django reinhardt - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Django Reinhardt

Django Reinhardt (1946)

Background information

Birth name Jean Reinhardt

Born 23 January 1910,

Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium

Died 16 May 1953 (aged 43)

Fontainebleau, France

Genres Jazz, Gypsy jazz, bebop, Romani

music

Occupations composer

Instruments Guitar

Years active 1928–53

Associated

acts

Stéphane Grappelli, Quintette du

Hot Club de France

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jean-Baptiste[1] "Django" Reinhardt[2] (French: [dʒãŋɡoʁɛjnaʁt] or [dʒɑ̃ɡo ʁenɑʁt]; 23 January 1910 – 16 May 1953)

was a French[3][4] guitarist and composer of Romani heritage.[5][6]

Reinhardt is often regarded as one of the greatest guitarplayers of all time and was the first important European jazzmusician who made major contributions to the developmentof the genre. After his third and fourth fingers were paralyzedwhen he suffered burns in a fire, Reinhardt used only theindex and middle fingers of his left hand on his solos andinvented an entirely new style of jazz guitar technique(sometimes called 'hot' jazz guitar) that has since become aliving musical tradition within French Gypsy culture. Withviolinist Stéphane Grappelli, he co-founded the Quintette duHot Club de France, described by critic Thom Jurek as "one

of the most original bands in the history of recorded jazz."[7]

Reinhardt's most popular compositions have become jazzstandards, including "Minor Swing", "Daphne", "Belleville","Djangology", "Swing '42", and "Nuages".

1 Biography

1.1 Early life

1.2 The injury

1.3 Discovery of jazz

1.4 Formation of the quintet

1.5 World War II

1.6 United States tour

1.7 After the quintet

1.8 Final years

2 Family

3 Legacy

4 Reinhardt in popular culture

5 Influence

6 Discography

7 See also

Django Reinhardt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt

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8 References

9 External links

Early life

Jean "Django" Reinhardt[2] was born 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium, into a family ofManouche Romani descent. His father's name was Jean Eugene Weiss, but he used the alias "Jean-Baptiste

Reinhard" on the birth certificate to hide from French military conscription.[8] His mother, Laurence Reinhardt,

was a dancer.[8] The birth certificate mentions: « Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and

Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris ».[9] Reinhardt's nickname "Django", in the Romani

language, means "I awake."[10] Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris,playing banjo, guitar and violin from an early age. His family made cane furniture for a living, but included

several keen amateur musicians.[11]

Reinhardt was attracted to music at an early age, playing the violin at first. At the age of 12, he received abanjo-guitar as a gift. He quickly learned to play, mimicking the fingerings of musicians he watched. His firstknown recordings, made in 1928, were of him playing the banjo. During this period he was influenced by twoolder gypsy musicians, banjoist Gusti Mahla and guitarist Jean "Poulette" Castro. By age 13, Reinhardt wasable to make a living playing music. As a result, he received little formal education and acquired the rudiments

of literacy only in adult life.[12]

The injury

At age 18 in Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis, Reinhardt was injured in a fire which ravaged the caravan he

shared with Florine "Bella" Mayer, his first wife.[13] They were very poor, and to supplement their income Bellamade imitation flowers out of celluloid and paper. Consequently, their home was rich in highly flammablematerial. Returning from a performance late one night, Reinhardt apparently knocked over a candle on his wayto bed. While his family and neighbours were quick to pull him to safety, he received first- and second-degreeburns over half his body. His right leg was paralysed and the fourth and fifth fingers of his left hand were badly

burned. Doctors believed that he would never play guitar again and intended to amputate one of his legs.[14]

Reinhardt refused to have the surgery and left the hospital after a short time; he was able to walk within a yearwith the aid of a cane.

His brother Joseph Reinhardt, an accomplished guitarist himself, bought Django a new guitar. Withrehabilitation and practice he relearned his craft in a completely new way, even as his fourth and fifth fingersremained partially paralysed. He played all of his guitar solos with only two fingers, and used the two injured

digits only for chord work.[15]

In 1929, Reinhardt's estranged wife Florine gave birth to a son named Henri "Lousson" Reinhardt.[16]

Discovery of jazz


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Reinhardt and Grappelli

The years between 1929 and 1933 were formative for Reinhardt. One development was his abandonment of thebanjo-guitar in favour of the guitar. He also first heard American jazz during this period, when a man calledEmile Savitry played him a number of records from his collection: he was particularly impressed with Louis

Armstrong, whom he called "my brother".[17] Shortly afterwards he made the acquaintance of a young violinistwith very similar musical interests—Stéphane Grappelli. In the absence of paid work in their radical new music,

the two would jam together, along with a loose circle of other musicians.[18] Finally, Reinhardt would acquirehis first Selmer guitar in the mid-1930s. The volume and expressiveness of the instrument were to become anintegral part of his style.

