do it yourself workshop agenda topic presentation question and answer to panel & audience open...
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Do It YourselfWorkshop
Agenda• topic presentation• Question and answer to panel & audience• Open forum
Sponsored by Oceanside Yacht Club & Oside Yachts
Do It YourselfWorkshop
12 Volt SystemsThe Beast
Do It YourselfWorkshop
12 Volt Systems
Topics• Batteries • Energy Source & Charging Systems• Usage /monitoring
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Terms◦amps
Unit of current, i = q/t
◦watt – power (force * velocity) Amps * Volts
◦Ohms law V = I * R
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Batteries◦ Types
flooded -- liquid sulfuric acid; when charged produces hydrogen (explosive) & oxygen; must have properly vented compartment; requires maintenance (replenish distilled water); can handle overcharging better than AGM & Gel; must be stored upright; do not manage vibration well; discharge at a rate of 6 to 7% per month; charge efficiency 0.85 due to internal resistance and heat production; are the least expensive battery type; can handle several hundred to a thousand cycles before needing to be replaced; MAX charge voltage 14.6 volts
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Batteries◦ Flooded type -- classifications
Starting -- designed for large current draw for a very short period of time; lasting thousands of cycles at 2 - 5% discharge
Deep cycle – designed to be discharged down to as much as 80% time after time; solid lead plates vs sponge; best lifespan 50% discharge; golf karts
Marine – hybrid between starting and deep cycle;
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Batteries◦ Types
AGM (absorbed glass mats) – maintenance free; discharge at a rate of about 3% per month; less internal resistance which allows them to recharge faster; charge efficiency 0.95 less heat produced; can be installed in nearly any position and are resistant to vibration damage; are the most expensive battery type; don’t last are many cycles as flooded; MAX charge voltage 14.6 volts
Gel – maintenance free; spill proof, submersible and leak proof; can handle a high number of cycles in their lifetime; medium priced battery; irreparably damaged if overcharged; charge efficiency 0.95; MAX charge voltage 14.1 volts
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Batteries◦ Maintenance
Keep them clean, cool and dry Clean terminals regularly to avoid a loss of conductivity
(Ohm’s Law) Important for flooded batteries because of released gases
Never leave batteries discharged for a long period of time To increase longevity don’t discharge below 50% capacity
(amps) Never discharge batteries past 80% Check battery cells with a hydrometer (flooded only)
◦ 6 volt vs 12 volt battery◦ Multi-bank
Isolator/combiner
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Battery State -- no load
State of Charge 12 volt battery volts per cell
100% 12.7 2.12
90% 12.5 2.08
80% 12.42 2.07
70% 12.32 2.05
60% 12.2 2.03
50% 12.06 2.01
40% 11.9 1.98
30% 11.75 1.96
20% 11.58 1.93
10% 11.31 1.89
0% 10.5 1.75
battery at rest for at least 3 hours
for longest life batteries should stay in the green zone
occasional dips into the yellow are not harmful but continual discharges considerably
to this level with shorten battery life
if you measure more than 0.2 voltage difference between each cell you need to equalize
-- battery may sulfated
0.1 to 0.2 volts higher for AGM & GEL
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦110 volt Chargers
Poorly insolated dock power can cause feed back thru non-isolated chargers – major electrolyze
◦Alternators◦Solar◦Wind◦Generators◦other
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charge Systems◦ Phases of charging a battery
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charging Systems◦110 volt Charger
Compact form and low weight-to-out ratio Battery temperature sensor Auto shutdown feature that shuts down
charger when temperature get to high Which charger ???
What capacity – 20, 40, 60 amps Number of battery banks 25% of bank capacity – flooded 50% of bank capacity -- AGM
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charging Systems◦110 volt Charger/Inverter
What about Inverter Modified Sine Wave (MSW) or Pure Sine Wave (PSW)
Powerful surge capability – some appliances need start up surge
Low electrical interference: High-frequency inverters frequently produce some EMI, or electromagnetic interference.
