diversity, structure and standing stock of wood in the homegardens of kerala in peninsular india

7/27/2019 Diversity, Structure and Standing Stock of Wood in the Homegardens of Kerala in Peninsular India

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A g r o f o r e s t r y S y s t e m s 2 5 : 2 4 3 - 2 6 2 , 1 9 94 .9 1994 K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l is h e r s. P r i n t e d i n th e N e t h er l an d s .

D i v e r s i t y , s t r u c t u r e a n d s t a n d i n g s t o c k o f w o o d i n t h eh o m e g a r d e n s o f K e r a l a i n p e n i n s u l a r I n d ia

B . M O H A N K U M A R 1'2, S U M A N J A C O B G E O R G E 2 a n d S . C H I N N A M A N I 1"31Al l Ind ia Co-or d ina ted R es ear ch Pr o jec t on Agr o for es t r y ; 2 Co l lege o f For es t r y , Ker a laAg r icu l tura l Universi ty , Vel lanikkara, Thr issu r 680654, India; 3 Indian C ounc i l o fAg r icu l tu r a l Res ear ch , Ne w Delh i 110001 , lnd ia

K e y w o r d s : d i a m e t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n , s t a n d i n g w o o d s t o c k , f l o r i s t i c d i v e r s i t y , h o m e g a r d e n s ,p l a n t i n g g e o m e t r y , s t r u c t u r e , K e r a la , I n d i aA b s t r a c t . A s u r v e y w a s c o n d u c t e d in 1 7 s e le c t ed thaluks ( r e v e n u e s u b - d i v i s i o n s ) o f K e r a l a s t a t et o e l u c i d a t e t h e f l o r i s ti c s t r u c t u re , c o m p o s i t i o n a n d t h e e x t e n t o f s i m i l a r i t ie s a n d d i v e r s i t i e s int h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f h o m e g a r d e n s o f K e r a la , w i t h p a r ti c u l ar r e f er e n c e t o s m a l l ( b e l o w 0 . 4 h a ),m e d i u m ( 0 . 4 t o 2 h a ) a n d l a r g e ( > 2 . 0 h a ) h o l d i n g s i z e c a t e g o r i e s . B e s i d e s a t t e m p t s w e r e a l s om a d e t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e p o t e n ti a l o f h o m e g a r d e n s t o s u p p ly c o m m e r c i a l t i m b e r a n d f u e l w o o d .T w o h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y t w o f a r m e r s w e r e s e l e c t e d th r o u g h a s tr a t if i e d r a n d o m p r o c e s s . I n a d d i t i o nt o g a t h e r i n g g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n c r o p a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n e n t e r p r i s e s , a ll s c a t te r e dt r e e s a n d s h r u b s (_> 1 5 c m g i r t h a t b r e a s t h e i g h t ) o n t h e h o m e s t e a d a n d b o r d e r t r e e s e x c e p tp a l m s a n d r u b b e r w e r e e n u m e r a t e d .T h e r e w a s t r e m e n d o u s v a r i a b i li t y b o t h i n t h e n u m b e r o f t r e e s a n d s h r u b s p r e s e n t a n d s p e ci esd i v e r s i t y o f t h e s e l e c t e d h o m e s t e a d s i n d i f f e r e n t p r o v i n c e s . T h e s m a l l , m e d i u m a n d l a r g e s i z e dh o l d i n g s a l s o e x h i b i t e d p r o f o u n d v a r i a b i l it y in t h e n u m b e r o f w o o d y t a x a a n d i n d i v i d u a l s p r es e n t .I n t o ta l, 1 2 7 w o o d y s p e c ie s ( G i r t h a t B r e a s t H e i g h t ( G B H ) > 1 5 c m ) w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d . T h em e a n n u m b e r o f w o o d y t a x a f o u n d i n t h e h o m e g a r d e n s r a n g e d f r o m 1 1 f o r P a t h a n a p u r a m t o 3 9i n P e r i n t h a l m a n n a . F l o r i s t i c d i v e r s i t y w a s h i g h e r i n t h e s m a l l e r h o m e s t e a d s . I t d e c r e a s e d w i t hi n c r e a si n g t h e s i ze o f h o l d i n g s . M e a n S i m p s o n ' s d i v e r s i ty i n d e x f o r t h e h o m e s t e a d s r a n g e d f r o m0 . 2 5 1 ( K o c h i ) t o 0 . 7 3 9 ( K o t t a r a k k a r a ) s u g g e s t i n g t h a t fl o r i s t ic d i v e r s i ty o f h o m e g a r d e n s w a sm o d e r a t e t o l o w c o m p a r e d t o a v a l u e o v e r 0 . 9 0 f o r t h e s p e c i e s - r i c h e v e r g r e e n f o r e s t s o f t h eW e s t e r n G h a t s . T h e S o r e n s e n ' s s i m i l a r it y i n d e x e s s u g g e s te d a m o d e r a t e ly h i g h d e g r e e o f s im -i l a r i t y f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e e s p e c i e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e h o m e s t e a d s o f K e r a l a .

N o c l e a r c u t p l a n t i n g p a tt e r n w a s d i s c e r n i b l e i n t h e h o m e g a r d e n s o f K e r a la . T h e h o m e g a r d e nt r ee s a n d s h r u b s w e r e e i t h e r s c a t te r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e h o m e s t e a d o r o n f a r m b o u n d a r i e s . F a r m e r st e n d t o p r e f e r t i m b e r t re e s s u c h a s a i l a n t h u s ( h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y ) a n d t e a k b e s i d e s f r u i t t re e ss u c h a s m a n g o , j a c k , c a s h e w a n d t h e l i k e . M a j o r h o m e g a r d e n s p e c i e s w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n a l ld i a m e t e r c l a s s e s . T h e d i a m e t e r s t r u c t u r e , h o w e v e r , e x h i b i t e d a s l i g h t l y s k e w e d ( + ) d i s t r i b u t i o np a t te r n , h a v i n g t h e h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y i n t h e 2 0 - 3 0 c m c l a s s e s e n s u r in g a d e q u a t e re g e n e r a t i o ns t a tu s a n d i n t h a t p r o c e s s m a k i n g h o m e g a r d e n s a s u s t a i n a b l e a s w e I l as d y n a m i c l a n d u s e s y s te m .

S t a n d i n g s t o c k o f t i m b e r a n d f i r e w o o d i n t h e h o m e s t e a d o f d i f fe r e n t tha luks a r e p r e s e n t e d .A v e r a g e c o m m e r c i a l s t a n d i n g s t o c k o f h o m e s t e a d s r a n g e d f r o m 6 . 6 t o 5 0 . 8 m 3 h a a a n d f u e lw o o d v o l u m e w a s o f t h e o r d e r o f 2 3 t o 8 6 m 3 h a ~ . I m p l i c i t in t h e h i g h c o m m e r c i a l t im b e r v o l u m ea n d f u e l w o o d v o l u m e i s th a t a s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n o f th e s o c i e t y ' s w o o d d e m a n d s a r em e t f r o m t h e h o m e s t e a d s . P a l m s , h o w e v e r , c o n s t i t u t e d t h e d o m i n a n t c o m p o n e n t o f s t a n d i n gc o m m e r c i a l t i m b e r a n d f u e l w o o d v o l u m e s a c c o u n t i n g a s m u c h a s 6 3 % a n d 7 2 % , r e s p e c ti v e ly ,o f t h e t o t a l w o o d i n t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s .