Formation of the quintet

In 1934, Hot Club de France secretary Pierre Nourry invited Reinhardtand Parisian violinist Stéphane Grappelli to form the "Quintette du HotClub de France" with Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput on

guitar, and Louis Vola on bass.[19] Occasionally Chaput was replaced byReinhardt's best friend and fellow Gypsy Pierre "Baro" Ferret. VocalistFreddy Taylor participated in a few songs, such as "Georgia on MyMind" and "Nagasaki". Jean Sablon was the first singer to record withDjango, the pair recording more than 30 songs from 1933. They alsoused their guitars for percussive sounds, as they had no true percussionsection. The Quintette du Hot Club de France (in some of its versions atleast) was one of the few well-known jazz ensembles composed only of

stringed instruments.[20]

In Paris on 14 March 1933, Reinhardt recorded two takes each of"Parce-que je vous aime" and "Si, j'aime Suzy", vocal numbers with lotsof guitar fills and guitar support, using three guitarists along with an accordion lead, violin, and bass. In Augustof the following year recordings were also made with more than one guitar (Joseph Reinhardt, Roger Chaput,and Django), including the first recording by the Quintette. In both years, it should be noted, the great majority

of their recordings featured a wide variety of horns, often in multiples, piano, and other instruments.[21]

Nonetheless, the all-string format is the one most often adopted by emulators of the Hot Club sound.

Reinhardt also played and recorded with many American jazz musicians such as Adelaide Hall, ColemanHawkins, Benny Carter, Rex Stewart (who later stayed in Paris), and participated in a jam-session and radioperformance with Louis Armstrong. Later in his career he played with Dizzy Gillespie in France. Reinhardt andthe Hot Club of France used the Selmer Maccaferri, the first commercially available guitars with a cutaway andlater with an aluminium-reinforced neck. In 1937, American jazz singer Adelaide Hall opened a nightclub inMontmartre with her husband Bert Hicks, naming it 'La Grosse Pomme.' She entertained there nightly and hired

the Quintette du Hot Club de France as one of the house bands at the club.[22][23] Also in the neighborhood wasthe artistic salon R-26, at which Reinhardt and Grappelli performed regularly as they further developed their

unique musical style.[24]

World War II

When World War II broke out, the original quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. Reinhardt returned to

Paris at once,[25] leaving his wife behind. Grappelli remained in the United Kingdom for the duration of thewar. Reinhardt reformed the quintet, with Hubert Rostaing on clarinet replacing Grappelli's violin. In 1943,Reinhardt married Sophie "Naguine" Ziegler in Salbris, with whom he had a son, Babik Reinhardt, who became


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Reinhardt and Duke Ellington at the

Aquarium in New York, c. November

1946

a respected guitarist in his own right.[26]

Reinhardt survived the war unscathed, unlike many Gypsies who perished in the Porajmos, the Nazi regime'ssystematic murder of several hundred thousand European Gypsies. He was well aware of the dangers he and hisfamily faced, and made several unsuccessful attempts to escape occupied France. Part of the explanation of hissurvival is that he enjoyed the protection of surreptitiously jazz-loving Germans such as Luftwaffe officer

Dietrich Schulz-Köhn, nicknamed "Doktor Jazz".[27]

Reinhardt's problems were compounded by the fact that the Nazis also officially disapproved of jazz.[28]

Reinhardt became interested in other musical directions, attempting to write a Mass for the Gypsies andSymphony (since he could not write music, he would perform improvisations to be notated by an assistant). Hismodernist piece Rhythm Futur was intended to be acceptably unjazzlike.

