dk4036fm.pdf

COATINGSTECHNOLOGYHANDBOOK

ThirdEdition

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of theTaylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

COATINGSTECHNOLOGYHANDBOOK

ThirdEdition

Edited by

Arthur A. Tracton

Boca Raton London New York Singapore


Published in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group

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International Standard Book Number-10: 1-57444-649-5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-57444-649-4 (Hardcover)

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v

Preface to Third Edition

The world of coatings is very broad. The application techniques are many, and the uses are numerous.Technical people need to be aware of many things. One study said that a coating chemist must be proficientin 27 different disciplines. This book is directed at supplying a broad cross-index of some of the differentaspects to help the technical person. It is not meant to be an in-depth treatise on any subject. It is meantto give insight into the various subjects covered. The chapter authors or the editor may be contacted formore information or direction on the subjects.

To aid the person involved in coatings, inks, or adhesives, be they chemists, engineers, technicians,researchers, or manufacturers, chapters are given in the areas of fundamentals and testing, coating andprocessing, techniques and materials, and surface coatings. Each section contains information to expandthe awareness and knowledge of someone practicing in the field. The objective is to help people solveproblems and increase their level of technology. With time, technology increases, as shown by the chapteron statistical design of experiments, and the chapter on using equipment to determine ultraviolet (UV)resistance. Newer materials such as fluorocarbon resins, polyurethane thickeners, and high-temperaturepigments are included as well as older materials such as alkyds, clays, and driers.

To accomplish the presentation of technology, this book has been expanded to 118 chapters by addingnew material and updating other material. Hopefully, the reader will expand his or her knowledge andfurther push the envelope of technology.

The editor gratefully acknowledges the many contributions of the chapter authors and the publisherswho have made this book possible.

Arthur A. Tracton

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vii

Contributors

N. J. Abbott

Albany International Research Company

Dedham, Massachusetts

Harold Van Aken

GretagMacbethNew Windsor, New York

Walter Alina

General Magnaplate Corporation

Linden, New Jersey

Mark J. Anderson

Stat-Ease, Inc.Minneapolis, Minnesota

Robert D. Athey, Jr.

Athey TechnologiesEl Cerrito, California

Brian E. Aufderheide

W. H. Brady CompanyMilwaukee, Wisconsin

Bruce R. Baxter

Specialty Products, Inc.Lakewood, Washington

William F. Beach

Bridgeport, New Jersey

Edward A. Bernheim

Exxene CorporationCorpus Christi, Texas

Deepak G. Bhat

GTE Valenite CorporationTroy, Michigan

Thomas P. Blomstrom

Monsanto Chemical CompanySpringfield, Massachusetts

Kenneth Bourlier

Union Carbide CorporationBound Brook, New Jersey

J. David Bower

Hoechst Celanese CorporationSomerville, New Jersey

Donald L. Brebner

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company

Wilmington, Delaware

Patrick Brennan

Q-Panel Lab ProductsCleveland, Ohio

George E. F. Brewer

George E. F. Brewer Coating Consultants

Birmingham, Michigan

Lisa A. Burmeister

Aqualon CompanyWilmington, Delaware

Peter A. Callais

Pennwalt CorporationBuffalo, New York

Naomi Luft Cameron

Datek Information ServicesNewtonville, Massachusetts

Robert W. Carpenter

Windsor Plastics, Inc.Evansville, Indiana

Chi-Ming Chan

Raychem CorporationMenlo Park, California

Gary W. Cleary

Cygnus Research CorporationRedwood City, California

Carl A. Dahlquist

3M CompanySt. Paul, Minnesota

B. Davis

ABM Chemicals LimitedStockport, Cheshire, England

Richey M. Davis

Hercules IncorporatedWilmington, Delaware

David R. Day

Micromet Instruments, Inc.Cambridge, Massachusetts

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viii

Marcel Dery

Chemical Fabrics CorporationMerrimack, New Hampshire

Arnold H. Deutchman

BeamAlloy CorporationDublin, Ohio

John W Du

BYK-Chemie USAWallingford, Connecticut

Richard P. Eckberg

General Electric CompanySchenectady, New York

Jesse Edenbaum

ConsultantCranston, Rhode Island

Eric T. Everett


Carol Fedor


William C. Feist

ConsultantMiddleton, Wisconsin

R. H. Foster

Eval Company of AmericaLisle, Illinois

James D. Gasper

ICI Resins USWilmington, Massachusetts

Sam Gilbert

Sun Chemical CorporationCincinnati, Ohio

K. B. Gilleo

Sheldahl, Inc.Northfield, Minnesota

William S. Gilman

Gilman & AssociatesSouth Plainfield, New Jersey

F. A. Goossens

Stork BrabantBoxmeer, The Netherlands

Joseph Green

FMC CorporationPrinceton, New Jersey

Douglas Grossman


Clive H. Hare

Coating System Design, Inc.Lakeville, Massachusetts

William F. Harrington, Jr.