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244I n t r odu c t i o n

A h o m e g a r d e n ( s y n . h o m e s t e a d f a r m ) r e p r e s e n t s a n o p e r a t i o n a l f a r m u n i tw h ich in t eg r a t e s t r ee s w i th f i e ld c r o p s , l i v e s to ck , p o u l t r y an d /o r f i sh [ R ico -G ray e t al ., 1991 ; Singh , 1987], hav in g the bas ic ob jec t ive o f ensu r ing sus-ta ined a va i lab i l i ty o f mul t ip le p roducts such as food , vege tab les , f ru i t s fodder ,fue l , t imber , med ic ine s and /or o rnam enta ls [M ichon e t al ., 1983], bes ides gen -e r a t in g em p lo y m en t an d ca sh in co m e [ Pad o ch an d d e Jo n g , 1 9 9 1; So em ar wo toan d Co n w ay , 1 9 9 1]. H o m es tea d ag r o f o r e s t r y f o r m s a d o m in an t an d p r o m is in glan d u se sy s t em in m an y p a rt s o f th e t ro p ic s [ Mich o n e t al ., 1 98 3; P ad o c hand de Jong , 1991; Singh , 1987; Soem arw oto , 1987] and ma in ta ins h igh leve lsof p roduc t iv i ty , s tab i l ity , sus ta inab i l i ty and e qu i tab i l i ty [M ichon e t a l ., 1983 ;So e m ar w o to an d Co n way , 1 9 91 ; Th am an , 1 9 88 ]. I n c id en ta l ly h o m eg a r d en sr ep r e sen t a sy m b o l o f so c ia l s t atu s i n W es t Jav a [ So em ar wo to , 1 9 87 ] an d a r eb e l i ev e d to h av e ev o lv ed f r o m t r o p ica l f o r e s t s [ M ich o n e t a l. , 1 9 8 3]. I n t h ep en in su la r I n d ian s t a te o f Ke r a l a a l so , d e sp i t e t h e ' co co n u t an d r u b b e r b o o m 't h a t t h e s t a t e h a s r e c e n t l y e x p e r i e n c e d , h o m e s t e a d a g r o f o r e s t r y f o r m s ap r ed o m in an t l an d u se p a t t e r n [ Jo se , 1 9 9 2 ; Na i r an d Sr eed h a r an , 1 9 8 6 ] .A l t h o u g h h o m e g a r d e n s c o n s t i t u t e a n i m p o r t a n t l a n d u s e a c t i v i t y i n K e r a l a( 4 1 8 0 9 0 0 o p e r a t io n a l h o ld in g s w i th an av e r ag e s ize : o f 0 .4 3 h a [ Ker a l aAg r icu l tu ra l Univers i ty , 1989], n o p rec ise es t imates a re ava i lab le on the ex ten to f l a n d a r e a u n d e r h o m e g a r d e n s .Sp ec ie s d iv e r s i ty o f t h e t r o p ica l h o m eg a r d en s i s g en e r a l ly b e l i ev ed to b every h igh [Babu e t a l . , 1992 ; Michon e t a l . , 1983 ; Soemarwoto and Conway,1 99 1]. H o m e g a r d e n s r e a c h e d h i g h l e v e ls o f d e v e l o p m e n t in t e r m s o f p la n td iv e r s i ty , l ab o u r i n p u t an d p e r cen t i n co m e d e r iv ed f r o m g a r d en in r eg io n sw h er e p o p u la t io n d en s i t i e s a r e h ig h [ Pad o ch an d d e Jo n g , 1 99 1; So em ar wo to ,1 9 8 7 ] . Fu r th e r m o r e , t h ey c r ea t e a f o r e s t - l i k e m u l t i - s to r ey can o p y s t r u c tu r e[Singh , 1987]. Perh aps the fo res t l ike s t ruc tu re is der iv ed f rom e i the r the lacko f a d i sce r n ib l e p l an t in g p a t t e r n , o r a l t e r n a t iv e ly , t h e r e su l t o f d e l ib e r a t ep lan n in g to m im ic th e f o r e s t [ So em ar wo to , 1 9 8 7 ] . Mo r eo v e r , sp ec i e s d iv e r -s it y , s i ze , sh ap e an d p l an t d en s i ty a l so v a r y f r o m p lace to p l ace d ep en d in g o ncu l tu ra l [Ric o-G ray e t a l., 1990 , Soe m arw oto , 1987] , eco lo g ica l and soc io -eco n o m ic f ac to r s [ So em ar wo to , 1 98 7]. A cco r d in g to Na i r an d Da g a r [1 99 1]a l t h o u g h t h e f a r m e r s a n d l a n d o w n e r s i n t e g r a t e a v a r i e t y o f w o o d y p e r e n -n ia ls in the i r c rop and l ives tock en terpr i s~es , most o f these p rac t ices a reh i g h l y l o c a t i o n - s p e c i f i c a n d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e s e i n I n d i a a r e a l s o m o s t l yanecdota l .S t u d i e s o f K e r a l a h o m e g a r d e n s h a v e t r a d i t i o n a l l y e m p h a s i z e d s p e c i e sinven tor ies [Babu e t a l . , 1992 ; Nai r and Sreedharan , 1986] wi th l i t t l equan t i ta t ive da ta . Jo se [ 1992], how ever , ca lcu la ted Sim pson ' s d ivers i ty indexesf o r d i f fe r e n t h o m e g a r d e n s i z e- c la s s c a t e g o r i e s a n d c o m p o n e n t s . A f t e ra n a l y z i n g 8 0 h o u s e h o l d s i n a v i l l a g e o f T h i r u v a n a n t h a p u r a m d i s t r i c t , s h ec o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e i n t r o d u c ti o n o f r u b b e r (He vea brasiliensis) i n to t h e h o m e -garden s resu l ted in a reduc t ion o f spec ies d ivers ity . K r ishnan kut ty [1990] w ho


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2 4 5p e r f o r m e d a s tr a ti f ie d t h r e e - s t a g e s a m p l e s u r v e y o f 30 v i ll a g e s i n K e r a l ao b s e r v e d t h a t j u s t 1 0 s p e c i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 7 4 % o f th e to t a l h o m e s t e a dg r o w i n g s t o c k an d 8 5 % o f th e t o ta l w o o d v o l u m e . N e v e r t h e l e s s n o c o m p r e -h en s i v e r ep o r t s ch a rac t e r i z i n g s p ec i e s co m p o s i t i o n an d s t ru c tu re o f K e ra l ah o meg a rd en s a r e av a i l ab l e . H en ce an a t t emp t w as mad e ( a ) t o q u an t i fy t h eex t en t o f s i mi l a ri ti e s an d d i v e r s i t ie s i n t h e co mp o s i t i o n o f w o o d y p e ren n i a l s( t ree s an d s h ru b s) i n t h e h o m eg a rd e n s o f K e ra l a w i th p a r t icu l a r r e f e r en ce t ot h e h o l d i n g s i ze ca t eg o r i e s ; ( b ) t o co mp are s p ec i e s co mp o s i t i o n an d s t ru c t u reo f th e h o m e g a r d e n s w i t h in a n d b e t w e e n p r o v i n c e s i n th e s t at e , a n d ( c) toc h a r a c t e r i z e t h e a v a i l a b i li t y o f c o m m e r c i a l t i m b e r a n d f u e l w o o d f ro m t h eh o m e s t e a d s .

G e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t u d y a r e aT h e s t a te o f K e ra l a i s d i v i d ed i n t o 1 4 d i s t r ic t s w i t h 61 t h a l u k s ( r ev e n u es u b - d i v i s i o n s ) f o r a d m i n i st r a ti v e p u r p o s e s . W e h a v e r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d 1 7tha luks f rom n ine d i s t r i c t s th roughout Kera la (F ig . 1 ) . The c l imat i c , phys io -g r a p h i c a n d d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c te r i st ic s o f K e r a l a s t at e w e r e d e s c r i b e d b yN a i r an d S reed h a ran [1 9 8 6 ] amo n g o t h e r s .

M e t h o d o l o g yT h e f i e l d w o rk i n v o l v e d co n d u c t i n g d e t a i led h o u s e -h o l d s u rv e y s o f i n d i v i d u a lf a rmer s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s ma l l ( b e l o w 0 .4 h a ) , med i u m (0 .4 t o 2 h a ) an dl a rg e (> 2 .0 h a ) h o l d i n g s i ze ca t eg o r i e s (b a s ed o n t h e t o t a l l an d a r ea o w n edb y t h e f a rmer ) i n t h e 1 7 s e l ec t ed thaluks. Farmer s w e re i d en t i f i ed t h ro u g h as t r a t i f i ed r an d o m p ro ces s i n w h i ch o n e o r t w o f a rmer s b e l o n g i n g t o a l l t h eh o l d i n g s i ze ca t eg o r i e s w e re r an d o ml y s e l ec t ed f ro m amo n g a l l t h e f a rmer so f e a c h ' P a n c h a y a t ' ( l o w e s t f o r m o f lo c a l s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t ) c o n s t i tu t i n g athaluk. A t o t a l o f 2 5 2 fa rmer s w e re th u s s u rv e y ed , f i v e in each ca t eg o ry f ro man y g i v en thaluk ( see Tab le 1 ) , dur ing 1991 and 1992 . The su rve y inc lude db e s i d e s g a t h e r i n g g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n c r o p a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o nen t e rp r is e s , en u m era t i o n (b y meas u r i n g t h e h e i g h t an d g ir th a t b r ea s t h e i g h t(G B H ) o f t ree s u s i n g a c l i n o m e t e r an d t ap e r e s p ec t i v e l y ) o f a ll s ca t t e r ed t ree sand sh rubs (_> 15 cm g i r th a t b reas t he igh t ) on the homes tead and border t reesex cep t p a l ms an d ru b b e r . Fo r p a l ms an d ru b b e r o n l y t h e i r mean h e i g h t , g i r t h( co r r e s p o n d i n g t o 1 0 t r ee s ) an d f r eq u en cy w ere r eco rd ed . S t an d i n g co mmer -c ia l a n d f u e l w o o d v o l u m e o f tr e e s o n a r e a - b a si s w e r e w o r k e d o u t f o ll o w i n gN a i r ' s v o l u m e t ab l e [N a ir , 1 9 7 1 ], d e s p i t e th e f ac t th a t v o l u m e tab l e s o f f o r e s tt r e es , b y a n d l a r ge , d o n o t p r o v i d e t h e b e s t a p p r o x im a t io n s o f v o l u m ep ro d u c t i o n o f h o m eg a rd en t r ee s, w h i ch a r e s u b j ec t to p ru n in g , l o p p i n g an dp o l l a rd i n g an d may a l s o co n s i s t o f s p ec i e s mi x t u re s . Bu t l a rg e l y d u e t o t h eab s en ce o f an y o t h e r r e l i ab l e me t h o d s w e h av e ad o p t ed t h i s t e ch n i q u e , w h i ch