United States tour

After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in the UK, and then went onin the autumn of 1946 to tour the United States – debuting at Cleveland

Music Hall[29] – as a special guest soloist with Duke Ellington and HisOrchestra, playing with many notable musicians and composers such asMaury Deutsch. At the end of the tour he played two nights at CarnegieHall; he received a great ovation and took six curtain calls on the firstnight. Despite Reinhardt's great pride in touring with Ellington (one ofhis two letters to Grappelli relates this excitement), he was not reallyintegrated into the band, playing only a few tunes at the end of the show,backed by Ellington, with no special arrangements written for him. Afterthe tour he secured an engagement at Café Society Uptown, where heplayed four solos a day, backed by the resident band. These

performances drew large audiences.[30]

Reinhardt was reportedly given an untuned guitar to play which tookhim five minutes to tune. Having failed to take along a Selmer ModèleJazz, the guitar he made famous, he had to play on a haphazardly

borrowed electric guitar, which failed to bring out the delicacy of his style.[31]

Django Reinhardt was among the first people in France to appreciate the music of Charlie Parker and DizzyGillespie, whom he sought when he arrived in New York. They were both on tour at the time, however.

He had been promised some jobs in California but these failed to materialize and he tired of waiting. He

returned to France in February 1947.[32]

After the quintet

After returning to France, Reinhardt spent the remainder of his days re-immersed in Gypsy life, having found itdifficult to adjust to the modern world. He would sometimes show up for concerts without a guitar or amplifier,or wander off to the park or beach, and on a few occasions he refused even to get out of bed. Reinhardt wasknown by his band, fans, and managers to be extremely unpredictable. He would often skip sold-out concerts to

simply "walk to the beach" or "smell the dew".[33] During this period he did, however, continue to attend the

R-26 artistic salon in Montmartre, improvising with his devoted collaborator, Stéphane Grappelli.[34][35]


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Plaque commemorating Reinhardt at

Samois-sur-Seine.

In Rome in 1949, Reinhardt recruited three Italian jazz players (on bass, piano, and snare drum) and recordedhis final (double) album, "Djangology". He was once again united with Grappelli, and returned to his acoustic

Selmer-Maccaferri. The recording was discovered and issued for the first time in the late 1950s.[36]

Final years

In 1951, he retired to Samois-sur-Seine, near Fontainebleau, where helived until his death. He continued to play in Paris jazz clubs and beganplaying electric guitar (often a Selmer fitted with an electric pickup),despite his initial hesitation towards the instrument. His final recordingsmade with his "Nouvelle Quintette" in the last few months of his lifeshow him moving in a new musical direction; he had assimilated the

vocabulary of bebop and fused it with his own melodic style.[37]

While walking from the Avon railway station after playing in a Paris

club he collapsed outside his house from a brain hemorrhage.[38] It was

a Saturday and it took a full day for a doctor to arrive,[39] and Reinhardtwas declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau at the ageof 43.

Reinhardt's second son, Babik, was a guitarist in the contemporary jazz style. His first son, Lousson, was moreof a traditionalist, but followed the Romani lifestyle and rarely performed in public. Reinhardt's brother Josephhad initially sworn to abandon music on hearing of Django's death, but was persuaded to start performing andrecording again. Joseph's son Markus is a gypsy violinist. There is now a third generation of direct descendants:Reinhardt's grandson (by his son Babik), David Reinhardt, leads his own trio; his grandson by Lousson, DallasBaumgartner, is a guitarist who follows in his father's footsteps by traveling and keeping a low public profile.

Django had a cousin, Schnuckenack Reinhardt,[40] who was a violinist. Schnuckenack lived in Germany, andthe two never met. Many of his descendants are also involved in gypsy music, such as his grandson LuloReinhardt.

For about a decade after Reinhardt's death, interest in his musical style was minimal, with the fifties seeingbebop superseding swing in jazz, the rise of rock and roll, and electric instruments taking over from acousticones in popular music. Reinhardt's friends and sidemen Pierre Ferret and his brothers continued to perform theirown version of gypsy swing.

There was a revival of interest in Reinhardt's music from the mid sixties, with acoustic music having becomepopular through the folk movement. Several of Reinhardt's near-contemporaries recorded for the first time inthe sixties and seventies, for instance Paul "Tchan Tchou" Vidal

In 1973 Stéphane Grappelli formed a successful Quintette-style band with British guitarists Diz Disley andDenny Wright. Grappelli would go on to form many other musical partnerships, including John Etheridge,Nigel Kennedy and David Grisman. He was also to acquire his own emulators, for instance Dutch violinist TimKliphuis.


