document resume ed 057 902 ps 005 174 - eric resume ed 057 902 ps 005 174 autmor pennock, jean l....
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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 057 902 PS 005 174
AUTMOR Pennock, Jean L.TITLE Cost of Raising a Child.INSTITUTION Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.PUB DATE 18 Feb 70NOTE 26p.; Paper presented at the 47th Annual Agricultural
Outlook Conference, Washington, D.C., February 18,1970
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
MF-S0.65 HC-$3.29*child Rearing; *Costs; *National Surveys; RuralAreas; *Statistical Data; urban Areas
ABSTRACTEstimates of the cost of rearing children have been
developed by the Consumer and Food Economics Research Division,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, fromthe 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures conducted jointly by then.s. Bureau of Labor statistics and the TTSDA. Costs are at the levelsof the USDA's economy, low-cost and moderate-cost food plans, forurban, rural nonfarm and farm families in the four principal regionsof the U.S. Estimates cover the first 18 years of the child's lifeand are presented at 1960-61, 1969 and 1970 price levels. Costs forthe average child in families of no more than 5 children arepresented in "Cost of Raising a Child:" costs for the child infamilies of specified size in "Child Rearing Costs at Two Levels ofLiving" (limited to the North Central and Southern regions). Morethan one-half the document consists of tables. (Author/MX)
(NI(:) COST OF RAISING A CHTLD 1/aft.
f- Talk by Jean L. PennoCkLA" Consumer and Food Economics Research Division
at the 147th Annual Agricultural Outlook ConferenceWashington, D.C., 3:45 P.M., Wednesday, February 18, 1970
* *
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREAgricultural Research Service
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGMATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR °PINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDL'CATION POSITION OR POLICY
What does it cost to raise a Child? The answer to this question isanother question--how much can you afford to spend?--for costs vary with stand-ards of what is necessary and desirable. These standards are closely relatedto economic position. Today I shall be talking about costs for children withno more than 4 siblings in fRmilies whose level of living is such that theii;food expenditures are at the level of the Department's low-cost food plan./Very Shortly we will also have available estimates at the levels of themoderate-cost and economy food plans.
Using the food plans is one way of setting the economic level in which ourhypothetical child livesx, For those of you who may not be familiar with theDepartment's food plans,A/ let me take a moment to describe them and explaintheir use in this research. They are at four cost levels--econamy (the lowest),low-cost, moderate-cost, and liberal. Each provides a guide for estimating thequantities of foods needed for individuals of specified age and sex. Costs forindividuals are estimated periodically. These costs can be combined to estimatecosts for families of varying size and composition. On the assumption thatgroups of families that are eating at the same level are living at the ssmelevel, the budgets can be used to bridge differences ill family size and com-position to locate families at comparable levels of living.
1/ This paper follows up work reported at the NoveMber 1966 OutloOk meetingby Lucile F. Mork. As in the earlier work, the methodology was developed by theauthor, with Carol M. Jaeger, Minnie Belle McIntosh, both formerly with the Con-sumer and Food Economics Research Division._ DT0 J. Patriek Madden, AssociateProfessor Agricultural Economics, Pennsylvania State University, suggested the
444 regression equation used.3/ AA this paper was being prepared it was discovered that a programming
error invalidated estimates for the farm dhild in the West. Corrections mouldnot be sada in time for inclusion in this paper and consequently estimates fOr
7ml this Child have had to be omitted.adm3/ The plans are described in detail in HERR 20, Family Food Plans and FOod
Costs, and in CA62-19, Family FOod Plans Revised, 1964, both USDA pdblications.
(DPrices are publidhed quarterly in Family Economics Review. MOdifications Madein the pricing of the plans for thi-s- research are descrOed on p. 6.
C:$CPI
Estimates in constant vs. current prices
The data we used to derive the estimates of costs of raising a child camefrom the 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures conducted jointly by USDA andthe Bureau of Labor Statistics. As a result our first estimates are in termsof 1960-61 nrices (table 1). Alch estimates have little more than historicalinterest in 1970, in view of a price rise of 23 percent from 1961 to 1969.Consequently we have updated the costs to 1969 prices (table 2). .We have alsocomputed costs for a child born in 1951 and reaching age 17 in 1968 so as toreflect the price changes that occurred during his childhood (table 3). Theindex numbers used in computing prices in tables 2 and 3 are given ie table 4so that costs for a child of any age can be computed in prices of any yearbetween 1951 and 1969.
Whether you will want to use the estimates presented in c nstant dollars--that is, costs for all ages in prices of a specified year--or in currentdollars--prices varying with the year--will depend on the use you plan to makeof them. The data tn constant dollars are pertinent when allowances for presentcosts are being considered. Persons in welfare programs determining allowancesfor the support of dependent children will want data for each age as nearly intoday's prices as possible. So will lawyers and courts when support for chil-dren is being adjudicated. So will researchers when they are considering thepresent costs of rupporting the youth of the country or of a segment of thepopulation. But the lawyer and court considering the past costs met in raisingan individual child will want the costs in current dollars to reflect pricesthroughout the child's lifetime. So will the researcher interested in pastcosts of a cohort of individuals.
First, let us consider costs in 1969 dollars. At the low-cost level weare dealing with in this paper estimates for the first 18 years of life rangein constant dollars from $19,360 for a rural nonfarm child in the North Centralregion to $25,000 for a rural nonfarm Child in the West. These costs compareto costs ranging from $15,800 to $20,190 for a Child born in 1951, computed atthe prices current in each year through his childhood. Here also the extremesare a North Central rural nonfarm child and a rural nonfarm child in the West.
Proportion of family income required per child
There are many differences between costs relating to where VI- child lives,but same generalizations are possible and of interest. Over the 18-year spanwe are considering, costs per child in constant dollars at the time of the aur-vey--1960-61--consumed from 15 to 17 percent of family income (table 5). Thepercentage is lowest for the farm Child in the Northeast and North centralregions. There income has to be spread to cover somewhat more children thanelsewhere.
Variatir&::f* child
Even without taking into account the effects of price change over the life
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span of the child, total costs per year generally rise as the child grows. In1969 dollars, costs in the eighteenth year are about 30 to 45 percent higherthan in the first year.
Price changes over the life of a child may increase the variation in annualcosts. Consi,ler, for expmple, the child born in 1951. In that year and thenext,you may remember, th.2. Korean :risis caused a sharp rise in prices. Subse-quently food and clothing prices dropped somewhat, but by 1957 average pricesfor the goods and services we have grouped together in our tabular presentationwere all back to the 1951 levels or higher. Since then the trend has beengenerally upwards, and the rate of increase has been accelerating in recentyears. As a result, the costs in the child's eighteenth year, in 1968 dollars,are about 75 to 95 percent h'gher than the costs in his first year, in 1951dollars. This is more than double the difference in constant dollars.
Costs do not all rise at the same rate over the life span of the child.The increase is anarpest in clothing and food, categories for which we have thebest basis for estimating individual costs--in food from the food plans and inclothing from the reports for individuals in the survey.
In other categoriesitures for the family asdetermine the
Lpoportion4rto the child.7 Lacking
of consumption, the survey is limited to data on expend-a whole. Data from another survey have been used toof family expenditures for medical care to be assignedinformation on the shares of housing, transportation,
r.nd miscellaneous goods and services used by each family member, we have giventhe child his per capita share of these categories, making no distinction onage although there is same inequity in this procedure. The infant and the teen-ager do not require equal amounts of transportation, for example, yet we assignthem equal shares of the family costs.
When costs are assigned on a per capita basis and family expenditures donot vary in proportion to family size, costs per dhild can be expected to de-crease through the years When family size tends to increase and to turn upwardagain When the Child is a teenager and has fewer brothers and sisters at home.This pattern is evident in transportation but is most marked in housing.
Food and clothing costs also increased more than other costs between thechild's first and eighteenth year when costs are expressed in constant dollars.Price changes between 1951 and 1968 in food and clothing were less than in othercategories but not enough less to counterbalance the relative changes in realor constant-dollar costs.
Relative rt ce of the cate ories
A pattern in the way total costs are distributed among the categories ofconsumption is easily discernible in the estimates by region and urbanization.