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2 4 8m a y s t il l p r o v i d e a g o o d c o m p a r a t i v e a c c o u n t f o r v o l u m e e s t i m a t e s o f h o m e -g a r d e n t r e e s . V o l u m e o f b r a n c h w o o d o f 1 0 t o 3 0 c m g i r t h c l as s ( o v e r b a r k )w a s e s t i m a t e d a s 2 2 % o f t h e f ir e w o o d v o l u m e o v e r b a r k f o l l o w i n gK r i s h n a n k u t t y [ 1 99 0 ]. V o l u m e o f t r e es i n t h e D B H ( d i a m e t e r a t b re a s t h e i g h t)c l a s s e s b e l o w 1 0 a n d 1 0 to 2 0 c m w e r e t a k e n a s 0 . 0 0 4 m 3 a n d 0 . 1 7 6 m 3 p e rt r ee , r e s p e ct i ve l y , a n d g r o w i n g s t o c k o f c o c o n u t p a l m s i n t e r m s o f c o m m e r -c i al a n d f i r e w o o d v o l u m e s w e r e e s t i m a t e d b y m u l t i p l y in g th e n u m b e r o f p a lm sw i t h 0 . 0 7 2 a n d 0 . 2 8 8 m 3, r e s p e c t i v e l y [ K r i s h n a n k u t t y , 1 9 9 0] . T r e e s o fd i f f e r e n t s p e c ie s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in t o t h r e e g r o u p s , tr e e s w i t h o n l y w o o d v a l u e( T ) , t r e e s w i t h m u l t i p l e u s e s ( M ) a n d o t h e r s ( X ) . T h e y w e r e f u r t h e r s u b d i -v i d e d b y s u f f i x i n g 1 , 2 , 3 a n d 4 r a n k s a c c o r d i n g t o d u r a b i l i t y a n d w o o d v a l u e .

S i m p s o n ' s d i v e r s i t y i n d e x ( S i m p s o n ' s F l o r i s ti c D i v e r s i t y I n d e x , D =s1 - [ ~ ( n / N ) z] w h e r e , D = S i m p s o n ' s I n d e x ; S = t o ta l n u m b e r o f s p e ci e s ,i = 1n i = n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s o f i t h s p e c i e s , N = t o t a l n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n

t h e p l o t [ S i m p s o n , 1 9 4 9 ] ) , S h a n n o n - W i e n e r ' s D i v e r s i t y I n d e x ( H ' =~ = 1 =w h e r e n i n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h e. 3 2 19 ( log 1 0 N N ' i

s p e c i e s ' i ' , N = t o t a l n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s in th e p l o t) , E q u i t a b i l i t y ( E =H'/Hmax, w he re /-/m ax , th e m a x i m u m d i s p e r s i o n t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e n u m b e rof sp ec ie s p r ese n t in the p lo t ) , and /- /max = 3 .3 219 lOgl0S, w he re S i s the to ta ln u m b e r o f s p e c ie s [ S h a n n o n a n d W i e n e r , 1 9 63 ] a n d S o r e n s o n ' s s i m i l a r i t y2 ai n d e x ( S .I . - x 1 0 0 w h e r e a = n u m b e r o f s p e c i e s i n c o m m o n f o r2 a + b + ca n y t w o g i v e n t h a l u k s , b a n d c a r e t h e n u m b e r o f d i s s i m i l a r s p e c i e s i n t h et w o t h a l u k s [ S o r e n s o n, 1 9 48 ] ), w e r e w o r k e d o u t . T h e d i v e r s i t y p a r a m e t e r sw e r e s t a ti s ti c a l ly a n a l y z e d f o l l o w i n g t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t e c h n iq u e .

A l t h o u g h s e v e r a l q u a n t i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r c h a r a c t e r i z i n gs p e c ie s d i v e rs i ty , w e u s e d t h e S i m p s o n ' s d i v e r s it y i n d e x a n d S h a n n o n - W i e n e rd i v e r s i t y f u n c t i o n s . S i m p s o n ' s i n d e x m a y e a s i l y b e i n t e r p r e t e d i n t e r m s o fp r o b a b i l i t y a n d i n d i c a t e s t h e n u m b e r o f p a i rs o f t w o d i f f e r e n t s p ec i e s p e r1 00 p a ir s o f tr e e s ta k e n a t r a n d o m . S h a n n o n - W i e n e r d i v e r s i t y i n d e x ( H ' )i n d i c a t e s t h e re a l d i s t ri b u t i o n o f o b s e r v a t i o n s a m o n g c a t e g o r i e s . A s t h em a g n i t u d e o f H ' i s a f f e c t e d b o t h b y t h e d i s t r ib u t i o n o f t h e d a t a a s w e l l a s t h en u m b e r o f c a t e g o r i e s , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l m a x i m u m p o s s i b l e d i v e r s i t y H m ax w a sc a l c u la t e d . E q u i t a b i li t y o r e v e n n e s s r e p r es e n ts a m e a s u r e o f h o m o g e n e i t y o rr e l a t i v e d iv e r s i t y an d it g iv e s t h e rea l d i s t r ib u t i o n a s co m p are d t o t h e m a x im u md i s p e r s i o n t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e n u m b e r o f s p e c i e s p r e s e n t i n t h e p l o t .

R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n

Floris t ic composi t ion , s t ruc ture and d ivers i tyT h e r e w a s a t r e m e n d o u s d e g r e e o f v a r i a b il i ty b o t h i n th e n u m b e r o f a r b o r e a lt a x a p r e s e n t a n d t h e i r d e n s i t y i n t h e s e l e c t e d h o m e s t e a d s o f K e r a l a ( T a b le 1 ).


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2 4 9In to t a l 1 27 w o o d y s p ec i e s (G B H _> 1 5 cm) w e re en co u n t e red . T h i s i n c l u d est h e 1 2 4 t r ee s p ec i e s l i s ted i n A p p en d i x I , b e s i d es , co co n u t , a r ecan u t an d p a rar u b b e r . T h e n u m b e r o f w o o d y s p e c i e s p e r h o m e s t e a d r a n g e d f r o m 3 t o 1 7 i nthe smal l , 3 to 24 in the medium and 4 to 25 in the l a rge ho ld ings (Tab le 1 ) .Co co n u t an d a r ecan u t , b y f a r , co n s t i t u t ed t h e mo s t d o mi n an t co mp o n en t s o ft h e h o m eg a rd e n s o f t h e en t ir e s t a t e , r eg a rd l e s s o f th e h o l d i n g s i ze ca t eg o r i e s .T h e co co n u t b a s e d f a rmi n g s y s t em in c i d en t a l l y r ep re s en t s a c ro p p i n g s y s t emc a p a b l e o f p r o v i d i n g t h e p r i m a r y n e e d s o f t h e fa r m e r , b e s i d e s h e l p i n g t oco n s e rv e s o i l f e r t il i ty [S i n g h , 1 9 8 7 ]. O t h e r i mp o r t an t a rb o rea l co m p o n e n t s o ft h e h o meg a rd en s i n c l u d ed : Ailanthus triphysa, Mangifera indica, ArtocarpusheterophyIlus, T ectona grand is, Ana cardium o ccidentale, Artoca rpus hirsutus,Tam arindus indicus, Erythrina in d ic a , Ma caranga peltata, Thespesiapopulnea, Bombax ceiba, Gliricidia sepium an d Psidium guajava (hav ing ar e l a t i v e f r eq u en cy o f 1 .5 % o r mo re ; s ee : A p p en d i x I ) .

