dmrb section 3 - part 3

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DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

VOLUME 10 ENVIRONMENTALDESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

SECTION 3 LANDSCAPE

MANAGEMENT

PART 3

HA 115/05

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN

HERBACEOUS PLANT LAYER IN

ROADSIDE WOODLAND

SUMMARY

This Advice Note provides detailed guidance on the

establishment of an herbaceous filled layer in woodlandplantations alongside new and existing highways,

helping them to achieve full biodiversity potential and

addding visual interest for road users.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

This is a new document to be inserted into the manual.

1. Remove Contents pages from Volume 10.

2. Insert new Contents page for Volume 10 dated

February 2005.

3. Insert HA 115/05 into Volume 10, Section 4.

4. Please archive this sheet as appropriate.

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HA 115/05

The Establishment of an

Herbaceous Plant Layer inRoadside Woodland


THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY

SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE

WELSH ASSEMBLY GOVERNMENT

LLYWODRAETH CYNULLIAD CYMRU

THE DEPARTMENT FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

NORTHERN IRELAND

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Volume 10 Section 3

Part 3 HA 115/05

REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS

Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of

No incorporation of No incorporation of amendments amendments

Registration of Amendments

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Volume 10 Section 3

Part 3 HA 115/05

REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS

Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of

No incorporation of No incorporation of amendments amendments

Registration of Amendments

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VOLUME 10 ENVIRONMENTALDESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

SECTION 3 LANDSCAPE

MANAGEMENT

PART 3

HA 115/05

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN

HERBACEOUS PLANT LAYER IN

ROADSIDE WOODLAND

Contents

Chapter

1. Introduction

2. Site Selection

3. Site Testing

4. Species Provenance, Selection and Availability

5. Introduction Techniques

6. Enquiries

Annexes

Annex A Forestry Commision Seed Zones

Annex B Woodland Herbaceous Field Layer Speciesfor Road Verge Plantation Enhancement


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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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Figure 1. An established field layer ten years after the introduction of woodland herbaceous species

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05

FEBRUARY 2005

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FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05

Figure 2. Sloping road verge plantation with drifts of Primrose(Primula vulgaris) growing along the canopy edge

Figure 3. Native Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) resulting from the

direct seeding of a roadside embankment

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05CHAPTER 2 SITE SELECTION

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Figure 4. A young plantation suitable for enhancement with woodland field layer

species. (This site would be even more suitable if it were enriched with a shrub

understorey.)

Figure 5. Patchy soil surface in young plantation woodland with bare earth, leaf

litter and moss



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FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05

3/2

CHAPTER 3 SITE TESTING

Site 1 Site 2

Site 3 Site 4

Figure 6. Suite of young plantations indicating different amounts of daylight at

ground level and existing ground vegetation.

Site 5 Site 6

Sites 1 and 2 are suitable for selection as existing vegetation is limited or patchy and leaf litterhas accumulated.

Site 3, although weed-free with plenty of leaf litter, is too shady and needs thinning to increaselight levels prior to field layer introduction.

Sites 4, 5 and 6 all have too much existing vegetation, although they show large variations inlight levels. Site 4 is dominated by grasses and Creeping Thistle, Site 5 by brambles andSite 6 by Ivy.



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FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05CHAPTER 5 DIRECT INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES

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5.9 RECORDING SPECIES INTRODUCTIONS

Any introductions of native British species into new sites should be recorded, both in terms ofspecies provenance and the receptor site. Records are particularly important whenintroduction mixtures contain local ancient woodland indicator species.

METHODS: Any information regarding species introduction should be lodged with CountyRecorders or with local record centres and also on the appropriate Highway Authorityenvironmental database. Species provenance, locations of donor and receptor sites, specieslists, rates and times of introduction should be recorded. Whenever possible, any records ofthe subsequent monitoring of plant survival and spread should also be made.

Figure 10. Bluebells establish slowly and relatively cheaply from seed or can be

introduced as bulbs. Using bulbs is more expensive and great care must be

taken with provenance.



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CHAPTER 5 DIRECT INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES

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Pendulous Sedge from seed

Red Campion from seed

FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05

Yellow Archangel from plug plants

Bugle from plug plants

Figure 11. Established woodland herbaceous species introduced into young

plantations using different methods



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Volume 10 Section 3

Part 3 HA 115/05

6. ENQUIRIESAll technical enquiries or comments on this Advice Note should be sent in writing as appropriate to:

Acting Divisional Director

1A PED Federated HouseLondon Road

Dorking GERRY HAYTER RH4 1SZ Acting Divisional Director

Chief Road Engineer

Scottish Executive

Victoria Quay

Edinburgh J HOWISONEH6 6QQ Chief Road Engineer

Chief Highway Engineer

Transport DirectorateWelsh Assembly Government

Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru

Crown Buildings M J A PARKER Cardiff Chief Highway Engineer

CF10 3NQ Transport Directorate

Chapter 6

Enquiries

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ANNEX A FORESTRY COMMISSION LOCAL SEED ZONES

Fig.1. Forestry Commission local seed zones for England, Wales

and Scotland.

