documenmto anai parataxonomos 2011

7/31/2019 Documenmto Anai Parataxonomos 2011

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Asociacion

ANAI:Stream

Biomo

nitoringP

rogram

DocumentationofuseofriversintheinterioroftheLaAmistadWorld

HeritageSite(PILA)bydiadromousfishandshrimps;acollaborativeeffortbyindigenousparataxonomistsandtheAsociacionANAI

StreamBiomonitoringProgram. ReporttoUNESCOandthegovernmentsofCostaRicaandPanama

ANAI,Inc: 1120MeadowsRd.

Franklin,NC28734,UnitedStates

[email protected]

(828)524-8369

Asoc.ANAI:Apdo.170-2070

SabanilladeMontesdeOca,CostaRica

[email protected]

(506)2756-8120

July,2011


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DocumentationofuseofriversintheinterioroftheLaAmistadWorldHeritageSite(PILA)bydiadromousfishandshrimps;acollaborative

effortbyindigenousparataxonomistsandtheAsociacionANAIStreamBiomonitoringProgram. ReporttoUNESCOandthe

governmentsofCostaRicaandPanama

Dr.WILLIAMO.McLARNEYProgram Director

LIC.MARIBELMAFLAHERRERAProgram Codirector

LIC.ANAMARIAARIASMORENOResearch Coordinator

MARCIOBONILLAParataxonomist

HUGOSANCHEZParataxonomist

July,2011ANAI,Inc: 1120MeadowsRd.

Franklin,NC28734,UnitedStates

[email protected]

(828)524-8369

Asoc.ANAI:Apdo.170-2070

Sabanillade

Montes

de

Oca,

Costa

Rica

[email protected]

(506)2756-8120

Web:www.anaicr.org


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TABLEOFCONTENTSEXECUTIVESUMMARY 4RESUMENEJECUTIVO 4INTRODUCTION 6PERSONNEL 8PLANNING 9FIELDSTUDYMETHODS 10EXPEDITIONNARRATIVESANDSURVEYRESULTS 13

RioTeribe

13

QuebradaBocachica 17

RiosYorkinandTscui 17

RioKatsi 21ADDITIONALSURVEYWORK 22CONCLUSIONS 24ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 26

ViewoftheupperRioTeribeWatershed


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DocumentationofuseofriversintheinterioroftheLaAmistadWorldHeritage

Site(PILA)bydiadromousfishandshrimps;acollaborativeeffortbyindigenous

parataxonomistsandtheAsociacionANAIStreamBiomonitoringProgram.

ReporttoUNESCOandthegovernmentsofCostaRicaandPanama

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

DuringAprilandMay,2011theANAIStreamBiomonitoringProgramdeployedtwoPanamanian

Nasoparataxonomists,MarcioBonillaandHugoSanchez,tocarryout4separateexpeditionsinorderto

inventorydiadromous fishandshrimp in thePanamanianhalfof theAtlanticslopeof theLaAmistad

International Peace Park and World Heritage Site (PILA). By means of visual survey in streams of the

Teribe, Bocachica, Yorkin/Tscui and Katsi watersheds, they verified the presence of 6 species of

diadromousfishandoneshrimpatdistancesofupto15km.upstreamofthePILAboundaryandupto

750 m. elevation. The data strongly suggest the presence of at least some diadromous species well

above the maximum penetration of our survey, which for the most part corresponds to the highest

pointaccessibletoinvestigatorsnotequippedwithhelicopters.Of the7diadromousspecies identified,3 fish (Joturuspichardi,Agonostomusmonticola, and

Sicydium spp.) , plus the Palaemonid shrimpMacrobrachiumheterochirus, may fairly be described as

ubiquitous below natural vertical barriers at altitudes of up to at least 720 m. Sicydium and

Macrobrachium,whichhavetheabilitytoclimbmoistverticalsurfaces,arealsofoundabovebarriers;in

theRioKatsiwatershedwewereabletoverifytheirpresenceveryclosetotheupperlimitofperennial

flow,atthehighestelevationssurveyed.

Surveyworkwascomplementedby informalmeetingsinthegatewaycommunitiestothePILA

watershedsandby involving localresidentsasfieldassistantsandapprenticeparataxonomists.Bythis

meansweseektoincreaseawarenessofthreatstotheintegrityofPILAposedbyhydrodamproposals,

andalsotostrengthensupportforconservationofPILAintheneighboringindigenouscommunities.

Thework

reported

here

comprises

the

first

ichthyological

inventory

undertaken

anywhere

in

the

10,000 sq. km. World Heritage Site. It complements previous work carried out by ANAI at peripheral

sites in the watersheds draining into Costa Rica from PILA (with documentation of several additional

diadromousspecies),andstronglysuggeststhatdiadromousfishandshrimpsarethedominantanimals

in most streams of the Atlantic slope watersheds of PILA in both countries up to undetermined

altitudinallimits.

We recommend that, so long as plans remain for construction of hydroelectric dams on the

principalriversdrainingPILA,theentireparkshouldbelistedasaWorldHeritageSiteinDanger.

RESUMENEJECUTIVO

Durante abril y mayo de 2011 el Programa de Biomonitoreo de Ros de la Asociacin ANAI

contrat a los parataxnomos Panameos Naso, Marcio Bonilla y Hugo Snchez, para inventariar, en

cuatroexpediciones,lospecesycamaronesdidromosdelaporcinPanameadelavertienteAtlntica

del Parque Internacional de la Paz y Sitio de Patrimonio Mundial La Amistad (PILA). Por medi de

revisiones visuales en ros y quebradas de las cuencas Teribe, Bocachica, Yorkin/Tscui y Katsi,

confirmaron la presencia de seis especies de peces y un camarn a distancias de hasta 15 km aguas

arribadellmitedelPILA,yalturasde750msnm.Estosdatossugierenfuertementelapresenciadepor


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lomenosalgunasespeciesdidromasbastantearribadelpuntodepenetracinmximaenelpresente

estudio,elcualgeneralmentecorrespondialsitioaccesiblemsaltosinusodeunhelicptero.

Delassieteespeciesdidromasidentificadas,3peces(Joturuspichardi,AgonostomusmontcolaySicydiumsp.),mselcamarnPalaemonidoMacrobrachiumheterochirus,puedenserdescritascomoubicuas por debajo de barreras verticales naturales, en alturas de hasta por lo menos 720 msnm.