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New generations began to emerge, for instance, Jimmy and Stochelo Rosenberg, Paulus Schäfer and theirrelatives from the Netherlands. Another musical clan is the Reinhardt brothers and cousins from Germany,distant relatives of Reinhardt's. Boulou Ferré, son of "Matelot" Ferret, was a child prodigy who entered the ParisConservatoire at the age of 13, and studied under Olivier Messiaen. He continues to perform, with his brotherElios, and can mix bebop and even classical music with gypsy swing. Biréli Lagrène and Angelo Debarre wereother prodigies.

Most of the above-mentioned are Roma who learned music by the 'gypsy method', involving intense practice,direct imitation of older musicians (often family members) and playing by ear, with little formal musical study.Since about the late 1970s, study materials of a more conventional kind such as workshops, books and videoshave become available, allowing musicians worldwide to master the style.

An early non-Roma gypsy-style guitarist was René Didi Duprat (b. 1926). Contemporary ones include JohnJorgenson, Jon Larsen (and his Hot Club de Norvège, established 1979), Joscho Stephan, Andreas Öberg, FrankVignola, George Cole, Stephane Wrembel and Reynold Philipsek. Their music is sometimes jokingly referred toas "Gadjo jazz", where Gadjo is the Romani term for a non-Romani. Young players such as Adrien Moignardand Gwenole Cahue represent the rising generation. Another sign of the rising popularity of gypsy jazz is theincreasing number of festivals, such as the Samois-sur-Seine festival (started about 1980), and the variousDjangoFests held in the USA.

Reinhardt has been portrayed in several films, such as in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film LesTriplettes de Belleville. Reinhardt's legacy dominates in Woody Allen's 1999 Sweet and Lowdown. This spoofbiopic focuses on fictional American guitarist Emmet Ray's obsession with Reinhardt, with soundtrack

featuring Howard Alden.[41] He is also portrayed by guitarist John Jorgenson in the movie Head in the Clouds.

Reinhardt is the idol of the character Arvid in the movie Swing Kids, where the character's left hand is smashedby a member of the Hitler Jugend, but is inspired by Reinhardt's example to keep playing. Similarly, in real life,Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi suffered an industrial accident at 17, where the tips of his right middle andring fingers were amputated on the last day of his job at a sheet metal factory. His boss, in an effort toencourage Iommi to follow his dream of being a professional guitarist, played a Django Reinhardt record for

him for inspiration.[42]

Reinhardt's music has been used in the soundtrack of many films, including in The Matrix; Rhythm Futur,Daltry Calhoun, Metroland, Chocolat, The Aviator, Alex and the Gypsy, Kate and Leopold and Gattaca; thescore for Louis Malle's 1974 movie, Lacombe Lucien; the background for the Steve Martin movie L.A. Story;and the background for a number of Woody Allen movies, including Stardust Memories. Reinhardt's music hasalso been featured in the soundtracks of several video games, such as the 2002 game Mafia: The City of Lost

Heaven, Mafia II[43] and several times in the 2007 game BioShock.

Notably, not only was Reinhardt's music used in the 1978 film King of the Gypsies (film), his long-time friendand violinist Stéphane Grappelli appeared in the film in a cameo performing as part of one of the gypsy bands.In the Martin Scorsese film, Hugo, 2011, a character who appears to be, and is credited as, Reinhardt playsguitar in a combo in the station café.

Reinhardt has been the subject of several songs, most notably "Django" (1954), a gypsy-flavoured piece thatjazz pianist John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet wrote in honour of Reinhardt; numerous versions of thesong have been recorded, including one on the 1973 Lindsey Buckingham/Stevie Nicks self-titled debut album;


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it also appears on Joe Bonamassa's 2006 LP You & Me. "Tango For Django", a track on Robbie Robertson'salbum How To Become Clairvoyant, is a tribute.

Reinhardt was the inspiration for a Harlan Ellison short story, "Django", which appears in the short storycollections "Shatterday" and "Dreams With Sharp Teeth".

In 2010 the French and Belgian Google homepages displayed a logo commemorating the centenary of hisbirthday on 23 January 2010.

