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Industrial Education Safety Guide.California State Dept. cf Education, Sacramento.7829p.Publications Sales,. California State Department ofEducation, P.O. Box 271, Sacramento, California 95E02($2.00 plus sales tax for California residents)

MF-$0.83 Plus Postage. EC Not Available-tics EDRS.Accident Prevention; *Equipment Utilizaticn; FacilityGuidelines; Guides; Hard Iccls; Industrial AftsTeachers; *Industrial Education; Inspecticn; LegalReSponsibility; Machine Icels; *Safety Education;Safety. Equipment; School Districts; *School Law;School Responsibility; *School Safety; *School Shops;State Legislation; Teacher. Responsibility; VocationalEducation

IDENTIFIERS California; *California Cccupational Safety andHealth Act

ABSTRACTCalifornia is one of the feW states in which rizho61

districts have a legal respcnsibility fcr accidents involvingstudents while they are participating in assigned school activities.This guide was prepared to help schocl administrators and teachersevaluate their.safety instruction programs and industrial educationfacilities in accordance with the legal requirements cf California'seducation and government codes and occupational safety and health-legislation. The first section of the guide quotes parts cf the codeson accident liability and required safety instruction, legalprovisions for school eye safety, industrial educaticn wcrk stationsafety, and legal bases for teacher negligence. A safety instructionprogram in industrial education is outlined in the second section.The third presents safety requirements applicable tc industrialeducation fatilities and equipment frca the California OccupationalSafety and Health Act, as detailed in general industry safety orderswhich cover safety requirements for btsiness and industry. A facilitysafety inspection list is appended. (NF)

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LLE

IP Industrial EducationSafety Guide

C

e

.'7%-tivIISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS'ERTALINMICROFICHE__ONLY

-,>S BEEN GRANTED BY

1'0 THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) ANDUSERS OF THE ERIC SYSTEM."

U S OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION & WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE DF

EDUCATION

"I% THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO

141DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN-ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY. REPRE-SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

4.1

CALIFORNIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Wilson RilesSuperintendent of Public Instruction Sacramento, 1978

2

-his publication was produced with funds from the VocationalEducation Amendments of 1968 (P.L. 90-576) and published by theCalifornia State Department of Education, 721 Capitol Mall,Sacramento, CA 95814.

Printed by The Office of State Printingand distributed under the provisions

of the Library Distribution Act

1978

Copies of this publication arc available for $2.00 each, plus salestax for California residents, from Publications Sales, CaliforniaState Department of Education, P.O. Box 271, Sacramento, CA95802. See page 22 for information-on ordering copies of thispublication and other Department publications.

Foreword

Educators in California are always looking for ways to improve their services to thestudents enrolled in their schools. This commendable professional attitude helps explainwhy California's educational programs in general and its industrial education programs inparticular have gained wide recognition for their quality.

All teachers wish to safeguard their students and to help them live increasingly efficientand happy lives. Industrial education teachers can make training in safety al'integral part ofevery task performed.

The Industrial Education Safety Guide presents essential safety instruction in the use oftools and equipment. Emphasis is given to the importance of relating safety instruction tothe `daily life of the student, both in the classroom and in industry when he or she isemployed.

The purpose of this publication is to provide a guide for safety instruction and a means ofevaluating the instructional program and the industrial education facilities. The material inthe publication was prepared (1) to meet the requirements of industrial education teachersat all levels; (2) to serve as a basis for reorganizing existing safety programs and updatingfacilities; (3) to meet certain of the legal requirements set forth in California's EducationCode and Government 'Code, both from the standpoint of accident liability and requiredsafety instruction; and (4) to provide a basis for carrying out the rules and regulations of theDivision of Industrial Safety of the California State Department of Industrial Relations(CAL/OSHA, California Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1973). I am certain theinformation presented in this publication will. be of great value in helping to improve safetyinstruction in California's industrial education wograms.

Superintendent of Public Instruction

rrr

2

Preface

The Industrial Education Safety Guide was prepared to provide school administrators andteachers with a means of evaluating their, safety instruction 'programs and industrialeducation facilities in accordance with the legal requirements set forth in the CaliforniaEducation Code, the California Government- Code, and the California Occupational Safetyand Health Act of 1973. This publication is based on current terminology anTI equipmentnomenclature as a result of extensive research conducted by Earl Smith, Professor,California State University, Long Beach, with the assistance of Chris Almeida, Consultant inIndustrial Education, Bureau of Industrial EducatiOn, State Department of Education.

Teachers of industrial education in California have a need to keep current with-thechanging requirements of new laws that affect safety education. This publication shouldhelp meet that need.

The Industrial Education Safety Guide should be of invaluable assistance to thoseresponsible for evaluating safety instruction in industrial education courses in California'spublic schools.

SAMUEL L. BARRETT!Assistant Stiperintendent forSecbndarydi'ducation: and StateDirector of Vocational Education,

DONALD W. FOWLERAssistant State Director of

Vocational Education

JAMES T. ALLISON.Acting Chief .

Bureau of Industrial Education

AcknowledgmentsI

ApOrciation is expressed to the following individuals who contributed to this guide:Ed Al lituie, Director of Planning, East Side Ron Hackett, Consultant in Industrial Edu-

Unio High School District cation, San Juan Unified School DistrictFred BOer, Supervisor, Industrial Educa- ^ Chuck Hart, Director, Career Education,

tion, Los Angeles City Unified School Anaheim Unified School DistrictDistri t Max Hartdegen, Administrative Assistant,

Don B rs, Teather, Anaheim Unified East Side Union High School DistrictSchoch District Richard Hoffman, Teacher, Anaheim Uni-

James each, Teacher, Anaheim UnifiedSchoo District

Marc B wn, Teacher, East Side UnionHigh chool District

Keith B sh, Industrial Education Coordina-tor, ast Side Union High SchoolDistri t

Frank F calini, Superintendent, East SideUnion High School District

V vi

fled School DistrictRobert Lillo, Teacher, East Side Union

High School DistrictAnthony Randazzo, Teacher, East Side

Union High School DistrictJohn Scott, Teacher, Fairfield-Suisun Vni-

fled School District

Contents

ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgments

The Schools and the LaW.

Liability of School Districts, Administrators:-and Etpployees

Sehobl Eye Safety Law 1

1/46 Safety in the Work StationNegligence

Introduction to a Program of Safety 3

Safety Instructions for the IndustrialEducation Program 3

Planning the Instructions 4

Evaluating the Safety InstructionsRecommendotions for an Effective

Safety Program' 5

Federal and-S(tate Legislation for Industrial-Safety

Industrial Education Facility RequirementsPersonal Safety Devices I I

Metal Working Machines 11

Paper and Printing Machines 13

Plastic Processing Machines 4 I 3

Woodworking m a c e s 13

lazardous and Toxic Materials 15

Safety Color Code I 7

Page

Ill

vi

Appendix A Terminology,,

Appendix B Salty Inspection List 19

Seleckied References

'viiI

The SChools and the Law

California is one of the few states in whichschool districts have a legal responsibility foraccidents that involve studen while they areparticipating in school activities t 'which they havebeen lawfully assigned. Government Code sections815.2 and 820.2 (Statutes 1963, Chapter 1681)include the following:

A public entity is liable for injury proximately causedby an act or omission of an employee of the publicentity within the scope of his [or her] employmer5 ifthe act or omission mould ... have given rise to a causeof action against that employee or his [or her] personalrepresentative.

Except as otherwise provided. by statute, a publicemployee is not liable for an injury resulting from his[or her] act or omission where the act or omission wasthe result of the exercise of the discretion vested in him[or her] , whether gr not such discretion be abused.

Liability of School Districts, Administrators,and Employees

To meet the provisions of these sections of theGovernment Code, school districts should provide'working conditions that are safe and instructionthat is appropriate for the type of work the'students are doing. In addition, Education CodeSection 35208 (1017)' requires that School dis-tricts protect themselves and their employees bycarrying liability- insurance. This section of thecode includes the following:

The governing board of any school district shallinsure against:

(1) Therliability ... of the district for damages fordeath, inju to a person, or damage or loss of property;and

(2). The personal liability of the members of theboard and of the officers and employees of the districtfor damages for death, injury to a person, or damage orloss of property caused by the negligent act or omissionof the membel, officer or employee wlien acting withinthe scope of his [or her] cffice of employment.

1The new (reorganized) Education Code is now in effect.Throughout this publication the old section number for each of theEducation Code sections presented is given in parentheses.

2-78050

School Eye Safety LawLegal provisions concerning eye safety in the

schools are presented in Education Code sections32030 (12090) through 32034 (12094). The mostimportant provisions are the following:

It shall be the" duty of the governing board of everyschoOl district ... to equip schools with eye protectivedevices ... for the use of all students, teachers, andvisitors.

... It shall' lie the duty of the superintendents,principals, or teachers charged with the supervision ofany class in which any such course is conducted, torequire such eye protective devices to be worn bystudents, teachers, and visitors ...

The eye protective' devices shall be worn in coursesincluding, but not limited to ... industrial arts shops orlaboratories ... at any time at which the individual isengaged in, or observing, an activity or the use ofhazardous substances likely to cause injury to the eyes.