SicydiumyMacrobrachium,alsercapacesdeascenderporsuperficiesverticaleshmedas,tambinse

encuentranarribadelasbarreras;enlacuencadelRoKatsiseconfirmosupresenciamuycercaallmite

delflujoperenne,enlasmayoreselevacionesvisitadas.

El trabajo de inventario fue complementado por medio de reuniones informales en las

comunidades cercanasalparqueen las cuencasvisitadasya travsdel involucramientodepersonas

localescomoayudantesdecampoyparataxnomosaprendices.Deestamaneraseesperaincrementar

laconcienciaacercade lasamenazasa la integridaddelPILAque representan laspropuestaspara la

construccinderepresashidroelctricas,alavezquesefortaleceelapoyoparalaconservacindelPILA

enlascomunidadesindgenasaledaas.

Eltrabajoaqureportadocomprendeelprimer inventario ictiolgicohechoencualquierparte

deesteSitiodePatrimonioMundialde10,000km2.Escomplementarioaltrabajopreviorealizadopor

ANAIensitiosperifricosdelosrosquedrenanelPILAhaciaCostaRica(con documentacindevarias

especiesdidromas

adicionales)

ysugiere

fuertemente

que

los

peces

ycamarones

didromos

son

los

animalesdominantesen lamayorade ros yquebradasde la vertienteAtlnticadelPILAen ambos

pases,hastalmitesaltitudinalesnodeterminados.

Recomendamosquemientraspermanezcanvigenteslosplanesparalaconstruccinderepresas

hidroelctricasen losprincipalesrosquedrenanelPILA,elparqueenterodebeser listadocomoSitio

dePatrimonioMundialenPeligro.

TheRioTeribeabovethemouthofRioPjer


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INTRODUCTION

ANAIs 2010 report to the UNESCO

World Heritage Committee (The Threat to

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function of

ProposedHydroelectric

Dams

in

the

La

Amistad

World Heritage Site, Panama and Costa Rica)

successfullymadethecasethatconstructionof

hydroelectricdamsontheriversflowingoutof

theLaAmistadInternationalPeacePark,World

HeritageSiteandBiosphereReserve(PILA,from

itsSpanishacronym)wouldseverelyimpactthe

function of the rivers of the area as altitudinal

biological corridors, specificallybyblocking the

migratorymovementsofasuiteofdiadromous

fishandshrimpspecieswhicharethedominant

large aquatic animals athigher altitudes in the

LaAmistad

area.

However, the significance of these

findings for PILA itself has been questioned,

based on the justifiable criticism that our

studies of the aquatic fauna of PILA were all

carriedoutwithinafewhundredmetersofthe

park boundary, with three exceptions outside

the actual park boundary. This is due to

logisticalrestraints:Atnopoint inCostaRica is

the PILA boundary located less than 2 days

travelbyfootfromthenearestpointaccessible

by

motor

vehicle

or

boat.

And,

while

the

park

boundaryinPanamaiswithinafewhourswalk

of motorized access, we have until this year

been unable to obtain scientific collection

permits for work in Panama. There exists no

otherinventorydataforaquaticanimalsinPILA

for the same reason that our surveys were

concentratednear theboundary accesstothe

interior of PILA is normally extremely time

consumingandthereforecostly.

Partly in response to thesedoubts, the

UNESCO

World

Heritage

Committee

directed

the governments of Panama and Costa Rica to

carry out a Transboundary Strategic

Environmental Assessment (TSEA) of PILA if

theywishtoavoidPILAbeingofficially listedas

aWorldHeritageSiteinDanger.Responseby

the governments was slow in coming; when

they ultimately published Terms of Reference

forthestudytwopointswereclear:

1. They were structured such that ANAIcould

not

hope

to

successfully

compete

forfundstodothestudy.

2. The specified time interval (report duein April, 2011) made it difficult for

anyone using conventional methods to

complete meaningful surveys within

PILA, even if funding is adequate.

Ultimately, the work was not even

begun until after the presumptive

deadline.

At this point, the ANAI Stream

BiomonitoringProgram

found

itself

in

aunique

position to respond to the challenge of

shedding light on the presence and relative

abundance ofdiadromousanimals within PILA.

We are the only organization capable of

deploying trained indigenous parataxonomists

fromtheLaAmistadareatoswiftly,accurately

and at low cost identify and roughly quantify

diadromous (and nondiadromous) fish and

shrimp in selected rivers well within PILA. We

were fortunateto findsupport forthiswork in

PILA/Panama

(though

not

in

Costa

Rica)

from

theInternationalCommunityFoundation.

The present report, summarizing the

results of 4 separate expeditions into the

interior of PILA/Panama will presumably serve

asacomplementtothebinationalTSEAforuse

by UNESCO, the governments of Panama and

Costa Rica, and all others concerned for the

future of the La Amistad World Heritage site

and surrounding protected areas and

communities. We believe it will also prove

valuable

as

a

contribution

to

the

scant

biologicalknowledgeofPILA,and incontinuing

a process, fomented by ANAI, of engaging the

indigenous communities which border PILA in

theprotectionoftheWorldHeritageSite.

Onadifferentscale,wetrustthatitwill

also serve as a reminder to UNESCO and

international conservation organizations of the


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importance of rivers as altitudinal biological

corridors. We hope this will contribute to

greater attention being paid to diadromy and

other riverine corridor functions in making

decisions about dam construction and other

activities which can disrupt the continuity of

fluvialsystems.

In addition to reporting on the results

of investigations undertaken by

parataxonomists in 2011, we have organized

and appended selected information from

previousandcurrentstudies inthewatersheds

draining the Atlantic slope of PILA in both

countries tobuild thecase for thepresenceof

diadromousfishandshrimpinalargeportionof

the World Heritage Site and, as a logical

consequence, their status as part of the

Outstanding Universal Value of the protected

area. Our report will also describe efforts to

build upon and strengthen support for the

conservation of PILA and preservation of

diadromousanimals locally,particularlyamong

theindigenousNgobe,Naso,BribriandCabecar

populationsborderingPILA.

Three of thewidespread diadromous species of PILA: A) Camaron rayado or banded shrimp

(Macrobrachiumheterochirus). B) Lisa,sartenormountainmullet(Agonostomusmonticola).c)Bobo,bocachicaorhogmullet(Joturuspichardi)

A B

C


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PERSONNEL

To carry out the field work we

contracted two Panamanian parataxonomists.