4/ For more detail on the computation of costs for medical care and othercategories of consumption, see pp. 9-10.
Housing generally takes a larger share than any other cacegory over the child'sfirst 18 years--up to 30 percent of the total. Food is a close second to hous-ing and exceeds it among Northeast farm and urban children. Clothing and theresidual category that includes recreation and pelsonal care each take roughlythe same proportionsusually 10 to 12 percent. Transportation takes samewhatmore. The smallest proportigns are used on medical care--4 to 6 percent--andeducationabout 1 percent.5/
Rural-urban differen-es
The opinion is rather widely held that rural people ean live more cheaplythan city people. It has been suggested, however, that when we expect farmpeople to live at less cost we frequently also expect them to live less well.In this study we have attempted to hold levels of living constant, measuringcosts as the value of goods and services used without regard to whether theywere purchased or hame-produced./
find that when levels of living are held constant, there is little dif-fe in costs for the farm, rural nonfarm, and urban child in the South.Costs for the urban child are appreciably higher than for the two rural childrenin the North Central region, but in the Northeast and West the rural nonfarmchild has the highest cost. Food and housing costs of the urban child aregenerally higher than these costs for a rural child in the same region. Histransportation costs are generally lower.
I would like to be able to tell you What part of these differences betweenrequirements far farm, rural nonfarm, and urban Children result fram the choicesfamilies make because of differences in needs and preferences and how much fromvariation in price levels. However, we worked fram expenditure data in whichit is not always possible to determine the quantities consumed and never posstole to determine whether items bOught by farm and nonfarm households were oflike quality.
I mentioned a moment ago that we have attempted to hold level of livingconstant. Because it is harder to do this between farm, rural nonfarm, andurban situations than between regions of the country, perhaps this is the pointat WhiCh I Should tell you something about our procedures and assess our success.
As I said earlier, we are proceeding on the assumption that families whoare eating at the same level of adequacy are living at the same lerel of ade-quacy in other respects. In other words, we are assuming that family spendingis "of a piece" across the areas of consumption--that families will apply thesame standards in all areas of spending.
2/ Any college expense that may have been incurred before age 18 is not in-cluded. For a more detailed explanation of the derivation of the estimates foreducation, see p. 10.g Goods and services received as gift or pay, except food and housing re-
ceived as pay are not included in the analysis. For treatment of home-producedfood, see p.
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We must recognize, however, that the goods and services families buy areonly one factor in determining levels of living. Goods and, more frequentlY,services furnished by the community also are a part of level of living but arenot included in our basic data. A few differences in the level of communityservices may be reflected in the level of family spending, many will not be.If school systems do not provide free school books, families must. This maybe one explanation for higher education expenses among southern farm families.If free libraries are not available, families may buy more books and keep uptheir level of living. On the other hand, they may read less and be at a lowerlevel of living. If goveramtnt does no+ provide police protection, few fami-lies will be in a position to buy it prJ-fately and their level of living willbe reduced. But as long as we are concerned primarily with the out-of-pocketcosts of families, inequalities in community services are of little moment.
Of more importance than inequalities in community services to our thesisthat families eating at the same level are living at the same level is theimplicit assumption that all goods and services are equally available to allfamilies, without cost differentials, and that differences in selections madeare based only on differences in needs and preferences. This is not universallytrue. While price differences are believed to be decreasing, same still exist.Location also accounts for same differences in costs that are not true pricedifferences. A farm family, for example, may have to pay mileage costs in addi-tion to the standard fee for a physician's house call. And a farm family willually have to pay for room and board when a child attends college, whereas
many city children can live at hone while attending college. On the other hand,the city child may have to spend money to reach and enjoy the fresh air and openspace that constantly surrounds the farm child at no cost. The pressures ofpopulation also result in the urban family paying more than the rural familyfor comparable housing. In any of these instances the family facing highercosts nay decide to buy less of the commodity and more food. On the other hand,the family facing lower costs may put some or all of the money saved into morefood. In both cases, the relation between food and other consumption is dis-torted and our thesis that families eating ,t the same level are living at thesame level is not universally true. However, it is probable that these distor-tions average cut to some extent when families are grouped together.
gelli Regional differences
There are considerable differences among the regions in the absolute levylof the estimated cost of raising a child and no consistent pattern in these dif-4 ferences. Regional differences are greatest for the rural nonfarm Child. For
1.11:1this Child, the highest estimate for the West, exceeds the lowest estimate, forthe North Central region, by almt!ist 30 percent. The distribution of costs among
C) the categories of consumption, on the other hand, shows few regional differ-ences. Most noteworthy is that food tends to take a high and transportation alow proportion of total costs in the Northeast.
Methodol_ ical statement
As same of you will remember, we presented estimates of the cost of raisinga farm child in the North Central region and the South on this program in
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5
November 1966. My presentation today would not be camp ete without discussingbriefly the changes we have made in our methodology and the differences theyhave caused in the two sets of estimates.
First, let me review our use of the food plans--specifically the low-cost
plans. The low-cost plan, as published in CA 62-19, Family Food Plans Revised,64, and priced for the four regions annually in Family Economics Review,
suggests amounts of 11 groups of food that together provide an adequate diet.The difference in the cost of food in the four regions comes about partly be-cause in pricing the plans choices of foods in each food group are based on thefood habits of the lowest third of families in each region. In thE South thisis a lower income level than in the other regions. If we are to use the costof the food plans to locate families at a constant level of 14ving we cannotpermit differences in incone to affect food choices and deternkine, even in part,
the co-t of the plans. We have therefore used one set of food, choices--the U.S.nonfarm average--and priced them in the same income class throUghout. By thisprocedure we have eliminated as far as possible differences attributable to
differences in income level. The remaining cost differences between regionsand umbanizations are largely attributable to variations in price levels. Theseprice differences, of course, must be taken into account in locating familiesat the same level of consumption.
Pricing the U.S. average nonfarm choices in 1 regions and urbanizationsbrings the costs of the food plans closer together both across regional linesand cls between farm, rural nonfarm, and urban areas. And of particular impor-tance in explaining differences in our 1966 and present estimates of the costof raising a farm child in the North Central and Southern regions, this procedurereverses the relation of the food plan costs for North Central and Southern farmfamilies at the low-cost level. Whereas in the 1966 computations, costs in theSouth were lower, they are now higher than in the North Central region. Thesechanges can be illustrated in costs per week for the low-cost food plan for theusual budget family of four, a husband and wife aged.20 to 34 and 2 Childrenaged 7 to 9 and 10 to 12. The pricings used in 1966 and in our present computa-tions, both in 1 0-61 dollars, are:
North CentralSouthNortheastWest
Used in 1Ruralfarm
$21.3018.5023.9023.10
6 computationsRural nonfarm
and urban
$25.4021.0026.8027.20
Principally as a result of the reversal ofof the North Central and Southern low-cost foodof our estimates of the costs of raising a farmin the two regions. In 1960-61 dollars the old
North CentralSouth
Used in 1970 computationsRural Ruralfarm nonfarm
Urban
$22.30 $22.8022.70 22.9025.60 25.5024.30 25.70
$25.1022.9026.0026,30
the relative positions of costsplans, the relative positionschild have also been reversedand new low-cost estimates are:
12§k 1970
$15,010 $16,01013,270 17,830
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Both the earlier and present estimates are based on regression rInalysis.In the earlier analysis, the estimate for each category in each regio7 andurbanization was compiled fran a series of nine regressions, each using datafor that region and urbanization only and for one family type and usually oneor two family sizes. This procedure requires a very large sample and we wouldprobably not have been able to develop estimates for the farm population in theNortheast, and the rural nonfarm population in the NortheaL't and West if we hadstayed with it.
The present estimates are based on multiple regressions which utilize thedata for all children in families of husband and wife, one to five children,and no other persons. It permits the introduction of tenure and age of the,head of the family, pertinent variables not used in the earlier procedure.D
The new equation forms, together with the changes in the level of the foodplan costs have resulted in same changes in the make-up of our total costfigures. Because the level of total costs was raised somewhat in the NorthCentral estimates and more so in the Southern, the proportion of the total takenby food has decreased in both regional estimates but more in the Southern. Inthe latter, there is also an appreciable decrease in the proportion going totransportation. In the South, these shifts are balanced principally by an in-crease in the proportiLn going to housing. In the North Central, the decreasein t'e proportion for food is balanced principally by an increase in the propor-tion for the miscellaneous category that includes personal care and recreation.