Hazardous substances likely tolause physical injuryto the eyes include materials which are flammable, toxic,corrosive to living tissues, irritating, strongly sensitizing,radioactive, or which generate pressure thrOugh heat,decomposition or other means as defined in the Califor-nia Hazardous Substances Labeling Act:

Activity or the use of hazardous substances likely tocause injury to the eyes includes, but is .not necessarilylimited to, the following:

(1) Working with hot molten metal.(2) Milling, sawing, turning, shaping, cutting, grind-

Mg, and stamping of any solid materials.(3) Heat treating, tempering, or kiln firing of any

metal or other materials..(4) Gas or electric arc welding.(5) Repairing or servicing of any vehicles, or other

machinery or equipment.(6) Working with hot liquids or solids or with

chemicals which are flammable, toxic, corrosive to livingtissues, irritating, strongly sensitizing, radioactive, orwhich, generate pressure through heat, decomposition, orother means.

Sale of ProteCtive Devices at Cost

In accordance with Education ,Code Section32033 (12093), eye protective devices may be soldto pupils and teachers at a price that will notexceed the actual cost of the eye protective devicesto the school or governing board.

Use of Prescription Lenses

Prescription lenses that meet the standards setforth in Education Code Section 32032 (12092)may be used by persons doing the work describedin Section 32031 (12091), Item 6, in a classroomunder the supervision of appropriate persoanel.

Safety in the Work StationThe basic work station in an industrial education

facility is defined in Education Code Section49320 (12095). This section, which includes 'aprovision for industrial safety education, is asfollows:

A basic workstation in industrial education is definedas an assigned location where a student normally spendsthe majority of his [or her] class time performing theoperational functions necessary to meet the performariceobjectives sad goals of the course, including industrialsafety education. For these purposes, the number ofstudents in any industrial education facility or labora-tory in elementary and secondary programs shall notexceed the number of basic work stations designed forthe number of students assigned, as determined by thelocal governing board of the school district.

To implement the intent of Section 49320 ,andto comp19' with its provisions, the following proce-dure is suggested:

1. The teacher should prepare a course outlinethat includes the goals and performanceobjectives that the students are expected toachieve.

2. The performance objectives should describethe manipulative skills that the students areexpected to learn and the equipment thatthey will use in learning these skills.

3. The amount of time that the student will berequired to work on each piece of equipmentin the facility should be stated.

4. Any specific safety factors, rules, and regula-tionsapplicable to the specific facility shbuldbe stated in the course outline.

5. The course outline should then be submittedto the principal, district administrators, andmembers of the local board of education forapproval.

When the board members have approved the-teacher's course outline, they actually have limitedthe enrollment in the indu-trial education facilityfor which the course oo. ne was written. Thereason for this is that Sf.t.tion 49320 states that" ... the ntimber of statlents in any industrial

education facility or laboratory in elementary andsecondary programs shall not exceed the numberof basic work stations."

Negligence

California laws place the liability for studentaccidents and injuries with the school district;however, the instructor is responsible for-both thesafe environment of the shop,and the administra-tion of the 'safety program. To prevent studentinjury, and the possibility of a liability suit, theteacher of industrial education must not be negli-gent in the performance of a teaching assignment.Any of the following acts could provide a basis foraccusation or inference of negligence on the part ofthe instructor:

1. Failure to provide proper instructions2. Failure to supervise the assigned instructional

area while classes are in session3. Failure to correct a known, dan, ,:rous condi-

, tion in the assigned area4. Failure to prevent students from exposure to

a known,,dangerous condition until it can becorrected by the teacher or by the district

The industrial education teacher is responsiblefor instructing students in the safeAise of tools andequipment before the students are allowed toparticipate in-the laboratory activities in which thetools and equipment are used.

The teacher also is required to remain in theinstructional area while students are engaged in anyactivity that might result in an accident.

The physical condition of the laboratory and itsequipment also is the responsibility of the .indus-trial education teacher. The teacher should con-duct frequent inspections of the 'laboratory toensure a safe environment for the students. Inspec-tion records should be maintained, and any unsafe

' condition should be corrected as soon as possible.If a particular condition cannot be corrected by theinstructor, it should be reported in writing to thedistrict. The students should not be exposed to theunsafe condition.

Although a teacher may have'recluested that art-unsafe condition be corrected or eliminated* he.orshe is still responsible for preventing students frombeing exposed to the condition. If a teacher isaware of an unsafe condition and permits studentsto be exposed to that condition, the' teacher couldbe considered negligent.

Introduction to a Program of Safety

A welt-coordinated study plan should includesafety instruction that is geared to the correct useof the equipment in the industrial educationfacility. By having such a plan, school adminitstra-tors will be.doing thp following* ,

,r. Help the student work more effIcrently:2. Cause the, student to become aware of safety

practices that apply to daily living an school;around the home, and at work: -

3. Aid in protecting file teacherdistrict from possible legal. actions claimingnegligence.

4. Make it easier for the. teacher ,t8 offer,required instruction in accident and fifeprevention.

5. Help the student develop a positive attitudetoward working safely.

Safety should be emphasized in every phase ofinstruction. The industrial education teacher cangive real meaning to safety because in all labora-tory activities the need for strict adherence tosafety rules is apparent.

Whenever possible; the teacher should explainhow certain safe practices in the shop relate toother activities the studdit experiences daily athome and at work.

'Safety Instructions for the IndustrialEducation Program

A successful industrial education program re-quires that the students understand the reasons andadvantages of the activities that take place. Inexplaining and demonstrating the correct, safeproceduk to follow in using a tool or a machine,the teacher should give the reasons and advantagesfor each step. The following general safety instruc-tions for students can be applied to all areas ofindustrial education: - 40

1. Ask the teacher to approve all work thatyou plan to do.

2. Report 'all injuries, even.thCfugh, slight, tothe teacher immediately.

3. Wear suitable eye protection when engagedin any activity where eye hazards mayexist.

4. Be sure dour clothes are safe and suitableforshop work. Remove or fasten any-looseclothing. Roll loose sleeves above the el:bows. Keep haii- away from equipment inoperation. (Long hair mustthe confined.)

5. Observe rules concerning the operator'szone,

. Cooperate with other classmates in thestudent management of the shop.

7. Caution other students who may be violat-. (> ing a 'safety rule.

. 8. Obtain permission from the teacher beforet\ using any power equipment.

9. Report to the teacher or shop 'supervisorany equipment that doeF, not seem to work

- properly.10. Keep tools and materials from projecting

over the edge of-benches whenever possible.11. Use, a, brush or piece of wood to clear away

dry chips, and use a rag to clean oily areas.12. Keep,the floor clear of scraps and litter.13. Wipe up immediately any liquids spilled on

the floor: ' .

14. Keep bench and cabinet drawers and lockerdoors closed.

15. Place o ,y rags and other combUstible mate-.

rials in a covered metal container.16. Exerci§e. care in handling large, heavy, or

long pieces of material."17. Practice emergency procedures to follow in

case of earthquake, fire, or other disaster.Some of the preceding safety instructions will be

,explained in detail in the following-paragraphs. . ,

To "ask the teacher to approve all work" will(11 ensure the best, easiest, and safest way to -do ajob successfully; and 2) protect ally class membersfrom accidents caused by the careless or incompe-tent use of tools and machines.

When the .itudent has to go to the teacher forapproval, the teacher can help the student plan theproject. One of the purposes of industrial edtsca-tion is to assist the student in developing anorganized p;Ocedure. Submitting a plan orproae-dure should be a required step for the student totake in _securing the teacher's approval., Whetherapproval should be given for the entire job depends `---

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4

tipondhe competence and...maturity of the individ-ual. Under no circumstances `should a student beallowed to use tools or machines without theteacher's approval. Accident reports show thatmany mishaps in industrial education facilitiesoccur when students use tools and machines forunapproved purposes.

To "report all injuries, even though slight, to theteacher immediately" wit (I) allow the teacher togive immediate attention to injuries; (2) permit the.teacher to administer first aid for minor cuts,abrasiOns, burns, or bruises; and (3)'\ assist theteacher in correcting si tuations that cause accidents.

Adherence to the practice of having all injuries,even though, slight, reported to the teacher protectsthe students and the school. Good judgmentshould be used in deciding upon the seriousness ofan injury and the type of action that should betaken. Egir school district usually has a definiteprocedure i must be followed in case of aserious injury. ach shop should be equipped witha first-aid kit that contains a fresh supply offirst-aid materials. All cuts, abrasions, burns, orbruises received by the students should be inspectedby the teacher, and, when necessary, first aidshould be administered.

In an industrial education facility, the teachershould clearly--deSignate the operator's zone foreach machine or piece of equipment. Only theoperator should beiefallowed within the zone whilethe `Tfiachine or equipment is in use. To "observerules concerning the operator's zone" will (1)peevent others from bumping into the operator; (2)give the operator complete responsibility in the useof the Machine; and (3) protect all members of theclass from injuries caused by moving machine partsand flying pieces of material.