Crown Copyright. Reproduced with permission from the Forestry

Commission

A/1

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05

FEBRUARY 2005



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ANNEX B WOODLAND FIELD LAYER SPECIES FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ROAD VERGE PLANTATION

B/1FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05

Table A. Native woodland field layer species appropriate to Forestry Commissions numbered seed zones in England and Wales.

(Soils: M: moist sites; D: light, dry soils; H: heavy soils; A: acid; N: neutral; B: alkaline)

SPECIES Seed Zone No. Soils

ENGLAND WALES

Common name Latin name 109 204 301 302 305 401 402 403 404 405 406 303 304 M D H A N B

Betony Stachys officinalis

Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillis

Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta

Bugle Ajuga reptans

Common Figwort Scrophularia nodosa

Common Valerian Valeriana officinalis

Common Violet Viola riviniana

Devils-bit Scabious Succisa pratensis

Dogs Mercury Mercurialis perennis

Enchanters nightshade Circaea lutetiana

Foxglove Digitalis purpurea

Germander Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys

Greater Stitchwort Stellaria holostea

Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea

Hairy St. Johns-wort Hypericum hirsutum

Heath Bedstraw Galium saxatile

Hedge Bedstraw Galium mollugo

Hedge Garlic Alliaria petiolata

Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica

Herb-robert Geranium robertianum

Lesser Celandine Ranunculus ficaria

Lords-and-Ladies Arum maculatum

Meadow-sweet Filipendula ulmaria

Nettle-leaved Bellflower Campanula trachelium

Pignut Conopodium majus

Primrose Primula vulgaris

Ragged-robin Lychnis flos-cuculi

Ramsons Allium ursinum

Red Campion Silene dioica Sanicle Sanicula europaea



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B/2

SPECIES Seed Zone No. Soils

ENGLAND WALES

Common name Latin name 109 204 301 302 305 401 402 403 404 405 406 303 304 M D H A N B

Selfheal Prunella vulgaris

Sweet Violet Viola odorata

Sweet Woodruff Galium odoratum

Tormentil Potentilla erecta

Tufted Vetch Vicia cracca

Upright Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica

Wild Angelica Angelica sylvestris

Wild Daffodil Narcissus pseudo-narcissus

Wild Strawberry Fragaria vesca

Wood Anemone Anemone nemorosa

Wood Avens Geum urbanum

Wood Sage Teucrium scorodonia

Wood Spurge Euphorbia amygdaloides

Yellow Pimpernel Lysimachia nemorum

False Brome Brachypodium sylvaticum

Giant Fescue Festuca gigantea

Great Wood-rush Luzula sylvatica

Hairy-brome Bromopsis ramosa

Hairy Wood-rush Luzula pilosa

Pendulous Sedge Carex pendula

Rough Meadow-grass Poa trivialis

Sweet Vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum

Wavy Hair-grass Deschampsia flexuosa

Wood Melick Melica uniflora

Wood Millet Milium effusum

Wood Sedge Carex sylvatica

Broad Buckler-fern Dryopteris dilatata

Hard-fern Blechnum spicant

Lady Fern Athyrium filis-femina

Male-fern Dryopteris filis-mas

ANNEX B WOODLAND FIELD LAYER SPECIES FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ROAD VERGE PLANTATIONVOLUME 10 SECTION 3PART 3 HA 115/05

FEBRUARY 2005



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B/3


FEBRUARY 2005

Table B. Native woodland field layer species appropriate to Northern Ireland and to the Forestry Commissions numbered seed zones in Scotland.

(Soils: M: moist sites; D: light, dry soils; H: heavy soils; A: acid; N: neutral; B: alkaline)

SPECIES Seed Zone Number Soils

SCOTLAND NORTHERN IRELAND

Common name Latin name 101-104 105 106 109 107/108/203/204 201/202 M D H A N B

Common name Latin name

Bell Heather Erica cinerea

Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillis

Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta

Bugle Ajuga reptans

Common Cow-wheat Melampyrum pratense

Common Figwort Scrophularia nodosa

Common Valerian Valeriana officinalis

Common Violet Viola riviniana

Cowberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Devils-bit Scabious Succisa pratensis