The Django web framework is named after him, as is version 3.1 of the blog software WordPress.[44]

The Belgian government issued a commemorative coin in 92.5% sterling silver in 2010 coinciding with his100th birth anniversary. It is a silver 10 Euro coin with a color image of Django Reinhardt on the reverse

side.[45]

Many guitar players, and musicians, have expressed admiration for Django Reinhardt, or have cited him as amajor influence. Jeff Beck has described Reinhardt as "By far the most astonishing guitar player ever..." and

"...quite superhuman..."[46]

Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia and Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, both of whom lost fingers in accidents, wereparticularly inspired by Reinhardt's ability to become an accomplished guitar player/musician, despite thediminished use of his own permanently injured hand following an accident. Jerry Garcia as quoted in June 1985in Frets Magazine ; "His technique is awesome! Even today, nobody has really come to the state that he wasplaying at. As good as players are, they haven’t gotten to where he is. There’s a lot of guys that play fast and alot of guys that play clean, and the guitar has come a long way as far as speed and clarity go, but nobody playswith the whole fullness of expression that Django has. I mean, the combination of incredible speed – all thespeed you could possibly want – but also the thing of every note have a specific personality. You don’t hear it. Ireally haven’t heard it anywhere but with Django".

Songs written in Reinhardt's honour include "Django," an instrumental guitar piece by renowned blues-rockguitarist Joe Bonamassa. The piece was influenced by the violin introduction of "Vous et Moi" (Blues et Mineur1942, Brussels) where Reinhardt himself played the violin. Vous et Moi (You and Me) became the title ofBonamassa's sixth album where the track first appeared in 2006. Slightly longer live versions appear onLIVE...From Nowhere in Particular (2009), and in DVD from 4 May concert at Royal Albert Hall. "Django,"composed by John Lewis, which has become a jazz standard performed by musicians such as Miles Davis. TheModern Jazz Quartet titled one of their albums Django in honour of him. The Allman Brothers Band song"Jessica" was written by Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt – he wanted to write a song that could be playedusing only two fingers. Composer Jon Larsen has composed several crossover concerts featuring Reinhardt-inspired music together with symphonic arrangements, most famous are "White Night Stories" (2002) and"Vertavo" (1996).

Cuban composer and guitarist Leo Brouwer composed Variations on a Theme of Django Reinhardt for sologuitar (1984). It is based on Nuages, by Reinhardt.

In 2005, Django Reinhardt took 66th place in the election of The Greatest Belgian (De Grootste Belg) inFlanders and 76th place in the Walloon version of the same competition Le plus grand Belge.


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Each year the village of Liberchies where Django was born celebrate a festival.[47]

1945 Paris 1945

1947 Ellingtonia – with the Rex Stewart Band – Dial 215

1949 Djangology

1951 Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club Quintet

1951 At Club St. Germain

1953 Django Reinhardt et Ses Rythmes

1954 The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt

1955 Django's Guitar

1959 Django Reinhardt and His Rhythm

1980 Routes to Django Reinhardt

1991 Django Reinhardt - Pêche à la Mouche: The Great Blue Star Sessions 1947/1953

1996 Imagine

1997 Django Reinhardt: Nuages with Coleman Hawkins

1998 The Complete Django Reinhardt HMV Sessions

2000 The Classic Early Recordings in Chronological Order (5 CD boxed set)

2001 All Star Sessions

2001 Jazz in Paris: Swing 39

2002 Djangology (remastered - recorded in 1948, and remastered and released by Bluebird Records)

2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuages

2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuits de Saint-Germain des-Prés

2004 Le Génie Vagabond

2005 Djangology (re-release, Bluebird)

2008 Django on the Radio (radio broadcasts, 1945–1953)

At least eight compilations have also been released.

List of Belgian bands and artists

List of Belgian musicians and singers

Golden Django

Django à Liberchies festival

Django Reinhardt Jazz Festival

Jazz manouche

Gypsy Jazz

List of Roma, Sinti and Mixed People

Oscar Alemán

R-26

Sinti

Vernon Story


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List of compositions by Django Reinhardt

Jean Sablon

Django, a film about a gunslinger with crushed

fingers

^ "The Chase". 8 July 2014. ITV1.1.

^ a b His official forename was not "Jean-Baptiste" as often cited. The name on his birth certificate is "Reinhardt,

Jean". His biographer Michael Dregni states that "Jean Reinhardt" is the name used on all official documents. Dregni,

Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5.