The designation of operators' zones, preferablyby taped or painted lines, helps protect thestudents and the school. When operators' zones areclearly identified, the teacher will have greatersuccess in conveying the following safety instruc-tions:'(l) "Make sure that all students are Clear ofthe machine before turning on the power"; (2)"Start your own machine and remain with it untilyou have turned it off and allowed it to Come to acomplete stop"; and (3) "Stay .clear of machinesbeing operated by others." Although the designat-ing of operators' zones is accepted practice, acci-.dent reports reveal that students other than theoperators are being injured in areas that shouldhave been indicated as operators' zones.

To "cooperate with .other classmates in thestudent management of the shop" will (I) make

the sharing in the responsibilities of shop manage-ment a satisfying experience; (2) allow each stu-dent a greals.:l amount of time for shop work bythe efficient ha thing of tools and materials; and(3) cause an equal division of the tasks necessary tomaintain a desirable work environment.

If student management of the shop is to besuccessful, each student .will have to understandthe advantages of cooperating with his or iicrclassmates. Students should share in the responsi-bilities of maintaining not only an orderly shop butalso a safe one. Safety should be an integral 'part ofthe total operation. Each class member should beinstructed to "caution other students who may beviolating a safety rule."

To "obtain permission from the teacher beforeusing any power equipment" will (1) ensure thatthe machine selected will provide the best, easiest,and safest method for doing the job; (2) give theteacher an opportunity to check the condition ofthe machine; and (3) give the teacher an oppor-tunity to make certain that the class members areprotected from accidents caused, by the careless orimproper use of equipment.

When the student is required to obtain permis-sion before using equipment, the teacher can usethis opportunity to give the student additionalinstruction.. Whether permission should be given tothe student for the entire job depends upon his orher competence and maturity. The first statementin each list of safety instructions should direct thestudent to "obtain permission from the teacherbefore using" the specified machine. This shouldbe followed by, instructions concerning steps to betaken before operating the machine. After thepreparatory directions are given, a statement suchas "Turn on the power (after permission is ob-tained)" should be listed as a double check.Pervission first may have bee given with acondition that certain instruct; ,ns be followed.concerning the use of jigs, specia setups, or safetydevices. A second check may be necessary, partic-ularly for the inexperienced operator. Accidentreports indicate that accidents often are caused bystudents who are using machines without per-mission and for unapproved purposes.

Planning the Safety InstructionsThe teacher should use selected safety instruc-

tions as a guide in preparing a lesson plan on thecorrect use of each tool or piece of equipment. Theinstructions should be planned so that they willemphasize safe practices that will be covered in thefirst safety test.

The safety instructions should be printed on oneside of a single sheet of paper. They can be used byeach student for study and review. 10 addition,they should be displayed prominently On theequipment.

Evaluating the Safety InstructionsThe administration of an industrial education

safety test to all students will (1) make it possiblefor teachers to evaluate their safety instructions;(2) cause each 'student to acknowledge an under-standing of the correct way to work in anenvironment of tools and machines.; and (3) furnishwritten proof that safety instructions have beengiven to the students.

Results of a statewide study indicated that themajority of industrial education teachers andsupervisors. in California preferred the objectivetype of safety test. Of all the types of objectivetests, the teachers overwhelmingly selectedmultiple- choice Sand completion-type tests, in thatorder, as the most valuable-and most applicable.Examples of these are the following:

1. Multiple-choice item: Before using any powerequipment, you shoyid,.obtain permissionfrom: ( 1 ) an advpced_saident; (2) the princi-

, sal; (3) the teacher; (4) the office.2. Completion-type item: Before oiling, clean-

ing, or adjusting a machine, you should allowthe machine to come to a complete

Safety is a positive and personal matter. When-ever possible the .safety test questions shouldemphasize the positive approach to safety educa-tion; e.g., "Do this for one of these reasons." Thestudent's personal responsibility for safety shouldbe stressed by aiming the questions at the studentrather ,than at an impersonal someone; e.g., "Youshould do this for one of these reasons."

Recommendations for anEffective Safety Program

To have an effective safety program, the indus-trial _educatiOn teacher should consider the follow-Mg guidelines:

_

1. Emergency procedures in the event of fire,earthquake, nuclear attack, or other disas-ter should be explained at the first classmeeting.

2.17

2. General safety instructions should be pre-sented before students are permitted toengage in laboratory activities.

3. General safety tests should be given, andrecords should be maintained.

4. The instructor .should give instruction anddemonstrations on each tool and 'machinebefore students are,permitted to use them.

.5. Sweific safety instruction and tests shoUldbe given on each power tool and otherhazardous equipment.

6. Students should ask, the instructor forpermission to operate power equipment

4, and other hazardous equipment,7. The instructor should set a posiave exam-

ple by practicing all safety procedures inthe laboratory.

8. The instructor should closely supervisestudents while they are operating machines-and equipment.

9. Routine shop safety inspections should beconducted by the instructor, and records ofthe inspections should be maintained.

40. Unsafe conditions should be corrected. Ifrepairs cannot be made immediately,proper barriers should be installed aroundthe equipment to prevent its use..

11 Any machine or' piece of equipment that isnot in good working order , shOuld beproperly tagged and turned off or disccrn-nected,,if posSible.

12. Students should report unsafe conditions assoon as they are discovered.

13. All student accidents and injuries should bereported immediately to thdpstructor.

14. Accurate records should be kept of studentaccidents and injuries.

445. The service and repair requests should be inwriting, and accurate records should bemaintained.

16. Students should be encouraged to partici-pate in making the shop a safe place foreveryone in the class.

17. The safety laws and rules should beenforced in the shop at all times.

18. Under no circumstances should the instruc-tor leave the designated instructional areaduring assigned class time.

Federal and State Legislationfor Industrial Safety.

Safety education always has been anextremelyimportant objective of the industrial educationprogram.' The teacher and the school's administra-

.tors are responsible' for providing_a safe laboratoryfor student .learniiig activities. In addition, the

rteacher is responsible for instructing ancb. super-vising the students during all activities in thelaboratorS). The safety' education program,,; if it isbased on the industrial ,safety practices, shouldprepare the students to work safely in school andin industry. .;

Within the past five years federaPlegislation haScaused .Much.-emphasis to be placed on safetyeducation. The Occupational Safety. and HealthAZ (OSHA) was enacted by the United StatesCaigress and became laik -on April°23, 197r: Thislaw was designed specifically to eliminate unsafeworking sonditions in all areas of employment.Individual states are using this law as a guide fordeveloping their- own occupational safety andhealth programs: The, federal law requireS eachstate to enact legislation 1 2 alifornia pissedthe Califwia OccupationarSifetY and ealth:Act(CAL/0814A). It includes the following:

The California Occupational Safety and. Health Act of.1973 is hereby enacted for the purpose- of assuring safeacid healthful working conditions for all Californiaworking men and women' by authorizing the enforce-ment of effective standards; assisting and encouragingemployers to maintain safe and healthful workingconditi i; and by providing for research, information,education, training, and enforcement in the 'field ofoccupational safety and health.

1 Because' the California Occupational Safety andHealth Act affects schools as well as other agencies,the teachers of inu istrial eduCation programs arecovered .as employees Of a school district. The law;does not treat. students as emplOyees, pxcept in' ,

those cooperative education classes Where theYreceive pay, However, students are instructed andsupervised' in the laboratories, in the.Anchistrialeducation program in which the teacher is CMpioyed ; ,therefore, the ,facilities must meet the,:reqUirements of the law. petails; of this laW arepresented in General Industry Safety Orders, whichcovers all safety requirements for business andinclUstiy. air compressor diseharge line with a block valve

Industrial Education FacilityRequirenrienta

The following is an attempt to present only thesafety requirements that are applicable to indus-trial edudation facilities and equipment. If addi-tional information is needed, the teacher oradministrator should refer to the appropriatesiafety,regUlations or seek help from the -local office ofthe Division of Industrial Safety. The numbers inparentheses refer to the appropriate section of theGeperal Industry Safety Order's or the ElectricalSafety Orders.

Abrasive Wheels

Safety codes have been adopted for the protec-tion of operators of abrasive wheels.

General machine requirements ( 3576). Station-ar7, grinding machines must be sufficiently heavyand rigid so as to prevent dangerous vibration. .

They must. be securely mounted on adequate andsafe floors, benches, foundations, or other struc-tures...

Permissible wheel exposure for peripherygrinding7-bench and floor stands (3578).. Themaximum angular exposure of the grinding wheelperiphery and sides for hoods used on machinesknoWn as bench and floor stands should notexceed 90 degrees orone-fotirth of the. periphery..

Protective devices ( 3577)...Abrasive wheels mustbe equipped* with protection hood The hood

. 'guard should cover the spindle end, nut, and flangeprojections. The .work

withshould be kept adjusted

closely to the wheel with a maximum opening oflig inch (0.3 cm) to prevent the work from ,being.jammed between the wheel and the rest; jammingcould ,cause the wheel to break.

Speed ( 3580). The recommended speed of abra-sive wheels should be _indicated on each wheel bythe manufacturer. AbrasiVe wheels should not beoperated in excess of the, recommended speed.:

Air Compressors (3518) ,

Air ebmpressor intake lines should not 'belocated An atmospherei that contain 6xplosiveconcentrations of flammable gases or vapors; An

between the air receiver and compressor must havea pressure-relieving safety device installed in theline between the compressor and block valve.