Methodological .elp.pendix
Rsgressions used
Allowances for all the categories of consumption except food at home wereobtained by a two-step procedure. As a first step, a proxy for the normal levelof consumption was determined at the level of the low-cost food plan. AB asecond step, each of the categories was determined at the level of the proxy fornormal level of consumption.
The regressluns used were:
F = f(P, P2, HU, H, S, T, A)
X = f(P, F2, , H, S, T, A)
The terms are defined as follow.:
F = food consumption defined as the sum. of expenditures for food athome or to be carried from home, one-half of expenditures for food away fromhome except expenditures for school lunches, the value of seals received as pay,
V The regression equations used are discussed rurther below.
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and Wor percent of the value of home-produc :t food. The adjustment to eApendi-tures for food away from home was made to transform expenditures to a food-at-
home basis for use in conjunction with the -P-od plans in which it is assumed
that all meals are from the home food supply In the 1955 Household Food Con-slxmption Survey the cost of a meal away from home was approximately twice the
cost of a meal at home. Expenditures for school lunches were not similarlydeflated because family expenditures meet only a part of the total cost. The
value of home-produced food was reduced because analysis of data from the 1960-
61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures indicates that 40 percent of home-producedfood subspltutes for purchases and 60 percent increass the level of f.).)d. con-
sumption.°/ This adjustment is necessary because of the basic premise thatfamilies at comparable levels of living have comparable food consumption.
P = the sum of family expenditures for food (actual, not adjusted),
clothing, housing, education, transportation other than automobile purchase,
personal care, reading, recreation, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, miscellaneous
fami?.y expenditures, gifts and contributions, and personal ingurance. These
are the categories of family outlay relatively unaffected by year-to-year vari-
ations in family income. Their aum is used as a proyy for the permanent or
normal level of living in determining the average level of expenditure for the
individual categories.
EU = region and urbanization.
H = tenure of the family home.
= family size in year-equivalent persons.
T = family type. The data are limited to three family types. All are
comprised of husband and wife, unmarried children, and no other persons. The
distinction between types is based on the age of the oldest child--under 6 years,
6 through 17 years, and 18 years and over.
A = age of the head of the family.
X = in individual equations, family expenditures for food away from
home, clothing for children (by age of child), clothing materials and services,
housing, medical care, education, transportation other than automobile purchase,
automobile purchase, and all other,
In determining the value for P in specified classes F is set at the esti-
mated cost of the food plan for the class, In determining the value for X, P
is set at the value derived in the first equation. Estimates were developed for
all family type-size classes in each region and urbanization on the basis of the
known average age of the head and known age of the oldest child and assumptions
as to the age distribution of other Children.
21 Pennock, J. L0 "Home Production and the Family's Food." Family Economics
Review. ARS 62-5, USDA, September 1966, pp, 13-14.
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Content of the cate ories
In one category of consumption, clothing, the survey data indicate theindividual for wham the expenditures were made. We can, therefore, developcost estimates tailored to specific age groups. In the other categories ofconsumption, however, expenditures were reported on a family basis. In thesecategories, except as noted in the discussion of food away from home and medi-cal care, the child has been assigned his per capita share of the family'sexpense. These per capita cost estimates were developed independently forchildren in families with oldest child under 6 years of age, 6-17, and 18 andover, using the family size-type groups indicated above.
Estimates in tables 2 and 3 have been rounded to the nearesta false appearance of precision. Table 1, which is essentially acarries the data to the nearest $1.
The estimated costs in the various categories of consumptionas follows:
$10 tO avoidworktable,
were computed
Food.--The cost for food at home is the cost of the food plan for a Childof the specified age to which adjustments have been made (1) for the economy ofscale involved in family size, and (2) to compensate for the costs for meals andsnacks away from home. The age intervals used are those of the food plans aspublished in 1961:
Under 1 4-C 13-151-3 7-9 16-17
10-12
No differentiation in costs has been made for sex. The costs in the ageintervals in which the food plans differentiate between costs for boys and girlsare averages of the food plan allowances for boys and girls.
The estimated cost for food away from home is the child's per capita shareof expenditures for meals other than those at work, at school, and for snacks.It is assumed that no children in the age range we are concerned with were em-ployed and so we allowed no meals at work. We also assumed that children under4 years of age do not eat in restaurants. Because a meal bought awmy from homecosts roughly twice as much as a meal at home, one-half the cost of meals awayfrom home has been subtracted tram the cost for food at home.
Clothing,--The estimated costs are derived from the actual expendituresfor Children in the following age groups:
Under 2 6-112-5 12-15
16-17
To these has been added a per capita share of family expenditures for clothingmaterials and services.
Honsi: ,--This category includes the cost for the family dwelling; ftel,light, re _igeration, and water; household operations; and housefUrnifithings and
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equipment. The cost per child is a per capita share of the ily's reported
expenditures.
Medical care.--The family expenditures reported in the 1960-61 ourvey ofConsumer Expenditures were assigned among individuals on the basis of the vari-ation in individuals' expenditures by age in a survey conducted as part of the
National Health Survey .2/ When the expenditures of persons 15 to 44 years ofage are set at 100, the relatives are as follows for the income levels shown:
$2,000-$3,999 $4,00046,999 $7,000 and over
Under 15 years 39.8 45.5 51.315-44 years 100.0 100.0 100.045=64 years 156.5 143.2 141.7
65 years and older 197.2 159.1 197.4
The $2,000-$3,999 ratios were used. We have applied the ratios for under 15years to 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds rather than the ratio for 15 through 44.Other studies indicate that adolescence is one of the healthiest periods. There-fore the ratio for those under 15 seems more pertinent to this 3-year span thanthe ratio for 15 through 44 years, which includes the child-bearing years forwomen and the period in which the degenerative diseases begin to develop.
Expenditures for medical care vary greatly because of the irregular inci-dence of illness and accidents. In relatively small samples such as these esti-mates are derived from, the standard error of the average expenditure may bequite large. It is probable that any differences in the source data, resultingin different cost estimates, are not statistically significant.
Education.--Costs were estimated from the expenditures of families whoseoldest child was 6 to 17 years of age. Inspection of a selection of question-naires from the aurveyorConsumer Expenditures showed that most of the educationexpenditures reported by families whose youngest dhiid was under 6 were incurredfor the husbanii or wife, While most expenditures in families whose oldest childwas 18 years of age or more were for college education of these older children.
Tran- rtation.--This category includes costs for the purchase and operationof automobiles and for public transportation. The child is assigned a per capitashare of expenditures.
All other.--Included here are the child's per capita share of the family'sexpenditures for personal care, recreation, reading, and other miscellaneousexpenditurc Children in the age groups with Which me are concerned vivreassumed not to use tobacco and alcoholic beverages. They have been assigned nocost for insurance or giftr and contributions.
2/ Medical Care, _Health Status and Family Incamei United States. Vital andHealth Statistics, Series 10, NO0 9, Po 450 U.S. National Center fOr HealthStatistics, 1964.
Adjusting costs for_price change
Table 4 presents the percentage changes in prices between the base period
and each year between 1951 and 1969 as measured by the Consumer Price Index
(CPI). The base period for the urban data is 1960-61; for the farm and rural
nonfarm data, 1961. Therefore, two sets of index numbers are shown.
Table 2, showing estimates of costs in 1969 prices, was produced by apply-
ing these index numbers to the 1960-61 values in table 1 and summing the resultsto obtain the total cost in each year of age. Table 3, showing estimates of
costs for a child born in 1951 in the prices current in each year of age was
produced by applying the index numbers for the calendar year corresponding to
the child's age to the values for that age in table 1, and, as in table 2,
smnming the results to obtain total annual costs.
Index numbers comparable to those in table 4 can be produced for other
years. It must be recognized, however, that the effects of rising real incomes,
the new goods and services coming on the market, and Changing consumer prefer-
ences on the mix of food and other goods and services being consumed cannot_be
built into our updating. Therefore as the span between the base period, 1960-61,
and the year for Which adjustment is made lengthens either forward or backward
in time, adjustment for price change alone becomes increasingly insufficient as
a correction to true current costs.
