do now & announcements turn in lab from yesterday take out notes from yesterday—you can staple...
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Do Now & AnnouncementsTurn in Lab from yesterdayTake out notes from yesterday—you
can staple it to today’s packet as these are the notes for the entire unit
Today: Pressure, Dalton & Graham’s Law
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PressureBarometer-• used to measure atmospheric (air) pressure
The higher the altitude the __________ the atmospheric pressure and the _________ the height of the mercury in the barometer
lowerlower
Whatever the height is, that is your pressure
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Measuring Pressure of a Gas
Manometer-
• measures the pressure of an enclosed sample
•Can be open or closed
Closed Manometer
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Pressure
Gas pressure is less than atmospheric pressure when the height of the liquid in the manometer is higher on the _______________. Therefore you will ________________ the height and the atmospheric pressure.
Open Manometer
-h+h
left side of the Usubtract
Gas pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure when the height of the liquid in the manometer is higher on the _______________. Therefore you will ________________ the height and the atmospheric pressure.
right side of the Uadd
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Examples1. If the atmospheric pressure is 757.8mmHg, what is the pressure of the gas in each of the following manometers?
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Dalton’s Law1) the total pressure exerted by a
mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas
2) each individual gas behaves as if it were independent of the others.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
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List all variables Write the formula of the appropriate Gas Law Plug & Chug Final Answer is…
(check your work!)
Known:
Unknown:
Examples1. Two gases such as oxygen and nitrogen are
present in a flask at the following pressures. When combined, what is the pressure of the flask? PNitrogen =250. mm Hg, POxygen=300. mm Hg
PN =250. mm Hg,PO=300. mm Hg
PTotal
Ptotal=P1 + P2…Ptotal=PN + PO
Ptotal=250 + 300550. mm Hg
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Examples2. Neon gas has a pressure of 1.49atm in its
container. When added to a container holding helium gas the total pressure is 2.34atm. What is the pressure of the helium gas?
List all variables Write the formula of the appropriate Gas Law Plug & Chug
Final Answer is… (check your work!)
Known:
Unknown:
PNe=1.49 atm
Ptotal=2.34 atm
PHe
Ptotal=P1 + P2…Ptotal=PNe + PHe
2.34 =1.49 + PHe
0.85 atm
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Dalton’s LawWater displacement of gas:Gases given off from the rxn travel
through the tube and into the adjacent container for collection
Gas is impure and contains some water vapor
Ptotal = Pgas + PH2O
Value depends on temperature
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Dalton’s Law ExamplesOxygen gas from the decomposition of potassium chlorate was collected by water displacement. The barometric pressure and the temperature during the experiment were 731.0torr and 20.0˚C respectively. What was the partial pressure of the oxygen collected? The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 17.5 torr
List all variables Write the formula of the appropriate Gas Law Plug & Chug
Final Answer is… (check your work!)
Known:
Unknown:
Ptotal=731 torrPH2O=17.5 torr
Poxygen
Ptotal=Pgas + PH2OPtotal=Poxygen + PH2O
731=Poxygen + 17.5713.5 torr
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Some hydrogen gas was collected over water at 20.0 ˚C. The partial pressure of hydrogen is 742.5 torr. What is the barometric pressure of the gas? The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 17.5 torr
List all variables Write the formula of the appropriate Gas Law Plug & Chug
Final Answer is… (check your work!)
Known:
Unknown:
PHydrogen=742.5 torrPH2O=17.5 torr
Ptotal
Ptotal=Pgas + PH2O
Ptotal=Phydrogen + PH2O
Ptotal=742.5 + 17.5760 torr
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Summary Table: Dalton’s Law
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
Ptotal = Pgas + PH2O
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Graham’s Law of DiffusionUnder ideal conditions, the rates at which different
gases diffuse (spread out) are inversely proportional to their molar masses.
The rate of effusion and diffusion depend upon the velocity (speed) of the gas molecules
Speed is dependent upon molar massIn other words, larger gas molecules will
move slower than smaller gas molecules.
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Graham’s Law
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Graham’s Law Examples1. Compare the rates of diffusion of H2 and O2
gases at the same temperature and pressure.
H2 will diffuse more quickly than O2 because it has a smaller molar mass (H2 = 2.02 g/mol, O2 = 32.00 g/mol)
2. Rank the following gases from slowest to fastest rate of diffusion: H2, CO2, Ne, H2S.
3. Compare the rates of effusion of nitrogen and helium at the same temperature and pressure.
4. Compare the rate of effusion of carbon dioxide with hydrochloric acid at the same temperature and pressure.
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Summary Table: Graham’s LawHigher Molar Mass Slower Speed
(Smaller Molar Mass Faster Speed)inversely relationship
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Gas Laws Summary Table
Add to bottom of chart: STP= Standard Temperature &
Pressure273 K & 1 atm