A s r eg a rd s t o th e n u m b er o f a rb o rea l s p ec i e s , in an ea r li e r a t temp t , N a i ran d S reed h a ran [ 1 9 8 6] h av e r ep o r t ed 3 0 a rb o rea l t ax a f ro m t h e h o m eg a rd en so f K e ra la . Bab u e t a l. [ 1 9 92 ] , h o w ev e r , o b s e rv ed a t o ta l o f 3 6 s p ec i e s o f w o o d yp e ren n i a l s f ro m t h e h o m es t ead s o f th e s o u t h e rn d i s t r ic t s o f th e s t a te . A l t h o u g ho u r l i s t o f 1 2 7 w o o d y s p ec i e s i s s u b s t an t i a l l y g rea t e r t h an t h e ea r l i e rinven tor ies , i t i s perhaps much smal le r than the inven tor ies o f a rborea l spec iesav a i l ab l e f ro m o t h e r p a r t s o f th e w o r l d . Fo r in s t an ce , 3 0 1 t r ee s an d s h ru b sw e r e r e p o r t e d fr o m t h e M a y a n h o m e g a r d e n s o f Y u c a ta n , M e x i c o [ R i c o - G r a ye t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ] , 1 6 8 s p ec i e s f ro m San t a Ro s a i n t h e Pe ru v i an A mazo n [Pad o chan d d e J o n g , 1 9 9 1 ] and 1 7 9 s p ec i e s in t h e W es t J av an h o m eg a r d en s[So e m arw o t o , 1 9 8 7 ]. F l o r is t i c acco u n t s o f h o m eg a rd en s i n o t h e r r eg io n s o ft h e F a r E a s t a r e p r e s e n t e d b y S o e m a r w o t o [ 1 9 8 7 ] . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e b e l i e v et h a t t h e p re s en t l is t o f w o o d y p e ren n ia l s i n t h e h o m eg a rd e n s o f K e ra l a mak esa n ea r- t o ta l i n v en t o ry . W h i l e m o s t o f th e 1 27 t r ee an d s h ru b s p ec i e s en co u n -t e r ed a r e n a t i v e t o t h e d i f f e r en t fo re s t ty p es o f p en i n s u l a r In d ia , t h ir t y t w o o ft h em i n c l u d i n g ca s h c ro p s s u ch a s ca s h ew , ru b b e r , c acao , t amar i n d an d t h el i k e a re ex o t ic s . Fu r t h e rmo re , i f t h e h e rb aceo u s co m p o n e n t s [ s ee J o s e , 1 9 9 2 ]a re a l s o i n c l u d ed , t h e s p ec i e s r i ch n es s w o u l d b e ev en g rea t e r . I n t h i s co n -n ec t i o n , K a ry o n o [ c . f . Mi ch o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ] r ep o r t ed 2 5 0 c ro p s p ec i e s f ro mthe Javanese agrofores t s . Impl ic i t in the h igh f lo r i s t i c r i chness i s perhaps thep o t en t ia l o f h o m eg a rd e n s t o s e rv e a s r ep o s i t o r i e s o f g en e t i c d i v e rs i ty , b e s i d esac t i n g a s i n s u ran ce ag a i n s t p e s t s an d d i s ea s e o u t b reak s , w h i ch may b e v e rys ev e re i n mo n o c u l t u ra l s t an d s [M i ch o n e t al ., 1 9 8 3] .

In g en e ra l, s ma l l e r h o l d i n g s h ad a h i g h e r d en s i t y o f t r ee s p e r u n i t a rea .M ean d en s i t y o f m u l t i -p u rp o s e t r ee s i n th e s ma l l f a rms e q u a l ed t o 1 16 t r ee sp e r h ec t a r e , w h i l e t h a t o f m ed i u m an d l a rg e g a rd en s w ere 4 6 an d 3 2 re s p ec -t ive ly (Tab le 1 ) . Another p rominen t s t ruc tu ra l a t t r ibu te i s spec ies d ivers i ty o ft h e h o m eg a rd e n s . T ree s p ec i e s d i v e r s i t y o f t h e s ma l l g a rd en s w ere s i g n i fi -can t l y g rea t e r t h an med i u m an d l a rg e h o l d i n g s ( av e rag e S i mp s o n ' s d i v e r s i t yi n d ex es b e i n g eq u a l t o 0 .6 0 6 , 0 .4 4 1 an d 0 .4 5 9 , r e s p ec t i v e l y , f o r t h e s ma l l ,m e d i u m a n d l a r g e h o m e g a r d e n s ; T a b l e 2 ) . I t d e c r e a s e d g e n e r a l l y w i t hi n c reas i n g s i ze o f h o l d i n g s . I n c rea s ed t r ee an d p l an t d en s i t y a s w e l l a s


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2 5 2d i v e r s i ty m ay b e s t r a teg i e s p a r t icu l a r ly o f t h e s ma l l e r f a rmer s t o en s u re h i g h e rav a i l ab i li t y o f mu l t i p l e p ro d u c t s o n t h e f a rm i ts e l f. O v e ra l l h i g h t r ee d en s i t ya n d s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y o b s e r v e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y m a y t h u s i n d i c a t e t h et e n d e n c y o f h o m e g a r d e n o w n e r s t o g r o w a w i d e s p e c t r u m o f tr e e s, w h i c h i nt u r n m a y f o r m c o m p l e m e n t a r y a s s o c i a t i o n s a n d a l s o e n s u r e m o r e e f f i c i e n tu t i l iza t ion o f the ver t i ca l and hor izon ta l space .

Ph y s i o g n o mi ca l l y a l s o h o meg a rd en s ex h i b i t a mu l t i - t i e r ed can o p y s t ru c -t u re s o m e w h a t s i mi la r t o t h e tro p i ca l ev e rg reen fo re s t s [b u t s ee ; So e m arw o t o ,1 9 8 7 ; p . 1 5 9 ]. Mi ch o n e t al. [ 1 9 8 3] w h o em p l o y ed t h e co n cep t s o f a r ch i tec -t u ra l an l ay s i s o f t ro p i ca l fo r e s t s t o ch a rac t e r ize t h e s t ru c t u re o f h o m eg a rd en sa l s o s u g g es t ed t h a t t h e v i l l ag e ag ro fo re s t i s s t ru c t u ra l l y s i mi l a r t o t ro p i ca lf o r es t s. F r o m t h e g r o u n d l a y e r c o m p r i s in g o f h e r b a c e o u s f o o d c r o p s , f o ra g e ,m ed i c i n a l an d o t h e r c ro p s to th e u p p e r can o p y o f f a s t g ro w i n g m u l t i -p u rp o s et r ee s , th e g rad i en t o f l i g h t an d r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y c r ea t e s d i f f e r en t n i ch esen ab l i n g v a r i o u s s p ec i e s g ro u p s t o ex p l o i t t h em [Mi ch o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ] .