The component indexes of the CPI that nave been used to adjust for price
changes in the various categories are:
Category
Food at homeFood away from homeClothirwHousingMedical careEducationTransportationAll other
Index
Food at homeFood away from home 12/Apparel and upkeepHousingMedical careReading and recreationTransportation2ersonal care, reading andrecreation averaged
10 f The index for food away from home was begun in 1953. Index numbers fOr
1952 and 1951 were computed using tbe average percentage annual Change in the
years 1953-56.
Tab
le 1
A4-
-Tat
imat
ed c
ost o
f ra
isin
g, a
.fa
rm c
hild
at l
evel
of'
low
-coA
rood plan, by region, in 1 061
prio
,[I
n fa
mily
of
husb
and
and
wif
eand no more than rive children)
Ago of child
(Tbarg)
a, ii
mat
edcost for--
Tot
alFo
od
Tot
alA
tho
me
2Li
Aw
ayfr
omho
me
Clothing
HO
US
ing
Medical
care
Educa-
tl_on
Tram-
vrta-
tion
A.1
.
cddI
h Central
$756 v.
,
162
$133
162
400
143
ui .3
4297 292
15 ,
.
$0 0..
,
749
158
158
074
256
4 ,,
01
y
:'74
915
815
818
2
1 1974
75h
III
I4,
i
011
3'''
1
...'
792
792
201
201
182
1974
L'5
f...
03
31.,
L
819
200
180
1910
52-
1457
114
131
857
236
218
1910
57:
144'
di4
L1
31
857
238
218
1910
523
111[
3'11
113
1--
,,,1
857
238
218
1910
527
144:
'15
1
895
27f,
256
1910
5',,
,,4t.
141
ii_
895
271,
256
1910
522
1447
14i 3
1"
986
'
282
259
2 i
155
250
5215
1 0
1;-
'2.
7
1,01
330
828
52
i15
521
4047
14'
i5,_
1,01
330
828
57
315
52h
047
1415
71
''
.7
1,01
330
828
5?"
i15
521
0II
,.
1515
2I
'
..71
1,08
914
432
0,7
-14
180
?4L
,-,
"[iii
1.5'
;
1,08
9.
34.4
320
2418
074
342
115
159
5.
$16,
007
$14,
373
$14,
075
292
11,9
9200
55$7
66$1
03iL
255
0i[
iL1
[
Sout
h
$854
$111
3$1
431
4,10
$50
$313
44:..
,,t,
o.$2
00$1
[L
i'1
5.2
883
172
172
050
31.3
4r,
020
0
856
169
169
011
32H
,4
.;ID
[7,,
',7
856
159
1e9
00
3tl,
(,,
5 3
r,1(
9.,.
(5.
7
901
,21
419
123
0320
65
--;
017
997
5.7
901
214
191
2383
2E3(
.4,
,0.
179
",,li
925
21 3
189
2 3
113
257
142
1917
:1
-)..
959
214
22 3
2311
325
752
.19
176
1,5.
959
256
223
231.
1325
.11
V19
172
25.
,.,.
959
246
223.
2 i
113
257
r42
1917
61,
.
1,00
2I
209
266
2",
113
257
[L19
176
-.
.,,A
1,00
226
926
623
113
2.57
5719
1.72
t,
1,07
129
3I
267
2515
4N
119
119
IL'
'.....
.'
1,09
8.3
191
294
2515
4.?
(,,
h?19
1;`-
'1
..,
1,09
1331
929
425
154
'.!(
347
12!
1,h)
1,09
831
929
1425
155
N
1,20
255
833
02b
1
P-,e
,24
, ,.
41,
1,)
; '02
ILI
.-
1,20
2.35
833
021
1:3
:,-.,,
h2(
i,51
1
4:1
,l
:',Y
11-
dd
d.
417,
826
$14,
i644
,2 j4
4340
$2,1
72$1
,1,,-
Jf .,
$705
.1.2
,LT
1. ''
,,, ti
2II
, '!J
LI
Table 1A.--Continued.
Age of child
(years)
Total
Total
Food
At
home 1
Away
from
home
Clothing.
Housing
/
Medical.
care
duce-
tion
Trans-
porta-
tion
'We
oth.
, ri
Under 1 ----
2-
3 4 , 5 6, 7 8, 9
.....
10
11.
12 ---------
13 ---------
14,
16
Total ----
Northeast
$765
800
753
753
800
800
842
879
879,
879
927
927
991
1,020
1,020
1,020
1,102
1,102
$16,
259
$159 19 186
233
232
270
270
270
317
317.
325
354
354
354
400
400
,$5,
05
$159
193
186
186
215
215
212
250
250
250
298
298
305
334.
334
334
376
376
4,77
1
$0 0 0
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20.
20
24
214
4.28
4
$40
4,7
447
95
95
95
95
95
139
li9
139
139
148
148
$1,770
$297
297
252
252
252
238
2.38
238
238
238
238
246
246
246
2146
250
250
$4,514.
442
$0
42
0
41
041
0
41
041
0
40
4o
11
40
11
40,
11
11
11
41
941
9
41.
9 9
4o
8
40
2.
$153 153
134
134
134
134
119
139
139
139
139
145
145
145.
145
163
163
$7 2
$118
$2,582
41,4)4
).1
5. (1.2
6,2
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.4
Note:
tetail say not 01 to total bee
se of rounding,
1/
Includes heme-prodUced.
2Includes shelter; fLel, light, refrigeration, and water; household
operations; and furnL;limgs
and equipment.
3/
includes, personal care, recreatIon,, reading, and other miscellaneous
expenditures.
Source:
Derived from, the. 1960-61 SurveyofConsimaer Expenditures.
Table 111.--ktinated cost of raising a rural nonfarm child at level of lov-cost food plan, by region, in 1961 p
[In family of husband and vife and no more than five childrenl
I.of ddld
()mere)
Mir 1 ----
1 3 5
..mosomarn..
mmmm
6mmmm
7.........
mmmmm m.m
U 13M
.M10
0.1
MM
IMM
.1.1
-01.
-
161
ale
..11.11 MMMMM
10
I----
1 2MMMMM
3
MMMM
5 8 9
10
MMMM -
1.5
I
Estimated cost, for--
Aver-
agf
family
size
(Persons)
Total
Clothing
Medical
care
ITrans-
Educa-
,porta-
tion
tion
All
other
At
home y
Avq
frca
hone
North Central,
$802
831
744
744
785
785
81k
81h0
170
163
163
20
2o4
20k
Po
I170
/3
163
189
189
189
$13 0 0 0
15
15
15
$43
43
62
62
62
62
97
$318
1
318
259
259
259
1
259
242
$39 39
36
36 36
36
36
$0 o 0 0 0 0 9
¶$178
178
147
147
'47
147
142
4
84
77
77
77
77
84
4.9
4.9
5.8
5.8
5.8
5. 5.9
852
242
227K
15
97
242
36
9142
84
5.9
852
2h2
227
115
97
242
36
9142
84
5.9
852
242
227
i
15
97
242
36
9142
84
5.9
090
2e0
265
15
97
242
36
9142
84
5.)
890
280
265
I
15
97
242
36
91142
84
5.9
964
284
267
18
138
245
36
9160
92
5.6
992
312
294
18
138
245
36
9160
92
5.6
992
312
294
18
138
245
36
9160
92
5.6
992
312
294
18
138
2145
36
I9
10
92
5.6
1,081
351
332
20
171
2147
35
8171.
97
5.5
1,081
351
332
20
171
247
35
8171
97
5.5
415,943
44,456
44,227
$232
$1,810
m
$4,598
$652
$106
2,778
$1,542
South
9 a36 as 879
879
est
922
922
922
960
960
1,02
71,
053
1,05
310
5,3
1,16
71,
167
817,353,
$146
176
169
212
212
210
248
248
248
287
287
290
316
316
316
355
355
9560
$146 176
169
169
193
193,
191
229
229
229
267
331
331
$4,2
70
$0
$52
052
075
75
19
75
19
75
19
102
19
102
19
102
19
102
19
102
19
102
22
141
22
141
22
14].