Uniroyal Adhesives and Sealants Company, Inc.

Mishawaka, Indiana

J. Rufford Harrison

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company

Wilmington, Delaware

Helen Hatcher

Johnson Matthey Pigments & Dispersions

Kidsgrove, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs, United Kingdom

Jack Hickey

International Paint CompanyUnion, New Jersey

Herman Hockmeyer

Hockmeyer Equipment Corporation

Elizabeth City, North Carolina

Krister Holmberg

Chalmers University of Technology

Göteborg, Sweden

Albert G. Hoyle

Hoyle AssociatesLowell, Massachusetts

H. F. Huber

Hüls Troisdorf AGTroisdorf/Marl, Germany

Michael Iskowitz

Kop-Coat Marine GroupRockaway, New Jersey

Joseph L. Johnson

Aqualon CompanyWilmington, Delaware

Stephen L. Kaplan

Plasma Science, Inc.Belmont, California

Douglas S. Kendall

National Enforcement Investigations Center

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Denver Federal CenterDenver, Colorado

Ashok Khokhani

Engelhard CorporationIselin, New Jersey

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ix

Carol D. Klein

Spectra Colors CorporationKearny, New Jersey

Lisa C. Klein

Ceramic and Materials Engineering

Rutgers — The State University of New Jersey

Piscataway, New Jersey

Joseph V. Koleske

Charleston, West Virginia

Alan Lambuth

Boise CascadeBoise, Idaho

Kenneth Lawson

DeSoto, Inc.Des Plaines, Illinois

B. H. Lee

Ciba-Geigy CorporationArdsley, New York

Peter A. Lewis

Sun Chemical CorporationCincinnati, Ohio

Raimond Liepins

Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico

H. Thomas Lindland

Flynn Burner CorporationNew Rochelle, New York

Harry G. Lippert

Extrusion Dies, Inc.Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin

Ronald A. Lombardi

ICI Resins USWilmington, Massachusetts

Donald M. MacLeod

Industry TechOldsmar, Florida

Algirdas Matukonis

Kaunas Technical UniversityKaunas, Lithuania

John A. McClenathan

IMD CorporationBirmingham, Alabama

Christopher W. McGlinchey

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

New York, New York

Frederic S. McIntyre

Acumeter Laboratories, Inc.Marlborough, Massachusetts

Timothy B. McSweeney

Screen Printing Association International

Fairfax, Virginia

R. Milker

Lohmann GmbHNeuwied, Germany

Samuel P. Morell

S. P. Morell and CompanyArmonk, New York

Wayne E. Mozer

Oxford Analytical, Inc.Andover, Massachusetts

Helmut W. J. Müller

BASF AGLudwigshafen/Rhein, Germany

Richard Neumann

Windmöller & HölscherLengerich/Westfalen, Germany

Robert E. Norland

Norland Products, Inc.North Brunswick, New Jersey

Milton Nowak

Troy ChemicalNewark, New Jersey

Michael O’Mary

The Armoloy CorporationDeKalb, Illinois

Robert J. Partyka

BeamAlloy CorporationDublin, Ohio

John A. Pasquale III

Liberty Machine CompanyPaterson, New Jersey

Patrick Patton


Detlef van Peij

Solventborne Coatings — Europe

Elementis GmbHCologne, Germany

Kim S. Percell

Witco CorporationMemphis, Tennessee

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Edwin P. Plueddemann

Dow Corning CorporationMidland, Michigan

Liudas Pranevicius

Vytautas Magnus UniversityKaunas, Lithuania

Charles P. Rader

Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P.