Aisles (3272)

Where aisles or walkways are required, machin-ery equipment, parts, and stock, should be soarranged as to provide clear walkways or,aisles notless than 24 inches (61 cm) wide and 6 feet 8inches m) high. All exits from the buildingshould be free of obstacles and clearly identified.

Automotive Lifts (3543)

Automotive lifts should be marked with thename of the manufacturer, capacity of the lift,date of installation, and Division of IndustrialSafety approval number.

Each hydraulic automotive lift must be equippedwith a readily, accessible direct control devicethat will automatically returrLto the neutral or."off"' posiiion'when it is released by the operator.The floor surfaces undei the lift should be keptreasonably free of oil or grease to minimize-hazards.

Compressed Air and Gases (3301)

Compressed air or other compressed gases inexcess of 10 pounds per square inch (69 kPa)should not be. used to blow chips or dust fromclothing while it is being worn. The use ofcompressed air for cleaning machines, tools, orparts thereof should be so controlled, or propersafety devices or safeguards used, as to reduce thepossibility of injury to the eyes.

156ors (3235)

Every exit opening must be large enough topermit the installation_af?a door not less than 36inches (91 cm) wide and 6 feet .8 inches (2 m) high.Revolving, sli .ng, or overhead rolling doors shouldnot be used as required exits.

Electrical Require

Electrical safety. codes have been adopted forthe protection- of operators of electrical machineryand equipment.

Approvals (2305.4). Electrical products, mate-rials, devices, systems, or installations must beapproved, listed, or labeled as conforming toapplidable test standards established by the Under-writers' Laboratories, U.S. Bureau of, 'Mines,National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, or other OSHA-acaredited testing labora:tones and facilities.

7

Autbmatic restartingmagnetic switches andcontrols (2530.43). A motor- running overloaddevice that can restart a motor automatically afteroverload tripping should not be installed unless it isapproved for use with the motor it protects. Amotor that can restart automatically after shut-down should not be installed if its automaticrestarting can result in injury to persons.

Control and protective devices (2340.27). Allswitches, circuit breakers, 'fuses, or other controland protective. should be located or ar-ranged so that they may be safely' operated.removed; or repaired.

Exposed wiring (2420:17). Open, exposed wir-ing should not be installed in any building orportion of a building.

Grounding -type receptacles, adapters, cord con-nectors, and attachment -plug devices (2510.581Grounding-type receptacles, adapters, cord connec-tors, and attachment plugs should be provided withone fixed grounding pole in addition to the circuitpoles.

Mechanical prbtection (2340.26). Electrial con-ductors and equipment should be protected fromphysical damage.

Work :space in front of electrical ,equipment(2340.16). Work space in front of any piece ofelectrical equipment should be at least "30 inches(76 cm)?wide. This space should never be used forstorage.

Exits (3228)

Every building or usable' portion thereof musthave at least one exit. At least two exits arerequired where more than 50 pei§ons are occupy-ing a school shop or vocational room.

Fire Classification and Protection

Safety codes have been adopted for the protec-tion of those who work in industrial facilities.

Fire classification (6150). Fires have been, classi-fied as follows:

,

Class A. Fires involving ordinary combustiblematerial's such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber,and many plastics.

Class B. Fires involving flammable liquids, gases,, and 'greasesClass C. Fires involving energized electrical

equipment where the electrical nonconduc-tivitY of the extinguishing media is, of impor-tance (When electrical equipment is deener-gized, extinguishers for Class A or Class Bfires may be tged safely.)

Class D. Fires involving combustible metals, suchas magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,and potassium

Fire extinguishers (6151). The employer isresponsible for the installation, inspection, main-tenance, and testing of fire extinguishers.

Types of extinguishers (6152). Extinguishersshould be selected for the specific class or classesof hazards to be protected in accordance with thefollowing:,

Class A. Foam,- multipurpose chemical, water,and loaded-stream type extinguishers

Class B. Bromotrifiuoromethane, bromochloro-difluoromethane, carbon dioxide, dry chemi-cal, foam, and loaded-stream type extin-guishers

Class C. Bromotrifluoromethane, bromochloro-difluoromethane, Carbon dioxide, and drychemical type extinguishers (carbon dioxideextinguishers equipped with metal horns arenot considered safe.)

Class D. Specific hazard type extinguishers(Extinguishers and extinguishing agents forthe protection of Class D hazards must be ofthe types approved for use on the specificcombustible-metal hazard.)

Flammable Materials

Flammable vapors (5416). No source of ignitionshould be permitted in any location, indoors oroutdoors, where the concentration of flammablegases or vapors exceeds or may reasonably beexpected to exceed 20 percent of the lowerexplosive limit in the working atmospheje..

Flammable liquids (5417 -)All open or closedcontainers used for storing flammable liquids mustbe plainly marked with an appropriate warninglegend or painted with a distinctive color orotherwise distinguished from containers used fornonflammable substances. All flammable liquidSshould be kept in covered containers when they arenot actually in use or being processed or com-pounded. Such liquids should not be transportedfrom permanent storage, tanks.

Electrical and other sources of ignition'(5432).Open flames,,spark-producing devices, or heatedsuffices with a temperature sufficient to ignitevapors should not he allowed in any area wherevapors may' accumulate.

Guartls,General Machine Hazard

Machine guards (4070). Any part of a belt,- orpulley: drive system that has flat, crowned, orflanged pulleys that are 7 feet (2.1 m) or less above

the working level must be guarded. All gears andsprockets must be guarded. Friction drives that arelocated 7 feet (2.1 m) or less above the floor orother working level must be guarded. The chains ofsprocket and chain drives that are located within 7feet (2.1 m) of the floor or other working levelmust be guarded.

Revolving and reciprocating parts (4002). Haz-ardous revolVing or reciprocating machine partsthat are not guarded by the frame of the machineor by. location must be guarded properly. Keys, setscrews, projections, or recesses .in revolving orreciprocating parts that are not guarded by theframe of the machine or -by location must beremoved, made flush, or guarded.

Handrails (3214) ,

Stairways with more than four risers must have:.handrails.

Hand Tools (3556)

Hand tools should be kept in gopd conditionan be safely stored: Broken or unsafe hand toolsshould be replaced. All tools should be restrictedto their intended use, and they should be used onlyby those employees who are required and qualifiedto use them.

Illumination (3317)

Illumination should be adequate whether natur4or artificial illumination is provided. Fixturesshould be kept sufficiently clean, adjusted, andrepaired so as not to impair illumination requiredfor the safety of employees.

Machinery and-Equipment-(-3328)

Machinery and equipment should be of adequatedesign and. Should not be used of operated atexcessive speed or under stresses or loads thatendanger emplliyees.

Machinery and equipment in service should beinspected as recommended by the manufacturerand maintained in safe operating condition. Anydefective equipment should be replaced.

Machines and equipment should be operatedwithin the tonnage and weight ratings specified bythe manufacturer. Those machines that are designedfor a fixed location must be securelY anchored.

Machine components should be designed, se-cured, or covered to minimize hazards caused bybreakage, release of mechanical energy (e.g.,broken springs), or loosening and falling. Anymodifications should be in accordance with goodengineering practice.

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Machine power control (4001). All machinesshould be equipped with adequate shutoff devicesso that the machine operator or another person candisconnect the power promptly in case of emer-gency.,

Repair work ( 3314). Every prime mover orpower-driven machine that is equipped with lock-able controls must be locked in the f`off" positionduring repair work. Machines that are not soequipped are -considered in compliance with thisorder if they are disconnected from their source ofpower. 'In all cases caution, signs with adequatewording must be placed on the controls of themachines duringrepair work.

Maintenance and Use of Tools and Guards

Cutting tools (4186). All saws, cutting' tools,heads,' shears, and knives on any machine must bekept sharp, properly set up, adjusted, and firmlysecured. All point-of7operation guards must beproperly adjusted and maintained in a safe andefficient working condition. ,

Guards ( 3303). Wherever there is danger ofinjury from flying particles or substances and suchdanger cannot be eliminated by the use of prOperpersonal safety devices and safeguards, adequateshields, screens, chip guards, or enclosures must beprovided.

Material Storage 'Areas (3241)

Stored materials should be piled, stacked, orracked to prevent them from tipping, falling, orrolling. Racks, bins, planks,,, bars, or. blocks-shouldbe used where necessary to make the piles stable.

--Medical Services and- First Aid (3400)

Ifie--&inplijer will ensure that medical personnel,are readily available for advice and consultation-onmatters of industrial health or injury.

Where an infirmary, clinic,. or hospital is notsituated close to the place of work, one or moreindividuals must be adequately trained to renderfirst aid:"The training must be equal td-that of theU.S. Bureau of Mines or:the American Red Cross.

Adequate first-aid materials, approved by the. consulting physician, must be readily available tothe employees on every job. Such materials mustbe kept in a sanitary and usable condition. All.first-aid materials should be inspected frequentlyand replenished as necessary.

Where a person's eyes or body may be exposedto injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilitiesfor quick drenching or flushing of the eyes andbody must be provided withjn the work area.

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9

Noise Levels and Control.

Noise levels (5097). The allowable exposures tointermittent or continuous noise are shown inTable I.

TABLE 1

Allowable Exposures to Noise

Total exposure time,hours per day

8 .