22
141
24
190
24
190
$288
$1, 9
60
$341 341
282
282
282
282
256
256
256
256
256,
256,
259
259
259
259
265
265
44,9
12
42
,142
39
39
39
39
38 38
38
38 38
38
37
37
37
37
37
37
0 0 0 0
11
11
11
$216
216
177
177
177
.177
167
167
167
11
11
167
11
167
10
182.
10
182
10
182
182
10
196
196
90
$126
31262
$104
104
93 93
93
100
100
100
100
107
107
107
107
114
114
1,83
6
4.8
4.8
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
Table 12.- -0ootinued
Age of' child
(pears)
Tot
alTotal
Ifi
tbone
Clothing
NO
USi
ngMedical
I
Educa.,
care
tion
Trans-
porta-
tion
All
othPi
Aver-
age
family
size.
Persons
Under 1 ----
1MMMM
MMMM
5 8 9 12 MMMM
13
23
17
Teta ----
Older 1. ----
1 2 3 5 .........
6 9
.13L 13
26
17 .........
Total,
Northeast
'
,
187
187
230
57
192
187
1.87
211
0 0 0,
19
7
47
70
70
70
$354
354,
315
315
315
$141
41
39
39
39
"0 o o o 0,
1 197
177
177
.177
111.
5J.
m.
5.3
107
5.8
107
5,8
.107
5.8
, 9140
230
I
211
19
70
315
39
I0,
.177
107
5.8
979
229
209
20,
102
302
39
15
174.
117
5.9
19022
272
1
252
20
102
302
1
39
15
174
117
5.9
1,022
272
11
252
20
102
302
39
15
174
117
5.9
11022
272
,
252
1
20
102.
302
39
15
174
117
5.9,
1,069
320
300
1
201
102
302
39
15.
174,
117
5.9
1,069
320.
300
20.
102
302
39
15
1
174
117
5.9
1,148
324,
302
22
156,
309
39
15
184
121
5.7
19177
353.
'
331
22
156,
309
39
15.
184
121
5.7
1,177
353
331
22
156,
309
39
15
184
121
5.7
1,177
353
331
22
156
309,
39
15
184
121
5.7
1,293
397
, '
372
25
195
315
39
14
203
130
5.4
1,293
397
372
25
195
315
i9
14
1
203
131)
5.4.
$18,972.
5,045
$II,7149
$296
$2,000
$5,6146
J6
178
$3,288,
$2,096
West
969
1,02
1Cd8,
1,047
4090
1,090
1,090
1,133
1,133
1,232
1,261
19261
1,261
1,376
1,376
$20,417'
$154
1891
183,
183
232
232
230
272
272
272
315
315
320
349
349
402
$5,0
20
$1511
189
183
183
211
211
208
251
251
251
2911
29k
295
324
324
324
374
3r4
$4,6
95
0 0
21.
21
21.
21
21.
21.
21
21.
24.
24.
24
24
28
28
$3201
48
48
77
77
77 77
113
113
113
113
113
313
173
173
173
173
177
177
$2,128
$373
373
317
317
317
317
295
295
295
295
295
295,
302
302
302
302'
317
317
$5,626
50 50
47
47
147
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
48
48
$854
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
14
12
12
$170
Note:
Detail nay rat add
Includes hoes-produce44
ecuipneat.
Source:
Derived from
to total because of rounding.
V Includes Shelter; Awl, light, refrigeration, and water4 hous
includes personal care, recreation,reading, and other miscellaneous expendi
196041 gamy or Comsumer Expenditures.
256
256
214
214.
214
214
208
208
2 2 2 238
227'
227
227
227
256
256
$4,036,
$147'
147
131
131
131
131
141
141
141
141
141
150
150
150
150
164
164
$2,5
92
5.0
5.0
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
6.0
6.o
6.0
6.o
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5. 5.3
hold operati
s; and furnishings
urea.
Table 14Estimated cost of' raising an urban child at level of low-coot food
.
plan, by regton, in 191 pri r,
[In family of husband and wife and no more than five children]
Estimated cost for--
Ale f Child,
Tota l
(yea
ri)
Food
Clothing
,
H ousing
VMedical
care
l Euca-
tion,
Trans-
porta-
tion
AL
otL ,
r.
q
Total
At
home 1/
Away
from
home
Under 1
1 5MMMM
Under 1 ----
8,M
MM
M .
910 11
12
13
....
14
1516
17
North Central
$919
955 5
885
929,
915
965
985
985
1,028
1,028
1,098
1,127
1,127
1,12
71,264
1,264
$18,435
5
190
184
184
228
228
225
268
268
268
311
311
.315
344
1
344
344
389
389
,
$4,945
55 190
184
184
209
209
206
249
249
249
292
1
292
294
323
323,
323
366
366
$4,663,
0 0 0
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
21 21 21 21 24
24
284
50 50
73
73 73
73
105
105
'
105
105
105
105
148,
148
148
148
205
205
$2,024
,37
321
321
291
291
291
291
297
297
297
297
306
306
$5,576
$44
44 42
42'
!12
42 41
41 41
41 41
41
41
41 41 41
41 41
$748
0 01 0 0 0 0
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13 13 13
12 12
$160
tuyo
190
li,5
105
11,5
1W)
ILW
157
157
157
157
157
101
1(0
19 169
187
187
,p,,02
Illy
i,(
1 I I'o
1 c
1q'
1,r'
1P,
115,.
115
it'
1.',
1..,,,
5.
sout
h
$889
919
843
843
880
880
888
$151
181
175
175
213
213
211
$151
181.
175
175
196
196
194
$0 0 0 0
16
16,
16.
$52
52
76
76
76
76
106
$357
357
301
301
301
301
268
$44
44
42 42
42
42
40
$0 0 0 0 0 0
15
$178
L78.
151.
151
Ita
151
14.3
$107
1u7
'
',h.
,.'k
105
1.
:0
,
926
249
233
16,
106
268
40,
151
143
105
926
249
233
16,
106
268
40
15
143
105
926
249
233
16
106
24,:,
40
15
143
105
5.E,
965
288
272
16
106
268
40
15
143
105
965
288
272
16
106
.;
4.0
151
143
16
1,035
291
272
1
19
147
272
40
14
158.
11.3
0
1,062
318
299
19
147
272
40,
14
158,
1.1.
.
1,062
318
299
19
147
272
40
14
1,062
318
299
19
147
272
40
14
15E'.
11_
1,15
1361
341
20
167
279
40
14
170
1-11
1,151
361
341
20
167
279
40.
!14
170
liu
..
$17,373
$4,609
$44362
244
$1,966
$5,172
$7.3/6
$174
$2,790
$1,
Table
ontinued
Age of Child
(years)
Tot
aa
Under 1 ----
1 2 5, 6 8 9
.....
13
1111.
15 ......
16
17. Total.
7 7' 7 7 814
857
857
857
905
905
967
995
995
995
1,07
11,
071
5,93
6
1,033
1,033
1,033
1,C81.
1,08
11,
1441
781,
178
1,17
81,270
1,27
C
$19,
097'
Total
Away
from
hcme
Clothine
Moaning
Medical
Educa-
care
tion
Trsns-
All
porta-
otlwr
tion
.
Aver-
acc,
family
Northeast
: 44
$1,17
740
4122
4.
2(111
201
044
37
0122
T ,c
194
072
'
In,
110
7c"
114
194
072
110
2 Ot
222
12
72
274
0,
lin
234
222
12
274
r)
110
l'
232
218,
13
loo
252'
71001
,71
275.
262'
13
100
252
106,
...i
275
262'
13
100
252
710
6H.
275
262
13
100
25.2
7106
-
323
309
13
1.00
2')2
36
7106
H.
323
309
11
100
62
it.
,
1tut
H.
328
313
16
132'
257
6121
r
356
141
16,
132
257
46
121
356
141
16
132
257
121
356
341
16
132
257
16
6121
:H7
404
386
17
147
259
15
"
612)
)1
5 0
4
404
386
17
147
259
356
129
91
45,1
,4,
9$200 ,
$4,788
4648
$78
$2,062
$1,4!i2
est
$160
$160
$0
$48
$367
$54
$0
4191
4113
4.9
195
195
048
367
54
0191
189
189
072
319
51
0167
107
189
189,
072
319
51
o167
107
239
216
2372
319
51.