Marcio Bonilla S. and Hugo Sanchez V. are

members

of

the

Naso

tribe

who,

followingparticipation in a biomonitoring training

workshophostedbyANAIinTalamancain2004,

were principals in fish surveys of their native

Teribewatershed in 2006 and 2007 and in the

upper Uren watershed in Costa Rica during

2009 and 2010. Both are skilled in underwater

inventory of fish and shrimp species of the La

Amistaddrainagesandhavealso functionedas

educators, including in training for other

parataxonomists.

It was decided that permanent ANAI

staffwould

not

participate

in

the

field

work

for

several reasons: Srs. Bonilla and Sanchez are

much more efficient in doing instream surveys

in large, turbulent and sometimes dangerous

rivers, and can also set a faster pace in the

rugged crosscountry travel necessary to reach

sites within PILA. They are also necessarily

better at gaining confidence in remote

indigenouscommunities,wherenonindigenous

visitorsarenormallyatleastsuspectedofbeing

agents for dam builders, mining interests and

the

like;

this

was

particularly

important

in

the

Teribe and Bocachica watersheds where ANAI

doesnothavealonghistoryofpresence.

Ineachofthe4watershedswehired2

other local individuals to serve as guides,

bearers and field assistants. While all actual

counts in the field were carried out by the

parataxonomist team, these individuals were

encouragedtoparticipate,asafirststeptoward

possible parataxonomist training (a process

initiated in theYorkin/Tscuiwatershedpriorto

the inception of the present project). Perhaps

equally importantwastheirrole in interpreting

the activity in their own communities and

helping

relate

the

conservation

of

PILA,

aboutwhichmanyindigenouspeoplehaveambivalent

feelings, to issues of universal concern in their

communities.

In the Naso communities of the Teribe

watershed,whereSrs.BonillaandSanchez live,

identifyingtheseindividualswasnoproblem.In

the Yorkin/Tscui and Katsi watersheds, for

which access to PILA is through Bribri

communities in Costa Rica, we were able to

drawonlongtimecontactsestablishedthrough

the Stream Biomonitoring Program and other

activities

of

ANAI.

The

most

culturally

and

politically sensitive situation we encountered

wasintheNgobecommunitiesatthelowerend

of the Bocachica watershed. There we were

abletoworkthroughcontactsmadeduringthe

controversy over construction of the CHAN75

damontheRioChanguinola.

Inaddition,itwasnecessarytocontract

the services of skilled boatmen to access the

boundary of PILA in the Teribe watershed and

the expedition jumpoff points for the

Yorkin/Tscuiand

Bocachica

watersheds,

via

the

Rios Yorkin and Changuinola, respectively.

ANAI Biomonitoring Program co

directors Dr. William O. McLarney and Maribel

MaflaH.wereinvolvedinallphasesofplanning

and in debriefing of Srs. Bonilla and Sanchez

aftereachexpedition.StaffmemberAnaMaria

Arias M. assisted in all phases and had the

specific responsibility of preparing the maps

whichappearinthisreport.


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PLANNING

Site selection and expedition planning

was done in collaboration between the

parataxonomistsandANAIstaff.Sincewewere

restricted

to

work

in

PILA/Panama,

weeliminated the Lari, Coen, Telire and Estrella

watersheds, which drain important portions of

PILA and would be affected by hydroelectric

damsplannedforCostaRica.(Inourproposalto

ICF we suggested the possibility to separately

fundparallelsurveys inPILA/CostaRica.While

thispossibilitywasnotrealized,wedidmanage,

without additional funding, to carry out our

ownsurveys inportionsoftheLariandEstrella

watershedsjustdownstreamofPILA;resultsare

includedintheAppendix.)

The

five

principal

rivers

draining

the

AtlanticslopeofLa Amistad/Panama are, from

east to west, the Changuinola, Teribe, Yorkin,

Tscui and Katsi. We excluded the mainstem of

the largestofthese,theRioChanguinola, from

considerationforseveralreasons:

WiththeimminentclosureoftheCHAN75dam on the Changuinola, extirpation of

diadromousspeciesinthegreatmajorityof

theChanguinolawatershedisassured.

The best access to the upper Changuinolais

through

Panama

from

the

Pacific

side.

To

carry out surveys there would have

mandated a disproportionate amount of

travelcosts.

Wehadhopes(whichwerenotrealized)ofincorporating a parataxonomist trainee

from a Panamanian conservation

organization based in Chiriqui province on

thePacificslopetoindependentlycarryout

surveysintheupperChanguinola.

We

did

however,

elect

to

surveyQuebrada Bocachica, tributary to the

Changuinolajustbelow the CHAN75dam site.

Once CHAN75 is completed, the Q. Bocachica

watershedwillbetheonlypartofPILA/Panama

in the Changuinola watershed above the

confluence of the Rio Teribe which remains

opentoentrybydiadromes.

For each of the 4 rivers (except Q.

Bocachica)thelocationofthesurveyreachwas

the same: from the downstream boundary of

PILAup

to

the

point

where

foot

travel

became

impossibleorunacceptablydangerousorwhere

noevidenceofdiadromeswasseen,whichever

came first. Our original thought was to survey

goingupstream,presumablynotingthedrop in

diversity and abundance of some species with

altitude. Our parataxonomy team, anticipating

whatturnedouttobethecase,suggestedthat

they were more likely to reach an impassable

reach than run out of fish and shrimp, and

opted to travel upstream by whatever route

was expedient, then concentrate on survey

work

during

the

return

trip.

As

it

turned

out,

impassableconditionswerereachedinallofthe

watershedsexceptRioKatsi,thesmallestofthe

5 rivers surveyed. The wisdom of this decision

willbemorereadilyunderstoodonreadingthe

accountoftheTeribeexpedition.

ANAIstaffwasresponsibleforproviding

or arranging transport to thejumpoff points,

while the tasks of arranging guides and other

taxonomists and securing provisions was

shared. The other main task during the weeks

prior

to

initiating

field

surveys

was

to

secure

collectionpermits(Eventhoughnocollection,

noreventemporarycapture,ofspecimenswas

contemplated, ANAM requires a permit to

collect data within PILA). Because the

Biomonitoring Program had already received a

permit to do capture and release surveys of

aquatic animals in Bocas del Toro province

outside PILA, through our participation in the

Binational Sixaola Watershed Project, we

assumed that getting the additional permit

would

be

an

efficient

process.

