uilt
at C
ape
Hen
ry, V
ir 9
.ria
, is
show
n on
Fig
ure
6. A
con
cret
e-bl
ock
reve
tmen
tin
a m
ore
expo
sed
loca
tion
fron
ting
on th
e A
tlant
ic O
cean
at J
upite
r Is
land
, Flo
rida
, is
show
n on
Fig
ure
7.A
dequ
atel
y de
sign
ed b
ulkh
eads
and
rev
etm
ents
usu
ally
cos
t abo
ut $
75 to
$15
0 pe
r fo
ot o
f sh
ore
pro-
tect
ed, d
epen
ding
upo
n ex
posu
re to
wav
e ac
tion,
tota
l len
gth,
and
pro
xim
ity to
sou
rces
of
cons
truc
tion
ma-
teri
al. T
he c
ost o
f th
is ty
pe o
f pr
otec
tion
mig
ht e
xcee
d $4
00 p
er f
oot i
n so
me
area
s.Se
awal
ls a
nd b
reak
-w
ater
s (t
he la
tter
disc
usse
d in
the
next
sec
tion)
are
mor
e ex
pens
ive
and
are
usua
lly b
uilt
only
in th
e m
ore
open
ly e
xpos
ed s
ites.
The
ir e
stim
ated
cos
t beg
ins
at, s
ay, $
200
per
foot
and
ran
ges
cons
ider
ably
abo
ve$5
00 p
er f
oot f
or m
assi
ve s
truc
ture
s fa
r fr
om r
ock
sour
ces.
* Fi
gure
s 1-
7 ar
e fo
und
on p
ages
72-
75.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Was
hing
ton,
D. C
.,Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
lines
,A
ugus
t,19
71.
71
-...
Figu
re 2
.Pr
ecas
t Con
cret
e Sh
eetp
iles,
Day
tona
Bea
ch, F
lori
da
72
Figu
re 1
.T
imbe
r Sh
eet P
ile B
ulkh
ead
Figu
re 3
.V
ertic
al-f
ace
Con
cret
e Se
awal
l bui
lt i.,
..) y
ears
ago
at W
atch
Hill
, Rho
de I
slan
d.
73
Figu
re 5
.Se
awal
lat
Gal
vest
on, T
exas
_ ..
ail
Figu
re 4
.C
oncr
ete
Com
bina
tion
Step
ped
and
Cur
ved-
face
Sea
wal
l, Sa
n Fr
anci
sco,
Cal
ifor
nia
74
:-°!
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ilLa.
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r .
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.
I. C,
1115
111°
'
Figu
re 7
.In
terl
ocki
ng C
oncr
ete-
Blo
ckR
evet
men
t at J
upite
r Is
land
,Fl
orid
a
75
Figu
re 6
.St
one
Rev
etm
ent a
t Cap
e H
enry
,V
irgi
nia
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
0:Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n M
ater
ials
Bre
akw
ater
s
Mea
sure
s de
sign
ed to
sta
biliz
e th
e sh
ore
fall
into
two
gene
ral c
lass
es:
(a)
a st
ruct
ure
to p
reve
ntw
aves
fro
m r
each
ing
erod
ible
mat
eria
ls: a
nd (
b) a
n ar
tific
ial s
uppl
y of
san
d to
the
shor
e to
mak
e up
for
ade
fici
ency
in s
and
supp
ly th
roug
h na
tura
l pro
cess
es, w
ith o
r w
ithou
t str
uctu
res
such
as g
roin
s to
red
uce
the
rate
of
loss
of
litto
ral m
ater
ials
.O
ne s
et o
f st
ruct
ures
bui
lt to
red
uce
wav
e ac
tion
is d
escr
ibed
in th
e fo
llow
ing
para
grap
hs.
BR
EA
KW
AT
ER
S
Bea
ches
and
blu
ffs
or d
unes
can
be
prot
ecte
d by
an
offs
hore
bre
akw
ater
that
pre
vent
sw
aves
fro
mre
achi
ng th
e sh
ore.
How
ever
, off
shor
e br
eakw
ater
s ar
e m
ore
cost
ly th
an o
nsho
re s
truc
ture
s, a
ndar
e se
l-do
m b
uilt
sole
ly f
or th
is p
urpo
se. O
ffsh
ore
brea
kwat
ers
are
cons
truc
ted
mai
nly
for
navi
gatio
npu
rpos
es. A
brea
kwat
er e
nclo
sing
a h
arbo
r ar
ea p
rovi
des
shel
ter
for
boat
s.B
reak
wat
ers
have
bot
lt be
nefi
cial
and
det
ri-
1+m
enta
l eff
ects
on
the
shor
e.A
ll br
eakw
ater
s re
duce
or
elim
inat
e w
ave
actio
n an
d th
us p
rote
ct th
e sh
ore
Oim
med
iate
ly b
ehin
d th
em. W
heth
er o
ffsh
ore
or s
hore
-con
nect
ed, t
he e
limin
atio
n of
wav
e ac
tion
redu
ces
litto
ral t
rans
port
, obs
truc
ting
the
free
flo
w o
f sa
nd a
long
the
coas
t and
sta
rvin
g th
e do
wns
trea
m b
each
es.
At a
har
bor
brea
kwat
er, t
he s
and
stre
am g
ener
ally
can
be
rest
ored
by
pum
ping
the
sand
thro
ugh
a pi
pelin
efr
om th
e si
de w
here
san
d ac
cum
ulat
es to
the
star
ved
side
. Thi
s ty
pe o
f op
erat
ion,
inus
e fo
r m
any
year
sat
San
ta B
arba
ra, C
alif
orni
a, is
illu
stra
ted
by F
igur
e 8!
Eve
n w
ithou
t a s
hore
arm
, an
offs
hore
bre
akw
ater
stop
s w
ave
actio
n an
d cr
eate
s a
quie
t wat
er a
rea
betw
een
it an
d th
e be
ach.
In th
e ab
senc
e of
wav
e ac
tion
tom
ove
the
sand
str
eam
, the
san
d is
dep
osite
d an
d bu
ilds
the
shor
e se
awar
d to
war
d th
e br
eakw
ater
. The
build
up a
ctua
lly s
erve
s as
a b
arri
er a
nd c
ompl
etel
y da
ms
the
sand
str
eam
, dep
rivi
ng th
e do
wnd
rift
bea
ches
of s
and.
Alth
ough
this
type
of
cons
truc
tion
is g
ener
ally
det
rim
enta
l to
dow
nstr
eam
bea
ches
, the
re is
one
case
in w
hich
it m
ay b
e us
ed to
aid
the
beac
h pr
oces
ses.
Whe
n pl
aced
on
the
updr
ift s
ide
of a
nav
igat
ion
76
open
ing,
the
stru
ctur
e im
poun
ds s
and,
pre
vent
s it
from
ent
erin
g th
e na
viga
tion
chan
nel,
and
affo
rds
shel
ter
for
a fl
oatin
g dr
edge
to p
ump
the
impo
unde
d m
ater
ial a
cros
s th
e na
viga
tion
open
ing
back
into
the
stre
am o
fsa
nd m
ovin
g al
ong
the
shor
e. T
his
met
hod
is u
sed
at a
har
bor
near
Por
t Hue
nem
e, C
alif
orni
a.
* Fi
gure
8 is
fou
nd o
n pa
ge 8
1.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Was
hing
ton;
. D. C
. ,Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
lines
,A
ugus
t,19
71.
77
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O, 3
1:Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n M
ater
ials
Gro
ins
Mea
sure
s de
sign
ed to
sta
biliz
e th
e sh
ore
fall
into
two
gene
ral c
lass
es:
(a)
a st
ruct
ure
to p
reve
ntw
aves
fro
m r
each
ing
erod
ible
mat
eria
ls; a
nd (
b) a
n ar
tific
ial s
uppl
y of
san
d to
the
shor
e to
mak
eup
for
ade
fici
ency
in s
and
supp
ly th
roug
h na
tura
l pro
cess
es, w
ith o
r w
ithou
t str
uctu
res
such
as g
roin
s to
red
uce
the
rate
of
loss
of
litto
ral m
ater
ial.
One
set
of
stru
ctur
es b
uilt
to r
educ
e w
ave
actio
n is
des
crib
ed in
the
follo
win
g pa
ragr
aphs
.G
RO
INS
Lon
g ag
o in
vest
igat
ors
note
d th
at o
bstr
uctio
nson
a b
each
, suc
h as
logs
or
wre
cks,
wou
ld tr
ap s
and
mov
ing
alon
g th
e be
ach
and
caus
e th
e be
ach
to w
iden
Such
obs
erva
tions
led
natu
rally
to d
evis
ing
the
groi
n,a
barr
ier-
type
str
uctu
re w
hich
ext
ends
fro
m th
e ba
cksh
ore
into
the
litto
ral z
one
of s
and
mov
emen
t.In
earl
ier
times
, pri
or to
the
curr
ent e
xten
sive
dev
elop
men
t of
upst
ream
riv
er b
asin
s an
d m
ajor
por
tions
of
the
seac
oast
, the
,nat
ural
sup
ply
of b
each
san
d w
as p
lent
iful
, and
inm
any
inst
ance
s gr
oins
suc
ceed
ed r
e-*
mar
kabl
y w
ell_
(Fig
ure
9 sh
ows
a su
cces
sful
gro
in s
yste
m. )
Thi
s le
d to
furt
her,
exc
essi
ve, a
nd in
dis-
crim
inat
e us
e of
gro
ins.
The
y of
ten
wer
e in
stal
led
with
out c
ondi
deri
ng a
ll th
e fa
ctor
s pe
rtai
ning
to th
epa
r-t-
,tit
ular
pro
blem
.Fi
gure
10
has
had
only
mar
gina
l suc
cess
at i
mpr
ovin
g th
e be
ach
beca
use
ofan
insu
ffic
ient
c:::>
c.1.
1na
tura
l sup
ply
of s
and.
How
ever
, thi
s sy
stem
has
pre
sum
ably
som
ewha
t red
uced
the
rate
of
loss
of
sand
and
the
rate
of
shor
e re
cess
ion.
The
bas
ic p
urpo
se o
f a
groi
n is
to in
terr
upt a
long
shor
e sa
nd m
ovem
ent t
o ac
cum
ulat
esa
nd o
n th
esh
ore
or to
ret
ard
sand
loss
es.