Su rp r i s i n g l y , med i u m s i zed h o l d i n g s r eg i s t e r ed t h e l ea s t v a l u e fo rS i m p s o n ' s i n d e x . P e r h a p s t h e m e d i u m h o l d e r s m i g h t b e c o n c e n t r a t i n g m o r eo n ca s h c ro p s l i k e co co n u t , r u b b e r , c acao an d s p i ce s . A s i n t h e ca s e o f s ma l lh o l d i n g s, t h e o w n e r s o f l a rg e g a r d e n s a l s o te n d t o g r o w t r e e s c a p a b l e o fm e e t i n g f u e l a n d t i m b e r r e q u i r e m e n t s , b e s i d e s g e n e r a t i n g c a s h i n c o m e .I n t h i s c o n t e x t , S o e m a r w o t o [ 1 9 8 7 ] o b s e r v e d t h a t p o o r p e o p l e , p e r h a p sh av i n g s ma l l e r h o l d i n g s , g r ew mo re s t ap l e c ro p s , v eg e t ab l e s an d f ru i t c ro p s ,w h i l e t h e r i c h f a r m e r s p r e f e r r e d o r n a m e n t a l s a n d h i g h v a l u e c a s h c r o p s .C o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n m a y t h u s r e d u c e s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y a n d h e n c e t h e ' t e a kb o o m ' w h i c h K e r a l a e x p e r i e n c e s n o w m a y p e r h a p s r e d u c e s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t yo f it s h o m eg a rd en s ev en t u a l ly .Reg a rd i n g f l o r is t ic d i v e r s it y , a lt h o u g h p rev i o u s w o rk e r s h av e r ep o r t ed t h a ts p ec i e s d i v e r s i ty i n th e h o m eg a rd en s o f K e ra l a i s v e ry h i g h [Bab u e t a l. , 1 9 9 2 ;J o s e , 1 9 9 2 ] , o u r an a l y s is i n d ica t e s t h a t mean S i m p s o n ' s d i v e r s i t y in d ex (T ab l e2 ) fo r t h e h o mes t ead s r an g ed f ro m 0 .2 5 1 (K o ch i ) t o 0 .7 3 9 (K o t t t a r ak k a ra )s u g g es t i n g t h a t f lo r i s t ic d i v e r s i t y o f t h e s e h o m eg a rd en s w as r e l a t i v e l y l o wco m p ared t o a v a l u e o v e r 0 .9 0 fo r t h e s p ec i e s - ri ch ev e rg reen fo re s t s o f t h eW es t e rn G h a t s [Pas ca l , 1 9 8 8 ] . J o s e [1 9 9 2 ] e s t i ma t ed an o v e ra l l S i mp s o n ' sd i v e r si ty v a l u e o f 0 .8 3 4 f o r v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e h o m e g a r d e n s ( in c l u d -i n g f i e l d c ro p s ) ac ro s s d i f f e r en t h o l d i n g s s i ze ca t eg o r i e s i n a v i l l ag e o fT h i ru v an an t h ap u ram d i s tr i c t (K e ra l a ).T h e d en s i t y b as ed Sh an n o n -W i en e r d i v e r s i t y i n d ex (H ' ) r an g ed f ro m 1 .1 2 9(Chi rayank i l ) to 3 .016 (Kot ta rakkara) , aga in sugg es t ing low to m ode ra te l eve l so f f l o r is t ic d i v e r s i ty . R i co -G ray e t a l. [ 1 9 90 ] a l s o r ep o r t ed H ' v a l u es o f 1 .6 7and 1 .66 fo r two s tudy s i t es in Mexico ind ica t ing a s imi la r d i spers ion pa t t e rno f in d i v i d u a l s am o n g s p ec i e s . H max an d ev en n es s (E ) w e re s i g n i f i can t l yin f luenced by bo th tha luks as wel l as ho ld ing s i ze ca tegor ies . In th i s con tex t ,t h e m o i s t d ec i d u o u s fo re s t s o f T r i ch u r ex h i b i t ed a l m o s t s i mi l a r v a l u es o f Hmax(4 .3 9 ) fo r t r ee s ab o v e 3 0 cm G BH [G eo rg e e t a l . , 1 9 9 3 ] s u g g es t i n g a mo reo r le s s si mi l a r m ax i m u m d i s p e r s i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s amo n g s p ec i e s . T h e l o w


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253equitability or evenness index (0.542, 0.368 and 0.428, respectively, for small,me dium and large holdings) , how ever, indicates distr ibution o f individualsamong fewer number of species (0 .80 for Tr ichur fores t d ivis ion [Georgeet al . , 1993] and dominance of a certain set of species in the homesteads(see: Fig. 2) . Nevertheless , any increase in the variety of species along withreduced dominance of a smal l group of t rees may indicate matur i ty of thehomegardens, besides their s tructural s tabil i ty.I n t e r and in t ra - tha luk v ar ia t ions

The m ean nu mber o f wo od y taxa (> 15 cm G BH) found in the homegardens(for al l the selected farmers in a thaluk) ranged from 11 for Pathanapuramto 39 in Perinthalmanna (Table 2) . The mean number of individuals , how-ever, did not exhibit any marked variat ion among the tha luks albeit differ-ences among the smal l , medium and large s ized holdings were s ignif icantwi th respect to both the number of woody species as wel l as populat iondensity. For instance there were only six species in the large holdingsof Kotha man galam and as much as 46 in the medium -s ized holdings o fPerinthalmanna (data not shown). Perinthalmanna also recorded the largestnumber of species for any single homestead (25) while Chirayankil had the

Frequency (%)3~ V-2 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................2 01510

50


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2 5 4l eas t n u m b er (3 ) . I n g en e ra l co as t a l a r ea s w e re ch a rac t e r i ze d b y re l a -t i v e l y l o w e r v a l u e s o f S i m p s o n ' s d i v e r s i ty i n d e x , H ' a n d e q u i t a b i li t y ( e .g .K o ch i , Ch i r ay an k il , H o s d u rg , e t c. ; T ab l e 2 ; K o t h am an g a l am m ay b e an ex cep -t i o n t o t h i s g en e ra l r u l e ) , w h i l e mi d l an d s ( e .g . K o t t a r ak k a ra , T h a l ap p i l l y ,K u n n a t h u n a d u , P e r i n t h a l m a n n a e t c . e x h i b i t e d h i g h e r d i v e r s i t y f u n c t i o n s(p e rh ap s Pa ru r may b e an ex cep t i o n h e re ) .D iam eter distribution pattern o f important wo ody speciesT h e d i am e t e r f r eq u en c y d i s tr i b u t io n o f i mp o r t an t w o o d y s p ec i e s o th e r th anp a l ms an d ru b b e r a r e p r e s en t ed i n F i g . 2 . Ma j o r s p ec i e s w e re r ep re s en t ed i na l l s i ze - c l a s s e s s u g g es t i n g t h a t h o meg a rd en s a r e d y n ami c a s w e l l a s s u s t a i n -ab l e l an d u s e s y s t ems . T h e d i ame t e r s t ru c t u re , h o w ev e r , r ep re s en t s a s l i g h t l ys k ew ed (+ ) d i s tr i b u ti o n , h av i n g t h e h i g h es t f r eq u en cy i n t h e 2 0 - 3 0 cm c l a s s e s(2 9 % ) . Imp l i c i t i n t h e s k ew ed d i s t r i b u t i o n i s p e rh ap s t h e i n t en s i v e man ag e -men t p r ac t i ce s ad o p t ed b y t h e f a rmer s s u ch a s co n t ro l l ed r eg en e ra t i o n an d / o rspac ed p lan t ing a long wi th harve s t ing o f t rees as soon as they a t ta in cer t a ind i men s i o n s . T h e n a t u ra l f o r e s t s o f t h e ad j o i n in g a r ea s in t h e W es te rn G h a t s ,h o w ev e r , d ep i c t an i n v e r s e ' J ' s h ap ed d i ame t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e rn [Pas ca l ,1988].Spec ies preferences o f the homegarden ownersT h e f r eq u e n cy d i s t r ib u t i o n o f h o m es t ead t r ee s i n d i ca te t h a t in g en e ra l f a rmer st en d t o p r e f e r t im b e r t r ee s s u ch a s a i l an th u s (h i g h es t f r eq u en cy ; 1 3 .2% o f a llt r ee s an d s h ru b s o t h e r t h an p a l ms an d ru b b e r ) an d t eak (6 % ) b es i d es mu l t i -p u rp o s e t r ee s l i k e man g o (1 2 .3 % ) , j a ck (1 1 .7 % ) , ca s h ew (5 .5 % ) an d t h e l i k e(F ig . 2 ) . T h e ma i n u s e o f t h e h o m es t ead t r ee s p ec i e s a r e l is t ed a l o n g w i t h t h e i rr e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s i n A p p e n d i x I . A n e w s p e c i e s m a y b e i n c l u d e d i n t h eh o m e g a r d e n s o n a c c o u n t o f i ts ti m b e r , f o d d e r, f u e l w o o d , m e d i c i n a l a n d / o ro rn am en t a l v a l u es . P l an ti n g o f t r ee s m ay a l s o d ep en d o n t h e s p ace av a i l ab l ean d / o r ed ap h i c ch a rac t e r s . L a t e r i t e o u t c ro p s i n t h e n o r t h e rn K era l a a r eg en e ra l l y d o mi n a t ed b y ca s h ew .Ex tent of s imilarities in f lorist ic composition o f homegardens among thethaluksT h e S o r e n s e n ' s s i m i l a r i t y i n d e x e s ( T a b l e 3 ) s u g g e s t e d a m o d e r a t e l y h i g hd eg ree o f s imi l a r it y fo r d i f f e r en t t r ee s p ec i e s en co u n t e r ed o n t h e h o m es t ead s .A co m p ar i s o n o f T h a l ap p i l l y an d H o s d u rg y i e l d ed t h e l o w es t s i mi la r i ty i n d ex( 2 8 . 5 7 % ) w h i l e t h a t o f K o l l a m a n d P a t h a n a p u r a m g a v e t he h i g h e s t v a l u e( 8 1 . 0 8 % ) . A s K e r a l a f a l l s u n d e r a s i n g l e b r o a d e c o - c l i m a t e z o n e ( h u m i dt ro p i c s ) i t i s n o t s u rp r i s in g t h a t m an y o f t h e h o m eg a rd en s p ec i e s h av e aco s m o p o l i t an d i s tr i b u ti o n . T h e Y u ca t an p ro v i n ce o f M ex i c o a l s o r eg i s t e r ed ah i g h s i mi l a r i t y i n d ex (5 8 .5 % ) s u g g es t i n g t h a t h o meg a rd en f l o r i s t i c e l emen t s