In

fact,

although

weformallyappliedforthepermitonFebruary

19, an affirmative response was not received

until April 13. This forced us to crowd

expeditions together, with consequent loss of

flexibility leading to loss of effective field time

duetorain,turbidityandhighwaterlevels.


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FIELDSTUDYMETHODS

In the field methodology was basically

as described in our proposal. At selected sites

on each survey river, 2 or more survey sites

were

selected.

At

a

minimum

these

includedonesitejustabovethePILAboundaryandone

at the upperend ofsafe, feasibleaccess (or in

thecaseoftheRioKatsi,whereit becamevery

small). The lower reaches of tributary streams

were also occasionally surveyed, as

opportunitiespresentedthemselves.

At each site visual survey of fish and

shrimp was carried out, first by walking the

banks and observing from vantage points over

pools,theninthewaterwithuseofsnorkeland

face mask. Fish (both diadromous and non

diadromousspecies)

and

shrimp

observed

were

identified to species and abundance estimated

(Abundant = constantly in view in suitable

habitat, Common = more than 5 individuals

observed in half an hour of snorkeling, Rare =

less than 5 individuals observed). Care was

takentosurveyalltypesofhabitatpresent,and

searching was continued at least until no new

specieswereobservedovera15minuteperiod.

Minimumsearch time was 30 minutes per site

by two persons. The parataxonomists were

equipped

with

underwater

flashlights

which

permitted searching under rocks, undercut

banks, etc. while also facilitating species

identification in pools where some species of

fish might maintain a considerable distance

from observers. At survey sites corresponding

to campsites, the flashlights were also used to

searchforshrimpatnight.

While all identification and data

recording was done by the parataxonomists,

other assistants often participated with

preliminary

or

supplementary

surveys.

This

consistedprimarilyingoingaheadofthesurvey

crew to identify concentrations of fish,

promising survey sites and special habitats.

Somefieldtimewasalsodevotedtoinstruction

for those assistants who expressed interest in

becomingparataxonomists.

InourexperienceinTalamancawehave

learnedthatmostspeciesoffishandshrimpare

easily observable and identifiable, but certain

exceptions

must

be

noted.

Among

these

aretwo important diadromous forms the

American eel or anguila de mar (Anguillarostrata)andshrimpofthefamilyAtyidae.Both

tend tobenocturnal,andspendmuchof their

time buried in substrate. One other diadrome

should be mentioned here; Gobiesox nudus(chupapiedracabezonorclingfish)wasreported

from the Teribe watershed by our

parataxonomists in 2006, but this small, rare

and cryptic species was not seen during the

present survey. Among nondiadromous forms

the

only

fishes

not

readily

visually

detectable

andexpectedattheelevationsofPILAaretwo

speciesofcatfish(Rhamdia)whichinadditional

to being nocturnal and cryptic, normally occur

in very small numbers everywhere. GobiesoxandAtyidaewerenot foundduringthesurvey;

Anguilla and Rhamdia were, but their

distributionislikelyunderestimated.

ForeachsiteGPScoordinates,altitude,

water temperature and time of survey were

recorded, together with a physical description

ofthe

site.

This

information

was

supplemented

with ample photodocumentation (photos are

included).

Since part of our purpose was to raise

consciousnessoftheimportanceofdiadromous

speciesintheriversofLaAmistad,thethreatto

these species from dam construction, and the

relationship of PILA as a protected area to the

wellbeing of downstream Naso, Ngobe and

Bribri communities, meetings open to all

interested parties were held in gateway

communities

prior

to

the

first

day

of

field

work

and at the conclusion. The following

communitieswerevisited:

SiekinandSieyik(RioTeribe,Nasoethnia) Bocachica(QuebradaBocachica,Ngobe) Yorkin(RioTscui,Bribri) KatsiandNamuUoki(RioKatsi,Bribri)


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11

In the Yorkin/Tscui and Katsi

watersheds, the downstream limit of PILA

corresponds to the international boundary, so

that while all survey work was conducted in

Panama, selection of field assistants and pre

and postsurvey meetings were held in Costa

Ricangatewaycommunities.

AccesstoPILA.A)Expeditionmembersclearingatrail.B)Liningadugoutthroughrapidsonthe

RioTeribe

A

B


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12

Fieldmethodology.A)GeoreferencingwithGPS. B)Recordingdatainfieldnotebooks.C)Visual

surveyusingfacemasks.D)Nocturnalsurveysusingunderwaterflashlights

C

A B

D


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13

EXPEDITIONNARRATIVESANDSURVEYRESULTS

Results of our 2011 survey work in

PILA/Panama are summarized in Table 1. The

followingindividualexpeditionaccountspainta

fuller

picture

of

the

role

of

diadromy

in

therivers of PILA/Panama and the context within

whichitoccurs.

RioTeribe(12days):

The original plan for surveying the Rio

Teribe, by far the largest of the rivers to be

visited,contemplated15daysinthefield.Itwas

decidedtoembarkfromSiekin,theseatofNaso

government and the uppermost permanent

settlement in the Teribe watershed and

proceed by outboard dugout as far as the

mouthof

Quebrada

Shey,

not

far

from

the

PILA

boundary. The team then took a circuitous

overland route to a point at the mouth of the

RioPjer,where the RioTeribeemerges from a

narrow canyon over a considerable waterfall,

abovewhichpointtherewasreasontosuspect

that the nonclimbing diadromous species

(everything except Sicydium and shrimps)

would be absent and travel would be

exceedingly difficult. The plan was, after

surveying at this point, to build a raft and

descendthe

Teribe,

carrying

out

visual

surveys

onthemainstemandtributariesenroute.

Theinitialobjectivewasrealizedaftera

half day boat trip, followed by a 3 day hike,

during which 2 tributary streams were

surveyed. However, the downstream trip was

aborted by torrential rains, which caused the

riverto risewellbeyond levelssafe for rafting.

The team was thus forced to invent a new

overlandroute,andranoutoffoodhalfadays

hike from their food cache. By this time two

members

were

ill

with

fever

and

diarrhea.

Fortunatelytheywereabletomakecellphone

contact with their boatman and return to

Siekin. As a consequence the expedition was

condensed to12days,but itwasonlypossible

tocarryoutinventorieson3ofthosedays(total

of5sites).

The Teribe was the largest river

surveyed and, as expected, had the most and

largest diadromous fish, particularly Joturuspichardi.