Tra
ppin
g of
san
d by
a g
roin
is d
one
at th
e ex
pens
e of
the
adja
cent
dow
ndri
ftsh
ore
unle
ss th
e gr
oin
or g
roin
sys
tem
is f
illed
with
san
d to
its
entr
apm
ent c
apac
ity. T
o re
duce
the
pote
n-tia
l for
dam
age
to p
rope
rty
dow
ndri
ft o
f a
groi
n, s
ome
limita
tion
mus
t be
impo
sed
on th
e am
ount
of
sand
perm
itted
to b
e na
tura
lly im
poun
ded
on th
e up
drif
t sid
e. S
ince
mor
e an
d m
ore
shor
es a
re b
eing
pro
tect
ed,
and
less
and
less
san
d is
ava
ilabl
e as
nat
ural
sup
ply,
it is
now
des
irab
le, a
nd f
requ
ently
nec
essa
ry, t
o pl
ace
78
sand
art
ific
ally
to f
ill th
e ar
ea b
etw
een
the
groi
ns, t
here
by e
nsur
ing
a m
ore-
or-l
ess
unin
terr
upte
d sa
ndsu
pply
to d
ownd
rift
sho
res.
Gro
ins
have
bee
n co
nstr
ucte
d in
man
y w
ays
usin
g tim
ber,
ste
el, c
oncr
ete
or r
ock,
but
can
be
clas
si-
fied
into
bas
ic p
hysi
cal c
ateg
orie
s as
hig
h or
low
, lon
g or
sho
rt, a
nd p
erm
eabl
e an
d im
perm
eabl
e.A
hig
h gr
oin
exte
ndin
g th
roug
h th
e zo
ne o
l bre
akin
g fo
r or
dina
ry o
r m
oder
ate
stor
m w
aves
initi
ally
entr
aps
near
ly a
ll of
the
alon
gsho
re m
ovin
g sa
nd w
ithin
that
inte
rcep
ted
area
unt
il th
e a
real
pat
tern
or
sur-
face
pro
file
of
the
accu
mul
ated
san
d m
ass
allo
ws
sand
to p
ass
arou
nd th
e se
awar
d en
d of
the
stru
ctur
e to
the
dow
ndri
ft s
hore
s. L
ow g
roin
s (t
op p
rofi
le n
o hi
gher
than
that
of
desi
red
reas
onab
le b
each
dim
ensi
ons)
func
tion
like
high
gro
ins,
exc
ept t
hat a
ppre
ciab
le a
mou
nts
of s
and
also
pas
s ov
er th
e to
p of
the
stru
ctur
e.Pe
rmea
ble
groi
ns p
erm
it so
me
of th
e w
ave
ener
gy a
nd m
ovin
g sa
nd to
pas
s th
roug
h th
e st
ruct
ure.
Exp
erie
nce
has
show
n th
at a
sho
rt g
roin
in h
eavy
dri
ft a
reas
may
fill
qui
ckly
and
hav
e a
limite
d ef
fect
)--L cz)
on a
djac
ent b
each
es. H
igh
groi
ns, p
artic
ular
ly if
they
ext
end
beyo
nd th
e br
eake
r zo
ne f
or m
ost w
aves
, ad-
4=4
vers
ely
affe
ct d
ownd
rift
sho
res
long
aft
er th
eir
updr
ift-
side
impo
undi
ng c
apac
ity is
rea
ched
. Thi
s is
cau
sed
by d
iver
sion
of
litto
ral d
rift
off
shor
e be
yond
the
end
of th
e gr
oin
whe
re it
s su
bseq
uent
mov
emen
t dep
rive
sdo
wnd
rift
bea
ches
of
an a
dequ
ate
supp
ly o
f no
uris
hmen
t. T
he_
accr
eted
san
d ad
jace
nt to
the
updr
ift s
ide
of a
long
gro
in m
ay r
esul
t in
such
a d
iffe
rent
sho
re a
lignm
ent f
rom
that
of
the
natu
ral u
ngro
ined
sho
re th
at s
and
mov
emen
t alo
ng th
at a
lignm
ent b
y w
aves
is r
etar
ded
for
man
y ye
ars.
Sho
rt g
roin
s, a
nd g
roin
s w
hich
hav
ean
app
reci
able
deg
ree
of p
erm
eabi
lity,
do
not c
ause
a p
rono
unce
d se
tbac
k in
the
shor
e im
med
iate
ly d
own-
drif
t of
the
groi
n as
the
litto
ral t
rans
port
of
sand
ove
r an
d th
roug
h th
ese
stru
ctur
es a
llow
s a
mor
e co
ntin
-uo
us s
uppl
y to
the
dow
ndri
ft a
rea.
Pre
sent
kno
wle
dge
of s
edim
enZ
, tra
nspo
rt b
y w
aves
and
cur
rent
s do
es n
otpe
rmit
satis
fact
ory
dete
rmin
atio
n of
the
optim
um d
egre
e of
per
mea
bilit
y fo
r pr
oper
fun
ctio
ning
of
perm
eabl
egr
oins
. Im
perm
eabl
e gr
oins
can
be
mor
e re
adily
des
igne
d to
ser
ve th
e de
sire
d pu
rpos
e, a
nd th
ey a
re m
ore
wid
ely
used
. But
gro
ins
of a
ny ty
pe s
houl
d no
t be
built
unl
ess
prop
erly
des
igne
d fo
r th
e pa
rtic
ular
site
. The
79
effe
cts
of th
e co
ntem
plat
ed g
roin
son
adj
acen
t bea
ches
sho
uld
be s
tudi
es b
y an
exp
erie
nced
eng
inee
r.A
dequ
atel
y de
sign
ed p
rote
ctiv
e gr
oins
may
cos
t abo
ut $
100
to $
350
per
foot
of
shor
e pr
otec
ted
de-
pend
ent u
pon
such
fac
tors
as
expo
sure
to w
ave
actio
n, r
ange
of
tide,
and
acc
essi
bilit
y of
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ials
.T
his
is th
e co
st r
ange
for
gro
in s
truc
ture
s on
ly--
whe
re b
each
fill
is a
lso
requ
ired
to p
rev,
:nt a
dver
seef
fect
on
dow
ndri
ft s
hore
s, th
e co
st in
crea
ses
acco
rdin
gly.
*Fig
ures
9-1
0. r
ages
81-
82.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
,W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.,
Shor
e Pr
otec
tion
Gui
delin
es,
Aug
ust,
1971
..
80
/
SA
NT
AB
AR
BA
RA
:'*
'\\11
f.
?
a.
wf.5
, WO
,A
rcw
iq k
7),
kI
I/./
'="4
44,
r.?
.S
-14.
ilif
il/'
:A
S:.
..
.)31
6*
4.s
NA
oe
IN.1
.t:1,
11Z
,,
-144
1. -
Figu
re 8
(A
bove
).Sa
nd B
ypas
sing
at S
anta
4,4
Bar
bara
, Cal
ifor
nia.
Sand
dre
dged
fro
m in
side
-,-
the
brea
kwat
er is
pum
ped
to d
ownd
rift
bea
ch.
1
Figu
re 9
(R
ight
).G
roin
Sys
tem
--W
illou
ghby
Spit,
Vir
gini
a
p.
r
1
4; I
!:;:i::.": I:- 1'41/4."6
i./#14"' ... ...
II
"1 .1 I*. C 4k"*
TN
4z_i :4' :111,4,1.i
, *
s
., ..
vii,:io407'....,.
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t4 aw ...Aat4 i\r,.-..... 4 fikiskt.ss
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I
411aI N 4 1111111111111 .. 1
..
4
i 4111104.s Ylifir
t
a
A
t *
so sir. ;o
I
107
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
Shor
e Pr
otec
tion
Met
hods
Jetti
es
Mea
sure
s de
sign
ed to
sta
biliz
e th
e sh
ore
fall
into
two
gene
ral c
lass
es: (
a) a
str
uctu
re to
pre
vent
wav
es f
rom
rea
chin
g er
odib
le m
ater
ials
; and
(b)
an
artif
icia
l sup
ply
of s
and
to th
e sh
ore
to m
ake
up f
or a
defi
cien
cy in
san
d su
pply
thro
ugh
natu
ral p
roce
sses
, with
or
with
out s
truc
ture
s su
ch a
s gr
oins
to r
educ
e th
era
te o
f lo
ss o
f lit
tora
l mat
eria
l.O
ne s
et o
f st
ruct
ures
bui
lt to
red
uce
wav
e ac
tion
is d
escr
ibed
in th
e fo
llow
ing
para
grap
hs.
JET
TIE
S
A s
truc
ture
dev
elop
ed to
mod
ify
or c
ontr
ol s
and
mov
emen
t is
the
jetty
.T
his
stru
ctur
e is
gen
eral
lyem
ploy
ed a
t inl
ets
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith n
avig
atio
n im
prov
emen
ts (
see
Figu
re la
Whe
n sa
nd b
eing
tran
spor
ted
alon
g th
e co
ast b
y w
aves
and
cur
rent
s ar
rive
s at
an
inle
t, it
flow
s in
war
d on
the
floo
d tid
e to
for
m a
ncin
ner
C)
bar,
and
out
war
d on
the
ebb
tide
to f
orm
an
oute
r ba
r.B
oth
form
atio
ns a
re h
arm
ful t
o na
viga
tion
thro
ugh
00th
e in
let,
and
mus
t be
cont
rolle
d to
mai
ntai
n an
ade
quat
e na
viga
tion
chan
nel.