13/20

Table3Se

sSmayn

pca

o1haluknKaaSae

CRE

HDK

K

K

KHK

K

MUNDNYPA

PAHP

TH

VK

CR00

E

4400

HD434800

K

55444000

K

4837424500

K

653746574700

KH51373849356400

K

5750575641564200

K

514751444961505800

MU

45455944464339557000

ND

6644585141645960554700

NY

443724413868564048375100

PA

57374258516745556247525500

PAH5035475036806665534650605100

P

555855405447415155565334484400

TH

50332540365066345033404048523800

VK4233444254644067665259505360484000

CRCanE

EnHDHdgK

Khk

yK

K

K

KamKHKhm

am

K

KaaaK

K

h

MU

Muu

ND

Nm

NY

N

naPA

Pu

PAHPh

amP

Pnhm

TH

TayVKVkm


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2 5 6are charac te r is t i ca lly s imi la r wi th in a g iven reg ion . In genera l nearb y p rov incesh ad a h i g h e r mag n i t u d e o f s i mi l a r i t i e s . Bu t q u i t e ap a r t f ro m g eo g rap h i ca lp ro x i mi t y , f ac t o r s s u ch a s ed ap h i c , cu l t u r a l an d s o c i o -eco n o mi c f ac t o r s mayp l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e n a t u r e o f w o o d y c o m p o n e n t s i n t h eh o m e g a r d e n s .Homegarden sizeA l t h o u g h t h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f h o m e g a r d e n s s a m p l e d i n d i f fe r e n t thaluks w a sv e r y s i m i l a r ( 1 4 o r 1 5 ) , t h e t o t a l a r e a s a m p l e d d i f f e r e d m a r k e d l y b e t w e e nloca l i t i es ind ica t ing tha t homegarden s i ze i s h igh ly var iab le . The average s i zeo f t h e h o m eg a rd en s w e re 0 .2 7 , 0 .6 7 8 an d 1 .6 4 0 h a, r e s p ec t i v e ly , f o r t h e s ma l l ,m ed i u m an d l a rg e ca teg o r i e s . I t s h o u l d b e men t i o n ed t h a t s i ze s s ta t ed h e re a r eo n l y ap p ro x i m a t i o n s b as ed o n s t a t emen t s o f g a rd en o w n er s . I n th i s co n t ex t,K a ry o n o [ c . f. So e m arw o t o , 1 98 7] r ec o rd ed t h a t t h e av e rag e s i ze o f 3 51 h o m e-g a rd en s o f W es t J av a w as 0 .0 2 2 9 h a . T h e s i ze o f t h e San ta R o s a h o u s e g a rd en s[Pad o ch an d d e J o n g , 1 9 9 1 ] a l s o v a r i ed f ro m 0 .0 0 6 7 t o 0 .7 3 2 2 h a , a l t h o u g hmo s t g a rd en s w ere i n t h e r an g e o f 0 .0 3 t o 0 .0 7 h a .

H o m eg a rd en s i ze is b y an d l a rg e a fu n c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n d en s i ty . T h en o r t h ern t h a l u k s h av i n g r e l a t i v e ly l o w er p o p u l a t i o n d en s i t i e s ( e .g ., H o s d u rg )a l s o h ad r e l a t i v e l y l a rg e r h o meg a rd en s (mean s i ze : 1 .2 6 9 h a fo r H o s d u rg ) .H o m e g a r d e n s u s u a l l y g e t f r a g m e n t e d w h e n t h e la n d o w n e r s h i p r i g h ts a r ep as s ed d o w n t h e f ami l y - l i n e . A n a l mo s t i d en t i ca l s i t u a t i o n i s r ep o r t ed f ro mt h e Y u c a ta n p r o v i n c e o f M e x i c o [ R i c o - G r a y e t a l., 1 9 9 0] . S o e m a r w o t o [ 1 98 7 ]o p i n ed t h a t s i ze o f th e h o m eg a rd e n s d ec reas e s w i t h a l ti tu d e .

Fu r t h e rmo re , t h e re w as n o s tro n g r e la t i o n s h ip b e t w een n u m b er o f in d i v i d -ua l s per ho m es te ad (y ) and hom ega rden s i ze (x) ( ln y - - 4 .884 + In 0 .569x ;r 2 : 0 .3 9 , r = 2 5 2 ) . S i mi l a r l y t h e r eg re s s i o n b e t w een s p ec i e s n u m b er (y ) an dh o m eg a rd en a r ea (x) a l s o y i e l d e d v e ry l o w r 2 ( ln y -- 2 .2 2 7 + In 0 .1 0 4 x ;r 2 : 0 .056 , n - - 252) , im ply ing tha t garde n s i ze is p rob ab ly no t ve ry a pow erfu lde te rminan t o f spec ies d ivers i ty , which i s in t r igu ing . Rico-Gray e t a l . [1990]a l s o d i d n o t o b s e rv e v e ry s t ro n g co r r e l a t i o n s b e t w een h o meg a rd en a r ea an dn u mb er o f s p ec i e s o r i n d i v i d u a l s .Planting geometryN o c l ea r cu t p l an t in g p a t te rn w as d i s ce rn i b l e in th e h o m eg a rd en s o f K e ra la .T h e g a rd en s h ap e a l s o w as h i g h l y v a r i ab l e . A cco rd i n g t o R i co -G ray [1 9 9 0 ]w h o a n a l y z e d t h e h o m e g a r d e n s o f Y u c a ta n p r o v i n c e ( M e x i c o ) , th e v i l la g e sf o r m c o m p l e x m o s a i c s o f h o m e g a r d e n s o f v a r y in g s iz e s a n d s h a p e s. I n t h ep re s en t s t u d y i t w as a l s o fo u n d t h a t t h e h o meg a rd en t r ee s an d s h ru b s w eree i t h e r s ca t t e r ed t h ro u g h o u t t h e h o mes t ead o r o n f a rm b o u n d a r i e s . H o w ev e r ,b o rd e r t r ee s (5 2 .5 % ) marg i n a l l y ex ceed ed t h e s ca t t e r ed t r ee s (4 7 .5 % ) i n t h ee n t ir e s a m p l e d a r e a ( 1 71 . 2 h a o f h o m e s t e a d a r e a w i th a t o ta l f r e q u e n c y o ft rees o ther than pa lms and rubber equa l ing to 5586) . The dominan t t ree spec ies


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2 5 7e n c o u n t e r e d a n d t h e i r d is t r i b u t io n p a t t e r n e i t h e r o n th e f a r m b o u n d a r i e s o r a ss c a t te r e d t r ee s w e r e , b y a n d l ar g e, c o m m o n e x c e p t in t h e c a s e o f a i la n t h u sw h i c h r e c o r d e d th e h i g h e st p e r c e n t a g e f r e q u e n c y o n f a r m b o r d e r s ( 1 1 .2 % o fa l l t r e e s e n u m e r a t e d a s a g a in s t 2 % o f s c a t te r e d t re e s ) a n d m a n g o t r e e s w h i c hr e c o r d e d th e h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y a s sc a t t e r e d tr e e s o n t h e f a r m l a n d s ( 7 % v s .5 % o f b o u n d a r y p l a n t e d m a n g o t re e s ). T h e d i a m e t e r s tr u c t u r e o f b o u n d a r yp l a n t e d a n d s c a t t e r e d t r ee s a n d s h r u b s o t h e r th a n p a l m s a n d r u b b e r in t h e 2 5 2s e l e c t e d h o m e s t e a d s a l so e x h i b i t e d a s k e w e d d i s t r i b u ti o n p a t t e r n ( d a t a n o ts h o w n ) .Potential fo r timber and firewood production in the homesteadsA v e r a g e s t a n d in g s t o c k o f c o m m e r c i a l ti m b e r f r o m h o m e s t e a d s r a n g e d f r o m6 . 6 t o 5 0 . 8 m 3 h a -1 ( T a b l e 4 ) . M o r e o v e r , p a l m s , m o s t l y c o c o n u t , c o n s t i t u t e dt h e p r i n ci p a l c o m p o n e n t o f c o m m e r c i a l t im b e r p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e m a j o r i ty o f t h ethaluks i n v e s t i g a t e d ( o n a n a v e r a g e 6 3 % ) o f t h e t o t al s ta n d i n g s t o c k o f c o m -m e r c i a l t i m b e r ; r a n g e : 1 2 . 4 8 % t o 9 2 . 4 7 % ) . I m p l i c i t in th i s h i g h s t a n d i n gv o l u m e o f c o m m e r c i a l t i m b e r i s th a t a s u b st a n ti a l p r o p o r t i o n o f th e s o c i e t y 'st i m b e r d e m a n d s a r e m e t w i th f r o m t h e h o m e s t e a d s . I n t h is c o n n e c t i o n , a s tu d yc o n d u c t e d a t t h e K e r a l a F o r e s t R e s e a r c h I n s t i tu t e [ K r i s h n a n k u t t y , 1 9 9 0 ] a ls oi n d i c a t e d t h a t h o m e s t e a d s p r o v i d e d f o r 7 4 .4 to 8 3 . 6 % o f t h e t o t a l w o o dr e q u i r e m e n t o f th e s ta te . T h e r e m a i n d e r w a s d e r i v e d f r o m e s t a t es o fc a r d a m o m , r u b b e r , t e a a n d c o f f e e (9 .3 t o 1 1 . 8 % ) , i m p o r t s ( 2 .4 % ) a n d w o o df r o m f o r e s t s ( 4 .7 t o 1 1 . 4 % [ K r i s h n a n k u t t y , 1 9 9 0 ].Table 4. Standing stock of timber and firewood in the hom esteads of selected thaluks n KeralaState (m3 ha 1 overbark).Thaluks Timber Firewood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (m3 ha 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ch irayankil 12.42 60.28Ernad 11.87 36.09Hosd urg 17.60 29.23Karthikap pally 20.46 41.36Kochi 24.74 37.89Ko llam 36.91 67.55Kotham angalam 30.70 68.13Kottarakkara 50.82 70.46Kunnathunadu 40.29 85.92Muvattupuzha 31.82 44.99Nedumangad 6.58 23.01Neyyattinkara 23.99 55.64Parur 24.94 49.01Pathanapuram 9.52 29.34Perinthalmanna 32.74 27.32Thalap pilly 27.21 43.10Vaikam 22.75 73.66