01
167
107
5.10
239
216
231
72
119
51
0167
107
238
213
24
106
299
51
11
1:65
120
281
257'
24
106
299
51
11
165
120
Fk
281
257
24
106
2991
51
11
16,5
120
281
257
24
106
299
51
11.
165
120
329,
304
24
106,
299
51
11
165,
120
329
304
24
106
299
51
11
165,
120
333
)D6
26
144
306.
51
10
179
12f,
5.6
)62
335
26
144
106
51
10
179
126
362
335,
26
144
306
51
10
179
126
5,6
36,2
335
26
144
306
51
10
179
12(
5.h
412
382
11
147
313
50
9201
1Th
412
382
31
147
313
50
!9
201
15.
4
45,193
44,832'
$356
$4890
$5,654
$922.
$124
$3,158
$2,154
Mel Dateline, not add to total because of rounding.
ay
Includes, hame-produced.
gof
Includes shelter; fuel, light, refrigeration, and water; household operations; and 1uris1ing2,.
Wilmest.
3,
Includes, personal care, recreation, reading, and other miscellaneous expenditures.
boreal
Derived Tram the 1960661 Survey of Consumer Expenditures.
Ado of child
(years)
2thlo 2A.-4rt1oshed coot of raising a farm Child at level of low-coat food plan, by region, at 1969 prices
(IR family of husband and wife and no more than five children)
Vidor 1 ----
1
11.0
4...W
116.
.*
MM
M.W
WW
.M,
Total. ----
Under 1 --
2 6 7 ...
......
8M
MM
MM
M
10-
11 rommirmweelam
12 ......
13 .....
14 ISIMPWW=MomON
16
......
17
140401 "--,
Estimated cost, for--
Aver-
age
family
size
(Persons)
Avsy
tram
home
Clothing
Housing
Medical
care
Educe-
tion
Trans-,
porta-
tion.
All
other.
North Central
460
$0
$50
360
0$1
1
130
190
054)
360
080
130
190
090
310
1u0
130
190
90
310
6a0
160
240
220
20
90
310
600
160
240
220
20
90
310
Go
0160
1,
240
220
20
130
280
Go
20
160
1,040
2801
260
20
130
280
6m
20
1
1,04
01,
040
280
260
280
260
20
20
130
120
280
280
60
6o
20
20
1.1';())0°0
4090
330
310
20
130
280
60
20
160
1,09
333
)310
20
130
280
6m
20
160
1,200
3%0
320
30190
290
60
20
180
1,230
370
340
301
190
200
6o
20
180
1,233
370
340
30
190
2j0
, 0
20
180.
1,23
3370
30
190.
290.
60
20
,
180
1,33
0Ii
lO38
030
220
300
60
20
190
1,3P
hID
380
30.
220
300
6o
20
190
$199
460
$5,2
200,680
$314
11
$2,1
440
$400
$1,080
$240,
060
South
$190
4070
$0
$60
$360
$60
$0$240
1,08
0210
060
38,0
6o
240
11040
200
0100
350
60
0210
1,040
200
0100
350
Go
0,
210
1,100
1,100
260
260
2 2
30
)0
100
100
350
350
6o 6o
0
''211100
0
1,130
260
230
140,
310
60
20
210
1,170
30
140
310
60
20
210
1,170
300
270
30
ibo
310
60
20
210
12170
)30
270
30
hho
310
6020
210
1,220
350
320
30
140
310
60
20,
PIO
1,220
350
320
30
1,14,
310
60
20
qo
11300
1,330
1,3))
12330
1,46
0
350
300
300
301
oc
320
350
350
350
400
)0 30
30 30
4o
190
190
190
190
240
320
320
320
320
320
6o
20
220
60
20
220
60
20
220
60
20
220
* #
20
240
1,46
0440
430
4o240
320
60
20
240
$246
90$51530
$5,090
$14,
0$2
,600
$5,940
$1,080
$210
)40
1f01
15.:.3
13
100
5.8
100
100
100
110
6.a
110
1(.0
110
110
i).0
110
.0
110
6.0
120
5.7
120
5.7
120
5.7
120
547
Ho
5.5
130
5.5
$2,020
1
$130
5.2
130
5.2
120
5.7
120
5.7
120
5.7
120
5.7
130
5.9
130
5.9
130
5.9
130
5.9
130
5.9
lio
5.9
140
5.6
i140
5.6
,
140
,.t)
Pio
5.6
140
5.5
140
5.5
$2 ,
360
Table 2A.- -Continued
Oso of child
(lurg)
Total
Food
At
home lj
Ausy
frces
hom
e
Clothing,
Housing
2
Medical
care
Educa,
tion
Trans-
porta-
tion
All
other
2/
4111
.00.
100.
M.
10.
MMMMM
mommimmer.rom
MMM
16.
MMMMMM
17
heast
Aver-
age
family
size
(Persons)
$930
970
920
920
00
9190
4020
1,070
1,070
1,070
1,133
1,133
1,200
1,240
1,240
1,240
1,330
1,330
$19'770
$1. 230
220
I
220
280
280
280.
3301
I
330
3301
39)
390
390
h30
430
430
480
480
$6,110
$190
2301
220
220
2601
260
250
450
450
$547
10
0 0
20
20 30 30 30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$400
$50 50 80
80
80
80
120
120
120
120
120
120
170
170
170
170
180
180
$2,1
80
310
310
310
310
290
290
290
290
290
290
300
300
300
3)0
300
300
$5,500
$60
$0
6o
60
0
60
60
40
6o
10
60
10
60
10
610
10
601
lo
6,0
10
60
10
60
10
60
60
10
60
60
10
$1,o8o
$120
$180
180
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
16c/
2.60
160
170
170
170
170
190
190
$3,,020
90
100
loo
loo
loo
loo
100
100
100
100
110
110,
1,760
5.1
5.1
5.9
5.91
5.91
5.91
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.4
e nearest $10.
3/
Includes shelter; fuel, light,
personal care, recreation, reading,
Survey of Consumer Expenditures..
VOW:
Beta have been rounded to th
1/
Includes hcre-predueed.
soipment.
If Includes
loom: Derived from the 1560,61
refrigeration, and wateri household operations; and furnishings,
and other miscellaneous expenditures.
Table 211.--A1timated cat of raising a rural nonfarrn child at level of low-ro,Jt food plan, by region, at 1969 prices
[In family of husband end wife and no more than five children]
Age of child
(years)
Estimated cost for--
Tots.1
FOod
At
ham 1/
Away
from
home
Clotbing
Housing
Ei
Medical
Care
Educa-
tion
Trans-
porta-
tion
r
Aver-
age
family
niv!
(Pernons)
Wie
r 1
1 2 MMMMM
.._-.....
7
orth Ctntral
14000
910
910
960
960
990
1,030
1,030
4030
1,08
o4.
,080
1,170
1,22^
1,2(
1,200
1,320
1, 320
$191360
2 2 250
2
250
11
2.
250.
250
270
290
270
290
270
340
i
320
340
320
340
320
370
350
370
350
370
350
4))
4001
430
5,380
45,080
0 0
20
20 20
20
20
20
20
201
20
20
20
20 30 30
300
80120
120
120
120
120
120
170
170
170
170
210.