ISBN 0-19-516752-X.

2.

^ He's born in Belgium from a French gypsy family.Balen, Noël (2003). Django Reinhart : Le Génie vagabond.

ISBN 978-2268045610.

3.

^ Dregni, Michael (2004). Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend

(http://books.google.ie/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA300&dq=%22Django+was+issued+a+typical+tourist%22&

hl=en&sa=X&ei=aADTUqukBYSf7gbS2IDQCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&

q=%22Django%20was%20issued%20a%20typical%20tourist%22&f=false). Oxford University Press. p. 200.

ISBN 9780198037439. "Django's French passport #00132 was issued American visa #PV 2439"

4.

^ Balen, Noël (2003). Django Reinhart : Le Génie vagabond. ISBN 978-2268045610.5.

^ Dregni, Michael (2004). Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend (http://books.google.ie

/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA300&dq=%22Django+was+issued+a+typical+tourist%22&hl=en&

sa=X&ei=aADTUqukBYSf7gbS2IDQCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&

q=%22Django%20was%20issued%20a%20typical%20tourist%22&f=false). Oxford University Press. p. 200.

ISBN 9780198037439. "Django's French passport #00132 was issued American visa #PV 2439"

6.

^ Jurek, Thom. Allmusic. "The Hot Jazz: Le Hot Club De France, Vols. 1-4" (http://www.allmusic.com/album

/the-hot-jazz-le-hot-club-de-france-vols-1-4-r531911/review). Retrieved 30 November 2011.

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^ a b "Django Reinhardt And The Illustrated History Of Gypsy Jazz" (http://www.allaboutjazz.com

/php/article.php?id=25499). All About Jazz. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

8.

^ "Official birth certificate of Jean Reinhardt" (http://www.djangostation.com/IMG/jpg/NaissanceDjango2.jpg).

Django Station. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

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^ Dregni, Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. pp. 1, 5.

ISBN 0-19-516752-X.

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^ Delaunay, Charles (1961). Django Reinhardt. Da Capo Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-306-80171-X.11.


^ Marty, Pierre (2005). Django ressuscité : contribution à l'étude d'une auto-rééducation fonctionnelle en 1928.

Copédit. ISBN 2906030910.

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^ Delaunay, Charles (1961). Django Reinhardt. Da Capo Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-306-80171-X.14.


^ "Lousson Reinhardt" (http://www.hotclub.co.uk/gypsyworld/index.php?title=Lousson_Reinhardt). Gypsy Jazz

Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 April 2010.

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^ Dregni, Michael (2006). Django Reinhardt and the Illustrated History of Gypsy Jazz. Speck Press. pp. 45–59.

ISBN 978-1-933108-10-0.

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^ Rousseau, François. Django Monteal. "Welcome" (http://www.djangomontreal.com/Django_Montreal

/Welcome.html). Retrieved 30 November 2011.

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^ "Midnight in Paris, Performer Adelaide Hall and her husband/manager" (http://midniteinparis.tumblr.com

/post/9935090286/performer-adelaide-hall-and-her-husband-manager). Midniteinparis.tumblr.com. 7 September

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/factual/djangoreinhardt.shtml). Retrieved 30 November 2011.

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and-propaganda/third-reich/jazz-under-the-nazis/). Retrieved 30 November 2011.

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(http://www.paulvernonchester.com/DjangoInRome.htm). Retrieved 30 November 2011.

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ISBN 978-0-472-03408-6.

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/1999/12/05/arts/film-faithful-to-the-love-of-his-life-hot-30-s-jazz.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). The New York

Times. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

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^ Iommi, Tony (1997). "Never Say Die: Overcoming overwhelming odds, and the right way to play 'Paranoid'

(http://www.iommi.com/archive/neversaydie.htm)." GuitarWorld, August, 1997.

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Database" (http://www.coin-database.com/coins/10-euro-100-birthday-of-of-django-reinhardt-belgium-2010.html).

Coin-database.com. Retrieved 13 May 2013.

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Djangobooks.com. Retrieved 13 May 2013.

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^ "Accueil" (http://www.djangoliberchies.be/). Djangoliberchies.be. Retrieved 13 May 2013.47.

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Categories: 1910 births 1953 deaths People from Hainaut (province) Belgian jazz guitarists

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Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage Gypsy jazz musicians Swing guitarists

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