dna – lots of it in a small space 3. name what’s in the box
TRANSCRIPT
DNA – lots of it in a small space
3. Name what’s in the box.
Fig. 12-UN3
4. Name what is circled
5. Name what is in the box
6. What phase of mitosis is illustrated?
Fig. 13-3b
TECHNIQUE
Pair of homologousreplicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sisterchromatids
Metaphasechromosome
5 µm
7. Name the technique.8. Explain how chromosomesare arranged.
Fig. 13-4
Key
Maternal set ofchromosomes (n = 3)
Paternal set ofchromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Centromere
Two sister chromatidsof one replicatedchromosome
Two nonsisterchromatids ina homologous pair
Pair of homologouschromosomes(one from each set)
9. Is this cell diploid or haploid?10. How do you know?
11. What is this? 12. haploid or diploid?
)
15.? 16?
13. What is this?14. Haploid or diploid?
Mitosis anddevelopment
Multicellular diploidadults (2n = 46)
17. Name it 18. Name it
Fig. 13-9b
Property
DNAreplication
Number ofdivisions
Occurs during interphase beforemitosis begins
One, including prophase, metaphase,anaphase, and telophase
homologouschromosomes
Does not occur
Number ofdaughter cellsand geneticcomposition
Two, each diploid (2n) and geneticallyidentical to the parent cell
Role in theanimal body
Enables multicellular adult to arise fromzygote; produces cells for growth, repair,and, in some species, asexual reproduction
Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins
Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, andtelophase
Occurs during prophase I along with crossing overbetween nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmatahold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomesas the parent cell; genetically different from the parentcell and from each other
Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by halfand introduces genetic variability among the gametes
19. Name the process 20. Name the process
Fig. 13-11-3
Possibility 1 Possibility 2
Two equally probablearrangements ofchromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Daughtercells
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4
21.Which 2 of Mendel’s 3 Principles is representedin this diagram?
Fig. 13-12-5
22. What phase isshown here? Be Specific.
24. What phase isthis? Be specific
TEM
23. What is happening here?
25. What phase is this? Be specific.
Fig. 14-4
purple flowers
Homologouspair ofchromosomes
Locus for flower-color gene
white flowers
Fig. 14-3-3
EXPERIMENT
P Generation
(true-breeding parents) Purple
flowers Whiteflowers
F1 Generation
(hybrids) All plants hadpurple flowers
F2 Generation
705 purple-floweredplants
224 white-floweredplants
28. What kind of cross is this?
29. What does a “pure strain” or true-breeder”
mean? Think about Mendel’s pea experiments. Write
down a genotype to illustrate.
30. What is a dihybrid cross? Write down parent genotypes to
illustrate.
31. Phenotypic ratios for dihybrid?
What kind of dominance is this?
32. ____________occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.