Of

particular

interest

was

the

highest

altitude site, on the Rio Pjer, (which would

never have been reached had the

parataxonomists not argued strongly for

starting at the farthest point and working

downstream).Thedifficultyofaccesstothissite

maybejudgedbythefactthat,whileincursions

into PILA, particularly for purposes of fishing,

huntingandextractionofartifectsarecommon,

there was no sign of human access in recent

yearsatorduringtheapproachtothesite.

TheR.Pjersite,andtheuppermostsite

on

the

Teribe

mainstem

were

judged

to

be

extremelydangerousbytheparataxonomists,

who concluded that further upstream travel

was impossible. They were however able to

safely access some poolareas and were struck

by theabundanceandcomplete rangeofsizes

ofAgonostomusmonticolaandJoturuspichardi.Joturusisahighlyprizedfoodfish,andnormally

sensitive to disturbance. However, in the Rio

Pjer, alone among all the sites monitored, the

parataxonomists reported being able to swim

freelywith

groups

of

this

species,

including

very

large individuals. Based on lifelong experience

in the Teribe watershed, they considered this

sitetobeexceptional.

The upper site on the R. Teribe

mainstem,CruceYolu isthesiteofagauging

station (since destroyed by high water)

established during the early days of

hydropower exploration in the

Changuinola/Teribe watershed. There was no

sign of recent human visitation. However, the

lower

site

Shubloch

is

frequently

accessed

for

the purposes mentioned above. Shubloch was

the site of a Naso settlement, but was

abandonedsome80yearsago.

As would be expected, the diversity of

fish was greater at Shubloch than upstream,

with 3 additional diadromous species (Anguillarostrata, Awaous banana and Gobiomorus


14/27

14

dormitor) reported, along with 2 non

diadromousspecies.

Other sites on the R. Teribe and 2

tributary streams tentatively scheduled for

inventory (R. Shey and R. Bley) could not be

accessed due to high water. Of 2 tributaries

whichwereaccessed,one (Q.Shur)hadstrong

populations of 3 diadromous fishes, including

large individualsofJoturus.Theothertributarysurveyed,Q.Unio, was theonlystream in the

project where no diadromes were found; the

only fish specieswas the residentPriapichthysannectens, characteristic of clean, cold forest

streamsintheregion.

RioTeribeexpedition.A)TheRioTeribeatCruceYolu.B)ParataxonomistHugoSanchezheaded

forasurveysite.C)BoboorbocachicafromtheRioTeribe.D)Passingfieldgearacrossariver

A

D

C

B


15/27

TABLE1.Resultsofvisualsurveysforpresenceofdiadromousfishandshrimpsat15sitesinPILA/Panama,2011

Watershed

Stream

Site

Altitude

(m.)

Distanceabove

PILA

boundary

(km.)

Anguilla

rostrata

Agonost

omus

monticola

JoturusPichardi

Awaous

banana

Bocachica

1.Q.BocachicaUpperlimitof

cultivation200 7.7 A C

2.Q.Bocachica Cultivatedarea 180 5.9 A C

Teribe

3.R.Teribe CruceYolu 360 13.9 A A

4.R.PjerAbovemouthatR.

Teribe380 13.8 A A

5.Q.Shur5km.abovemouth

arR.Teribe440 13.1 A C

6.Q.Unio SenderoShublochic 460 10.3

7.R.Teribe Shubloch 340 8.1 R A A R

Yorkin 8.R.Yorkin ElSalto 450JustbelowPILA

boundaryC R

Tscui

9.R.Tscui LaJolla 730 8.6

10.R.Tscui Bateal 510 6.6 A

11.R.Tscui PuertoConcepcin 310 4.2 A C

12.Q.Draria EdgarAlanFarm 200 2.8 A R

Katsi

13.R.Katsi Falls 680 4.5 R

14.R.Katsi Above2falls 720 4.8

15.UnnamedJustabovewhereR.

Katsidivides750 4.4 R

16.R.Katsi PILAboundary 290 A R


16/27

FIGURE1.SiteswithinPILA/PanamasurveyedfordiadromousfishandshrimpbyANAIparataxonomists,2011


17/27

17

QuebradaBocachica(4days):

Although the Rio Teribe is tributary to

the Rio Changuinola, the 2 watersheds were

considered separately in this study, in part

because of the large size of the R. Teribe, but

also because thejuncture of the two rivers is

below the PILA boundary. With the pending

closure of the CHAN75 dam, the only portion

oftheupperChanguinolawatershedwhichwill

be accessible to diadromes will be the Q.

Bocachica, whichjoins the riverjust below the

dam site. Its watershed area of 103 sq. km.

represents just 7.1% of the watershed area

formerlyaccessible.

Q. Bocachica is also of concern due to

its position as a natural escape valve for

Ngobe communities being displaced by the

CHAN75

project.

Part

of

the

Q.

Bocachica

watershedwithinthepark isalreadypopulated

andalsousedforagriculturalpurposesbynon

residents.

Both sites surveyed on Q. Bocachica

had a similar mix of fish, with abundant

Agonostomus and Sicydium and a surprising

number ofJoturus of all sizes. Of the streams

surveyed,Q.Bocachicahasthe lowestgradient

and (despite its name) would not seem o

present high quality habitat for adultJoturus.

Based

on

observations

of

fish

and

habitat

as

well as conversations with local residents, we

surmise that a significant number of the

diadromes observed in Q. Bocachica represent

animals diverted by activities at the CHAN75

dam just upstream, which is already partially

closed. If this is the case, then in future years

wecanexpectnumbersofdiadromousspecies

to decline to a level reflecting the carrying

capacity of the stream (or less, if fishing

pressure increases with a denser human

population). Results of this survey should be

interpreted

as

overstating

the

value

of

this

streamashabitatfordiadromesinPILA.

RiosYorkinandTscui(6days):

The Rio Tscui, the largest tributary of

the binational Rio Yorkin watershed, arises

within PILA/Panama and ultimatelyjoins with

theYorkininCostaRicaatthevillageofYorkin,

whichhasbeena focalpointofactivity forthe

ANAI Stream Biomonitoring Team since the

inceptionofourprogram.Ouroriginalplanwas

to hike up the Tscui to the international/PILA

boundaryandworkupstreamto themaximum

feasible access point, then cross the flanks of

Cerro Xkokariu at altitudes of about 1,000 m.,

come down into the headwaters of the Rio

Yorkin, survey it down to the Park Boundary,

then continue down the river to base camp at

Yorkin.