The
jetty
is s
imila
r to
the
groi
nin
that
it d
ams
the
sand
str
eam
.Je
tties
are
usu
ally
con
stru
cted
of
stee
l, co
ncle
te o
r ro
ck. T
he ty
pe d
epen
dson
fou
ndat
ion
cond
ition
s, W
ave
clim
ate,
and
eco
nom
ic c
onsi
dera
tions
.Je
tties
are
con
side
rabl
y la
rger
than
groi
ns, s
ince
jetti
es s
omet
imes
ext
end
from
the
shor
elin
e se
awar
d to
a d
epth
equ
ival
ent t
o th
e ch
anne
l dep
thde
sire
d fo
r na
viga
tion
purp
oses
. To
be o
f m
axim
um a
id in
mai
ntai
ning
the
chan
nel,
the
jetty
mus
t be
high
enou
gh to
com
plet
ely
obst
ruct
the
sand
str
eam
.Je
tties
aid
nav
igat
ion
by r
educ
ing
mov
emen
t of
sand
into
the
chan
nel,
by s
tabi
lizin
g th
e lo
catio
n of
the
chan
nel,
and
by s
hiel
ding
ves
sels
fro
m w
aves
. Adv
erse
ly, s
and
isim
poun
ded
at th
e up
drif
t jet
ty a
s sh
own
on F
igur
e 11
, and
the
supp
ly o
f sa
id to
the
shor
e do
wnd
rift
fro
m th
ein
let i
s re
duce
d th
us c
ausi
ng e
rosi
on o
f th
at s
hore
.Pr
ior
to th
e in
stal
latio
n of
a je
tty, n
atur
e su
pplie
s sa
ndby
tran
spor
ting
it ac
ross
the
inle
t int
erm
itten
tly a
long
the
oute
r ba
r to
ret
urn
to th
e do
wns
trea
m s
hore
.T
o el
imin
ate
unde
sira
ble
dow
ndri
ft e
rosi
on, s
ome
proj
ects
pro
vide
for
dre
dgin
g th
e sa
nd im
poun
ded
83
by th
e up
drif
t jet
ty a
nd p
umpi
ng it
thro
ugh
a pi
pelin
e to
the
erod
ing
beac
h (s
ee F
igur
e 12
).T
his
ensu
res
an-u
nint
erru
pted
flo
w o
f sa
nd a
long
shbr
e to
nou
rish
the
dow
ndri
ft b
each
, and
als
o pr
even
ts s
hoal
ing
of th
een
-tr
ance
cha
nnel
. At S
hark
Riv
er I
nlet
, New
Jer
sey,
san
d w
as tr
ansp
orte
dac
ross
the
inle
t by
truc
k w
ithbe
nefi
cial
res
ults
.A
mor
e re
cent
dev
elop
men
t pro
vide
s a
low
sec
tion
or w
eir
in th
e up
drif
t jet
tyov
er w
hich
san
d m
oves
into
a p
redr
edge
d de
posi
tion
basi
n.B
y dr
edgi
ng th
e ba
sin
peri
odic
ally
, dep
ositi
on in
the
chan
nel i
s re
duce
dor
elim
inat
ed. T
he d
redg
ed m
ater
ial i
s no
rmal
ly p
umpe
d ac
ross
the
inle
t to
prov
ide
nour
ishm
ent f
or th
edo
wnd
rift
sho
re. A
"w
eir-
jetty
" at
Mas
onbo
ro I
nlet
, Nor
th C
arol
ina,
is s
how
non
Fig
ure
13.
* Fi
gure
f 11
-13,
pag
es 8
5-86
.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Was
hing
ton,
D. C
. ,Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
lines
, Aug
ust
1971
.
84
*Er
id)
Figu
re 1
1.Je
tties
at S
ebas
tian
Inle
t, Fl
orid
a.(N
ote
wid
ened
bea
ch a
djac
ent
to u
pdri
ft je
tty a
nd e
rode
d do
wnd
rift
sho
re.)
85
Figu
re 1
3. M
ason
boro
Inl
et, N
orth
Car
olin
a (J
uly
1966
)(R
ight
)
86
EX
IST
ING
JET
TY
1:0\
7./
5.3 f'-
:\ 3.
o
..! ! 1.5 54
a. 5.0
".1
r75.
0.7
1
1.0
4.1
t
/2
1.:.l
e4.
S.'
/.3b
ss
N.
,1.
5.
5
****
*
ct.
.5
.. .
.'....
5.0
5.f
0'1
%
/./
5 .1
5 0
:
.05.
5
Sou
ndin
g% in
feet
ref
erre
d t.
ed L
W11
.o
SW
IVE
7E0
7 JU
LYA
UG
US
T M
SG
CJr
030
0tO
SO
SC
le11
4F
UT
/.3 ..
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
3:Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n M
etho
dsA
rtif
icia
l Sup
ply
of S
and
Mea
sure
s de
sign
ed to
sta
biliz
e th
eM
ore
fall
into
two
gene
ral c
lass
es:
(a)
a st
ruct
ure
to p
reve
nt
wav
es f
rom
rea
chin
g er
odib
lem
ater
ials
; and
(b)
an
artif
icia
l sup
ply
ofsa
nd to
the
shor
e to
mak
e up
for
a
defi
cien
cy in
san
d su
pply
thro
ugh
natu
ral p
roce
sses
, with
or
with
out
stru
ctur
es s
uch
as g
roin
s to
red
uce
the
rate
of
loss
of
litto
ral m
ater
ial.
The
par
agra
phs
belo
w d
escr
ibe
artif
icia
l mea
nsof
sup
plyi
ng n
eede
d sa
nd to
the
barr
ier
beac
h.
BE
AC
H R
EST
OR
AT
ION
AN
D N
OU
RIS
HM
EN
T
Bea
ch s
truc
ture
s, w
hen
prop
erly
use
d,ha
ve a
pla
ce in
sho
re p
rote
ctio
n.B
ut r
esea
rch
has
show
n th
at
the
best
pro
tect
ion
is a
ffor
ded
byus
ing
met
hods
as
sim
ilar
as .p
ossi
ble
to n
atur
al o
nes.
In o
ther
wor
ds, a
i-J.
grea
ter
degr
ee o
f ef
fect
iven
ess
isob
tain
ed b
y th
e ty
pe o
f pr
otec
tion
prov
ided
by
natu
re, w
hich
per
mits
the
to" t
natu
ral p
roce
sses
to c
ontin
ue u
nham
pere
d.T
o si
mul
ate
natu
ral p
rote
ctio
n, d
unes
and
beac
hes
are
rebu
ilt*
artif
icia
lly.
Sand
fro
m s
ourc
es b
ehin
d th
e be
ach
orof
fsho
re is
pla
ced
on th
e sh
ore.
Figu
res
14 a
nd 1
5 sh
ow
view
s of
Har
risc
n C
ount
y, M
issi
ssip
pi,
afte
r an
d be
fore
art
ific
ial r
esto
ratio
nof
the
beac
h in
fro
nt o
f th
e se
a-
wal
l with
san
d fr
om th
e of
fsho
rebo
ttom
. Thi
s pr
ojec
t was
com
plet
ed in
1952
and
thus
far
has
req
uire
d m
inor
mai
nten
ance
. To
ensu
re c
ontin
ued
stab
ility
of th
e be
ach,
mat
eria
l is
plac
edpe
riod
ical
ly to
mak
e up
def
icie
ncie
s
in th
e na
tura
l sup
ply.
Thi
s is
mos
tec
onom
ical
for
long
bea
ches
as
the
incr
ease
of s
uppl
y be
nefi
ts th
e en
tire
beac
h.C
oast
al e
ngin
eers
can
now
det
erm
ine
requ
ired
dun
e an
d be
ach
dim
ensi
ons
topr
otec
t aga
inst
sto
rms
of
any
give
n in
tens
ity.
Dun
e he
ight
s su
ffic
ient
to p
reve
ntov
erto
ppin
g by
wav
es, a
nd d
une
wid
ths
suff
icie
nt to
with
stan
d th
e er
osio
n of
a g
iven
Sto
rm c
anbe
det
erm
ined
.A
lso,
bea
ch d
imen
sion
s, in
clud
ing
heig
ht a
nd w
idth
of b
erm
and
cha
ract
eris
tics
of s
and
requ
ired
to m
aint
ain
beac
h sl
opes
, can
be d
esig
ned
to w
ithst
and
stor
ms
of a
spe
cifi
ed d
egre
e of
sev
erity
.So
met
imes
str
uctu
res
mus
t be
prov
ided
topr
otec
t dun
es, t
o m
aint
ain
a
t87
spec
ific
bea
ch s
hape
, or
to r
educ
e no
uris
hmen
t req
uire
men
ts.
In e
ach
case
, the
cos
t of
such
str
uctu
res
mus
t be
wei
ghed
aga
inst
the
adde
d be
nefi
ts th
ey w
ould
pro
vide
.T
hus,
mea
sure
s to
pro
vide
and
kee
p a
wid
er p
rote
ctiv
e an
d re
crea
tiona
l bea
ch f
or a
rel
ativ
ely
shor
tsec
tion
of a
n er
odin
g sh
ore
wou
ld r
equi
re
exce
ssiv
e no
uris
hmen
t with
out s
uppl
emen
tal s
truc
ture
s su
ch a
sgr
oins
to r
educ
e th
e ra
te o
f lo
ss o
f m
ater
ial
from
the
wid
ened
bea
ch. A
long
, hig
h te
rmin
al g
roin
or
jetty
isfr
eque
ntly
just
ifie
d at
the
dow
ndri
ft e
nd
of a
bea
ch r
esto
ratio
n pr
ojec
t to
redu
ce lo
sses
of
fill
into
an
inle
tand
-to
stab
ilize
the
lip o
f th
e in
let.
Bea
ch f
ill f
or m
ost b
each
wid
enin
g or
res
tora
tion
can
be e
xpec
ted
toco
st a
bout
$50
to $
300
per
foot
of s
hore
rec
eivi
ng th
e in
itial
fill
, dep
endi
ng o
n ex
posu
re, p
roxi
mity
of s
uita
ble
fill
borr
ow s
ites,
leng
th o
f
beac
h, a
nd d
egre
e of
res
tora
tion
requ
ired
.Pe
riod
ic n
ouri
shni
ent m
ay b
e re
quir
ed a
t int
erva
ls o
f1
to 5
year
s at
cos
ts e
stim
ated
to r
ange
fro
m$5
to $
15 p
er f
oot o
f sh
ore
per
year
, for
str
aigh
t bea
ches
at
leas
t
2,00
0 fe
et lo
ng.
It m
ay b
e un
econ
omic
, or
even
impr
actic
pble
, to
atte
mpt
nour
ishm
ent o
f sm
all s
egm
ents
of b
each
with
out r
etai
ning
str
uctu
res.
The
abo
ve e
stim
ates
do
not i
nclu
de d
une
reha
bilit
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce.
tool
,..-
-,A
noth
er le
sser
use
d ar
tific
ial m
eans
of
rest
orin
g du
nes
is th
eco
nstr
uctio
n of
san
d fe
nces
.Su
ch c
on-
c.,:
stru
ctio
n th
en a
llow
s th
e pl
antin
g of
veg
etat
ion
to h
old
the
sand
in.ip
lace
.Fi
gure
16
show
s a
dune
pro
duce
d
in s
uch
a m
anne
r.