Akron, Ohio

Valentinas Rajeckas

Kaunas Polytechnic UniversityKaunas, Lithuania

H. Randhawa

Vac-Tec Systems, Inc.Boulder, Colorado

Richard Rathmell

Londonderry, New Hampshire

Donald A. Reinke

Oliver Products Company (Retired)

Grand Rapids, Michigan

Peter W. Rose

Plasma Science, Inc.Belmont, California

D. Satas

Satas & AssociatesWarwick, Rhode Island

Milton C. Schmit

Plymouth Printing Company, Inc.

Cranford, New Jersey

Jaykumar (Jay) J. Shah

DecoraFort Edward, New York

Douglas N. Smith

Waterborne Coatings — GlobalElementis GmbHCologne, Germany

Steve Stalker

ITW Industrial FinishingGlendale Heights, Illinois

Henry R. Stoner

Henry R. Stoner AssociatesNorth Plainfield, New Jersey

D. Stoye

Hüls Troisdorf AGTroisdorf/Marl, Germany

Larry S. Timm

Findley Adhesives, Inc.Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

Harry H. Tomlinson

Witco CorporationMemphis, Tennessee

Arthur A. TractonConsultantBridgewater, New Jersey

George D. VaughnSurface Specialties MelaminesSpringfield, Massachusetts

A. VaskelisLithuanian Academy of SciencesVilnius, Lithuania

Subbu VenkatramanRaychem CorporationMenlo Park, California

Theodore G. Vernardakis

BCM Inks USA, Inc.Cincinnati, Ohio

Lawrence R. WaeldeTroy CorporationFlorham Park, New Jersey

Leonard E. WalpWitco CorporationMemphis, Tennessee

Patrick J. WhitcombStat-Ease, Inc.Minneapolis, Minnesota

K. Winkowski ISP Corporation Piscataway, New Jersey

Kurt A. WoodArkema, Inc.King of Prussia, Pennsylvania

Daniel M. ZaviszaHercules IncorporatedWilmington, Delaware

Randall W. ZempelDow Chemical CompanyMidland, Michigan

Ulrich ZorllForschungsinstitut fur Pigmente

and LackeStuttgart, Germany

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Contents

I

Fundamentals and Testing

1 Rheology and Surface Chemistry .....................................................................................1-1

K. B. Gilleo

2 Coating Rheology ..............................................................................................................2-1

Chi-Ming Chan and Subbu Venkatraman

3 Leveling...............................................................................................................................3-1

D. Satas*

4 Structure–Property Relationships in Polymers ..............................................................4-1

Subbu Venkatraman

5 The Theory of Adhesion....................................................................................................5-1

Carl A. Dahlquist

6 Adhesion Testing................................................................................................................6-1

Ulrich Zorll

7 Coating Calculations .........................................................................................................7-1

Arthur A. Tracton

8 Infrared Spectroscopy of Coatings...................................................................................8-1

Douglas S. Kendall

9 Thermal Analysis for Coatings Characterizations..........................................................9-1

William S. Gilman

10 Color Measurement for the Coatings Industry.............................................................10-1

Harold Van Aken

11 The Use of X-ray Fluorescence for Coat Weight Determinations ...............................11-1

Wayne E. Mozer

12 Sunlight, Ultraviolet, and Accelerated Weathering.......................................................12-1

Patrick Brennan and Carol Fedor

13 Cure Monitoring: Microdielectric Techniques ..............................................................13-1

David R. Day

14 Test Panels ........................................................................................................................14-1

Douglas Grossman and Patrick Patton

*Deceased.

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15 Design of Experiments for Coatings..............................................................................15-1

Mark J. Anderson and Patrick J. Whitcomb

16 Top 10 Reasons Not to Base Service Life Predictions upon Accelerated Lab Light Stability Tests..........................................................................................................16-1

Eric T. Everett

17 Under What Regulation? .................................................................................................17-1

Arthur A. Tracton

II

Coating and Processing Techniques

18 Wire-Wound Rod Coating ..............................................................................................18-1

Donald M. MacLeod

19 Slot Die Coating for Low Viscosity Fluids.....................................................................19-1

Harry G. Lippert

20 Extrusion Coating with Acid Copolymers and Lonomers ...........................................20-1

Donald L. Brebner

21 Porous Roll Coater...........................................................................................................21-1

Frederic S. McIntyre

22 Rotary Screen Coating.....................................................................................................22-1

F. A. Goossens

23 Screen Printing ................................................................................................................23-1

Timothy B. McSweeney

24 Flexography ......................................................................................................................24-1