This plan was changed due to the

necessity to employ different local guides for

the Tscui and the Yorkin; both rivers were

accessedbytravelingupstreamfromYorkin.As

it turns out, it might have been better to

continuewiththeoriginalplan,sincethegroup

wasunable

to

penetrate

PILA

along

the

Yorkin.

Landslides which have occurred since the last

time anyone from Yorkin has gone to a place

knownasElSaltowouldrequirealongascent

over scree interspersed with boulders.

(However, it should be noted that the Ngobe

village of Alto Yorkin appears to be located

withinPILA,thoughnotdirectlyontheriver.)

Apartfromsafetyconcerns,thepresent

conditionoftherivermayposeabarriertofish

passage. One site was inventoried, at the foot

of

the

impacted

area,

barely

below

the

PILA

boundary.Thebraidedstreamchanneldoesnot

offer good habitat forJoturus, although some

small individuals were seen just below the

braidedreach.Theother3commondiadromes

(Agonostomus, Sicydium and Macrobrachiumheterochirus)werepresent.

The Rio Tscui has also suffered from

naturalevents inrecentyears, includingaflash

flood which originated near the

international/PILAboundaryinDecember,2008

and utterly altered the channel between there

andthe

mouth,

with

temporary

displacement

of

almost all fish. A more recent landslide

originatingonatributary(Q.Bateal)apparently

blocks passage by large fish at a point 6.6 km.

abovethePILAboundary.

The Tscui was inventoried at 3 points.

Notethatbeginningattheinternationalborder,

atanelevationofabout120m.,theTscuiitself


18/27

18

forms the PILA boundary for about 4 km. For

purposesofthisstudythedownstreamborder

of PILA was taken to be the international

boundary,abovewhichpoint the rivermaybe

considered to be within PILA. The only Tscui

tributarysurveyed,QuebradaDraria,entersthe

TscuifromthePILAside.The lowermostsurvey

point on the Tscui, Puerto Concepcion is

located where the World Heritage Site

boundarycrossestheriver.

ComparisonofresultsfromtheR.Tscui

atPuertoConception,withanaltitudeofabout

310m.andthenextstation,Batealat510m.,

showstheexpectedgradientofdiversitywith4

diadromous and 2 nondiadromous species

observed at Puerto Concepcion, but only 3

diadromesandnootherspeciesat Bateal.

TheBateal

site

was

located

just

below

the tributary and barrier referred to above.

Above thebarrier, at an altitudeof about730

m. (La Jolla), the only large aquatic animals

detected were Sicydium and Macrobrachiumheterochirus, both of which are capable ofclimbinghigh,nearverticalbarriers if they are

moist. According to our guides, prior to the

landslide,thereachbetweenBatealandLaJolla

was characterized by abundance of

Agonostomusmonticola.

Q. Draria, at an altitude of about 210

m., lackedJoturus,but theother3widespread

diadromes were present, as well as Awaousbanana,alsorecordedfromthe lowermostsite

ontheR.Teribe.

Overaperiodofyearswehavecometo

consider the Rio Tscui between the

international/PILA boundary and Yorkin as an

outstanding site for diadromes, especially

including large Joturus. This changed in 2009

following the December, 2008 disaster, but

there is a definite trend toward repopulation,

particularlybythestrongswimmingJoturusand

Agonostomus. This trend is likely occurring

within PILA as well; were this work to be

repeatedwewouldexpectgradual increases in

abundance and size of diadromes between

PuertoConcepcion

and

Bateal,

with

possible

eventual repopulationupstreamof theslideat

Bateal.

It should be noted that the small

portionof theTscuiwatershedwithinPanama

but outside PILA, paralleling the river is the

focus of a smallwave of colonization by non

indigenous Panamanians; some encroachment

withintheparkmayalreadybeoccurring.

RioYorkinbelowthePILAboundary


19/27

19

Yorkinexpedition.A)TheRioYorkinatthePILAboundary.B)ApprenticeparataxonomistLuis

SeguraofYorkinpracticingvisualsurveymethods.C)TheYorkinexpeditioncrew

B

A

C


20/27

20

RioKatsi(3days):RiosYorkinandTscui(6days):

Tscuiexpedition.A)Macrobrachiumheterochirus fromQuebradaDraria.B)SigndesignatingthePILAboundaryontheRioTscui.C)WaterfallontheRioTscui.D)MarcioBonilladescendingtoa

studysiteontheRioTscui.E)TypicalreachoftheupperRioTscui

DC

BA

E


21/27

21

RioKatsi(4days):TheRioKatsihasmoreofastairstep

profile than the other rivers visited, with

frequentpoolsseparatedby lowcascadesover

boulders.These conditionspermit thepassage

of all species of diadromes, but the lack of

powerful rapids may be a limiting factor for

Joturus,whichwasnot foundaboveabout300

m.Above thatpoint, all theotherwidespread

diadromes were present, although

Agonostomuswas represented almost entirely

bylargeindividuals.

In 2007 we took 3 species of non

diadromous fish (plus the diadrome Awaous

banana) at a site not far below the PILA

boundary,atabout200m.elevation.However,

A. banana was not recorded within PILA andonly one of the nondiadromous species

(Priapichthysannectens)wasfound.TheR.Katsiwatershedwassurveyedup

to a point, 4.8 km. above the PILA boundary,

where it divides into two branches, at an

elevation of 750 m. Above this point (within

about a kilometer of the head of permanent

flow)thetwobranchesweredeemedtobetoo

smalltojustifycontinuedsurvey.

WaterfallsintheheadwaterareaoftheRioKatsi


22/27

22

ADDITIONALSURVEYWORK

Whilewewerenotsuccessful inraising

funds to support parallel work in PILA/Costa

Rica (Uren, Lari, Coen, Telire and Estrella

watersheds),

we

did

plan

our

regularmonitoringworkduringthe2011dryseasonso

as to include visual surveys of sites not far

below the PILA boundary on the Rio Lari

(Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Reserve) and Rio

Cariei (tributary totheRioEstrella in theTayni

Cabecar Indigenous Reserve). These results

appear in Table 2, which lists diadromous

speciesfoundattheuppermostsitemonitored

inrecentyearsonvariousstreamsdrainingPILA

in the Changuinola, Teribe, Yorkin, Uren, Lari

and Estrella watersheds. We include 2 sites

whichdo

not

form

part

of

PILA:

TheRioCereresite isfromtheHitoyCerereBiologicalReserve,intheEstrellawatershed.