Dogs Mercury Mercurialis perennis

Enchanters nightshade Circaea lutetiana

Foxglove Digitalis purpurea

Germander Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys

Greater Stitchwort Stellaria holostea

Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea

Hairy St. Johns-wort Hypericum hirsutum

Heath Bedstraw Galium saxatile

Heather Calluna vulgaris

Hedge Garlic Alliaria petiolata

Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica

Herb-robert Geranium robertianum

Lesser Celandine Ranunculus ficaria

Lords-and-Ladies Arum maculatum

Meadow-sweet Filipendula ulmaria

Pignut Conopodium majus

Primrose Primula vulgaris

Ragged-robin Lychnis flos-cuculi

Ramsons Allium ursinum



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FEBRUARY 2005

SPECIES Seed Zone Number Soils

SCOTLAND NORTHERN IRELAND

Common name Latin name 101-104 105 106 109 107/108/203/204 201/202 M D H A N B

Red Campion Silene dioica

Sanicle Sanicula europaea

Selfheal Prunella vulgaris

Sweet Woodruff Galium odoratum

Tormentil Potentilla erecta

Tufted Vetch Vicia cracca

Upright Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica Water Avens Geum rivale

Wild Angelica Angelica sylvestris

Wild Strawberry Fragaria vesca

Wood Anemone Anemone nemorosa

Wood Avens Geum urbanum

Wood Sage Teucrium scorodonia

Wood Sorrel Oxalis acetosella

Yellow Pimpernel Lysimachia nemorum

False Brome Brachypodium sylvaticum

Giant Fescue Festuca gigantea

Great Wood-rush Luzula sylvatica

Hairy-brome Bromopsis ramosa

Hairy Wood-rush Luzula pilosa

Pendulous Sedge Carex pendula

Rough Meadow-grass Poa trivialis

Sweet Vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum

Wavy Hair-grass Deschampsia flexuosa

Wood Melick Melica uniflora

Wood Millet Milium effusum

Wood Sedge Carex sylvatica

Broad Buckler-fern Dryopteris dilatata

Hard-fern Blechnum spicant

Lady Fern Athyrium filis-femina

Male-fern Dryopteris filis-mas



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FEBRUARY 2005

Table C. Initial field layer species lists fo r introduction into three contrasting plantation site types along road verges in England.

F.C. ZONE: 406 F.C. ZONE: 304 F.C.ZONE: 405 F.C.ZONE: 202

SOIL: Light, dry and neutral SOIL: Moist and acid SOIL: Heavy and base-rich SOIL: Light, dry and acid

(East Anglia) (East Wales) (South-east England) (North-east Scotland)

FORBS GRASSES, FORBS GRASSES, FORBS GRASSES, FORBS GRASSES,

SEDGES & SEDGES & SEDGES & SEDGES &

RUSHES RUSHES RUSHES RUSHES

Bluebell False Brome Betony Great Wood-rush Bluebell False Brome Bell Heather Great Wood-rush

Common Violet Rough Meadow-grass Bilberry Hairy Wood-rush Common Figwort Hairy-brome Bilberry Hairy Wood-rush

Devils-bit Scabious Sweet Vernal-grass Bluebell Rough Meadow-grass Common Violet Pendulous Sedge Bluebell Rough Meadow-grass

Foxglove Wood Melick Bugle Sweet Vernal-grass Dogs Mercury Rough Meadow-grass Common Cow-wheat Sweet Vernal-grass

Germander Speedwell Wood Millet Common Valerian Wavy Hair-grass Enchanters-nightshade Cowberry Wavy Hair-grass

Greater Stitchwort Devils-bit Scabious Wood Sedge Germander Speedwell Devils-bit Scabious Wood Millet

Hairy St J ohns-wort Foxglove Ground-ivy Foxglove

Hedge Bedstraw FERNS Greater Stitchwort FERNS Hedge Garlic FERNS Greater Stitchwort FERNS

Herb-robert Broad Buckler-fern Heath Bedstraw Broad Buckler-fern Hedge Woundwort (none) Heath Bedstraw Broad Buckler-fern

Pignut Male-fern Pignut Hard-fern Lesser Celandine Heather Hard-fern

Primrose Tormentil Male-fern Lords-and-Ladies Pignut Male-fern

Red Campion Wood Anemone Meadow-sweet TormentilSelfheal Yellow Pimpernel Nettle-leaved Bellflower Wood Anemone

Tufted Vetch Primrose Wood Sage

Upright Hedge-parsley Ramsons

Wild Strawberry Red Campion

Wood Avens Sanicle

Wood Sage Selfheal

Sweet Violet

Sweet Woodruff

Tufted Vetch

Wild Angelica

Wood Anemone

Wood Avens

TOTAL SPP. NO: 25 TOTAL SPP. NO: 22 TOTAL SPP. NO: 28 TOTAL SPP. NO: 23

Note:These initial species lists are then tailored to reflect local species distributions and availability of suitable seed/plant material.