Richard Neumann

25 Ink-Jet Printing ................................................................................................................25-1

Naomi Luft Cameron

26 Electrodeposition of Polymers........................................................................................26-1

George E. F. Brewer

27 Electroless Plating............................................................................................................27-1

A. Vakelis

28 The Electrolizing Thin, Dense, Chromium Process......................................................28-1

Michael O’Mary

29 The Armoloy Chromium Process...................................................................................29-1

Michael O’Mary

30 Sputtered Thin Film Coatings ........................................................................................30-1

Brian E. Aufderheide

31 Vapor Deposition Coating Technologies .......................................................................31-1

Lindas Pranevicius

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32 Cathodic Arc Plasma Deposition ...................................................................................32-1

H. Randhawa

33 Industrial Diamond and Diamondlike Films ...............................................................33-1

Arnold H. Deutchman and Robert J. Partyka

34 Tribological Synergistic Coatings...................................................................................34-1

Walter Alina

35 Chemical Vapor Deposition ............................................................................................35-1

Deepak G. Bhat

36 Solvent Vapor Emission Control ....................................................................................36-1

Richard Rathmell

37 Surface Treatment of Plastics..........................................................................................37-1

William F. Harrington, Jr.

38 Flame Surface Treatment ................................................................................................38-1

H. Thomas Lindland

39 Plasma Surface Treatment...............................................................................................39-1

Stephen L. Kaplan and Peter W. Rose

40 Surface Pretreatment of Polymer Webs by Fluorine.....................................................40-1

R. Milker and Artur Koch

41 Calendering of Magnetic Media .....................................................................................41-1

John A. McClenathan

42 Embossing ........................................................................................................................42-1

John A. Pasquale III

43 In-Mold Finishing............................................................................................................43-1

Robert W. Carpenter

44 HVLP: The Science of High-Volume, Low-Pressure Finishing ....................................44-1

Steve Stalker

45 A Practical Guide to High-Speed Dispersion ................................................................45-1

Herman Hockmeyer

III

Materials

46 Acrylic Polymers ..............................................................................................................46-1

Ronald A. Lombardi and James D. Gasper

47 Vinyl Ether Polymers.......................................................................................................47-1

Helmut W. J. Müller

48 Poly(Styrene-Butadiene) .................................................................................................48-1

Randall W. Zempel

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xiv

49 Liquid Polymers for Coatings.........................................................................................49-1


50 Polyesters ..........................................................................................................................50-1

H. F. Huber and D. Stoye

51 Alkyd Resins .....................................................................................................................51-1

Krister Holmberg

52 The Polyurea Revolution: Protective Coatings for the 21st Century ..........................52-1

Bruce R. Baxter

53 Phenolic Resins ................................................................................................................53-1

Kenneth Bourlier

54 Coal Tar and Asphalt Coatings .......................................................................................54-1

Henry R. Stoner

55 Vulcanizate Thermoplastic Elastomers..........................................................................55-1

Charles P. Rader

56 Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers................................................................................56-1

Jesse Edenbaum

57 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) Resins .....................................................57-1

R. H. Foster

58 Elastomeric Alloy Thermoplastic Elastomers ...............................................................58-1

Charles P. Rader

59 Polyvinyl Chloride and Its Copolymers in Plastisol Coatings ....................................59-1

Jesse Edenbaum

60 Polyvinyl Acetal Resins....................................................................................................60-1

Thomas P. Blomstrom

61 Polyimides ........................................................................................................................61-1

B. H. Lee

62 Parylene Coating..............................................................................................................62-1

William F. Beach

63 Nitrocellulose ...................................................................................................................63-1

Daniel M. Zavisza

64 Soybean, Blood, and Casein Glues .................................................................................64-1

Alan Lambuth

65 Fish Gelatin and Fish Glue..............................................................................................65-1

Robert E. Norland

66 Waxes ................................................................................................................................66-1

J. David Bower

67 Carboxymethylcellulose ..................................................................................................67-1

Richey M. Davis

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68 Hydroxyethylcellulose .....................................................................................................68-1

Lisa A. Burmeister

69 Antistatic and Conductive Additives..............................................................................69-1

B. Davis

70 Silane Adhesion Promoters.............................................................................................70-1

Edwin P. Plueddemann

71 Chromium Complexes ....................................................................................................71-1