*Fig
ures
14-
16, p
ages
'89-
90.
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e A
rmy,
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Was
hing
ton,
D.
C.
,Sh
ore
Prot
ectio
n G
uide
lines
, Aug
ust
1971
.
88
tf
Figu
re 1
5.C
oncr
ete
Step
ped-
face
Seaw
all i
n H
arri
son
and
Han
cock
Cou
ntie
s, M
iss.
(aft
er p
lace
men
t of
beac
hfi
ll).
I
-10
Figu
re 1
4.
PIV
IIIL
L.:
Sie
,Yr
lir O
tt.V
I
Con
cret
e St
eppe
d-fa
ce S
eaw
all-
-H
arri
son
and
Han
-co
ck C
ount
ies,
Mis
siss
ippi
.
1.-V
.41
.+2
r-ri
-';
e
..11
1 ...
......
..a. O
..1,
4A..A
,. I
L...
0 A
.,.
7::"
"*..4
4';'1
. fr'.
1.a:
f1..
Vt:
ft, A
. ; t
1 ...
.....'
OP
*
Viti
t,....
....
.
vv*a
...
'"1
1164
_ .
89
e)t
Ifer
re-
r*m
r.r-
""r
AIL
I.L
44.
i-4
- "
&O
AS'
.
I0,
.-
"0,
4`I
rep_
i4
10.
0,70
Figu
re 1
6.D
unes
for
med
by
trap
ping
win
dblo
wn
sand
with
fen
ces
aria
gra
sses
,O
uter
Ban
ks, N
orth
Car
olin
a.
90
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
4: E
valu
atio
nFo
rm f
or V
isua
ls
Four
are
as f
or th
e ev
alua
tion
of v
isua
ls a
resu
gges
ted.
Eac
h ar
ea s
houl
d be
rat
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
scal
e:5
poin
ts-e
xcel
lent
; 4 p
oint
s-ab
ove
aver
age;
3 po
ints
-ave
rage
; 2 p
oint
s-be
low
ave
rage
; 1po
int-
poor
. Not
e: p
art
4, C
lari
ty, h
as f
our
sub-
area
s w
hich
com
bine
to m
ake
the
tota
l val
ue f
or p
art 4
.
Stud
ent's
Nam
e
POIN
TS
Titl
e or
Top
ic
AR
EA
OF
EV
AL
UA
TIO
N
1.A
PPR
OPR
IAT
EN
ESS
If th
e st
uden
t has
had
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
sel
ect
eith
er th
e to
pic
or m
etho
d of
his
pre
sent
atio
n,is
the
choi
ce o
f ei
ther
or
both
app
ropr
iate
to th
e as
sign
men
t?
2.A
CC
UR
AC
YA
re th
e fa
cts
used
in th
e pr
esen
tatio
nac
cura
te?
If n
ot, w
here
is th
e in
accu
racy
?
3.C
OM
PLE
TE
NE
SSD
oes
the
pres
enta
tion
repr
esen
t a c
ompl
ete
stat
emen
t or
cove
rage
of
the
subj
ect (
is th
ere
ma-
teri
al o
r fa
cts
omitt
ed w
hich
mak
es th
e pr
esen
tatio
nm
isle
adin
g)?
If n
ot, w
here
is th
e pr
esen
-ta
tion
lack
ing?
4.C
LA
RIT
YIs
the
pres
enta
tion
clea
r to
the
view
er?
a.Is
the
view
er r
eadi
ly a
ble
to d
eter
min
e th
e po
int o
r m
essa
geco
ntai
ned
in th
e pr
e-se
ntat
ion?
b.Is
the
pres
enta
tion
free
fro
m u
nnec
essa
rydi
stra
ctio
ns?
(pic
ture
s, d
raw
ings
, etc
.w
hich
do
not c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
purp
ose?
c. A
re th
e co
lors
and
siz
es o
flin
es, b
ars,
and
/or
pict
ures
sui
tabl
e?d.
In th
e ca
se o
f a
colla
ge o
r dr
awin
g, is
the
foca
l poi
nt c
lear
ly d
eter
min
ed?
CO
MM
EN
TS:
e17-
7: -
)ta-
71Po
ints
)
91
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
5:Fe
dera
l Dev
elop
men
t Pro
cess
for
Ero
sion
Con
trol
Pro
ject
s
Shor
e pr
otec
tion
and
beac
h re
stor
atio
n pr
ojec
ts c
ondu
cted
by
the
U. S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rsbe
gin
with
a lo
cal r
eque
st f
or h
elp.
Any
per
son
or g
roup
of
pers
ons
desi
ring
ass
ista
nce
in c
omba
ting
beac
h er
osio
n ca
n ob
tain
info
rmat
ion
and
advi
ce f
rom
any
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
Dis
tric
t or
Div
isio
nof
fice
.
Ero
ded
publ
icly
ow
ned
shor
es a
nd s
hore
s er
oded
bec
ause
of
Fede
ral n
avig
atio
n w
orks
are
elig
ible
for
Fed-
eral
ass
ista
nce;
pri
vate
ly o
wne
d sh
ores
may
be
elig
ible
for
Fed
eral
ass
ista
nce
if th
ere
is p
ublic
bene
fit
such
as
that
ari
sing
fro
m p
ublic
use
.Pa
rtie
s de
siri
ng in
form
atio
n, a
dvic
e, a
nd a
ssis
tanc
e in
com
batin
gbe
ach
eros
ion
can
usua
lly b
e m
ost e
ffec
tive
by a
ctin
g th
roug
h an
d in
coo
pera
tion
with
the
Stat
e,co
unty
,
or c
ity a
genc
y co
ncer
ned
with
bea
ch a
nd s
hore
use
and
man
agem
ent.
The
age
ncy,
in tu
rn, c
an r
einf
orce
its e
ffec
tiven
ess
by p
arly
con
sulta
tion
with
the
appr
opri
ate
Dis
tric
t or
Div
isio
n E
ngin
eer
toex
plor
e an
y
ques
tion
of e
ligib
ility
and
app
licab
ility
of
the
smal
l pro
ject
pro
gram
, or
the
prog
ram
for
miti
gatin
ger
osio
n ca
used
by
Fede
ral n
avig
atio
n w
orks
.If
eith
er o
f th
ese
prog
ram
s is
app
licab
le, t
he S
ecre
tary
of th
e A
rmy
can
auth
oriz
e a
beac
h er
osio
n st
udy
at th
e re
ques
t of
the
resp
onsi
ble
loca
l age
ncy.
If th
eii. 0-
-st
udy
show
s th
e pr
ojec
t to
be ju
stif
ied
and
the
loca
l int
eres
ts in
volv
ed a
re w
illin
g an
d ab
leto
coo
pera
te...
.4
as r
equi
red
by la
w, t
he S
ecre
tary
of
the
Arm
y ca
n au
thor
ize
cons
truc
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t and
allo
t fun
ds
for
that
pur
pose
fro
m a
vaila
ble
civi
l wor
ks a
ppro
pria
tions
.B
each
ero
sion
stu
dies
for
the
regu
lar
proj
ect p
rogr
am m
ust b
e in
divi
dual
ly a
utho
rize
d by
the
Con
-
gres
s.U
sual
ly, t
he s
tudy
aut
hori
zatio
n is
gra
nted
by
a re
solu
tion
appr
oved
by
the
Publ
ic W
orks
Com
m-
ittee
of
eith
er th
e Se
nate
or
the
Hou
se o
f R
epre
sent
ativ
es; l
ess
Sreq
uent
ly, i
t is
incl
uded
in a
Riv
er a
nd
Har
bor
Act
ado
pted
by
the
Con
gres
s an
d ap
prov
ed b
y th
e Pr
esid
ent.
If c
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith th
e D
istr
ict o
rD
ivis
ion
Eng
inee
r in
dica
tes
that
the
smal
l pro
ject
pro
gram
is in
appl
icab
le, t
he lo
cal i
nter
ests
invo
lved
,
actin
g th
roug
h th
e co
mm
unity
's e
lect
ed r
epre
sent
ativ
es in
the
Con
gres
s, s
houl
d re
ques
t the
,Con
gres
s to
auth
oriz
e an
d fu
nd a
bea
ch e
rosi
on in
vest
igat
ion
and
stud
y. T
he D
istr
ict o
r D
ivis
ion
Eng
inee
r w
ill b
egin
the
stud
y as
soo
n as
the
nece
ssar
y au
thor
izat
ion
and
fund
s ar
e pr
ovid
ed.
92
Nor
mal
ly, t
he lo
cal i
nter
ests
spo
nsor
ing
the
stud
y an
d th
eD
istr
ict o
r D
ivis
ion
Eng
inee
r re
spon
-
sibl
e fo
r its
pro
secu
tion
will
con
tinue
con
sulta
tions
,ex
chan
ge in
form
atio
n, a
nd m
ake
plan
s fo
r co
nduc
ting
the
stud
y w
hile
the
auth
oriz
atio
n an
d fu
nd a
lloca
tion
actio
ns a
rein
pro
gres
s.T
he in
vest
igat
ion
and
stud
y ar
e in
tend
ed to
det
erm
ine
whe
ther
a F
eder
al p
roje
ct is
just
ifie
d an
d, if
so, w
heth
er it
s co
nstr
uctio
n is
fea
sibl
e.O
ne o
f th
e ea
rly
conc
erns
of
the
Eng
inee
r O
ffic
er d
irec
ting
the
stud
y is
the
asce
rtai
nmen
t of
the
desi
res
and
opin
ions
of
allp
artie
s af
fect
ed b
y, o
r ha
ving
an
inte
rest
in,
the
prot
ectio
n, im
prov
emen
t, an
d us
e of
the
shor
e ar
eaco
ncer
ned.
To
this
end
, he
hold
s a
publ
ic h
ear-
ing
at th
e be
ginn
ing
of th
e st
udy;
if th
e si
tuat
ion
war
rant
s,he
hol
ds a
dditi
onal
hea
ring
s as
the
stud
y pr
ogr
gres
ses.
The
stu
dy th
orou
ghly
exa
min
es th
epr
oble
m a
nd id
entif
ies
the
caus
al f
acto
rs.