64321

1/2

14

Sound 'level, decibels

90929597

100102105I10I15

Exposure to impact or impulsive noise shouldnot exceed a sound pressure level of 140 decibels.

Operational controls (5098)? Whenever'the workoperation rea (inably permits, exposure to exces-sive noise should be eliminated or at least reducedby engineering or operational controls. Wheneverthe exposure to noise exceeds the allowable levels,the employer must provide, and the employeesmust use, acceptable ear protectors.

SanitationGeneral Requirements (3362)

To the extent that the nature of the workallows, work areas, storerooms, personal servicerooms, and passageways should be kept clean andorderly.

Signs and Tags (6003)

The specifications for accident prevention signsand tags are as follows:

'Danger signs. Danger -signs should be used onlywhere an immediate hazard exists. The colors used.are red, blck, and white.

Radiation warning signs. The background 'isreddish purple, and the lettering is yellow.

Caution signs. The background is yellow, andthe panel is black with yellow letters.

Safety instruction signs. The background iswhite, and the panel is green with white letters.

Toilet Facilities (3364)

Every place of employment should have asufficient number of conveniently loet..ted restrooms for thause of employees.

10

Ventilation Systems (5141)

Whenever harmful dusts, fumes, mists, gases, orvapors exist or are produced under normal condi-tions of work, in quantities that would createharmful exposure for the employees, and preven-tion or elimination of the hazard is not practicable,such hazards must be controlled by the applicationof general ventilation, local exhaust ventilation, orother effective means.

Welding Equipment -Arc Welding (4851)

Where the work permits, the welder should beenclosed in a booth that is painted with a finish oflow reflectivity such as zinc oxide and lamp black.An enclosure of noncombustible screens with asimilar finish may also be used. The booth orscreens must permit circulation of air at floor level.Workers or other persons adjacent to the weldingarea must be protected from the rays by noncom-bustible or flameproof screens or shields, or they ;)

must wear appropriate goggles. The welder shouldprovide some means of warning other workers ofthe location of hot metal.

Fire prevention in welding operations (4848).Cutting or .welding should be permitted only inareas that are or have been made firesafe. Suitablefire extinguishing equipment must be maintainedready for use while welding and cutting are beingperformed.

General precautions (4845). Acetylene shouldnot be generated, piped (except in approvedcylinder manifolds), or used at a gauge pressure inexcess of 15 pounds per square inch (103 kPa)..Okygen cylinders, valves, regulators, or otherfittings must be kept free of oil or grease. Oxygencylinders and equipment should not be handledwith oily hands or greasy materiels. A jet ofoxygen must never b-epiermitted---to-strike-against-an oily surface or greasy clothes or enter a tankused to store fuel or other combustible material.

Leaking regulators, cylinder valves, hoses, pipingsytems, or fittings should never be used. Oxygen

' and fuel gases should never be used withoutreducing the pressure through a suitable regulator',attached to the cylinder valve or manifold. Anacetylene cylinder valve should not be openedmore, than one and ,one-half turns of the spindle,and preferably no more than 'three-fourths of aturn., Torches should be ignited by; friction lightersor other devices. Matches should not be used.'-- - Acetylene ould_ ndt be brought into contact withunalloyed copper, except in a blowpipe or tore -h

Hose (4839). Fuel gas hose and oxygen. hoseshould be easily- distinguishable from each other:

They should be coated with contrasting colors orhave surface .characteristics that are readily distin-guishable by touch provided that either hose islabeled at intervals not to exceed 6 feet (1.8 m).Labels should be of the color usually accepted forthe gas conveyed in the hose. Red is generallyaccepted as the color for fuel hose, and green isused for oxygen hose.

Pressure regulators (4838). Regulators or auto-matic redwing valves should be used only for thegas and at the pressure for which they areintended. Defective oxygen and fuel ga$' pressureregulators, including their gauges, "should-,;;not beused. Gauges on oxygen regulators should bemarked.-"USE NO OIL."

Storage and use of gas cylinders (4846).cylinders should be protected' against. undue ab-...sorption of heat. Valves on empty cylinders, hould.be closed. Valve protection caps should be in placeexcept when the cylinders are being used.- Cylin-ders should be secured in an upright position at alltimes except, if necessary, for shall periods of timewhile the cylinders are _actually being hoisted orcarried. OxYgen" cylinders should never be storednear highly combustible materials, especially oil.and grease, or near reserve stocks of carbide andacetylene (including acetylene generators), or otherfuel gas cylinders, or near any other substance thatis likely to cause or accelerate fire.

Oxygen cylinders in storage should be separatedfrom fuel-gas cylinders or- combustible materials(especially, oil or grease) a minimum distance of 20feet (611 m) or by a noncombustible barrier at least5 feet (1.5 m) high and with a fire-resistance ratingof at least 30 minutes. All portable cylinders usedfor the storage and shipment of compressed gasmust be constructed and maintained in accordance"with the regulations of the U.S. Department ofTransportation, 497-CFR-, parts 1-7-1-through-1-79---Compressed gas cylinders should be legibly markedfor the purpose of identifying the gas

of.Either the chemical name or trade 'name df the gascaiV be used.

Training of operators (4799). Anyone whooperates an oxygen and fuel-gas supply system,including stationary acetylene generator's andoxygen and fuel-gas distribution piping systems,should be thoroughly instructed and judged pant-petent by a designated plant authority acb6tableto the Division of Industrial Safety. Printed rulesand instructions covering the operation and main-

-tenarrce- of oxygen and fuel- gas supply-equipment,including' generators, and distribution piping sysi-terns should be posted in a. conspicuoUs place,

170,

under glass, or with other suitable means ofprotection.

Use of cylinders (4847). Compressed gas cylin-ders in portable service should be conveyed bysuitable trucks to which they are securely fastened,and all gas cylinders in service should be securelyheld in substantial racks or secured to other rigidstructures so that they will not fall orbe knockedover. Cylinders must not be placed where theymight form part of an electric circuit. Cylindersshould be kept far enough away from the actualwelding or cutting operation so that sparks, hotslag, or flame will not reach them.-:(Fire-resistantshields may be used.) No attempt should ever bemade to transfer acetylene from one cylinder toanother or to mi-X gases in acYlinder. . .

Ventilation, and personal protective eciiiipmentt4equirenients for (.4velding, brazing, and cutting(5150) Local exhaitst ventilation syStems- thatprovide a minimum air velocity .of 100 lineal feet(30.5 m) per minute in the welding zone should beused...Respiratory protective ,equipment should beused if the exposure level of. fumes is. consideredharmful. Local exhaust ventilation must be pro-vided whenever. anyone is welding, brazing, orcutting materials that contain beryllium, cadmium,chromium, fluoride, lead, mercury, zinc, or stain-less steel.

Work Area and Housekeeping (3273)

Permanent floors and platforms should be freeOf dangerous projections or obstruCtions, and theyshould maintained in good repair and bereasonably -TreefrOin oil, 'grea'se, or water. Perma- .

nent roadways, -walkways,.:.andmaterial storageareas in ,yards should be maintained free ofdangerous depressions, obstructions, or debris.

Permanently, installed prime movers, Machines,%,and equipment should be sd,Arranged and placed or

---guarclethiliat transported materialS will not strikeoperators or moving parts of the machines.

_Machines or equipment should be located sothat the. product, waste stock, or material beingworked or proceSsed will not endanger employees.Guards may be used.

All employees must receive. instruction in theproper use of 'personal protective devices.

Approved Protective Devices (3380)

Proteetion where modified by the words head,eye, body, hand. or foot means the safe-guardingobtained by means of Safety devices or safeguardsof the proper type for a given exposure. The

Personal Safety Devices

13

design, strength, and quality of such devices mustbe sufficient to eliminate, preclude, or mitigate thehazard.

The safety devices or safeguards should complywith the standards approved by the AmericanNational Standards Institute, the Bureau of Stan-dards, the Division of Industrial Safety, or other.recognized authority.

Body Protection (3383)

Body protection may be required for anyemplOyee whose work. expos him or her tohazardous.,or flying substances ot objects.

Only eloping that is appropriate foT7the workbeing performed ShOUld be ,worn. Loose sle.-ves,tim= lapels, cuffs;,,..or. other 16ose clothing that canbecome, ep.i,a,ngledln moving machinery should notbe worn.

Clothing that is saturated or impregnated withflammable liquid c., corrosive substances, irritants,or oxidizing agents should be removed and 'prop-erly cleaned.

Ear Protection (5099)

Whenever the exposure to noise exceeds the,levels given in Table 1, the emplo, er must provideand the employees must use acceptable ear pro-.tectors,

Eye and FaCe Protection (3382)

Any employee who is required to work in alocation where eye hazards from flying particles,hazardous substances, or injurious light rays areinherent in the work or environment should besafeguarded by means of face or eye protection.

SUitable screens or shields tharcan be used toiSblate the hazardous exposure may be consideredadequate safeguarding for nearby emploYees.

The employer must provide' and .the employeemust use -= suitable protection See Table 2 forproper filter lens shade numbers.

Where eye protection is required and the em-ployee requires vision correction, the followingtypes of eye protection must be provided: (I)safety spectacles with corrective lenses; (2) safetygoggles designed to fit over spectacles; or (3)protective goggles with corrective 'lenses mountedbehind the protectiVe lenses.