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FEBRUARY 2005

Table D. Introduction methods and rates for woodland field layer species used in road verge enhancement schemes.

Edge/marginal species Woodland core species

SEED MIXTURE: 5kg ha-1 SEED: 10kg ha-1 each sp. PLANTS: 4plants m-2 PLANTS: 9plants m-2 BULB S/RHIZOMES: 9 m-2

(=0.5g m-2 for the mixture) (=1 g m-2 for each spp)

Bell Heather Bluebell Bell Heather Bilberry Bluebell

Betony Lords-and-Ladies Bugle Common Valerian Lesser Celandine

Common Cow-wheat Pignut Enchanters-nightshade Common Violet Ramsons

Common Figwort Primrose Germander Speedwell Cowberry Wild Daffodil

Devils-bit Scabious Ramsons Greater Stitchwort Dogs Mercury Wood Anemone

Foxglove Sweet Woodruff Ground-ivy Lords-and-Ladies

Greater Stitchwort Tufted Vetch Heather Primrose

Hairy St J ohns-wort Sweet Woodruff Sanicle

Heath Bedstraw Wood Spurge Sweet Violet

Heather Yellow Pimpernel Wild Strawberry

Hedge Bedstraw Wood Sorrel

Hedge Garlic

Hedge Woundwort

Herb-robert

Meadow-sweet

Nettle-leaved Bellflower

Ragged-robin

Red Campion

Selfheal

Tormentil

Upright Hedge Parsley

Water Avens

Wild Angelica

Wood Avens

Wood Sage



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ANNEX B WOODLAND FIELD LAYER SPECIES FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ROAD VERGE PLANTATION

B/7

Edge/marginal species Woodland core species

SEED MIXTURE: 5kg ha-1

SEED: 10kg ha-1

each sp. PLANTS: 4plants m-2

PLANTS: 9plants m-2

BULB S/RHIZOMES: 9 m-2

(=0.5g m-2 for the mixture) (=1 g m-2 for each spp)

GRASSES, SEDGES & RUSHES FERNS

False Brome Giant Fescue Broad Buckler-fern

Great Wood-rush Hairy Brome Hard-fern

Hairy Wood-rush Wood Millet Lady Fern

Pendulous Sedge Wood Sedge Male-fern

Rough Meadow-grass

Sweet Vernal-grassWavy Hair-grass

Wood Melick

FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05



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FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05ANNEX C SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION

C/1

STATUTORY BODIES

English Nature Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA

Countryside Council f or Wales Maes-y-Fyynnon, Penrhosgarnedd, Bangor, GwyneddLL57 2DW

Scottish Natural Heritage 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh EH9 2AS

Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland Calvert House, 23 Castle Place, BelfastBT1 1FY

Forestry Authority (England) Great Eastern House, Tennison Road, Cambridge CB1 2DU

Forestry Authority (Scotland) Portcullis House, 21 India Street, Glasgow G2 4PL

Forestry Authority (Wales) North Road, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 2EF

Forestry Service (Northern Ireland) Department of Agriculture, Dundonald House, UpperNewtownards Road, Belfast BT4 3SB

OTHER ORGANISATIONS

Biological Records Centre c/o Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton,Cambridgeshire PE17 2LS

Botanical Society of the British Isles c/o Department of Botany, Natural History Museum,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD

Plantlife 14 Rollestone Street, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP1 1DX

Flora locale 1Denford Manor, Hungerford, Berkshire RG17 0UN

The Woodland Trust Autumn Park, Dysart Road, Grantham, Lincolnshire NG31 6LL

The Wildlife TrustsThe Kiln, Waterside, Mather Road, Newark, Nottinghamshire NG24 1WT

SUPPLIERS OF BRITISH NATIVE PLANTS

Lists of suitable suppliers can be found from these organisations:

Flora locale www.floralocale.org

Flora for Fauna, c/o Natural History Museumwww.nhm.ac.uk/science/projects/fff/supplies



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FEBRUARY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 3

PART 3 HA 115/05ANNEX F ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

F/1

J oanna L. Francis, Rodney Helliwell and Halcrow Group Limited are grateful to the followingindividuals and organisations for providing information useful in drafting this advice:

Penny Anderson, Peter Buckley, Eleanor Cohn, Carla Grashof-Bokdam, Ralph Harmer,Keith Kirby, Alan Morton, Glyn Onione, George Peterken, J ohn Romans, Mike Street,members of the Society for Ecological Restoration, and all of the County Wildlife Trusts,nurserymen and plant suppliers who responded to the initial road verge plantation survey.

All photographs, except Figure 8, Figure 11 Nos.2 & 3 are copyright of J oanna L. Francis.Other photographs were taken by David Griffiths.


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