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2 5 8S t a n d in g f u e l w o o d v o l u m e i n t h e h o m e g a r d e n s w a s o f t h e o r d e r o f 23 t o

8 6 m 3 h a -1 (T ab l e 4 ). Pa l ms co n s t i t u ted t h e d o m i n an t co m p o n e n t o f h o m es t eadfu e l w o o d av a i l ab i li t y acco u n t i n g fo r a l m o s t 7 2 p e r cen t o f t h e to t a l o n f a rmf u e l w o o d s u p p l y ( ra n g e: 1 9 .7 % t o 9 1 . 5 % ) . I f th e n o n - w o o d f u e l f ro m c o c o n u ta l so i s cons idered i t would be s t i l l h igher [ see Kr i shnankut ty , 1990 fo r es t i -mates on th i s ] .

ConclusionsH o m eg ard en s o f K e ra l a fo rm a s u s t a in ab l e a s w e l l as d y n am i c l an d u s e s y s tem.H o m e g a r d e n f l o r i s t i c d i v e r s i t y w a s g e n e r a l l y h i g h b u t v a r i a b l e a m o n g t h ed i f f e r en t p ro v i n ces o f K e ra l a s t a t e , w h i ch i n t u rn may f ac i l i t a t e co n s e rv a t i o no f b i o d iv e r s i ty . Fu r t h e rmo re , s ma l l h o l d i n g s ex h i b i t ed h i g h e r d i v e r s i t y i n d i ce san d ev en n es s , t h an med i u m an d l a rg e s i zed h o l d i n g s . A l t h o u g h t r ee s p ec i e sd i v e r s i t y w as g en e ra l l y h ig h , t h e g a rd en o w n e r s t h ro u g h o u t t h e s t a te p r e f e r r eda m o r e o r l e s s c o m m o n ( 2 9 t o 8 1 % s i m i la r it y ) s e t o f d o m i n a n t w o o d ye l emen t s . Fa rmer s u s u a l l y d o n o t ad o p t an y s p ec i f i c p l an t i n g g eo me t ry i n t h eh o meg a rd en s an d t h e t r ee co mp o n en t s a r e i n t ro d u ced e i t h e r a s b o rd e r p l an t sor as sca t t e red t rees . Spec ies l ike Ailanthus triphysa w as g en e ra l l y p re f e r r edb y t h e fa r m e r s f o r b o r d e r p l a n ti n g w h i l e m a n g o t r e e s d o m i n a t e d t h es ca t t e r ed p l an t i n g i n t h e h o meg a rd en s i n v es t i g a t ed . T h e d i ame t e r s t ru c t u reo f h o me g a rd en s ex h i b i t ed a s l ig h t ly s k ew ed d i s t ri b u t io n p a t te rn i n d i ca t in g t h eh i g h e s t n u m b e r o f in d i v id u a l s in t he 2 0 - 3 0 c m D B H c a t e g o r y. H o m e g a r d e n sw ere a l s o s o u rces o f s u b s tan t i a l q u an t it ie s o f ti mb e r an d f i r ew o o d . Im p ro v i n gt h es e t r ad i t i o n a l l an d u s e s y s t ems w o u l d , t h e re fo re , en ab l e u s t o r ed u ce t h ep r e s s u r e o n n a t u r a l f o r e s t s f o r t i m b e r a n d f i r e w o o d a n d a l s o w o u l d e n t a i lco n s e rv a t i o n o f t h e d w i n d l i n g t ro p i ca l fo r e s t r e s o u rces b as e o f t h e W es t e rnG h a t s r eg i o n .

AcknowledgementsT h e au t h o r s w i s h t o ex p re s s t h e i r g r a t i t u d e t o a l a rg e n u m b er o f B .S c .(Fo re s t ry ) s t u d en t s o f t h e K e ra l a A g r i cu l t u ra l U n i v e r s i t y , V e l l an i k k a rab e l o n g i n g t o t h e 1 9 8 7 an d 1 9 8 8 b a t ch es , w h o p a r t i c i p a t ed i n t h e h o u s e -h o l ds u rv ey . T h e h e l p an d f ac i l i t i e s p ro v i d ed b y D r C . C . A b rah am, t h en Sp ec i a lO f f i ce r , Co l l eg e o f Fo re s t ry a r e a l s o g ra t e fu l l y ack n o w l ed g ed .


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259

Appendix IRe la t ive f r equen cy pe rcen tage s , u t i l i za t ion c las s es and imp or tan t u s es o f t r ee s pec ies (o the r thanp a l m s a n d r u b b e r ) r e c o r d e d f r o m s a m p l e d h o m e s t e a d s i n K e r a l a s t a t e .S p e c i e s U t i l i z a t i o n R e l a t i v e I m p o r t a n tc l a s se s f r e q u e n c y u s e s

p e r c e n t a g e sAilanthus triphysa (D enns t . ) A ls ton . T2Mangi fera indica L . M 3Artoca rpus heterophyl lus L a m k . M 2Tectona grandis L . f . T 1*Anacardium occidentale L . M 4Artocarpus h i rsu tus L a m k . T 2*Tamrindus indica L . M 3*Erythrina indica L a m k . M 3Macaranga pel tata ( R o x b . ) M u e l l . -A r g . M 4Thespesia populnea ( L . ) S o l a n d . e x C o r r e a T 2Bombax ce iba L . T 4*Gliricidia sepium ( J ack . ) K un th . ex W alp . M 3*Psidium guajava L . M 4*Swietenia macrophylla K i n g T 2Emblica off icinalis G a e r t n . M 3*Casuarina equisetifoIia J . R . & G . F o r s t . T3*Delonix regia ( B o j . ) R a f i n . M 4*Leucaena leucocephala ( L a m k . ) d e W i t . M 3*Paraserianthes falcataria (L . ) F os b erg T3Terminalia paniculata R o t h . T 2*Azadirachta indica A dr . J us s . M 3

*Ceiba pentandra (L . ) G aer tn . T4*Anonna squamosa L . M 4*Artocarpus communis J . R . & G . F ros t . M 4Murraya koenig i S p r e n g . M 4Syzygium cumini (L . ) S kee l s T2Strychnos nux-vomica L. T3Polyalthia longifolia ( S o n n e r .) T h w . M 4BrideIia roxburghiana ( M u e l l . - A r g . ) G e h m . T 2Hydnocarpus pentandra ( B u c h . - H a m . ) O k e n . M 3Alstonia scholaris (L . ) R . Br . T4Carica papa ya L. XLannea coromandelica (H ou t t . ) M er r . T3Morinda coreia B u c h . - H a m . T 3Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burro. f .) BI. XSchleichera oleosa (Lour . ) O ken . T2Garcinia gummi-gutta ( L .) R o b s . M eCitrus sp .Dalbergia latifolia R o x b . T 1Cerbera odollam G aer tn . T4Mimusops e l engi L . T 2*Achras sapota L. X