The wearing of contact lenses is prohibited inany working environment where the employee isexposed to harmful materials or light flasheS',except when special precautionary procedures thatare medically Approved have been established forthe protection of the exposed individual.

e

12

Design, construction, testing, and use of devicesfor eye and face protection must be in accordancewith American National Standard Z87.1-1968 foroccupational eye and face protection.

TABLE 2

Filter Lens Shade Numbers forProtection Against Radiant Energy

Shielded metal-arc welding ('/16 to5/32 electrode)

Gas-shielded arc welding, nonferrous(1 /16 to 5/32 electrode)

Gas-shielded arc welding, ferrous(' /16 to 5/32 electrode)

Shielded metal-arc-welding(346 to 1/4 electrode)

:Shielded metal-arc welding(548 to % electrode)

Atomic hydrogen weldingCarbon-arc weldingSolderingTorch blazingLight cutting (up to I inch [ 2.5 cm])Medium cutting-.._(1 to 6 inches [3 to 15 cm] )Heavy ;cutting

(over 6 .inches [15 cm] )Gras welding, light

(Up to 1/8 inch [0.3 cm] )Gas° welding, medium

('/8 to 1/2 inch [0.3 to 1.3 cm])Gas welding, heavy

(over 1/2'inch [1.3 cm] )

Shade No.

10

I I

12

12

1410 t,) 14

142

3 Or 43 or 4

4 or 5

3 or 6

4 or 5

5 or 6

6 or 8

Foot Protection (3385)

Appropriate foot. protection must be providedfor employees who are exposed to foot injuriesfrom hot, corrosive, di poisonous substances;falling objects; and crushing or penetrating actions.Those employees who are required to work inabnormally wet locations must also have properfootwear.

Shoes that are defective or inappropriate to theextent that their ordinary use creates the possi-bility of foot injury should not be worn.

Safety -toe footwear should meet the_xequirements and specifications of American' NationalStandard Z41.1=1967.

Hand Protection (3384)

Hand protection may be required for employeeswhose work regularly exposes their hands tohazardous substances, cuts, or burns. The wearingof gauntlet-type or loose-cuff gloves aroundmoving machinery should not be permitted.

Head Protection (3381)

Employees 'exposed to flying or falling objectsand/or electric shock and burns should be safe-guarded by means of approved head protection. -Where there is a risk of injury from hair entangle-ments in moving parts or machinery or fromcombustibles or toxic contaminants, employeesmust confine their hair to eliminate the hazard.

Jewelry (3386)

Wristwatches, rings, or other jewelry should notbe worn while working on machinery.

Respiratory Protective Equipment (5144)

.Where it is clearly impracticable IQ; removeharmful dust, fumes, mist, vapors, or gases at theirsouree, as required in code sections 5142 and5143, or where emergency protection is needed,the employer must provide and the employee mustuse approved respiratory equipment.

'Sanitation (3387)

Protectors should be capable of being cleanedand disinfected easily. They must, always be cleanand in good repair. Safety devices, includingprotective clothing worn by the employee, shouldnot' be interchanged among the employees until thedevices have been cleaned properly. Safety devicesthat are worn over shoes or outer clothing, no. partof, which contacts th6 'skin of the wearer, need notbe cleaned.

Metal Working Machines. -

Safety codes have been established for operatorsof metal Workiriwmachines.

Abrading, Burring, and Polishing Michines (4237)

Exposed arbors, must be guarded. Arbor endsthat ate not equipped with acorn nuts or theequivalent also must be guarded.

Squaring Shears (4227)

Mechanical power and foot and hand p9wersquaringshears must be equipped with a guard that,.will prevent the hand of the operator from entering

the zone traveled by the knives of the shears whilethey are in motion.

Paper and Printing MachinesOperators of paper and printing machines should

be aware of the following safety codes.

Cylinder and Rotary Presses (4440)

The in-running sides of power-operated rollers orcylinders must have.;,0 guard so arranged that thematerial can be fed to the rollers without permit-ting the operator's fingers to be caught betweenthe rollers or cylinders.

Job Platen Press (4436)

Job. platen presses with or without mechanicalpower should have one of the following: (1) anautomatic feed that does not require the operator'shands to. be placed between, the platen and bed; (2)an automatic stop that will prevent the platen fromclosing if the hand or hands of'the. operator arecaught between the platen and the bed; or (3) amechanically operated guard 'or gate that willthrow the operator's hands out of the way as thepress closes.

Lithographic Press (4441)

The in-running side of the cylinder and rollershould be equipped with a guard that will preventthe operator's ringers from being caught betweenthe cylinder and' roller.

Paper Cutter (4438.)

Power-driven gqlotine paper cutters must beequipped with (1) a nonrepeat device' that willautomatically lock the clutch mechanism intoplace so that the cutter cannot make a secondstroke until the hand lever is again moved into thestarting position; or (2) a buffer that will interposea positive stop to some moving part of the machineWhenever the clutch fails to perform the functionof 'preventing the cutter from making a repeatstroke. In addition to the nonrepeat device orbuffer,' the cutter must be equipped with (1) astarting device that requires the sithultaneous,action of 1:loth hands during the cutting motion ofthe knife; or (2) an arrangement on the startingdevice or other part of the machine that willinterpose a barrier or interlock between the start-ing lever and clutch, which must be, released'through a movement of the hand starting the leverbefore such lever can be moved to the positionwhere it applies .power to the cutter. simultaneous

'r

13

operation of paper cutters by more than oneoperator is not permitted.

Paper Punch add Line Perforator (4443)

Mechanical or foot power punches and lineperforators Must be equipped with an effectivedevice that will prevent the operator's fingers fromcoming between the punch and die. Machines thathave less than 3/8-inch (0.9-cm) clearance at theopening when in the open position need not beguarded.

Plastic Processing Machines

The following safety codes have been established 'for the protection of operator's of machinery usedfor processing plastics.

Injection Molding Machine (4600)

Every injection molding machiiie should, beguarded by one or more of the following Methods.A 'sliding 'gate should be installed so that itinterposes a barrier 'between the dies and theoperator before the dies can close: The machine

.should be deSigned so that, if the gate can beopened during the die ch sing cycle, the die motionwill be stopped immedir tely or it, will be reversedby the opening of the gate. The sliding gate guard'should extend overine top of each side of the diesa diStance sufficient to make it impossible for theoperator to place his or-her hands between the diesWhile they are closing. The danger zone on the sideof the machine opposite the operator's workingposition also should be guarded. Some machinesmay have a constant-presSure device or control thatrequires the operator to use two hands simulta-neously during the entire die closing 'cycle.

Thermosetting plastic Molding Press (4601)

Every thermosetting plastic molding .press musthave a guard that prevents,, the operator's handsfrom entering:Ahe danger zone at the point _ofoperation.

20

Woodworking Machines

The following safety codes have been adoptedfor the protection of operators of woodWorkingmachines.

Bind Saw (4310)

A guard must be placed over all portions of aband saw blade except that portion between theguide rolls and the table. The down travel guardfrom the upper wheel to the guide 'must beadjusted so that the blade travels within the angle '

4 '

r

14

or channel. The guard must be constructed ofheavy materivl (preferably metal), and the edge ofthe guard must come to within 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) ofthe place formed by the inside face of the feed rollin contact with the stock being cut. Each band sawmachine must be provided with a tension controldevice to indicate a proper tension for the standardsaws used on the machine. Such a device helps toprevent saw breakage caused by improper tension:Blades must be removed from the saw promptlywhenever kinks or. twists develop. Brazed joints inband saws must be the same thickness as the sawblade to avoid vibration. Band-saws must neverbeoperated at speeds in excess of the manufacturer'srecommended speed.

Belt Sander (4312)

Belt sanders must have enclosures over thepulleys and the unused run of the sanding belt.Rim guards are acceptable for pulleys that have-smooth, disc wheels, proVided that on-running nippoints are guarded. Guards may be hinged, topermit sanding on the pulley.

Boring and Mortising Machines'(4316)

Safety -bit chucks with no projecting set screwsshould be used on boring and mortising machines.Borhg bits should be provided with a guard thatenc. _nes all portions of the bit and chuck above thematerial being worked. The top of the cuttingchain, and driving mechanism on chain mortisersmust be enclosed.

Circular Ripsaw Manual Feed (4300)

A circular ripsaw,rnust be equipped with a hoodthat covers the saw to at least the depth of the.

'teeth. The hood must automatically adjust itself tothe thickness of the material being cut and remainin contact with the material at the point where the,'stock encounters the saw. The hood may be a fixedor manually adjusted hood or guard provided thespace between the, bottom of the guard and thematerial being cuiNdoes not exceed, 1/2 inch (1.3cm). The hood Or guat-Oould be so designed as toprevept,a kickback, or a 1.eparate attachment thatwill prevent a kickback shouldbe provided. Anti-kickback devices shouts be desigite4 to -be- effectivefor all thicknesses of material. A p4her stick ofsuitable design should be provided and Used.