J. Rufford Harrison

72 Nonmetallic Fatty Chemicals as Internal Mold Release Agents in Polymers .............72-1

Kim S. Percell, Harry H. Tomlinson, and Leonard E. Walp

73 Organic Peroxides............................................................................................................73-1

Peter A. Callais

74 Surfactants for Waterborne Coatings Applications......................................................74-1

Samuel P. Morell

75 Surfactants, Dispersants, and Defoamers for the Coatings, Inks, and Adhesives Industries ........................................................................................................75-1

John W Du

76 Pigment Dispersion .........................................................................................................76-1

Theodore G. Vernardakis

77 Colored Inorganic Pigments...........................................................................................77-1

Peter A. Lewis

78 Organic Pigments ............................................................................................................78-1

Peter A. Lewis

79 Amino Resins ...................................................................................................................79-1

George D. Vaughn

80 Driers ................................................................................................................................80-1

Milton Nowak

81 Biocides for the Coatings Industry ................................................................................81-1

K. Winkowski

82 Clays..................................................................................................................................82-1

Ashok Khokhani

83 Fluorocarbon Resins for Coatings and Inks..................................................................83-1

Kurt A. Wood

84 High Temperature Pigments...........................................................................................84-1

Helen Hatcher

85 Polyurethane Associative Thickeners for Waterborne Coatings .................................85-1

Douglas N. Smith and Detlef van Peij

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IV

Surface Coatings

86 Flexographic Inks.............................................................................................................86-1

Sam Gilbert

87 Multicolor Coatings.........................................................................................................87-1


88 Paintings Conservation Varnish.....................................................................................88-1

Christopher W. McGlinchey

89 Thermoset Powder Coatings...........................................................................................89-1

Lawrence R. Waelde

90 Peelable Medical Coatings ..............................................................................................90-1

Donald A. Reinke

91 Conductive Coatings .......................................................................................................91-1

Raimond Liepins

92 Silicone Release Coatings ................................................................................................92-1

Richard P. Eckberg

93 Silicone Hard Coatings....................................................................................................93-1

Edward A. Bernheim

94 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Adhesive Products...................................................94-1

D. Satas*

95 Self-Seal Adhesives...........................................................................................................95-1

Larry S. Timm

96 Solgel Coatings.................................................................................................................96-1

Lisa C. Klein

97 Radiation-Cured Coatings ..............................................................................................97-1

Joseph V. Koleske

98 Nonwoven Fabric Binders ...............................................................................................98-1

Albert G. Hoyle

99 Fire-Retardant/Fire-Resistive Coatings..........................................................................99-1

Joseph Green

100 Leather Coatings ............................................................................................................100-1

Valentinas Rajeckas

101 Metal Coatings ...............................................................................................................101-1


102 Corrosion and Its Control by Coatings .......................................................................102-1

Clive H. Hare

103 Marine Coatings Industry.............................................................................................103-1

Jack Hickey

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104 Decorative Surface Protection Products......................................................................104-1

Jaykumar (Jay) J. Shah

105 Coated Fabrics for Protective Clothing .......................................................................105-1

N. J. Abbott

106 Coated Fabrics for Apparel Use: The Problem of Comfort........................................106-1

N. J. Abbott

107 Architectural Fabrics .....................................................................................................107-1

Marcel Dery

108 Gummed Tape ................................................................................................................108-1

Milton C. Schmit

109 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems ...........................................................................109-1

Gary W. Cleary

110 Optical Fiber Coatings ..................................................................................................110-1

Kenneth Lawson

111 Exterior Wood Finishes .................................................................................................111-1

William C. Feist

112 Pharmaceutical Tablet Coating.....................................................................................112-1

Joseph L. Johnson

113 Textiles for Coating........................................................................................................113-1

Algirdas Matukonis

114 Nonwovens as Coating and Laminating Substrates....................................................114-1

Albert G. Hoyle

115 General Use of Inks and the Dyes Used to Make Them .............................................115-1

Carol D. Klein

116 Gravure Inks...................................................................................................................116-1

Sam Gilbert

117 Artist’s Paints: Their Composition and History..........................................................117-1

Michael Iskowitz

118 Fade Resistance of Lithographic Inks — A New Path Forward: Real WorldExposures in Florida and Arizona Compared to Accelerated Xenon ArcExposures........................................................................................................................118-1

Eric T. Everett, John Lind, and John Stack

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