33. In ________________, the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
34. In ___________, two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 14-10-3
Red
P Generation
Gametes
WhiteCRCR CWCW
CR CW
F1 GenerationPinkCRCW
CR CWGametes 1/21/2
F2 Generation
Sperm
Eggs
CR
CR
CW
CW
CRCR CRCW
CRCW CWCW
1/21/2
1/2
1/2
35. Type of dominance?
Fig. 14-8a
36. What kind of cross is this?
P Generation
F1 Generation
Predictions
Gametes
Hypothesis ofdependentassortment
YYRR yyrr
YR yr
YyRr
Hypothesis ofindependentassortment
orPredictedoffspring ofF2 generation
Sperm
Sperm
YR
YR
yr
yr
Yr
YR
yR
Yr
yR
yr
YRYYRR
YYRR YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
YYRr
YYRr
YyRR
YyRR
YYrr Yyrr
Yyrr
yyRR yyRr
yyRr yyrr
yyrr
Phenotypic ratio 3:1
EggsEggs
Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1
1/21/2
1/2
1/2
1/4
yr
1/4 1/41/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/43/4
9/163/16
3/161/16
37. Name the disorder.
38. Name the disorder
39. Name the disorder.
Fig. 14-15b
1st generation(grandparents)
2nd generation(parents, aunts,and uncles)
3rd generation(two sisters)
Widow’s peak No widow’s peak
40. Is a widow’s peak a dominant or recessive trait?
Ww ww
Ww Wwww ww
ww
wwWw
Ww
wwWW
Wwor
Fig. 14-15c
Attached earlobe
1st generation(grandparents)
2nd generation(parents, aunts,and uncles)
3rd generation(two sisters)
Free earlobe
41. Is an attached earlobe a dominant or recessive trait?
Ff Ff
Ff Ff Ff
ff Ff
ff ff ff
ff
FF or
orFF
Ff
42. The Behavior of Recessive Alleles
• PKU is a recessive human disorder in which the individual cannot appropriately metabolize or breakdown the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid is not produced in the body. Patients must regulate their diet to limit uptake of the amino acid.
• The parents of PKU babies are ___________who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal (able to process phenylalanine)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
43. Name this disorder.
44. Name the disorder
• Sex-linked genes follow specific patterns of inheritance
• For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed– 45. A needs female needs ____ copies of the allele
– 46. A male would need ______________.
• Sex-linked recessive disorders are much more common in males than in females
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
47. This is a description of what kind of alleles?
• Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms
• For example, the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red blood cells: IA, IB, and i.
• The enzyme encoded by the IA allele adds the A carbohydrate, whereas the enzyme encoded by the IB allele adds the B carbohydrate; the enzyme encoded by the i allele adds neither
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 14-11
Genotype Red blood cellappearance
Phenotype(blood group)
A
B
AB
O
(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes
48.
49.
50.
51.
52..Label the nitrogen bases.
A.
B.
C.D.
53. Who is this? 54.What can be determined from the x-ray diffraction pattern?
(a) (b)
54. Whose experiment? 1871 - 1941
What is the transformational factor??? Is it DNA or Protein???
His research, working with two strains of a bacterium, one pathogenic and one harmless,
addresses this vital question
In 1941, he was killed at work in his London laboratory as a result of an air raid in the London Blitz.
Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002)and “Chargaff’s Rules”
55. Who’s Rules?
________rules state that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. 1953
56. Name the scientists involved with this experiment.57.What question did they answer and how did they do it (2 sentences)?
A T
GC
T A
TA
G C
A T
GC
T A
TA
G C
A T
GC
T A
TA
G C
A T
GC
T A
TA
G C
58. Name the process.
59. Given the following DNA sequence, transcribe it.
AAATATGGGCGCTTT
60. Whose theory?
61.Whose Theory?
Natural Selection Summarized:Darwin’s theory suggests that in a species:62.There is a tendency towards_______________63.____________exists 64.Variations are________________65.Individuals survive in their environments with_____________________66._____________, survive and pass favorable variation on to next generation
67.______________- the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population
Fig. 16-7a
Hydrogen bond 3 end
5 end
3.4 nm
0.34 nm
3 end
5 end
1 nm
68. What concept is best illustrated above?
Enzymes involved in DNA Replication & Transcription
Enzyme Function69. “molecular zipper” – unwinds double helix;
breaks hydrogen bonds that holds base pairs together
70.) “molecular swivel”- relieves overwinding stress on DNA strands by working ahead of helicase and breaking, swiveling and rejoining small sections of the DNA molecule
71. Using a parent DNA strand, adds free-floating nucleotides (A, T, G, & C’s) covalently to the new strand being constructed.
ligase “molecular glue” – joins fragments of the New DNA strand together
RNA polymerase (used in transcription) Uses one strand of DNA as a template to construct mRNA – adds free-floating nucleotide
Editase Fixes mistakes on DNA molecule
72.Name the technique.73.How do you read it?
74. What is gene flow? 75. What happens if there is none?
Fig. 16-1
76.Put the experiments in chronologicalorder.
1.
2.
3.4.
77. ________Selection
• When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.
78._______Selection
• When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.
79._________ Selection
• Takes place when individuals near the center of a curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end