Do Now

List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean)

CommunicationLinguistics and the

Arts

What do the following words mean?

Whalers Crisps Pop Trousers Sucker Billfold Thermals Kleenex

Linguistics

The essential function of language is communication

Language is the medium for the transition of culture

Human communication is no limited to spoken language

Cognition

Not all people process the world in the same way. Cognition is based on both language and culture, as well as biology

Non-human communication

Systems of communication are not unique to humans

Other animals communicate through sound, odor, and body movement

The ability of gorillas and chimpanzees to learn sign language suggests symbolic communication is not unique to humans

Vervet Monkeys

Human Communication

SymbolicArbitrary in meaningOpen

Symbolic

Language has meaning even when its referent in not present

Arbitrary in meaning

There is no “natural” word for a thing. We “make-up” what to call it.

Do Now:

See handout

Open

Language is governed by complex rules about how sounds and sequences of sounds can be combined to produce an infinite variety of meanings

Descriptive Linguistics

Also known as structural linguistics

Seeks to determine the rules of:– Phonology– Morphology– Syntax

Phones

Phones are soundsPhonology is the study of the rules

that predict how sounds are made and used

Phonemes- a sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning

Morphs

The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morph

Morphology is the study of how sound sequences convey meaning

Morphemes- one or more morphs with the same meaning

Syntax

How words are strung together to form phases or sentences

Lexicon

A list of a languages morphs and meanings

Closure

Exit Ticket: Write down 3 things you learned about parts of speech.

Do NowIf you could learn to speak another language which one would you learn? Why? (3 Sentences)

Historical Linguistics

Historic linguistics seek to determine the origins and changes in languages over time

Dialects

Variations on a language spoken in an area by several groups

Origins of Language

Linguists study the origins of languages by comparing common elements in languages

Cognates-words that have the same meaning in multiple languages

Protolanguages

Are presumed languages from which other languages originate

Proto-Indo European (about 50% of world languages)

Sino-TibetanBantuNative America Amarid

Dyen List

A list of Proto Indo-European cognates

English

English is an Indo-European language

English is a Germanic language

Nearly 1/3 of English words are French in origin (1066 Norman invasion of England)

During the Renaissance Latin and Greek words are added to English

Language Divergence

Both isolation and contact lead to the evolution of new languages

The isolation of the German Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on an island =English

European colonization in the 1400-1700 = the spread of Spanish, English, and French

The spread of Islam = spread of Arabic

Closure

Do you think the world is becoming more unilingual or multilingual? Why?

Do Now

What other words can you use that mean the same thing as “kill”? (3 Sentences)

Writing

Writing developed c.5KYA to keep track of planting cycles

Calendars were the first form of writing

Writing evolved along the following lines– Ideograms- image = idea– Pictograms- image = what it is a

picture of– Phonograms- image = a sound

Alphabet

Our alphabet was originally developed by the Phoenicians

The Greeks adopted and modified the Phoenician alphabet

The Romans adopted and modified the alphabet further

The alphabet was further changed by the Germans after the fall of Rome

Exit Ticket

Is it right for the military to use other words to describe killing? What effect might this have on our society?

Do Now

Type 1- 4 Lines- What will a girl or guy do to show they like you?

Exit Ticket

Why do you think people pick up on non-verbal communication clues so easily?

Hieroglyphs

An Egyptian phonographic writing system

Rosetta Stone- important archaeological find that allowed for the translation of hieroglyphs

Khipu

Also spelled quipu, an Incan writing method that uses knots to record information. In some ways it is similar to the binary code of computers

Language and CultureThe way society views the world

around it can be reflected in its language

More complex societies have larger vocabularies

Core Vocabulary- non-specialist vocabulary

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Language also influences culture

Studies show societies whose languages have more gender emphasis developed gender concepts earlier

Ethnography of Speaking

Speech can reveal social statusLower class individuals generally

speak heterogeneously, while high classes speak homogenously (Grammar)

Age, social standing, occupation can all be reflected in speech

Ethnography of Speaking

Gender differences and biases are often seen in language

Directs vs. Indirect commands (How to Give Orders Like a Man) (Eastern vs. Western Cultures)

Sociolinguistics

The study of culture and subculture patterns of speaking in different social contexts:

Codeswitching

Changing languages in the course of a conversation

Diglosia

A situation where there is more than one language spoken

There is almost always a language hierarchy

Language Planning

MSA- Modern Standard Arabic

The Arts

Art, like language, is a cultural universal It is an expressive form of communication It stimulates senses, affects emotions, it

has cultural meaning, it is produced in a culturally patterned way, and some people are thought to be better at it than others

Body Art

All societies decorate or adorn the body

Examples include:– Scaring– Piercing– Tattoos– Branding

Visual Art

A cultures’ technology and materials are the two restraining limits on art

Two aspects reveled in a societies art are items of importance and social stratification

Music

Cultural complexity reveals itself in a cultures’ music

Cross-culture studies suggest links between music style and child rearing, gender stratification, and social stratification

Folklore

Folklore includes myths, legends, folktales, ballads, riddles, proverbs, and superstations

Cross-culture research suggests aggression in folklore mirrors aggression in society

Folklore

Folklore reveals cultural norms and rules

Folklore is traditional transmitted orally

Arabic Art

The Quran forbids images of Allah or Mohamed

As such Islamic art tends to focus less on individuals and more on complex geometric patters.

Art is always changing

Cultural contact has profound impact on art

Commercialization affects art as well