A spreader must be provided and fastenedsecurely at title rear of the saw in alignmeni-withthe saw blade. This device must be used for allcutting work except grooN;ing,, dadoing, or rab-beting. The spreader should be slightly thinner

than the saw kerf and slightly thicker than the sawdisc. The exposed parts of the saw blade under thetable must be guarded.

Combination Woodworking Machine (4320)

Each point of operation of any tool must beguarded as would be required for the tool if it werein a separate machine. Such machines must beequipped-withaseparate starting and stoppingdevice for each point of operation.

Cracked Saw (4321)

Any band or circular saw found to have devel-oped a crack must be removed from service untilthe width or diameter is so reduced as to eliminatethe crack or until the cracked section is repairedand the tension corrected.

Disc Sander (4313)

Disc sanders must have guards around theperiphery and back of the revolving disc. The spacebetween the revolving disc and the edge of thetable must not be greater than 1/4 inch (0.6 cm).

Exhaust System (4324)

Whenever the chips and sawdust produced bywoodworking machines accumulate on the floor soas to endanger employees, a suitable exhaustsystem must be provided.

Jointer (4311)

The jointer must be equipped with a cylindricalcutting head, the knife of which must not projectmore than inch (0.3 cm). The jointer must have,a suitable guard that automatically adjusts itself to-cover that portion of the cutting head that is notprotected by the' material .being processed. Theguard must be capable of protecting the entirelength of the: cutting space in the table. Theexposed portion of the cutting head at the rear ofthe fence must be covered. Wherever a knife isexposed beneath the table, it iflust have a guardaround it. A safety pusher of suitable design must-be used.

Planer, Molder, Sticker, Matcher, and Shaper (4318)

Knife heads oPwood shapers and cutting headsof other machines that are not automatically fedmust have _guards. If they are, not guarded, tem-plates, jigs, or fixtures that prevent the operator'shands from being exposed to danger' during theprocessing of the part must be used.

2,1\\N

Radial Arm Saw (4309)

The saw blade must be encased on both sides insuch a Way that at least the upper half of the bladeand the arbor ends will be covered completely.Limit chains or other positive stops must be usedto prevent the saw from moving beyond the frontedge of the 'table. Such limiting devices should. beso designed and located that they can be inspectedeasily and maintained in goodcondition: Where thesaw is used for ripping purpates, an, antikickbackdevice must be installed. The table should beequipped with a device that returns the sawautomatica!iy to the back of the table whenreleased at any point of its travel;such a deviceshould i prevent the saw from rebounding. Some.operators raise the front edge of the table so thatthe saw returns gently to the rear of the table.Ripping and plowing should always be done againstthe direction in which the saw turns. The directionof the saw rotation must be marked conspicuouslyon the hobd. In addition, a permanent label notless Than 1.1/2 inches by 3/4 inch (3.8 cm by 1.9 cm)must be affixed to ,both sides of the rear of theguard at approximately the level of the arbor,reading as folloWs: DO NOT RIP FROM THISEND. SuCh ajabel should,be colored danger red.

Speed of Saw (4322)

. The peripheral speed of a circular saw shouldnot exceed 12,000 feet (3 657 m)' per minuteunless the saw has been manufactured or ham-mered for .a higher speed and is so marked.Revolutions peT minute for various diameters ofsaws when the peripheral speed is 12,000 feet(3 657,m) per minute are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3Revolutions per Minute for Saws ofI Various Diameters

Diatheterof saw, inches (cm) Revolutions per minute

8 (20)10 (25)12 (30)1'4 (36)16 (41)18 (46)20 (51)

5,7324,5863,8213,2752,8662,5472,292

Tenoning Machines (4317)

The cutting' heads and saws of tenoning ma-chines must be guarded.

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Wobble Saws (4323)

Wobble saws should not, be used in the shop.

Hazardous and Toxic MaterialsMany hazardous and toxic materials are found in

industrial education laboratories and shops. Someof these are described here.

Asbestos

Materials that contain asbestos should not beprocessed in the shop if the asbestos particles arelikely to become airborne. Protective garments orequipment made of asbestos should not be worn indirect contact with the skin. Use of such garmentsor equipment should be limited to only thoseoperations, that require them.'

Cadmium

Cadmium is a'Silver-white, blue-tinged, lustrous,malleable, and ductile metal. It, is used in thewelding and plating of low-melting alloys. Theprincipal symptoms caused by the ingestion ofcadmium are nausea, vomiting, headache, stomachpains, and muscular pains.,

Car on Monoxide

Carbon 'monoxide is. present in automobileexhaust fumes, coal gas, furnace gas, and illuminat-ing gas. It is formed by the combustion of carboncompounds. Carbone monoxide is the most wide-spread gas that is toxic to humans. Its symptomsare headache, giddiness, throbbing of the temples,nausea and vomiting, weak pulse, difficult breath-ing, and loss of consciousness resulting in death.

Carbon Tetrachloride

This is a clear, colorless, nonflammable, heavyliquid that has a characteristic odor. like chloro-form. It is used as a degreaser for metals,and,as acleaning solvent for clothes. It also serves as asolvent for many substances' such as oi1s, fats,waxes, resins, varnishes, lacquers, and rubber. Itmay be absorbed through the skin and cause asystemic reaction. Carbon tetrachloride also mayproduce a skin rash because of its defatting-action.

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Chloroform

Chloroform is a colorless, clear, sweet-tasting,heavy liquid that has a characteristic odor. It isextremely. volatile. It is used'as a solvent for waxes,fats, and oils. Chloroform also is used for alkaloids.It may be used in the manufacture of rubber. Whenthe fumes are inhaled, they spread through the

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lungs and blood to all parts of the body. An excessamount can cause damage to the heart, liver, andkidneys.

Chromium

Chromium is a silver-white, hard, brittle metalthat melts at very high temperatures. It is anessential component of high-speed steel, stainlesssteel, and many of the corrosion-resistant alloys.Chromic acid is widely used as an electrolyte in theelectroplating industry. Inhalation of chromic acidmist or chromate dust may cause inflammation ofthe mucous membranes and ulceration and perfora-tion of the nasal septum.

Copper

Copper,. -in very low concentration, is an essen-tial element of human metabolism, but it is toxicwhen it is present in large '-quantities. It is theprincipal constituent 'of brass, bronze, and many ofthe specialty alloys. .Inhalation of copper fumes orany dust or mist that contains copper salts causesirritation of the upper respiratory tract, nausea,and possible pigmentation of the skin and hair.Metal fume fever may result from exposure to thefumes.

Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, syrupyliquid with a sweetish taste. It is mainly used as anantifreeze for the cooling systems of motorvehicles.

Gasoline

Although the principal hazards involving gaso-line are explosion and tire, it also has toxicproperties. Leaded gasoline isrextremely dangerousbecause it contains tetraethyl lead.. In addition,gasoline with a high percentage of sulfur com-pounds may have toxic effects due to the hydrogensulfide present.

Hydros-hloris-Acid

Hydrochloric acid has a pungent odor andproduces fumes. The pure acid is colorless, but thecommercial product is often yellowish from tracesof iron salts. One of the strongest known acids, it isused in the soldering. process. A few drops ofConcentrated acid entering the windpipe mayproduce death rapidly.

Lead

Lead is a soft gray, metal that is extremelymalleable and ductile. It is protected from erosion

by the formation of a film of gray oxide. Leadpoisoning may occur through the inhalation OFingestion of lead fumes or dusts. This results in theaccumulation of lead in the bones° and tissues oafthe body.

Metallic Fumes

Almost any readily Volatilized, metal may _ause ametal fume fever known as brass chls, oxidechills, zinc oxide fever, brass founders ague, ormetal- shakes. The toxicity apparently is related tothe small size of the particles rathetr,Than to thechemical nature of the metal.

Methyl Alcohol

Methyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid thatpossesses a characteristic wine-like odor andburning taste. It is used as a solvent for shellacs andresins, as an antifreeze for automobile engines, andas a motor fuel. It also is used in the -manufacture .,

of many, organic chemicals. It is ironic in smalldoses, even if inhaled. In the, concentrated form itaffects the optic nerve and may cause blindness. .

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

Methyl ethyl ketone is .a colorless, highly flani-mable liquid similar to acetone. It is an excellentsolvent that is used principally in the syntheticresin industries. It also is used in the manufactureof smokeless powder and paint remover. Thisliquid is distinctly irritating to the nose and eyes..

Smoke and Gas from Fires

Any poisoning that results frorh breathingsrnoke and gas from burning wood,is primarily dueto carbon monoxide. The carbon dioxide, whichalways is present in fire gases, stiinulate,S, respira-tion-and thereby increases t nhalation of othergases.

Toluene

Tbluene is a colorless, volatile, flanimable liquidwith a benzeneriikeodor. It is' used as a solvent; asa component Of chemical synthesis; and as athinner for paints, varnishes, enamels, and lacquers.Inhalation of the vapors is the primary method ofabsorption. Dermatitis: may result from skincontact'.

Turpentine

Turpentine is used widely, particularly, in thepaint and varnish- industry. It is a weals narcotic, astrong irritant, and a systemic poison. Wheningested, it acts as a violent irritant to the digestive

system and, after absorption, may cause kidney'damage.