13.212.311.76.35 .55 .43 .93 .43 .02.12 .02 .01.61.41.01.01.00 .90 .90 .80 .70 .70 .60 .60 .60 .60 .60.50 .50 .50.50 .50.40 .40 .40 .40 .40.40 .40 .30.30 .3

4, 181 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 21 , 2 , 3 , 41, 4, 13, 201 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 1 31 , 31, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 141, 3, 6, 181 , 3 , 41, 3, 4, 10t , 7 , 1 91 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 21, 2, 41, 131 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 6 , 2 01, 4, 6, 10, 18, 20, 214 , 6 , 1 23 , 41, 3, 4, 18, 191 , 4!, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13,16, 17, 2074, 1721, 2, 13, 161, 2 , 3 ,4 , 10 , 13 , 16 ,18, 201, 16, 172 2313, 161, 164, 16, 171, 3, 4, 5, 16, 18, 201, 10111, 4, 10, 12, 13, 18, 202, 13214, 1710, 13, 16, 202


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260Appendix L (Continued).S p e c i e s U t i l i z a t i o n

c las s esR e l a t i v ef r e q u e n c yp e r c e n t a g e s

I m p o r t a n tu s e s

*Coffea arabica L . M 4Moringa oleifera L a m k . X*Myristica fragrans Hout t . XTerminalia crenulata R o t h . T 2Pterocarpus marsupium R o x b . T 2Garuga pinnata R o x b . T 4Hibiscus tiliaceus L. T3Samadera indica Gaer tn . XCaryota urens L . P LVatica chinensis L . T 3*Adenanthera pavonina L . T 3Spondias pinnata (L . f . ) Kurz . M 4Borassus flabellifer L . P LArtocarpus gomezianus W a l l . e x T r e c . T 2Albizia procera (Roxb . ) Ben th . T3*Acacia auriculiformis A . C u n n . e x B e n t h . M 3Cassia fistula L . T 2Polyalthia sp. XSantalum album L. T1*Terminalia catappa L . M 3U n i d e n t i f i e dAlbizia odoratissima (L . f . ) Ben th . T2*Averrhoa bilimbi L. XMorus alba L . M 3*Averrhoa bilimbi L. XMorus alba L . M 3Bauhinia purpurea L. XPongamia pinnata (L . ) P ie r r e . T4Terminalia bellirica (Gaer tn . ) Ro xb . T3Albizia lebbeck W i l l d . T 2Excoecaria agalocha L . T 4*Aegle marmelos (L . ) Cor r . M3Michelia champaca L. T3Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb . ) Taub . T2Saraca asoca ( R o x b . ) d e . W i l d e X*Melia azadirach L . T 2Elaeocarpus tectorius ( L o u r . ) P o i r T 2*Samanea saman ( J acq . ) M er r . T4Careya arborea R o x b . T 2Carallia brachiata (Lour . ) Me r r . T4Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. XEuodia lunu-ankaenda (Gaer tn . ) Me r r . T4Ficus exasperata V a h l . T 4*Theobroma cacao L . M 3Syzygium sp .Grewia tiliifolia V a h l . T 2*Eucalyptus tereticornia S m . T 3Ficus sp .

0 .30.30.30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30.30 .30 .30 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1

1 , 2 , 42, 162, 13, 1611 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 62 , 31 , 4 , 7161 , 3 , 71 , 81, 10, 13, 162, 18, 191 , 23I, 6, 8, 13, 16, 18, 201 , 4 , 6 , 1 8 , 2 01 ,4 ,5 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 16 ,202 21, 3, 13, 161, 4, 5, 12, 13, 16, 201 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 13, 1 8 , 2 021, 3, 7, 12, 13, 18, 2021, 3, 7, 12, 13, 16, 1831 , 3 , 4 , 131, 16, 191 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 21, 17, 193 , 411 , 4 , 5 , 1 3 , 2 015, 161, 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 18, 2141 , 5112 21, 13, 191, 141 , 4 , 611 , 31, 3, 13, 1822


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261Appendix L (Continued).S p e c i e s U t i l i z a t i o n R e l a t i v e I m p o r t a n t

c l a s s e s f r e q u e n c y u s e sp e r c e n t a g e sCycas circinalis L. PL 0 .1 8 , 16Pajanelia rheedi D C . T 4 0 .1 1Ficus callosa W i l l d . T4 0 .1 1Sterculia guttata R ox b . e x DC . T4 0 .1 1 , 7Holigarna arnottiana Hk . f. T3 0.1 8, 16, 19Calophyllum inophyllum L. T2 0 .1 1Dipterocarpus bourdilloni B ra n d . T3 0 .1 1 , 8Lagerstroemia reginae R o x b . T 2 0 .1 1Rhizophora mucronata Poi r . T3 0 . i 4 , 8 , 18 , 20Wrightia tinctoria ( R o x b . ) R . B r o w n X 0 .1 5Trema orientalis L. B I . T4 0 .1 4Butea monosperma (La m k . ) Ta ub . M 3 0 .04 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 16 ,

20 , 2112 210

Stereospermum chelonoides (L . L ) DC . T3 0 .04Miliusa tomentosa ( R o x b . ) S i n c l a i r ? 0 . 0 4Bixa orellana L. X 0 .04Holarrhena pubescens ( B u c h . - H a m . ) W a l l .

e x Do n . T3 0 .04 1 , 16Terminalia chebula R e t z . T4 0 .04 3 , 4 99Peltophorum pterocarpum ( D C . ) B a k e re x . He y ne . T3 0 .04 1 , 20Semecarpus anacardium L. T4 0 .04 1 , 4Diospyros ebenum K o e n i g . T 3 0 . 0 2 1Hydnocarpus alpina W i g h t . M 3 0 . 0 2 1 , 1 3Sapindus laurifolia Va hl . X 0 .02 13 , 149Ficus elastica ( R o x b . ) K i n g X 0 . 0 2 2 2Lagerstroemia microcarpa W t . T 3 0 . 0 2 1Memecylon molestum (C 1. ) C og n . T3 0 .02 4 , 10

9 Chrysophyllum cainito L . X 0 . 0 2 2Vitex altissima L. T2 0 .02 1 , 10Lawsonia alba L a m b . X 0 . 0 2 1 09Syzygium aromaticum ( L . ) M e n ' . & P e r r y X 0 . 0 2 1 1Oroxylum indicum ( L . ) V e n t . T 2 0 . 0 2 !Persea macrantha (Ne e s . ) Ko s t e rm . T3 0 .02 1 , 19Gmelina arborea R o x b . T 2 0 . 0 1 7 9 1 , 4 , 8Toona ciliata R o e m . T3 0 .0179 1 , 3 , 4Cullenia exarillata R o b y n s T 4 0 . 0 1 7 9 19 Cassia siamea La m k. M 2 0 .017 9 1 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 18 , 20Trewia polycarpa B e n t h . T4 0 .0179 1, 4 , 13 , 18

* E x o t i c s .U s e d c o d e s : 1 . T i m b e r , 2 . F o o d & b e v e r a g e s , 3 . F o d d e r , 4 . F u e l / C h a r c o a l , 5 . G r e e n m a n u r e ,6 . Ni t roge n - f i x e r , 7 . F i be r / f l o s se s , 8 . Gl ue s / r e s i n s , 9 . La t e x , 10 . Dy e s , 11 . S pe c i e s , 12 . Ap i c u l t u re /s e r i c u l t u r e / l a c c u l tu r e , 1 3. O i l ( e s s e n t i a l /f a t t y ) , 1 4 . C l e a n i n g / p o l i s h i n g a g e n t s , 1 5 . R e l i g i o u s ,1 6 . M e d i c i n a l , 1 7 . T o x i n s ( p o i s o n s / r e p e l l e n t s ) , 1 8 . P a p e r / p u l p , 1 9 . M a t c h w o o d , 2 0 . T a n n i n ,2 1 . W a x e s , 2 2 . U s e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e l i s t e d a b o v e .U t i l i z a t i o n c la s s e s : T - P r i m a r i l y t i m b e r y e i l d i n g s p e c i e s, M - M u l t i p l e u s e s p e c i es , P L - P a l m s ,X - U s e s o t h e r t h o s e l i s t e d a b o v e . ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - C l a s s i f i c a t i o n b a s e d o n n a t u r a l d u r a b i l i t y :1 - P e r i s h a b l e , 2 - M o d e r a t e l y d u r a b l e , 3 - D u r a b l e , 4 - V e r y d u r a b l e )


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262Re f e r en c e s

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diversity, structure and standing stock of wood in the homegardens of kerala in peninsular india

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