Aft
er c
aref
ul
anal
yses
of
the
impa
cts
of a
ll ap
plic
able
rem
edia
l mea
sure
s on
the
eros
ion
prob
lem
, on
othe
r sh
ore
area
s,
on th
e re
gim
en o
f th
e co
asta
l wat
ers,
on
area
l sho
re p
roce
sses
, on
mar
ine
life,
on
ecol
ogic
alva
lues
,
and
on s
hore
use
s, a
gen
eral
pla
n fo
r sh
ore
prot
ectio
n an
dbe
ach
rest
orat
ion
is d
evis
ed.
If c
ompa
riso
ns
of th
e co
sts
of c
onst
ruct
ion
and
the
bene
fits
res
ultin
gfr
om th
e co
nstr
uctio
n sh
ow th
e pr
ojec
t to
be a
soun
d
)--i
and
prud
ent p
ublic
inve
stm
ent,
and
if th
e lo
cal s
pons
orin
g ag
ency
affi
rms
will
ingn
ess
and
abili
ty to
pro
vide
Oo
the
requ
ired
coo
pera
tion,
the
repo
rt o
n th
e st
udy
reco
mm
ends
adop
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t.B
efor
e th
e re
port
is s
ubm
itted
to th
e C
ongr
ess,
it is
rev
iew
ed b
y th
e B
oard
of E
ngin
eers
for
Riv
ers
and
Har
bors
, the
Chi
ef
of E
ngin
eers
, the
Gov
erno
rs o
f af
fect
ed S
tate
s, a
nd a
llin
tere
sted
Fed
eral
dep
artm
ents
.Pr
ojec
ts a
utho
rize
d fo
r co
nstr
uctio
n by
the
Con
gres
s ar
eco
nsid
ered
by
the
Con
gres
s as
it f
orm
ulat
es
the
annu
al a
ppro
pria
tion
bill.
(As
prev
ious
ly m
entio
ned,
fun
ds f
or c
onst
ruct
ing
the
smal
lpr
ojec
t con
stru
c-
tion
prog
ram
are
allo
tted
by S
ecre
tary
of
the
Arm
y an
d ar
e no
tsp
ecif
ical
ly a
ppro
pria
ted
for
indi
vidu
al
proj
ects
.) A
s so
on a
s fu
nds
are
prov
ided
, the
res
pons
ible
Dis
tric
t Eng
inee
rca
rrie
s ou
t the
det
aile
d
engi
neer
ing
wor
k es
sent
ial t
o co
nstr
uctio
n an
d pr
epar
esco
nstr
uctio
n dr
awin
gs a
nd s
peci
fica
tions
.C
on-
trac
tors
sub
mit
bids
bas
ed o
n th
ese
draw
ings
and
spe
cifi
catio
nsan
d a
cons
truc
tion
cont
ract
is a
war
ded
to
the
succ
essf
ul b
idde
r. T
he D
istr
ict E
ngin
eer
cont
inue
s to
con
sult
and
coor
dina
tew
ith th
e lo
cal s
pons
or-
..
93
ing
agen
cy w
hile
eng
inee
ring
and
con
stru
ctio
n ar
e un
derw
ay. U
pon
com
plet
ion,
the
prot
ectiv
e w
orks
are
turn
ed o
ver
to th
e sp
onso
ring
loca
l int
eres
tsfo
r op
erat
ion
and
mai
nten
ance
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e
auth
oriz
ing
legi
slat
ion.
Sect
ion
215
of P
ublic
Law
90-
483
perm
its lo
cal i
nter
ests
to e
xped
iteco
nstr
uctio
n
of a
utho
rize
d pr
ojec
ts f
or w
hich
Fed
eral
fun
ds a
re n
ot im
med
iate
lyav
aila
ble.
Und
er c
erta
in c
ircu
m-
stan
ces
if lo
cal i
nter
ests
pro
ceed
with
con
stru
ctio
n at
thei
r ex
pens
e,th
e Fe
dera
l sha
re o
f th
e co
st o
f
that
con
stru
ctio
n ca
n be
rei
mbu
rsed
fro
m la
ter
appr
opri
atio
ns.
Such
rei
mbu
rsem
ent c
anno
t exc
eed
$1 m
illio
n.
94
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
6
*Mitt
el s
tar
Smith
y, F
ebru
ary
11, 1
973
Cal
ifor
nia
Atte
mpt
ing
Bol
d Pl
an T
oR
egul
ate
Coa
stH
ow Y
ork
Tim
es D
ispa
tch
LO
S A
NG
EL
ES
One
of
the
natio
n's
bold
est v
en-
ture
s in
land
use
pla
nnin
g,th
est
ate-
leve
lre
gula
tion
ofC
alif
orni
a's
1,00
0-m
ileco
at:h
os, i
s ge
arin
g up
d co
nfro
ntin
g pr
oble
ms.
The
Cal
ifor
nia
coas
tal
zone
con
serv
atio
n co
mm
is-
sion
, cre
ated
by
a na
tiona
l-ly
wat
ched
vot
e of
citi
zens
last
Nov
embe
r,he
ldits
firs
tsu
bsta
ntiv
em
eetin
ghe
re th
is w
eek.
TH
E 1
2-M
EM
BE
R c
itize
npa
nel,
whi
chw
illha
veve
to p
ower
ove
r al
mos
t any
so a
s t a
1 d
evel
opm
ent
in c
1 u
d in
g pr
ivat
e-ho
me
cons
truc
tion
on p
i i v
ate
land
foun
d its
elf
inst
ant-
ly e
mbr
oile
d in
a ta
ngle
of
ques
tions
.T
hey
rang
ed f
rom
how
toco
pe w
ith a
n im
pend
ing
a v
a I
a ne
eof
build
ing
-p
e r
m i
t app
licat
ions
, to
how
tost
retc
h th
e co
m-
mis
sion
's s
tatu
tory
$5
mil-
lion
budg
et o
ver
the
next
four
yea
rs, t
o w
hat t
o do
abou
t a b
ig o
il co
mpa
nyth
at,
only
afe
wm
iles
away
,w
asen
erge
tical
ly
punc
hing
hol
es in
the
coas
-ta
l cru
st w
ithou
t a c
om-
mis
sion
per
mit.
The
com
mis
sion
'sfi
rst
offi
cial
act
was
to a
sk th
eoi
l com
pany
, the
Occ
iden
-ta
l Pet
role
um C
orpo
ratio
n,to
sus
pend
ope
ratio
ns p
end-
ing
inve
stig
atio
n of
thei
rle
galit
y by
the
stat
eat
-to
rney
g e
n e
r al
. A f
ewho
urs
late
r th
e st
ate
su-
prem
e co
urt o
rder
edsu
spen
sion
of
the
proj
ect,
ina
suit
brou
ght b
yco
n s
erva
tioni
sts,
pen
ding
an a
naly
sis
of e
nvir
onm
en-
tal i
mpa
ct.
AL
TH
OU
GH
the
curr
ent
perm
it zo
ne e
xten
ds o
hly
from
hig
htid
eto
1,00
0ya
rds
inla
nd,
the
com
-m
issi
on's
long
-ran
ge p
lan-
ning
Juri
sdic
tion
exte
nds
from
thre
e m
iles
at s
ea to
five
mile
s in
land
a to
tal
ofro
ughl
y8,
000
squa
rem
iles.
Abo
ut 6
0 pe
r ce
nt o
fth
e sh
orel
ine
is p
riva
tely
owne
d.C
alif
orni
ais
the
firs
tst
ate
toin
trod
uce
such
c o
m p
rehe
nsiv
e sh
orel
ine
regu
latio
ns, a
nd th
eun
dert
akin
g th
eref
ore
is in
a se
nse
a pi
lot p
roje
ct w
ith
impl
icat
ions
for
the
na-
tion'
s en
tire
53.6
77 m
iles
ofco
astli
ne, n
ear
whi
ch th
egr
eate
r pa
rt o
f th
e co
un-
try'
s po
pula
tion
iscl
uste
red.
Con
gres
s pa
ssed
a la
w la
st y
ear
topr
ovid
em
atch
ing-
fund
gra
nts
toen
cour
age
coas
tal
plan
-ni
ng b
y st
ates
.T
he C
alif
o r
nia
effo
rtre
sulte
d fr
om a
res
ound
ing
"yes
" vo
te o
n la
st N
ovem
-be
r's b
allo
t pro
posi
tion
20,
an in
itiat
ive
mea
sure
stre
nuou
sly
oppo
sed
byin
dust
rial
and
rea
l est
ate
inte
rest
s th
e na
tion.
Und
er th
e m
easu
re, e
f-f
e c
t i v
e F
eb. 1
, any
one
prop
osin
g al
mos
t any
shor
elin
e de
velo
pmen
t tha
tw
ill d
imin
ish
beac
h la
nd,
ham
per
publ
icac
cess
tobe
ache
s, o
r ev
en o
bstr
uct
view
s of
the
ocea
n, m
ust
obta
in a
per
mit.
TH
E C
HIE
F ex
cept
ions
are
priv
ate-
hom
e im
prov
e-m
ents
cos
ting
unde
r $7
,500
and
San
Fran
cisc
oB
ayw
here
dev
elop
men
t is
und-
erth
eju
risd
ictio
nof
are
cent
lycr
eate
dsp
ecia
lst
ate
agen
cy.
Vio
lato
rs o
f th
e la
w a
re
subj
ect t
ofi
nes
of u
p to
$10,
000,
plu
s le
vies
of
up to
$500
for
eac
h da
y's
viol
a-tio
n. The
law
has
bee
n ch
al-
leng
edas
anun
cons
titut
iona
l"c
onfi
sca-
tion"
of
prop
erty
in a
cla
ss-
actio
n su
it fi
led
by s
ome
prop
erty
ow
ners
. It i
s pe
nd-
ing
inth
eL
os A
ngel
esco
unty
sup
erio
r co
urt.
The
issu
ance
of
perm
itsis
up
to s
ix r
egio
nal
subc
omm
issi
ons,
com
pose
dof
half
city
and
coun
tyre
pres
enta
tives
and
hal
f of
priv
ate
citiz
ens
appo
inte
dby
the
gove
rnor
and
legi
slat
ive
lead
ers.
The
law
aff
ects
15
of C
alif
or-
nia'
s58
cou
ntie
s an
d 45
siza
ble
citie
s.T
he s
tate
wid
eco
mm
is-
sion
,de
sign
edto
serv
em
ainl
y as
a p
olic
y-m
akin
gbo
dyan
dan
appe
llate
pane
l, in
turn
is c
ompo
sed
half
of
appo
inte
es a
nd h
alf
of r
epre
sent
ativ
esof
the
regi
onal
com
mis
sion
s.T
HE
WE
EK
S si
nce
the
Nov
embe
rel
ectio
nha
vebe
en p
unct
uate
d w
ithpa
roch
ial
squa
bblin
gas
95
cons
erva
tioni
sts
on th
e on
eha
nd a
nd "
deve
lopm
ent"
inte
rest
s on
the
othe
r vi
edto
man
euve
rre
pres
enta
-tiv
es o
nto
the
vari
ous
com
-m
issi
ons.
A n
umbe
r of
indi
vidu
als
anta
goni
stic
tost
ate-
leve
lsh
orel
ine
man
agem
ent g
oon
com
mis
sion
s, m
dstly
as
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
repr
esen
tativ
es.
Ponce Inlet Demanas
Erosion Remedy FastPenne/ Stir Mow
DAYTONA BEACH The beefed-up Ponce Inlet Port Authority mayrush into beach erosion remedies, anarea where the U. S. Army Corps ofEngineers fears to tread without afive-year study.
Property owners insist the sea iseating away sand from the inlet atleast a mile north. They believe theloss is less than that two months agowhen high winds formed six-footwaves which eroded more than 30horizontal feet of beach in abouttwo weeks.
THE CORPS refuses to acknow-ledge there is any erosion in thearea. Under its contract with theauthority, a local taxing agency,Army engineers constructed jettiesto stabilize the inlet and mustmaintain them perpetually.
Director William Carlton of theFlorida Bureau of Beaches andSlr.es calls the jetties poorlydesigned and thinks they aid erosionprocesses.
He believes pumps could lay sandon the gnawed out beach but unlessthe jetties are changed, "the project
ixould be a waste of time."
THE CORPS refuses to acceptresponsibility for erosion. Only after"careful study" five or moreyears will it Elite), the jetties, paidfor by the authority.
The corps several weeks ago spentabout 590,000 to dredge sandpresumably from the beachdeposited on the channel between thejetties.
At a meeting this week in Jackson-ville, sponsored by Sen. Lawton
Corps public relations ofGene BroWn called a corps-
authorized study of the inlet "merelya routine study we make whenever ,we put in a new structure. We try todetermine the effects where thesand is going compared with wherewe thought it would go before webuilt the jetties."
inittinet *tar
FLORID^N.1
0 uri.a
Sunday, April 29, 1973 3--B
ENGINEERS SAY making thechanges in the jetties would -beinexpensive.
Van Wert noted the port authoritywould still need approval from thecorps to make the changes in thejetties, "but if we went to them witha study which proved the jetties arecausing the problem and a proposalto correct the problem with our ownmoney, I don't think they would turnus down."
One member of the port authorityagreed and added: "Why should theCcirps object? We'd be spending themoney to correct their mistake."
The port authority now has about$500,000 originally earmarked for
1 construction of a port which could bediverted to pay for changes in thejetties and could levy up to one mill(about $725,000) a, year to pay forimprovements.
Currents are building two sandbars,from the inlet about a mile south,but the corps denies it is responsibitfor erosion.
EARLY THIS month three newmen apppointed by Gov. ReubinAskew, joined the five-man authorityboard. Privately they say with ettwithout the corps something mustbe done about erosion.
The contract says only the corpscan approve jetty changes.
Leon Van Wert, port authorityattorney, believes that body mil*push for an independent study of tkainlet.
The attorney called authority fundraising for inlet design and changes"a definite possibility."
THE DAYTONA Beach Chamberof Commerce cited "serious" beacherosion in a letter to the armyengineers and demanded"immediate remedial action."
A study to determine what needs tot
be done at the inlet could cost$50,000 and could be completed idseveral months, local engineers say.
A beach -"nourishment" project "to
replenish sand in the badly erodedsections of- beach could cost $500,000.
121
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
8 :
Eco
logi
cal C
onsi
dera
tions
Sam
ple
ques
tions
for
land
dev
elop
ers:
1.W
hat i
s th
e fu
nctio
n of
the
dune
inre
latio
n to
the
barr
ier
beac
h?
2.H
ow w
ill th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
barr
ier
beac
h ai
d th
e du
ne f
unct
ion?
3.W
hat e
ffec
ts w
ill c
hang
es in
wild
life
habi
tats
have
on
the
wild
life
natu
rally
ther
e?
4.W
hat m
etho
ds w
ill b
e us
ed to
det
erm
ine
whi
chve
geta
tion
to p
rote
ct?
5.W
hich
veg
etat
ion
will
be
prot
ecte
d?
6.W
hat a
re th
e ad
vant
ages
of
the
deve
lopm
ent o
ndu
ne a
nd ti
dal m
arsh
env
iron
men
ts?
tv
7.W
hat c
hang
es in
win
ds (
i. e.
dir
ectio
ns,
velo
city
) w
ill r
esul
t fro
m d
evel
opm
ent?
8.W
hat i
s th
e si
gnif
ican
ce o
f a
heal
thy
tidal
mar
sh a
s a
nurs
ery
for
mar
ine
life?
9.W
hat c
hang
es in
tem
pera
ture
will
res
ult i
nde
velo
pmen
t?
Wip
eout
!
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
9
Doi
ngW
hat M
ust B
e D
one
Las
t May
- 1
1,*
Bre
vard
vote
rsde
feat
ed a
pro
posa
l to
levy
a h
alf-
mill
cou
nty
tax
to f
inan
ce a
bea
cher
osio
n co
ntro
l pla
n.L
ast T
hurs
day
the
Bre
vard
Cou
n-ty
Com
mis
sion
dec
ided
tosp
end
;160
,000
as
its s
hare
for
suc
h a
pro-
ject
,w
hich
will
behe
lped
con-
side
rabl
y by
sta
te m
atch
ing
fund
san
d a
fede
ral g
rant
of
$320
,000
for
ato
tal o
f $6
40,0
00.
In ta
king
this
act
ion,
fiv
e co
m-
mis
sion
ers
over
-rul
ed th
e m
ajor
ityvo
ters
of
all B
reva
rd. I
sn't
this
dic
-ta
tors
hip?
Soc
ialis
m?
The
May
refe
rend
umw
a s
defe
ated
bec
ause
not
eno
ugh
peop
leca
re a
bout
Bre
vard
's b
each
es.
Alth
ough
the
"mai
nlan
ders
" co
me
1.1,
toen
joy
the
beac
hes
ont h
eL
.\-...
wee
kend
s, th
ey d
o no
t wan
t to
pay
for
thei
r pe
rpet
uatio
n. P
erha
ps th
eyC
Ofi
gure
that
if th
e be
ach
last
s as
long
as th
ey w
ant t
o us
e it,
that
's e
noug
h.E
ven
t h e
ret
iree
who
live
s on
the
beac
h st
rip
is a
path
etic
. He
fish
es,
play
s. g
olf,
com
es h
ome,
has
a d
rink
,w
atch
es te
levi
sion
. He
wor
ries
not
abou
t the
bea
ch w
hich
is th
e on
lyto
uris
t attr
actio
n B
reva
rd h
as. H
edo
esn'
t eve
n ca
re if
no
tour
ists
eve
rsh
ow u
p.In
a n
utsh
ell,
few
car
e ab
out a
nyon
e or
any
thin
g ex
cept
them
selv
es.
Thi
sat
titud
eis
appa
rent
far
*197
1
beyo
nd th
e bo
unda
ries
of
Bre
vard
. In
Flor
ida,
it c
rops
up
whe
n pe
ople
sta
rtta
lkin
g ab
out t
he E
verg
lade
s je
t por
t,th
e C
ross
-Flo
rida
bar
ge c
anal
, Lak
eA
popk
a, th
e pa
per
mill
s. A
cros
s th
ena
tion,
it is
app
aren
t whe
n pe
ople
star
tw
onde
ring
abou
tO
hio'
sC
ayah
oga
rive
r, s
o po
llute
d th
at it
actu
ally
cau
ght f
ire
and
burn
ed d
own
two
brid
ges.
The
aver
age
Bre
vard
ian,
and
Am
eric
an, c
ontin
ues
on h
is w
ay u
n-co
ncer
ned
whe
n to
ld th
at w
e co
n-su
me
twic
e as
muc
h ox
ygen
as
our
plan
ts a
re p
rodu
cing
whi
le d
estr
oy-
ing
one
mill
ion
acre
s of
oxy
gen
pro-
duci
ngfo
rest
spe
rye
ar;
that
1,30
0,00
0 Po
nder
osa
pine
s in
the
Los
Ang
eles
bas
in a
ctua
lly w
ere
kille
d by
air
pollu
tion;
that
whi
le a
chi
ld is
born
in th
e U
.S. e
very
nin
e se
cond
s,a
car
is p
rodu
ced
ever
y fi
ve;
.hat
mot
or tr
ucks
in M
anha
ttan
aver
age
6m
.p.h
. whi
le in
191
0 ho
rse
draw
ntr
ucks
ave
rage
d 10
m.p
.h.;
that
whe
nth
e av
erag
e A
mer
ican
dri
nks
a gl
ass
of w
ater
,it
has
alre
ady
pass
edth
roug
hfi
veot
her
peop
le;
that
mot
her's
milk
con
tain
s th
ree
to te
ntim
es th
e am
ount
of
DD
T p
erm
itted
by la
w in
com
mer
cial
milk
.W
hen
Bre
vard
'sco
mm
issi
oner
,re
vers
ed th
e B
reva
rd v
oter
s on
the
beac
h er
osio
n re
fere
ndum
. the
y di
dso
for
Dre
varn
's w
on g
ood.
98
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
S
99
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.1
:L
ivin
g/N
on-L
ivin
g?
One
of
the
hard
est t
hing
s fo
r a
stud
ent t
o do
is to
dec
ide
wha
t is
cons
ider
ed b
iotic
or
abio
tic.
If
biot
ic is
def
ined
as
livin
g or
rec
ently
livi
ng, i
t mus
t be
dete
rmin
ed w
hat c
onst
itute
s lif
e.L
ife
invo
lves
ten
basi
c pr
oces
ses
that
are
inte
grat
ed in
to a
sin
gle
prod
uct,
that
of
livin
g.If
any
of th
ese
func
tions
are
abs
ent,
then
the
obje
ct b
eing
inve
stig
ated
is n
ot a
live.
The
ten
elem
ents
of
life
are
as f
ollo
ws:
1.N
utri
tion
(foo
d ge
tting
)6.
Ass
imila
tion
2.L
ocom
otio
n or
mot
ion
7.C
ircu
latio
n
3.Ir
rita
bilit
y (s
ensi
tivity
)8.
Secr
etio
n4.
Dig
estio
n9.
Exc
retio
n5.
Abs
orbt
ion
10.
Rep
rodu
ctio
n
Thi
s is
an
all i
nclu
sive
list
of
elem
ents
.O
ther
sci
entis
ts u
se li
sts
of v
aryi
ng s
ize
but m
ost p
lace
two
or th
ree
of th
ese
basi
c el
emen
ts in
to o
ther
enc
ompa
ssin
g ca
tego
ries
.
100
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.2:
Eva
luat
ing
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Man
y te
ache
rs r
efus
e to
inco
rpor
ate
smal
l gro
up w
ork
in th
eir
clas
sroo
ms
beca
use
they
lack
a sa
tisfa
ctor
y pr
oced
ure
for
eval
uatin
g th
e ou
tcom
eof
suc
h ef
fort
s.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
this
uni
t
of s
tudy
, we
sugg
est t
he u
se o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
proc
ess
for
chec
king
the
resu
ltsof
gro
ups
inve
stig
atin
g
each
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n. U
se o
nly
whe
re it
is p
ract
ical
to d
o so
.I.
At t
he e
nd o
f th
e st
udy
of e
ach
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, th
ere
will
be
an e
xerc
ise
in th
eL
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es c
olum
n en
title
d C
heck
I. Q
.A
t thi
s po
int h
ave
each
indi
vidu
al w
ithin
a s
mal
l
grou
p w
rite
out
wha
t he
thin
ks is
the
answ
er to
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, b
y fi
lling
out
the
uppe
r ha
lf o
f th
e I.
Q. (
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n) C
heck
in S
tude
nt C
omm
ent N
o. 1
,Pa
ge 3
2.
2.T
each
er c
olle
cts
I. Q
. Che
ck s
heet
s an
d gi
ves
to a
dif
fere
nt s
mal
l gro
up f
orgr
adin
g.
3.C
lass
mem
bers
will
:a.
Hav
e in
fro
nt o
f th
em a
cop
y of
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n fo
r th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion
arri
ved
at d
urin
g th
e In
vest
igat
ions
.b.
Dec
ide
how
man
y to
tal g
rade
-poi
nts
shou
ld b
e po
ssib
le f
or th
e pr
oper
res
pons
eto
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n.4.
Eac
h sm
all g
roup
will
com
pare
the
answ
er s
heet
han
ded
it w
ith c
lass
con
clus
ion
and
then
fill
out
that
low
er h
alf
of th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m. E
xper
ienc
e ha
s sh
own
that
mor
eho
nest
and
ser
ious
eva
luat
ions
are
mad
e w
hen
stud
ents
do
not k
now
who
is c
heck
ing
who
se p
aper
. The
nam
e of
the
chec
ker
on th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m is
for
the
teac
her
only
.5.
Ret
urn
I. Q
. Che
cks
to te
ache
r w
ho m
ay r
evea
l sco
res
to s
tude
nts.
If th
is m
etho
d of
eva
luat
ion
is e
mpl
oyed
, it w
ould
be
esse
ntia
l for
stu
dent
s to
rem
ain
in th
e
sam
e sm
all g
roup
unt
il co
mpl
etio
n is
mad
e of
all
inve
stig
atio
ns f
or a
ny o
neIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
101
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 3:
Ori
gin
of U
natta
ched
Bar
s
An
offs
hore
bar
or
barr
ier
beac
h is
a s
and
bar
that
run
s pa
ralle
l. to
a s
trai
ght s
hore
line
and
isno
whe
re a
ttach
edto
it.
Off
shor
e ba
rs a
re c
omm
on w
here
ver
stra
ight
sho
relin
es w
ith g
ently
slo
ping
sea
floo
rs a
re f
ound
.T
he o
rigi
n of
off
shor
e ba
rs is
not
cer
tain
. Geo
logi
sts
thin
k th
at a
t lea
st s
ome
offs
hore
bar
sm
ay h
ave
been
for
med
whe
n la
rge
spits
wer
e se
para
ted
from
the
mai
nlan
d by
sto
rms
or b
y a
rise
of
sea
leve
l aft
er th
e Ic
e A
ge.
Unt
il re
cent
ly a
noth
er th
eory
was
mos
t in
favo
r.T
his
theo
ry h
olds
that
offs
hore
bar
s ar
e lo
ng p
iles
of s
and
scoo
ped
up in
the
zone
of
brea
kers
by
the
scra
ping
act
ion
of th
ebr
eaki
ng w
aves
on
smoo
th, s
andy
sea
bot
tom
s.Sh
ore
curr
ents
may
als
o br
ing
sand
to h
elp
build
the
bar.
Whe
n a
bar
grow
s to
sea
leve
l, its
sur
face
may
be
rais
ed s
till h
ighe
r by
win
d an
dw
aves
.A
n of
fsho
re b
ar p
rote
cts
the
shal
low
wat
er o
n its
land
war
d si
de f
rom
win
ds a
ndw
aves
. Thi
sar
ea o
f qu
iet w
ater
bet
wee
n th
e ba
r an
d th
e m
ainl
and
is a
lago
on.
Lag
oons
may
bec
ome
salt
mar
shes
thro
ugh
filli
ng w
ith s
edim
ent a
nd g
row
th o
f ve
geta
tion.
Nam
owitz
, Sam
uel a
nd D
onal
d B
. Sto
ne, E
arth
Sci
ence
: The
Wor
ld W
e L
ive
In, A
mer
ican
Boo
kC
ompa
ny, N
ew Y
ork,
196
9, p
p. 3
12.
102
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 4:
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Eva
luat
ion
The
fol
low
ing
chec
klis
ttis
offe
red
as a
n ex
ampl
e of
ade
vice
whi
ch m
ay b
e us
ed to
lend
a d
egre
e
of o
bjec
tivity
to.e
valu
atin
g st
uden
t par
ticip
atio
n in
Ilas
s di
scus
sion
s. T
he te
ache
r m
ay in
volv
e st
uden
ts
in th
e et
alua
tive
proc
ess
by d
evis
ing
a ro
tatio
n sy
stem
whe
reby
two
or th
ree
stud
ents
wou
ld e
valu
ate
clas
s
mem
bers
dur
ing
clas
s di
scus
sion
per
iods
.W
hen
eval
uatin
g st
uden
t com
men
ts in
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
nco
nsid
er th
e fo
llow
ing
item
s:
a.Q
uant
ity o
f st
uden
t con
trib
utio
n.b.
Con
tent
of
stud
ent's
rem
arks
as
thes
e in
dica
te k
now
ledg
e of
topi
c,cr
itica
l and
/or
inno
vativ
e th
inki
ng
by c
ticie
ntc.
Rel
evan
ce o
f st
uden
t's r
emar
ks to
sub
ject
und
er c
onsi
dera
tion.
d.C
lari
ty o
f ex
pres
sion
and
pre
sent
atio
n by
stu
dent
.B
ased
on
the
four
con
side
ratio
ns a
bove
, poi
nts
shou
ld b
e aw
arde
d on
afi
ve p
oint
rat
ing
scal
e:
5 po
ints
-exc
elle
nt4
todi
nts-
abov
e av
erag
e3
poin
ts-a
vera
ge2
poin
ts-b
elow
ave
rage
1 po
int-
poor
Sepa
rate
poi
nts
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
for
each
com
men
t mad
e by
ast
uden
t and
rec
orde
d in
the
appr
o-
pria
t col
umn
in th
e sa
mpl
e E
valu
atio
n Sh
eet f
or L
ane
Gro
up D
iscu
ssio
n be
low
:
zvai
vatio
n an
eet '
or .u
agge
uro
uin
scus
ucto
n
NA
ME
POIN
TS
TO
TA
L
1.. S
am S
unsh
ine
4, 3
4 2
13
2.M
ary
Mus
hroo
m1,
5, 2
re
S.Fr
ed F
rog
3, 3
, 2,1
103
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
Cha
nges
in B
reva
rd B
each
es B
etw
een
1966
and
197
3, a
nd P
roba
ble
Cau
ses
Lis
ted
belo
w a
re s
ome
chan
ges
and
prob
able
cau
ses
for
thos
e ch
ange
s w
hich
hav
e ta
ken
plac
eal
ong
Bre
vard
Cou
nty'
s be
ache
s be
twee
n 19
66 a
nd 1
973.
The
pic
ture
s in
Stu
dent
Com
men
t No.
's 1
1-15
,.
page
s 42
-46,
dep
ict t
he 1
966
cond
ition
s in
sel
ecte
d be
ach
site
s, w
hile
slid
es 1
1-20
illu
stra
te th
e sa
me
loca
tions
in 1
973.
Slid
e N
o.Pi
ctur
e N
o.L
ocat
ion
Cha
nge/
Cau
se11
1(SC
#11,
p.4
2)So
uth
Side
of
Bea
ch is
cle
aner
with
littl
e or
Can
aver
al H
arbo
rno
vis
able
ero
sion
122(
SC#1
1 p.
42i)
City
of
Cap
eL
ess
slop
e to
bea
ch in
197
3, d
ueC
anav
eral
to n
atur
al e
rosi
onL
;rs
:)13
3(SC
# 12
p.4
3)Fi
sher
Par
k-B
each
has
less
of
a dr
op o
ff in
197
3,C
ocoa
Bea
chdu
e to
nat
ural
ero
sion
144(
SC#4
2 p.
43)
Coc
oa B
each
-L
ess
slop
e or
dro
p of
f in
197
3, d
ueE
ast e
nd o
f M
inut
e-to
nat
ural
ero
sion
man
Cau
sew
ay15
5(SC
# 13
p. 4
4)O
ffic
ers'
Clu
bL
ess
sand
alo
ng b
ulkh
ead
in 1
973,
bet
,Pa
tric
k A
irca
use
ther
e is
no
sand
abo
ve th
e m
an-
Forc
e B
ase
mad
e bu
lkhe
ad to
was
h do
wn
and
repl
ace
erod
ed s
and.
104
166(
SC#
1143
.44
)
17 18 19 20
7(SC
# 14
p.4
5)
8(97
# 14
p.4
5)
9(SC
# 15
' p.4
8 )
10(S
C#1
5 p.
46 )
NC
O C
lub
Patr
ick
Air
Forc
e B
ase
Sate
llite
Bea
chSa
ul P
iper
Tow
ers
Indi
alan
tic5t
h A
venu
e B
each
Mel
bour
ne B
each
5 m
iles
sout
hof
Mel
bour
neB
each
Sinc
e m
an b
uilt
this
dun
e in
196
6,fr
om s
and
exca
vate
d fo
r th
e N
CO
Clu
b, n
atur
e ha
s er
oded
the
dune
,le
avin
g a
cons
ider
able
dro
p of
f.N
o ev
iden
t cha
nge
Show
s an
app
roxi
mat
e th
ree
foot
drop
fro
m m
an-m
ade
boar
dwal
k be
-tw
een
1966
and
197
3.Sh
ows
activ
e er
osio
n fr
om 1
966
to 1
973,
caus
ed b
y m
an b
uild
ing
too
clos
e to
wat
erE
rosi
on b
etw
een
1966
and
197
3, d
ue
to n
atur
al c
ause
s.
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 6:
U, S
. Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
' Pro
cedu
res
for
Reg
ular
Bea
ch E
rosi
onC
ontr
ol P
roje
cts
U. S
. Sen
ator
or
Rep
tasi
nfor
ive
requ
ests
Sur
vey
Aut
horiz
atio
n
Pub
lic W
orks
Com
mitt
ee o
f
Sen
ate
or H
ouse
pos
ses
Res
olut
ion
Loca
l Age
ncy
requ
ests
Pro
ject
(Tim
e Sp
an 5
-8 y
ears
)
Chi
ef o
f Eng
inee
rs a
ssig
ns S
tudy
to D
ivis
ion
Eng
inee
r an
dD
istr
ict E
ngin
eer
!,D
istr
ict E
ngin
eer
mok
es S
tudy
it
and
subm
its h
is R
epot
s
Dis
tric
t Eng
inee
r co
nstr
ucts
Pro
ject
s
whe
n F
eder
cl a
nd lo
col f
unds
ore
ovol
lobl
e
Pub
lic W
orks
Com
mitt
ees
incl
ude
favo
rabl
e P
roje
cts
in
R &
H B
ill fo
r C
ongr
assi
onol
oct
ion
Div
isio
n E
ngin
eer
R &
H B
oord
rev
iew
Rep
ort,
Chi
ef o
f Eng
inee
rs c
ourd
inat
s w
ith F
deto
lan
d S
tate
age
ncie
s,
Bur
eau
of th
e B
udge
t rev
iew
s R
epor
t,S
ecre
tory
of t
he A
rmy
subm
its R
epor
t to
Con
gres
s
106
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 7:
Eva
luat
ion
Form
For
Ora
l Rep
ort
(To
be f
illed
in b
y st
uden
ts a
nd/o
r te
ache
r)
Subj
ect o
f R
epor
tSt
uden
tre
port
ing
I. K
now
ledg
e of
sub
ject
mat
ter
and/
or w
hat w
ay q
uest
ions
wer
e an
swer
ed.
a. E
xcel
lent
(5
poin
ts)
d. P
oor
(1 p
oint
)b.
Goo
d (4
poi
nts)
c. F
air
(3 p
oint
s)Po
ints
Ear
ned
II. P
rese
ntat
ion
of m
ater
ial b
y us
ing
audi
o/vi
sual
aid
s.E
valu
ate
each
aid
use
d fr
om 0
-5 p
oint
s.a.
Cha
rts
b. M
aps
c. G
raph
sd.
C.a
est S
peak
ere.
Slid
esf.
Film
sg.
Film
stri
psh.
Tab
le D
ispl
ayi.
Stud
y G
uide
sj.
Puzz
les/
Gam
esk.
Ski
ts1.
Oth
erIL W N
III.
Equ
ipm
ent u
sed
in p
rese
ntat
ion.
Eva
luat
e ea
ch a
id u
sed
from
0-5
poi
nts.
Poin
ts E
arne
d
a. O
paqu
e Pr
ojec
tor
b. F
ilmst
rip
Proj
ecto
rc.
Ove
rhea
d Pr
ojec
tor
d. F
ilm P
roje
ctor
e. G
lobe
f.C
halk
boar
dPo
ints
Ear
ned
IV. S
peak
er's
atti
tude
tow
ards
list
ener
s, to
ne, a
nd q
ualit
y of
voi
ce s
houl
d be
con
side
red.
Eva
luat
e as
#1.
a. E
xcel
lent
b. G
ood
c. F
air
d. P
oor
Poin
ts E
arne
d
V. E
valu
atio
n of
the
part
icip
atio
n of
the
mem
bers
of
the
grou
ps. (
Use
whe
re a
pplic
able
)a.
Exc
elle
ntd.
Poo
rb.
Goo
d
107
c. F
air
Poin
ts E
arne
dT
otal
Poi
nts
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.8
:E
valu
acio
n Fo
rm f
or V
isua
ls
Four
are
as f
or th
e ev
alua
tion
of v
isua
ls a
re s
ugge
sted
. Eac
har
ea s
houl
d be
rat
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
scal
e:5
poin
ts-e
xcel
lent
; 4 p
oint
s-ab
ove
aver
age;
3 p
oint
s-av
erag
e; 2
poi
nts-
belo
wav
erag
e; 1
poi
nt-p
oor.
Not
e:pa
rt 4
, Cla
rity
, has
fou
r su
b-ar
eas
whi
ch c
ombi
ne to
mak
e th
e to
tal v
alue
for
part
4.
Stud
ent's
Nam
eT
itle
or T
opic
POIN
TS
AR
EA
OF
EV
AL
UA
TIO
N
1. A
PPR
OPR
IAT
EN
ESS
If th
e st
uden
t has
had
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
sel
ect e
ither
the
topi
cor
met
hod
of h
is p
rese
ntat
ion,
is th
e ch
oice
of
eith
er o
r bo
th a
ppro
pria
te to
the
assi
gnm
ent?
2. A
CC
UR
AC
YA
re th
e fa
cts
used
in th
e pr
esen
tatio
n ac
cura
te?
If n
ot, w
here
is th
e in
accu
racy
?
3. C
OM
PLE
TE
NE
SSD
oes
the
pres
enta
tion
repr
esen
t a c
ompl
ete
stat
emen
tor
cov
erag
e of
the
subj
ect (
is th
ere
mat
eria
l or
fact
s om
itted
whi
ch m
akes
the
pres
enta
tion
mis
lead
ing)
?If
not
, whe
re is
the
pres
enta
tion
lack
ing?
4. C
LA
RIT
YIs
the
pres
enta
tion
clea
r to
the
view
er?
a.Is
the
view
er r
eadi
ly a
ble
to d
eter
min
e th
e po
int
or m
essa
ge c
onta
ined
in th
epr
esen
tatio
n?b.
Is th
e pr
esen
tatio
n fr
ee f
rom
unn
eces
sary
dis
trac
tions
?(p
ictu
res,
dra
win
gs, e
tc.)
.w
hich
do
not c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
purp
ose?
c. A
re th
e co
lors
and
siz
es o
f lin
es, b
ars,
and
/or
pict
ures
sui
tabl
e?d.
in th
e ca
se o
f a
colla
ge o
r dr
awin
g, is
the
foca
l poi
nt c
lear
ly d
eter
min
ed?
CO
MM
EN
TS:
Total Points)
108
Slid
eN
umbe
r
1.
The
Bar
rier
Bea
ch a
s an
Eco
syst
em
Des
crip
tion
of s
lides
1-1
0
Des
crip
tion
Man
-mad
e cu
t thr
ough
upl
and
(Zon
e 4)
*;be
ach
dais
y (y
ello
w f
low
er, d
ark
cent
ers)
.be
ach
mor
ning
glo
ry, s
aw (
scru
b) p
alm
etto
,se
a oa
ts.
2.Pi
onee
r pl
ants
in Z
one
4; r
ailr
oad
vine
, saw
(scr
ub)
palm
etto
. -se
a oa
ts.
3.Z
ones
1.2
,3. a
nd 4
; bea
ch d
aisy
and
sea
oat
sin
for
egro
und.
4.Z
ones
3 a
nd 4
; Aus
tral
ian
pine
s (a
n ex
otic
spec
ies
impo
rted
to F
lori
da to
be
used
as
aw
ind
brea
ker.
Roo
t sys
tem
uns
uita
ble
for
beac
h du
ne s
tabi
lizat
ion)
, saw
(sc
rub)
palm
etto
, sea
oat
s.5.
Zon
e 4;
bea
ch m
orni
ng g
lory
(3"
- 4
" pi
nk-
purp
le f
low
er),
sea
oat
s.
* Z
ones
**
Slid
eN
umbe
r
6.
Des
crip
tion
Zon
es 2
and
3; a
biot
ic c
ondi
tions
so
seve
re h
ere,
ver
y lit
tle, i
f an
y lif
eis
fou
nd; c
oqui
na r
ocks
(so
und
shel
l),
old
mol
lusk
she
lls, s
arga
ssum
sea
-w
eed
wa-
hed
asho
re.
7.Z
ones
2 a
nd 3
; a f
ishe
rman
's d
evic
efo
r co
llect
ing
sand
flea
s, a
sm
all
crus
tace
an u
sed
for
bait;
sea
gulls
also
fee
d on
san
dfle
as a
t low
tide
.8.
Zon
e 3;
sca
veng
ing
ghos
t cra
b (n
orm
ally
a no
ctur
nal o
rgan
ism
), a
ssor
ted
mol
-lu
sk s
hells
, sar
gass
um s
eaw
eed.
9.Z
one
3; o
ver
the
impr
int o
f a
hum
anfo
otpr
int.
are
spec
ies
of a
lgae
, coq
uina
rock
(sa
nd s
hell)
, gho
st c
rab,
san
d fl
ea,
and
vari
ous
shel
ls.
10. *
*Z
ones
1,2
,3,4
; Aus
tral
ian
pine
s; e
vide
nce
of h
uman
dev
elop
men
t of
the
beac
h up
land
(Zon
e 4)
.
of th
e ba
rrie
r be
ach
are
expl
aine
d in
Stu
dent
Com
men
t No.
8. p
age
39.
Slid
es 1
1-20
are
exp
lain
ed in
Tea
cher
Com
men
t No.
5, p
age
104
and
are
used
in th
e in
vest
igat
ion
of I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion
V, p
age
13.