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charging Systems◦110 volt Charger/Inverter
What about Inverter capacity -- inverters have access to a battery bank
that is 20% as large in amp-hours as the inverter size in watts. This means a 1000-watt inverter should be supported by at least 200Ah of battery capacity
Wattage remember --> watts = volts (115) * amps
Conversion efficiency ~.85% --- Inverter efficiency is a rating of how much of the DC energy gets converted into usable AC power
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charging Systems◦110 volt Charger/Inverter
What about Inverter 200 watts AC uses 19 amps DC
(200 watts / .85) / 12.5 volts = 19 amps Watts / volts = amps
Better to charge phone with Inverter than 12volt cord
Run small appliances (TV , coffee make, small drill)
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charging Systems◦Alternators
Standard automobile-style alternators employs a constant-rate internal voltage regulators that are really designed for flooded batteries
higher-capacity alternator and a Multi-stage external voltage regulator
the alternator’s rating should be equal to 25 percent (lead acid) 30 percent (gel) or 45 percent (AGM) of your total battery capacity.
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Charging Systems◦Alternators
alternator depends on mounting style & belt load limitations
What to look for: Safety Heavy-duty construction Temperature compensation Wiring and fusing
Cost ~ $1000 - $1500
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦Solar
Photovoltaic Solar Panel types (silicon dioxide) Monocrystalline – single crystal of silicon thinly
sliced for purity (13 to 15 W/ft^2) Polycrystalline – numerous smaller crystals
which are less pure and efficient; cheaper and simpler to produce (11 to 12 W/ft^2)
Amorphous -- thin film Silicon; only about 50% as efficient as Polycrystalline; mostly used in flexible forms
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦Solar
panels efficiency affected by Installation
wiring; regulator/controller; mounting Shadows/shading Different light levels
Intensity (% of full sun) Power Output Full Sun Panel square to the sun 100% Full Sun—Panel at 45° angle to Sun 71% Light overcast 60 - 80% Heavy overcast 20 - 30 %
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦Solar
Regulator/controller – provide several levels of protection to a solar circuit Overcharge Temperature Battery type regulation Reverse discharge (diode) Accidental short circuit Reverse-polarity
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦Solar
Regulator/controller – boost power input Pulse Width Modulation (RWM) Multiple Point Power Tracking (MPPT)
Get Regulator with spare capacity – giving you the ability to add panels
Check panel rating – remember you need 14 volts to push amps into a 12 volt battery; controller will manage voltage
Cost ~ $1500 - $2000 How many hours of the rated panel output can
you get per day ? 3 or 4 – 4.8 “industry standard”
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦Wind
Questions Marine vs non-marine Noise – newer models quieter Amp output curve Installation
Weight & wind loading Wiring Regulator/controller
Safety Braking system
Cost ~$2000 - $2500
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Energy Sources / Charging Systems◦Generators
Power factors and generators: The charger in an inverter/charger presents a large, inductive load for a small generator (under 8kW). Chargers with a high “power factor” are desirable because they are less sensitive to peak voltage and need less AC power. Xantrex recommends that a generator be sized at 2.5 times the power draw of the charger.
Will a Honda 2000 W work for you? Cost – all over the map Question – are you a 110 or a 12 volt boat ????
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Usage and Monitoring◦Electrical Budget
See example have 3-4 times your daily energy
consumption in battery capacity – more importantly you need to evaluate you daily energy usage which includes loads and energy sources.
Say I use 65 amps per day. I might need a battery capacity of 260 AH but in two days I will drain my batteries down 50% -- OK ???
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Usage and Monitoring◦Electrical Budget
I use 65 amps per day. I want 3 days of battery usage 65 * 3 = 195 AH thus I need a battery capacity of 390 AH which will discharge my bank 50%
Play you own game You need to determine how long it will
take to replenish you battery banks Engine, generator, solar, wind, ???
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
Usage and Monitoring◦Energy Monitor
Selectively displays Voltage (primary & secondary bank/battery) charge and discharge current consumed AH remaining battery capacity and the time
remaining of your battery bank.
Do It Yourself Workshop12 Volt Systems
• Question and answer to panel & audience• Open forum