210
$2,240
320
320
370
290
290
290
290
290
290
300
300
300
300
300
$54600
$50
50
0
)0 50 50 50
50
50
50
50 50
50
50 50 50
50
50 50
$900
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 10
$120
$210
210
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
190
190
190
190
200
200
PHO
(10
90
5.8
100
5.9
100
100
00
5.9
LOO
100
5.(,)
110
5.()
110
1.10
5.()
110
120
5.5
120
5.5
$1,840
Sout
h
$4103
1,1110
1,000
1,000
1,060
1060
4080
1,120
1,120
1,120
1,170
1,170
1,250
1,280
1,280
1,280
1,410
1,410
$21,
050
$310
210
200
200
260
260
260
300
300
300
350
350
350
380
430
431)
$5,510
$170
tO
210
0
2001
200
.0
230
30
230
30
230
30
270
30
270
270
303
30
320
30
320
30
350
30
350
30
350
30
400
400
30
54090
'
$4.20
$60
60
90
90
90
90
130
130
$420
420
340
940
340
3140
310
1 30,
310
1 30
ilo
1 30
310
130
310
170
320
170
320
170
320
.170
320
2)0
320
210
320
$2,400
$5,980
$60
610
50
50
510
to 0 0 0
50
0
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10,
50
10
50
10
50
110
50
10
50
10
$260
260
210
210
210
210
POO
200
200
200
200
200
220
00
220
220
230
230
$920
$120
$3,900
$130
130
110
110
110
110
120
120
120
120
120,
130
HO
1 i0
1i0
140
lliO
2,2'20
4.8
4.d
5. 5.h
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
'Table
ontinued
Agg of Child
(years)
Total
Tot
al
Food
At
hcne 1
Away
frea
khome
Clothing
Housing
2Medical
Educa-
care
tion
Trans-
porta-
tion.
other
Aver-
family
PPrs,Jr4
Under 1 ----
1 2 3 4 ..
5 6 7. 8 9 .........
ID 11 12
-----
13
-----
17
Total ----
Northeast
$1,100
1,140
1,080
1,10180
1,130
1,130
1,200
$1 230
220
220
270
270
280
$190
230
220
220
250
250
250
$0 o 0 0
20 20 30
$60
Go 90
90
90
90
130
$430
430
360
380
360
380
370
$60 60
50 50
50 50
50
$0 0 0 0 0 0
20
$ d 30
230
210
210
210
210
210
1 ir)
130
130
1 30
130
130
140
',.
5.
5. ,
5.c
5.P
5.1
1125
033
0300
30
130
370
50
20
210
H
140
5. 4
'
1,250
330
300
30
130
370
50
20
210
140
5.'i
1,250
1300
30
130
370
50
20
210
140
5.
1,310
360
30
130
370
50
20
210
140
5.7
1,310
390
360
30
130
370
50
20
210
140
5. 4
1,400
390
360
30
190
360
50
20
220
150
5.7
1,440
430
400
30
190
380
50
20
220
150
5.7
1,440
430
400
30
190
360
50
20
220
150
1,440
430
400
30
190
380
50
20
220
150
5.
1,560
470
44o
3o
240
380
50
20
240
160
5.4
1,560
470
440
30
2140
380
50
20
240
160
5.4
1070
$6,070
$,670
$400
$2,500
$6,880
$920
$240
$3,920
2,540
Wes
t
Under 1 ----
411250
1,300
1,190
31,190
1,250
5 .... -----
1,250
6 - ----- ---
1,290
$180
233
220
220
280
280
280
$180
230
220
220
250
250
250
liu 0 0 0
30
30
30
$6060
:00
100
100
100
140
$460
460
390
393
390
390
360
$70
70
70
70
70
70
70
$o 0 0 0 0 0
20
$300
300
250
250
250
250
250
$18c
160
160
160
160
10
170
5.
, 5.(
5.(
5.7
6.0
7 - ----- ---
1,340
330
300
30
140
1360
70
120
250
l
170
6.0
81, 340
330
300
30
1401
070
20
250
170
6.o
1,340
330
300
30
140
360
70
20
250
170
6.0
1,390
380
10
30
140
360
70
20
250
170
6.0
11 ---------
1
1,390
380
350
30
240
360
70
20
250
170
6.0
350
30
210
370
70
20
270
180
5.7
13
1,540
420
390
30
210
370
70
20
270
180
5.7
14
1,540
420
390
30
210
370
1
70
20
270
180
5.7
1,540
420
390
30
210
370
70
20
270
180
5.7
1,680
490
450
40
220
390
70
10
300
200
5.3
17 ... ----- .
1490
450
40
220
390
70
10
300
200
5.3
Total ----
1
$25,000
$6,060
$51620
$440
$2,640
$6,900
$1,260
$220
H
$14,7i
$3,10
Note:
Dela have been rounded to Vae nearest i10.
li
Includes home-nrodnced.
2/
Includes shelter
flipl
lipht. rnfriaprn-
tion, and miter; houshold operatjons; and furnishings and equipment.
Saone:
Derived from the 19b0461 Survey of Consumer lapenditurea.
3/
Includes personal care, recreation, reading, and other
[ miscellaneous expenditures.
Table 2C...Est1aated coat of raising an urban child at
Level of low-cost food plan, byregion, at 1969 prices
[In family of husband and wife and no anre than five
children]
Aga of child
(yaws)
Total
al
Pood
At
home 1/
"-
I17
.....
$1,1
301,
170
1,08
0,0
631,140
1,140
1,170
1,220
1,220
1,220
1,270
1,270
1,340
1,380
1.380
4380
1,55
01050
$22,
690
$180
230.
220
220
280
280
280
333
333
333
380
380
420
420
420
470
470
$6,030
$190
230
220
220
250
250
250
300
303
300
350
350
35o
390
390
390
440
440
$5,610
Estimated cost for--
Aver-
age
family
size
Persons)
Clothing
Medical
care.
Educa-
tion
Trans-All
porta-other
tion
Away
from
hate
North Central
$0 30
30
30
30
30
310
30
30'
30
30
30
30
30
30
$420
$60
$46c
60
460
90
390
90
390
90
390
90
3
130
130
130
130
130
130
180
180
180
180
250
250
$2,480
$6,840
$60
$0
60
060
060
(0
60,
0(0
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
2060
20
60
201
60
20
60
20
60
20
Go
20
$1,080
'
$240
$230
230
200
200
200
200
190.
190
190.
190
190
190
200
POO )0
200
220
220
3,640
$130
130
120
120
120
120
130
130
130
1.30
110
1.10
140
140
140
4.8
4.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.6
140
5.6
150
5.3
150
5.3
-680
$1,080
$180.
1,120
220
1,030'
210
1,030
210
1,080
260
1,080
260
1,090
250
1,140
1,140
1,140
1,190,
1,190.
1,280
1,310
390
1.310
390
1,310
390
1,420
440
1,420
440
$21,360
$5,600
3 350
350
Sout
h
$180
220
210
210
240
240
230
280
280
2801
330
3301
330
360
360
360
410
410
$0 0 0
.0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30,
$5, 26o
340
90
1301
130
1301
130
110
130
180
180
180
180
210
210
040
440
370
370
370
370
330
330
330
330
330
330
3310
330
330
330
340
340
$60
$0
60
60
60
0
60
0
Go
0
Go
20
Go
20
60
20
60
20
601
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
6,0
20
Go.
20
60
20
60
20
$210 21
01 1
; #
1.80
180
170
170
170
170
170
170
190
150
190
190
200
200
$130
130
120
120
120
120
130
130
130
130
130
130
140
140
140
140
150
150
$2,4o0
$6,340
$1,080
$240
$3,320
i $2,380
4.8
4.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6,
5.6,
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.2
5,2
Table 2C.--Continued.
Age of child
(yean)
Total
Total
rood
At
home 1/
Clothing
Housing
2
Medical
care
Educa-
tion
Trans-
porta-
tion
All
other
J/
Northeast
Aver-,
age
family
size
Persons)
9 970
930
'
930
990
990
1,000
1,050
1,050
1,050
1,110
1,110
1,180
1,210
1,210
1,210
1,300
1,300
419,520
4200
240
230
230
2 3 3 4
$6,1
80
2' '
2' 270
270
260
310
310
310
370
370
380
410
410
410
460
460
$5,9
00
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
$280
60
120
120
120
120
120
120
160
160
160
160
180
180
$2,200
90
190
340
340
340
30
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
320
320
5,88
0
$50 50 50
50
50 50 50 50
50
50
50
50
50
50 50
$900
0$150
0150
0130
90
0130
90
0130
90
0130
90
10
130
100
10
130
100
10
130
100
10
130
100
10
130
100
10
130
100
10
140
110
10
140
110
10
140
110
10
1140
110
10
150
110
10
150
110
$120
$2,460
$1,780
4.8
4.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5,5
5,5
5.5
5.5
5.3
Wes
tUnder 1.