While HitoyCerere is administratively

separatefromPILA,itisadjacentandenjoys

evenstricterlegalprotection.

AsiteontheRioDueri,whichdoesnotpassthrough PILA, is included as our highest

altitude site in the Rio Coen watershed,

whichdoes

drain

PILA.

Of 16 Costa Rican sites listed, 4 are

within PILA (or HitoyCerere) and 4 are

immediately below the boundary, while the

others (except for Rio Dueri) are located as

specified distances below the boundary.

Inferencesbasedonthisadditional information

willbedrawnintheConclusionssection.

TheConclusionssectionwillalsodiscuss

resultsofvisualandnetcapturesurveyscarried

out during 2005 and 2006 by Ngobe and Naso

parataxonomists

(including

Srs.

Bonilla

and

Sanchez) at or near the PILA boundary on 17

tributaries draining out of the World Heritage

Site to the Rios Changuinola and Teribe, at

altitudesof120to400m.

TABLE2.BiomonitoringsitesnearestthePILAboundaryon15streamsintheAtlanticslopewatersheds

ofPILA/CostaRica,withdiadromousfishspeciesrecorded

Watershed

Stream

Altitude

(m.)

Distance

belowPILA

boundary

(km.)Anguilla

rostrata

Pomada

sys

crocro

Agonost

omus

montico

la

Joturus

Pichardi

Awaous

banana

Sicydium

spp.

Gobiomorus

dormitor

Nofnon

diadromous

fishspecies

Yorkin

1.R.Yorkin 80 14.0 X X X X X X 6

2.R.Tscui 140 PILAboundary X X X X X 5

3.Q.Plas 140 PILAboundary X X X 8

4.R.Bris 240 PILAboundary X X 3

5.Q.Ambris 300 0.8 X X 5

Uren

6.R.Katsi 260 PILAboundary X X X X 3

7.R.Uren 320 6.2 X X X 0

8.R.Sukut 320 4.7 X X X 1

9.Q.Crori 500 9.6 X 1

10.R.

Uren

(LaIsla

7.5

km.

aboveTsoki)200

Within

X

X

X

2

11.R.Uren(LaIslainTsoki) 100 Within X X X X X X 6

12.Q.Niabri(LaIslainTsoki) 120 Within X X X X X 13

Lari 13.R.Lari 260 8.2 X X X X X 6

Coen 14.R.Dueri 160 *** X X X X X X 9

Estrella15.R.Cariei 280 4.8 X X X X X 6

16.R.Cerere 140 *** X X X X X X 12


23/27

FIGURE1.SitesnearestPILAboundarysurveyedfordiadromousfishbyANAI,20062011.Numberscorrespondt


24/27

24

CONCLUSIONS

While the focus of the work reported

here, and the discussion which follows, is on

practical biodiversity conservation issues and

their

relation

to

the

indigenous

communitiesborderingPILA,wewouldberemissnottopoint

out the value of this work from a purely

scientificpointofview.Otherthanworkcarried

outorsupportedbyANAIatafewsitesonthe

periphery of PILA in the upper Changuinola,

Teribe, Yorkin and Uren watersheds, the data

reported here constitute the first survey of

ichthyofaunaeverpublished foranyportion of

PILA. In this sense they are highly

complementary to inventory work on other

faunaandfloraofPILArecentlycompletedand

currently

ongoing

by

other

national

and

internationalagencies.

Looking first at the field work carried

out during 2011 with support from the

International Community Foundation, Table 1

showstheimportanceofdiadromyinthefluvial

ecosystems of La Amistad. A total of 7 species

ofdiadromousfishandshrimpwerefoundat15

of 16 sites surveyed in the 4 watersheds, at

altitudes of 180 to 750 m. Of these 4 were

widespread, being found at 1015sites. Only 4

nondiadromous

fish

species

were

reported,

at

7ofthe16sites.

In all but one case (Quebrada Unio,

tributary to the Rio Teribe) diadromes (1 to 4

species) were much more abundant than the

nondiadromous species. The only species

observed in Q. Unio was the sedentary

Priapichthys annectens, often found in foreststreams devoid of other fish. The most

widespreaddiadromewasSicydium,foundatall15 diadrome sites, and often in enormous

abundance.

Aswouldbepredicted,speciesdiversity

ofbothdiadromesandnondiadromesdeclined

with altitude, but there is no suggestion of an

absolute upper altitudinal limit, especially for

the Sicydium gobies and Macrobrachium

shrimp, which are capable of climbing

waterfalls, as demonstrated by their presence

intheRioTscuiabovewhatwouldappeartobe

an absolute barrier to species which rely on

swimming. In Costa Rica and elsewhere

Sicydium

have

been

reported

at

altitudes

ofnearly1,200m,andtheotherthreewidespread

diadromesareallknownfromaltitudesgreater

than500m.

The Rio Katsi data provide an example

of the potential to occupy habitat. Because of

itsrelativelysmallsize,itwaspossibletofollow

the Katsi up to a point near the actual

headwaters.Fromthehighestpointsampledon

theR.Katsimainstem,atanaltitudeof720m.

theRioKatsiextendsasabluelinedstreamon

the Sukut topo quad for barely a kilometer; at

thispoint

its

watershed

area

is

approximately

3

sq. km. Yet at this point it still contained

Sicydium. Sicydium, Macrobrachiumheterochirus and few but large Agonostomus

werefoundevenhigher,atanelevationof750

m.inasmalltributary.

What is true for the Teribe, Bocachica,

Yorkin/Tscui and Katsi watersheds is almost

certainly true for the other Atlantic slope

watersheds draining PILA. While due to a

combination of difficult and costly access and

failureto

acquire

permits

in

Panama,

the

ANAI

Biomonitoring Monitoring Programs efforts

withinPILAhavebeenfewand locatedcloseto

theboundary,wehavesampled inproximityto

the park boundary in all of the Costa Rican

Atlantic slope PILA watersheds except the Rios

CoenandTelire. (Andwehave found6species

ofdiadromousfishintheRioDueri,tributaryto

theCoen,butwhichdoesnotariseinPILA,atan

altitude of 160 m.) Results of this work are

showninTable2,spanning5sitesintheYorkin

watershed,

7

in

the

Uren,

2

in

the

Estrella,

and

oneeachintheLariandCoenwatersheds.

Using electrofishing technology and

visualobservation,wehaveidentified7species

of diadromous fish within PILA all of those

observed during the present study, plus the

roncador or burro grunt (Pomadasys crocro).(Untilrecentlyourmethodologydidnotpermit


25/27

25

us to quantify shrimp species, but both of the

familiesofdiadromousshrimpsknownfromthe

Talamanca region Palaemonidae and Atyidae

occurfrequentlyinoursamples.)Thenumber

ofdiadromousfishspeciespersitevariedfrom

1 (Sicydium was always present.) to 6, with a

meanandmedianof4.Aswouldbeexpectedat

these lower altitude (mostly 100300m.) sites,

there was greater diversity of nondiadromous

fish. Only one site, on an extremely high

gradient reach of the upper Rio Uren, had no

nondiadromous fish; others had from 1 to 13

species(mean4.7).However,diadromesnearly

always accounted for more than half of

individualfish.

Visual surveys of Changuinola and

Teribe tributaries within PILA during 2005 and

2006

yielded

the

same

7

diadromous

fish

speciesreportedforTalamanca,alongwiththe

chupapiedra cabezon or clingfish (Gobiesoxnudus) in the Rio Teribe mainstem. (We have

anecdotal reports of this species from the Rio

Uren in Costa Rica, and suspect it is more

widespreadthangenerallyrealized.)The3most

widespread diadromous fish (Sicydium,Agonostomus andJoturus) appeared at all 17sites. Both families of diadromous shrimp

(Palaemonidae, which includesMacrobrachiumheterochirus

and

Atyidae,

surprisingly

absent

fromthisyearsvisualsurveys)werepresentat

15ofthe17sites.

Webelievethatthecombinationofthis

years data from PILA/Panama, plus the earlier

studiesjustcited, laytorestthequestionofthe

significance of the diadromous presence

withinPILA,aspreviouslyestablishedbysurvey

ofperipheralsites.Wehavedemonstratedthat

several species of diadromous fish and shrimp

penetrateatleastupto15km.withinPILA(and

probably further) at altitudes of up to at least

750 m.,includinginverysmallstreamssuchas

the upper Rio Katsi. It would be unreasonable

toassumethatwhatwehavedemonstratedfor

portionsof4watershedsdoesnotalsoapplyto

therestofthesewatersheds,aswellastheLari,

Coen, Telire and Estrella (and until very

recently, the upper Changuinola). Some of the

streams sampled (Rios Lari, Uren, Sukut, Dueri

andCerere)arequite large,providingaccessto

manykm.ofstreamaboveoursurveysites.

With completion of the CHAN75 dam,

diadromes stand to be extirpated from the

entireupperwatershedoftheRioChanguinola.

A

small

portion

of

the

Rio

Bon

watershed,

tributary to the Rio Teribe, will be affected in

the same way. And if as few as 2 proposed

damsarebuiltontheCostaRicanAtlanticslope

oftheLaAmistadarea,similarextirpationswill

occurintheUren,Lari,Coen,TelireandEstrella

watershedsofPILA,leavingonlytheYorkinand

Teribe watersheds with a full complement of

aquaticfauna.

This does not seem to us compatible

with the stated purpose of conserving

biodiversity

through

designation

of

La

Amistad

as two National Parks and a World Heritage

Site. This in turn leads us to recommend the

designation of La Amistad as a World Heritage

Site inDanger, ifcorrectivestepsarenottaken

immediately to protect this aspect of the

OutstandingUniversalValueofLaAmistad.


26/27

26

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TheworkinPILA/Panamareportedhere

and the preparation of this report were made

possible by a grant from the International

Community

Foundation.

Thanks

to

ICF

andespecially to Anne McEnany, who championed

ourcause fromthebeginningandcontinuesto

raisetheissueofhowtobestapplytheresults.

We have supplemented the ICF

supported work in this report with relevant

results from previous and current

biomonitoring investigations intheCostaRican

PILA watersheds. Among numerous supporters

ofthiswork,weespeciallywishtoacknowledge

the DorothyAnn Foundation and Randy Curtis

oftheNatureConservancy.

Investigations

in

the

Uren

watershed,

includingtheportionofPILAknownasLaIsla,

were supported by a grant from the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Division of International

Conservation;specialthankstoSarah Gannon

Nagle andEthanTaylor.

ThefocusontherelationbetweenPILA

and the neighboring indigenous communities

which informs this work was originally

stimulated by Felipe Carazo of The Nature

Conservancy.

Over

a

period

of

several

years,

Earl

Junier of MINAET (the Costa Rican natural

resources agency) and various leaders of

ADITIBRI (the Bribri tribal government) have

facilitated the scientific collection permits

necessary for us to conduct PILArelated and

other investigations inthewatersofCostaRica

andtheTalamancaBribriIndigenousReserve.In

2011AlfonsoSanabriaandMariettaFonsecaof

theBinationalSixaolaWatershedProjectplayed

catalytic roles in assisting us to obtain similar

permits

from

ANAM

(the

PanamanianEnvironmentalAuthority) forwork inBocasdel

ToroProvinceandPILA/Panama.

SpecialthankstotheYorkinCommunity

Biomonitoring Group, representing the

communities of Yorkin (Costa Rica), El Guabo

andDacle(Panama)fortheircollaborationwith

the ANAI parataxonomy in their work in the

Yorkin/Tscuiwatershed.

Theworkofourparataxonomistswould

not have been possible without the

participationofNgobe,NasoandBribriguides,

boatmen

and

parataxonomist

apprentices.

Following is a list of assistants by watershed,

withtheheadguidelistedfirstineachcase:

Rio Teribe: Antonio Sanchez, EnriqueGamarra,LuisGamarra.

Quebrada Bocachica: Azael Quintero,TomasJimenez,TeodoroQuintero.

Rios Yorkin and Tscui: ConcepcionMorales, Allan Vega, Luis Segura, Cirilo

Cerrut,DailerMorales.

Rio Katsi: Justo Layan, Diego Torres,Eduardo

Cordero,

Jose

Luis

Yaslin.

Finallyweneedtothankourcolleagues

inthecentralofficeofANAIinSanJose,without

whosedailyeffortsprojects likethisonewould

notbemanageable.


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documenmto anai parataxonomos 2011

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