Zinc Oxide

Zinc oxide is a poWdery substance that is whitewhen cold burturns yellow when it is heated. It isused in paint as a pigment, in cosmetics, inquick;-drying cements, in galvanized metal coatings,-and in white printing inks. It also is -used in themanufacture of glass and auto tires. It may be usedin dental cements. Inhalation of the fumes maycause an illnes's known as metal fume fever. Thesymptoms resemble those of influenza and usuallyoccur a few hours after removal from the exposure.

Safety Color CodeA safety color code has been established by the

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Inaccordance with OSHA's Safety Color Code Sec-tion 1910.144, physical ,hazards and safety equip-ment must be marked with designated colors.

Red

Red is used as the basic, color for the identifica-tion of fire,protection equipment. The same colorshould be used on 'the housing, wall, or support toidentify the location of such equipment. Emer-gency stop bars, buttons, or electrical switches onhazardoiis machines should be red.

Orange,

Orange is used as the basic color for designatingthe dangerous parts of machines or energized

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equipment. Orange should be used to emphasizehazards when enclosure doors are open or whengear bolts and other guards around moving equip-ment are open or removed, exposing unguardedhazards.

Yellow

Yellow is the basic color for designating cautionand for marking physical hazards. Solid yellow,yellow and black stripes, or checkers (yellow withsuitable contrasting background) can be used inter-changeably. The combination that' attracts themost attention should be used.

Green

Green is used to designate safety and thelocation of first-aid equipment (other than fire-

.,fighting equipment).

Blue

Blue is the basic color for designating caution. Itshould be used to warn againstthe operation of orthe movement of equipment that is under repair.

Purple

Purple designates radiation hazards.

black and White

Black, white, or a combination of these two arethe basic colo'rs used for traffic or housekeeping

,.=markings.The colors Must meet the tests specified in ANSI

253.1-1967, Section' 3, Color Definitions, formarking physical hazards.

Appendix ATerrn inotogy

ANSI. American National Standards Institute. This for-merly was known as the American Standards Association.

CAC. California Administrative Code, Title 8, IndustrialRelations. Sections . of the General Industrial SafetyOrders and the Electrical Safety Orders are listed usingthe 'section numbers in the code.-

. CAL/OSHA. California Occupational Safety and Health Actof 1973. This law provides job safety and healthprotection for workers. The California Agriculture andServices Agency, operating through the "Department ofIndustrial Relations, has primary responsibility foradministering the act. Job safety and health standardsare promulgated by the Occupational Safety and HealthStandards Board. Employers and employees are requiredto comply with these standards: Enforcement is.carriedout by the Division of Industrial Safety within theDepartment of Industrial Relations.

Code. For purposes of this guide, the General IndustrySafety Oiders and the Electrical Safety Orders arereferred to as "the code."

GISO. G,eneral Industry Safety Orders

NSC. National Safety Council,

OSHA (Public LaW 91-596). Federal Williams-Steiger Occu-pational Safety Health Act of 1970. This law requires.industry to conform to a set of safety standards. inaddition, most states hive passed siniilar codes,

Shop. For purposes of this guide, the classroom orlaboratory used for industrial education programs,including industrill arts, industrial occupations, andvocational education, is referred to as "the shop."

UL. Underwriters' Laboratories., This agericy maintainsstandards for industry.

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Appendix BFacility Safety Inspection List

State code requirements(code number in parentheses)

Adequate light and ventilation, window area (3317)

Means of access around equipment (372)

Sufficient illumination (3317)

Exits properly marked (3228)

Toilet facilities available (3364)

drails Okstairwayi (3214).

Hand toolsin good condition (3556)

Hand tools Stored safely (3556)

Materiala.and supplies stored safely (3241)

Flammable liquids plainly marked (5417)

Flanunatle liquids stored safely (5417)

Eye protective devices available (3382) '

Head protective devices available (3381)

Hair protection required (3381)

Body protectilie devices available (3383)

Appropriate clothing worn in shop (3383)

Hand protective devices available (3384)

.FOot protective devices available (3385)

Jewelry not wom during activities (33.86)

Proper cleaning of safety devices (3387)

Person trained in first aid available (3400)

Firstaid kit available (3400)Sanitation (3362)

4,

Belts and pulleys giiarded (4070)

,Gears and sprockets guarded (4075)

Friction drives guarded (4076)

. Chains and sprockets guarded (4077) -

All guardi on machines and properly adjuated (4186)

Compressed air controlled for use in shop (3301)''

Instruction posted for lighting gas furnaces (3311)

Lockable controls on equipment to be locked off whenservicing :and repairing equipment (3314)

Control of noise level (5098)

Personal. piotective equipment for noise (5099)

Control of ventilation (5141)

L*Ocal exhaust ventilation available (5141)

Respiratory protectiVe equipment available (5144)

s

Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

as

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State code requirements(code number in parentheses) . Satisfactory Unsatisfactory.

Abrasive Wheels properly enclosed and guarded (3577)

Abrasive wheels properly secured to bench or floor (3576)

Abrasive wheel work rests properly adjusted (3577) /Air compressor intake lines not located in an atmosphere

containing flarhmable gases (3518)

Gas cylinders stored properly and secured (4846)

Cylinders away from electric circuits (484\7)

Oxygen cylinders located properly (not tored near fuelgas) (4846)

Proper instruction given and posted for setting up weldingequipMent (4799)

Machine power controls (switches) (4001)

All equipment mounted properly to prevent damage toelectrical connections (2305.4) 7

N6 open exposed wiring (2420.17).

Proper outlets;-switches, junction boxes, `and fittings pro13-erly grounded (2510.58)

30-inch clearance .around electrical panels and' junction=booms (2340.27)/ '

, Flexible cords orajpkoved type (2305.4)Electrical equi ent properly grounded (2510.58)

Portable equipment ords grotinded (1510.58)`

AlLswitches of apProved pe enclosure (2305.4)

Switches and breakeis not xposed to mechanical damage(2340.26) °

Ik

Magnetic switches 'and ,controls to prevept automatic re-starting after shutdown (2530.4)

.1 Recommendations from StatePlanning Guide

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Ihe following space allotments are recommended forshop or laboratory facilities:Junior high school laboratory (50 square feet [4.7 m2 ] per

student minimum)

-High'School laboratory (75 square feet [7...m? ] per studentminimum)

Aisles of travel in labofatory (4 feet [1.37 m] in width)

"Spacingbetween benches and machinery (3 feet [91 cm])

Operators' zones around machines clearly identified (shouldbe designated on the floor by taped or painted Rites)

Nonskid materials on the floor In operators' zonesArtificial-lighting (a minimum of 50 footcandles [538

Int/m2J in laboratory activity area and 100 footcandles[1 0761m/m2] inclassrooni areas)

err-

rf

Selected References

Accident Prevention Manual for Training Programs.Chicago: American Technical Society, 1975.

California Administrative Code, Electrical SafetyOrders. Sacramento: California State Depart-ment of Industrial Relations, 1975.

California_Administrative Code, Title 5, Education.Sacramento: California State Department of'General Services, 1975.

California Administrative Code, Title 8, GeneralIndustry Safety Orders. Sacramento: CaliforniaState Department of Industrial Relations, 1976.

r.

Guide for Industrial Arts. Education in California.Sacramento: California State Department ofEdbcation, 1970.

Interpretation of O.S.H.A. for Industrial Educa-tion; Washington, D.C.: American Council ofIndustrial Arts Supervisors, 1975.

Kigin, Denis ,J. Teacher Liability in School-ShopAccidents. Ann Arbor, Mich.; Prakken Publica-tions, Inc., 1973..

Planning and Equipping Industrial Arts Facilities.Sacramento: California State Department ofEducation, 1971.

'Publications Available from 'the Department .of Education

Industrial Education Safety Guide Is one of approximately 400 publications which ar(available from the California State Department of Education. Of special interest to the usersof this document are the following:

Apprenticeship Handbook for Educators (19.74) $3.50Course in Carpentry: Safety (1975)' 2.00Industrial Arts and Science (1965) .65Industrial Arts Course Outlines, Grades 7, 8; and 9 (1971) .65Industrial Arts Course Outlines, Grades 10, 11, and 12 (1973) 1.00Industrial Arts Power Mechanics (1970) .75Industrial Education Safety Guide (1978) 2.00Introduction to. Teaching Apprentices (1975) 1.75Mathematics and Industrial Arts Education (1960) 1.00Planning and Equipping Industrial Arts Facilities (1971) .65

Note: The list prices include charges for mailing-and-handling:-Purehasers in Californiashould-add sales-tax:-thecks-should be made-payable to the California-State Department ofEducation. Only purchase. orders from government agencies in California will be acceptedwithout a remittance; special agency invoices or voucher forms received without aremittance will not be accepted. All sales are final.

Orders for publications should be sent to:Publications SalesCalifornia State Departmentpf EducationP.O. Box 271Sacramento, CA 95802Persons wanting to purchase Department of Education publicationsr in person in

Sacramento may do so at the cashier's window, mezzanine, Downtown Playa Building, 515-Street, weekdays between 7:30 a.m. and 4:45 p.m. (Public parking isiiyailable bbrieath

the building.)Telephone-inquiries should be made to 916-445-1261.,A .complete list of publications available from the Department may be obtained by

writing to the address listed above. A

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