...
$1,150
$190
$190
$0
$60
$450
$80
1.1,190
230
230
0.
60
450
80
21,110.
230
230
090
390
1
To
3. ...... ------
1,110
230
230
o90
390
70
4 .... ----- ..
1,170
290
260
30
90
390
70
5 .... ------
1,170 .
290
260
30
90
390
70
6 ---- -----
1,220
290
260
30
130
370
70.
7i
4270
340
310
30
130
370
70
8 ....
1,270
3140
310
30
130
370
70
1,270
340
310
30
130
370
70
10
1,330
400
370
30
130
370
70
11 - ----- -
1,330
400
370
30
130
370
I
70
12
1,400
4101
370
43
180
370
70
1,430
44o
400
40
180
370
70
14. . - ,. -- ......
1,430
44O
400'
40
180
370
70
1,430
440
400
40.
180
370
70
1,550
500
460
40
180
380
70
1,550
500
460
40
180
380
70
Tot
al$23,380
$6,300
$5,820
$480
$2,340
$6,920
'
$1,280
pt.:
Data have been munded to the nearest
$10,
1/
Includes, hcoe-produced.
2tion, and eater; household operationv and furnishings andequipent.
Includes, personal
SOurce:
Derived from. the 1960-61 Sitrvey of ConsumerExpenditures.,
[
$0 0 0 0 0 0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
$120
$230
230,
2001
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
210
210
210
210
240
240
$3,780
$140
140
130
130
1301
130
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
170
170
$2,640
4.9
4.9
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.4
Includes shelter; Nel, light, refrigera.
care, recreation, reading, and other
miscellaneods eapenditures.
Table 3.-4stimated costs, of raising a child born January 1, 1951, at low-cost food plan
level, by region and urbarlization,
in prices current in the year specified.
(In folly of husband and wife and no more than five children]
Ago of
ehild.
(pars)
1
Year
1
Rural farm
Rural nonfarr
Urban,
North
Centril
South.
North-
1
east
West
North
Central
South
North-
cant
Wr,st
North
Central.
So th
North-
cast
Went,
Under 1
1 ----
2 ----
3 ----
4 ----
5 ----
6 ----
7 ----
8 ----
9 ----
10 ----
11 ----
12 ----
13 ----
14 ----
15. ----
16 ----
17 ----
Total
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
,1
1963
,,
1964
1965
1
1966
1967
1968
$650
1
6901
670
670
710
720
770
830
8110
850
890
910
1,010
1,050
1,070
1,100
1,210
1,260
$15,900
$730
780
760
770
;41
820
ByOl
930
1940
950
1,000
I1,020
1,100
1,140
1,160
1,190
1,340
1,390
$17,690
$660
1
710
',
680
680
1
720
730
1
790.
1
850
,
860
870
930
940
1
;1,010
4060
1,080
1,110
1,230
1,4,1
$16,180
L
68o
:
730
670
670
700
710
760
820
830
840
890
900
990
1,030.
1,050
1,080
1,200
1,250
$15,800
$770
820
750 1.
750
1
780
790
830
890
900
910
9601
970
1,050
1,090
1,110
1,140
1,300
1,350
$17,10
$780
'30
00
f.00
f-40
U50
coO
..90.
1,,000
1,(10
1,(70
1,080
1,280
1,',.20
1,40
1,80
1,L40
1,490
1i8,f20
070
930
860
8o0
910
920
980
1,050
1,01,0
1,080
1,130
1,150
1,260
1,3101
1,330
1070
1,5_10
1,590
$20,190
$790
84o
800
800
8 9
850
890
960
970
980
1,0 0
1f040
1,13)
1,180
1,190
1,230
1,410
1,47o
$18, 390
$7h0
810
760
760
i5oo
800
84o
900
91,0
920
970
11)80
1,070
1,110
1,120
1,1601
1,2801
1,4o
$17,20
$, 50
700
,,:so
t.io
720
7 30
770
8.40
840
i,5101
'310
'.120
1,000
1,040
1,060
1,090
1,200
1,40
$15,20
'8 8.10
Hlo
860
870
930
1,000
1,020
1,030
1,080
1,100
1,180
1,230
1,250
1,280
1,420
1,48o
119,010
Sote:
Data rennded to nearest, $10
Source:
Date in, table. 1 adjusted by index numbers, in table 4.
Table 4.--Index numbers of price change from base periodto specified year, by urbanization
YearFood
Athome
Awayhome
Clothing Housing Medicalcare
Educa-tion
Rural farm and rural nonfarm (1961
1951 -- 95.5 80.2 95.31952 -- 97.1 81.5 94.41953 -- 9t,.4 82.8 93.71954 -- 94.9 84.3 93.51955 -- 93.0 85.2 93.11956 -- 93.4 86.8 95.01957 -- 96.5 90.1 96.61958 -- 100.7 92.8 96.91959 -- 98.2 95.4 97.71950 -- 99.1 97.9 99.21351 -- 100.0 100.0 100.01962 -- 100.7 102.7 100.61963 -- 102.0 105.0 101.71964 -- 103.2 105.9 102.61965 -- 105.6 109.3 103.71966 -- 110.9 114.3 106.41967 -- 110.6 120.2 110.71968 -- 114.2 126.AL 116.61969 -- 119.7 134.1 123.4
84.986.588.889.990.691.994.896.497.599.2
100.0100.9102.0103.2104.4106.9110.0114.6121.9
69.172.975.477.879.682.585.889.993.897.1
100.0102.6105.1107.3109.9114.7122.8130.3139.3
Urban (1960-61 = 100
1951 95.9 81.1 95.71952 97.6 82.4 94.71953 95.8 83.7 94.11954 95.3 85.2 93.91955 93.4 86.1 93.51956 93.8 87.8 95.31957 96.9 91.0 97.01958 101.1 93.8 97.31959 98.7 96.4 98.11960 -- 99.6 98.9 99.61961 -- 100.4 101.1 100.41962 -- 101.1 103.8 101.01963 -- 102.4 106.1 102.11964 -- 103.6 108.0 103.01965 -- 106.1 110.5 104.11966 -- 111-4 115.5 106.81967 -- 111.1 121.5 111.11968 -- 114.7 127.8 117.11969 -- 120.2 135.6 123.9
85.286.989.290.290.992.895.296.897.999.6
100,4101.3102.4103.6104.8107.3110.4115.1122.4
70.173.976.578.980.883.787.191.295.298.5
101.5104.1106.7108.8111.5116.4124.61 32-'1-1.3
= 100
85.886.287.086.285.987.190.494.095.597.9
100.0102,2104.0106.4107.5109.2112.0117.3121.7
86.887.188.087.136.800.191.49.7,096.698.9
101.1103.3105.1107.6108.6110.4113.2118.5
Trans-porta-tion
Allother
80.o 84.285.3 84.887.7 85.686.5 85.485.4 86.087.0 88.391.9 91.695.0 95.098.9 96.798.9 98.7
100.0 100.0102.1 102.0102.7 103.6104.1 105.4105.8 106.3107.3 108.3110.4 111.2113.9 116.1118.3 121.2
80.5 84.785.8 85.488.2 86.287.0 86.085.9 86.587.5 86.992.4 92.295.5 95.699.4 97.399.4 99.3
100.6 100.7102.7 102.7103.3 104.3104.7 106.1106.4 107.0108.0 109.0111.0 112.0111-.6 116.911-.0 12=-0
Source: Derived fram components of Consumer Price Index.
-25-
215
Table 5.--Cost-income relationship, by region and urbanization,in 1960-61 prices
[In families of husband, wife, and no more than five children]
Urbanization North Central_ South Northeast West
FarmRural nonfarmUrban
FarmRural nonfarmUrban
FarmRural nonfarmUrban
Annual average cost, all ages of child
$890890
1,020
$990960970
$9001,050890
NA1,1301,060
Annual average disposable family income,21all ages of child
$6,1305,6606,560
$5,8705,9605,690
$6,2806,5605,370
NA$6,8306,700
Cost as a percentage of income
151616
171617
Pct.
141617
NA1716
Note: Averages rounded to nearest $10.1/ Average weighted by nuMber of children.Source: Derived from the 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures.