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5/3/2019
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF SHEIKHPURA Sand Mineral and Brick Kilns
As per Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th
July, 2018 of Ministry of
Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India
Prepared by
INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA
Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College,
Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-
www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-
9472919161, 7004620817
Submitted to
Under Secretary
Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 1
PREFACE
The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, made
Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification of 27th
January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in view the
experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the MoEF&CC
came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th September 2006. Now
again Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India
amended the notification S.O. 141(E) Dated 15th
January, 2016 videS.O. 3611(E) Dated 25th
July, 2018. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of
development projects as listed in Appendix-X of the Notification.
Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon‟ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A.
No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of Deepak
Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become
mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And also in view of
the Hon‟ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the matter regarding sand
mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for mining leases in cluster for
minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in consultation with State
governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand Mining detailing the provisions on
environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District Environment Impact Assessment Authority
and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining using information technology and information
technology enabled services to track the mined out material from source to destination.
The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining
of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document
which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and
ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various
departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report will form the basis
for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The
Report will be updated once every five years.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 2
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand
Mining Guideline) is to ensure the following –
Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;
and
Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and
installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of
replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.
Identification of mineral wealth in the district.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 3
INDEX
Sl. No. Chapters Page
No.
Chapter-1 Introduction 4
Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 14
Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area
and period of validity
16
Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 18
Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand or minor mineral in last three
years
19
Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 20
Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 23
Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,
Horticulture, Mining etc
25
Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 27
Chapter-
10
Rainfall: month-wise 29
Chapter-
11
Geology and Mineral Wealth
Drainage System with description of main rivers
Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams
33
Chapter-
12
Status of Brick kilns in Sheikhpura
38
References 39
Annexures
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 4
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment
Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest
department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District
Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of are of
aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion
and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited
and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining
in that area.
Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining
activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in
replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral
potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all
relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all
data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.
Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of
removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can
be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks mining all data
gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral
potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall form the basis of
application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall
be updated once every 5 years.
Historical Perspective:-
Sheikhpura district came into existence on the 31st July 1994. Sheikhpura district is a part of
Munger Division.Sheikhpura was separated from Munger District and was made a separate
district with headquarters at Sheikhpura on the 31st July 1994. So more or less the history of
Munger is the history of Sheikhpura district.
Though there is no authentic history of Sheikhpura scripted in any book or records but according
to knowledge collected from various sources history of Sheikhpura dates back to the age of
Mahabharata. It is believed that in the Mahabharata age a demon girl Hidimba lived on the
hillocks situated on its Eastern stretch with whom one Pandava brother Bhima married and gave
birth to a heroic son „Ghatotkach‟. Later on this hill was called „Girihinda‟ after the name of
Hindimba or Hidimba. Girihinda village is still situated over there.
According to one belief about six hundred years ago a great suphie saint „Hazarat Makhdum
Shah Shoeb Rahamatullah Aleh‟ had founded the city of Sheikhpura. He settled over here and
the dense forests were cleaned and people started settling over here. Later on it became densely
populated.
During the Pallava reign also Sheikhpura was one of the chief administrative centres. It is
believed that the famous Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri had got the famous „Dal Kuan‟ constructed
over here. Till now „Dal Kuan‟ and Sheikhpura is believed to be synonymous with each other.
During the mughal period, Sheikhpura got the status of Thana. In the British period Sheikhpura
was accorded the status of Big Kotwali and after independence it was given the status of Block.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 5
On 14th April 1983 Sheikhpura became a Subdivision and on 31st July 1994 it was upgraded to
District status.
Location, Area and Administrative Details:-
Sheikhpura is a new district carved
out of erstwhile Munger District on
31st July 1994. It lies between 240
45‟ North to 250 North and 85
0 45‟
to 860 45‟ East longitude. It is
bounded by Nawada and Patna
District in the North and Jamui in
the South. Lakhisarai district in the
east Nalanda and Nawada district in
the west. This district stretches over
an area of 605.96 sq.km. It
comprises of one Subdivision and
06 blocks 45 Panchayats and 310
villages. The district has rich
alluvial soil composed of sand silt
and clay in most part of the district.
The soil is most fertile and suitable for agriculture. There are no perennial rivers worth to be
mentioned in the districts. There are small rivers flowing in rainy season namely Sony, Karihari,
Tanti, Kacchi etc. The District has hot summer and moderate winter. The economy of the District
is predominantly agriculture.
Boundaries of Sheikhpura:-
North- Nalanda & Patna District
South- Nawada & Jamui District
East- Lakhisarai District
West-Nalanda &Nawada District.
Topography:-
Sheikhpura Distirct is situated in
the southern part of the Gangetic
belt of Central Bihar. The lands are
mainly plain except some patches
of scattered small hills. The hilly
region start from southern parts of
the district and land is sloping
towards north eastern side. Because
of low lying area in some parts of
the north eastern sides water starts
accumulating during rainy season
leading towards water logging. This
area is called TAL area.
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Basin/Sub-Basin and Drainage:-
Sheikhpura district forms a part of Phalgu-Kiul
sub-basin of Ganga Basin. The district is having
moderate to low drainage density with parallel to
sub-parallel drainage pattern. The Harorar and
Khorizri are the two main rivers flowing through
the district in the NE direction to meet the river
Ganga in Munger district.
River:-
The main Rivers of the district are Harohar,
Korihari, Shome, Sakri & Tanti. The Harohar
River flows in the north of the district. The Korihari and the Shome Rivers flow in the eastern-
south portion of the district. The Sakri and Tanti Rivers beautify its south-eastern part. Harohar
River divides Ghat Kusumbha C.D. Block in nearly two-equal parts as it flows through the
middle of the C.D. Block.
Agriculture:-
Sheikhpura district's economy is primarily
based on agricultural production. There are
three agricultural seasons in the district viz.,
Rabi, Kharif and Zaid. Rabi season starts in
October or November and harvesting is done
in March and April. The important crops of the
district are Rice, Wheat, Mustard, Lentil,
Chickpea, Maize, Cauliflower, Cabbage,
Tomato, Onion, Brinjal and other medicinal
and aromatic plants. Kharif season starts in
July and the harvesting is done in October or
November. Zaid crops which are of relatively
little importance, occupy the fields from April
to July. These crops are synchronized with the
winter, rainy and summer seasons respectively.
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Location of Sheikhpura district in the map of Bihar:-
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 8
The district is divided into 1 subdivision and 6 blocks which are as under:-
Division District Sub-division Blocks
Munger Sheikhpura Sheikhpura Ariari, Sheikhpura, Barbigha, Ghatkusumbha,
Chewara,
Shekhopur Sarai
Demography:-
As per 2011 census, the
total population of the
district was 6,36,342 out of
which population of female
and male were 3,06,599 and
3,29,743. The district ranks
last in population at state
level and constitutes 0.61
percent of state population.
When compared with data as
per 2001 census, the decadal
growth in population of
Sheikhpura has been 21.09
percent i.e. 2.109 percent
growth per annum. Sheikhpura occupies 7 th position in the state in terms of sex ratio of 930
females per thousand males as against state‟s average of 918 females per 1000 male. With a
literacy rate of 63.86 percent, Sheikhpura's literacy is slightly higher than the state literacy rate of
61.8 percent. For male population, the literacy rate is 73.56 percent while it is very low for
females at 53.40 percent.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 9
Hydrogeology:-
Hydrogeologically
the district is divided into two parts
(a) unconsolidated / porous formation
(b) hard rock/ fissured formation.
(a) Porous formation:- The Quaternary alluvium
constitutes this hydrogeological unit. The alluvial
tract spread over the major part of the district, with
sediment thickness ranging from 20 to 190 m. The
variation in thickness of the alluvium is due to
uneven bed-rock topography. Alluvium comprises
clay, silt and sand. There are 22 tube wells drilled
by CGWB and maximum depth being 190m bgl at Barbigha village. Aquifers in this formation
are in unconfined to semi-confined conditions and discharge varies from 25 to 65 lps.
(b) The hard rock / fissured formation: -
It comprises mainly quartzite. The secondary porosities developed by means of weathering and /
or fracturing are the main repository of ground water. In general these rocks form poor aquifers.
The exploratory drilling data of this area reveals three sets of fracture/ joints occuring at different
depths up to 100m bgl. Identification
of groundwater potential area has been
done based on study of lineaments
picked up from satellite imageries. The
zones of lineaments are the potential
areas for ground water exploration and
recharge. Weathered residium,
saprolite zone and fractures within 15-
35m bgl depths constitute shallow
aquifer in the hard rocks. There is one
bore well drilled in hard rock area to a
maximum depth of 104m bgl in
Sheikhpura town. Ground water occurs
under semi-confined condition in hard
rock and normally discharge ranges from 1 to 10
lps with a drawdown of 12-18 m. The pre-
monsoon depth to ground water level of phreatic
aquifer is ranging from 6 to 10m bgl, while the
post-monsoon depth to ground water level is
ranging from 1 to 7m bgl. Long-term water level
data (1997-2006) indicates no significant decline
in water level.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 10
Ground Water Resources:-
Annually replenishable dynamic ground water resource of the district has been estimated for all
the blocks. The net annual replenishable ground water resource of the district is 180.68 MCM.
The gross ground water draft for all uses is 89.34 MCM and allocation for domestic and
industrial requirement up to year 2025 is 16.43 MCM. The present stage of ground water
development of the district is 54.75 percent. All the six blocks of the district fall under safe
category. At present maximum ground water development is in Shekhopursarai block (82.60%),
while minimum is in Ghat kusumba block (20.70%).
Climate and Rainfall:-
The climate of the district may be described as a mean condition of the climate of rest of Bihar
and Bengal. The rainfall begins earlier and is decidedly heavier than in other parts of Bihar.
Sheikhpura is among the southern district of Bihar which distinctly feels the dry and hot seasons.
Moisture laden breezes from West Bengal cause heavy rainfall. The year can be divided into
three seasons on the rotational basis:
a) The Winter season;
b) The Summer season; and
c) The Season of Monsoon rains.
The cold
weather commences by the end of
October and continues till the
beginning of April. It, thus,
commences earlier and lasts longer
than that of the most parts of Bihar.
It is also colder than other southern
districts of Bihar. Hoar-frost is
being often found in the morning. The maximum and minimum temperatures begin to decline
from October onward till January. The prevailing winds blow from west to east and are
influenced by pressure distribution and trend of Himalayas.
Rainfall:-
The season of rain commences from
mid of June with the outburst of south-
west monsoon. The advent of monsoon
brings a complete change in weather
with appreciable falls in temperature. As
per the data available with the
department, the average annual rainfall
in the district is 1127 MM. Maximum
rainfall occurs during the month of June
to September when the district receives
almost 80 percent of its average total
rainfall.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 11
The district receives minimum rainfall during the month of December. Weather conditions
become hot and humid during the rainy season. The average number of rainy days in district is
45. The heavy rainfall during the monsoon months is due to the change of direction impressed
upon the monsoon current by Himalayan range. Rainfall is more irregular in September than in
other monsoon months.
Flora & Fauna:-
The area is virtually denuded with vegetation. Neem, palash, oeucalyptus, Akashmani trees are
seen at places around the area.
Only domestic animals like cow, goat, buffalo, cat, dog etc are observed / found in the area' As
there is no natural forest cover, the area does not contain any wild animals. only stray jackals are
seen sometimes. Both poisonous and non-poisonous types of snakes are seen during summer and
rainy seasons.
Geomorphology and Soil:-
Geomorphology
The major part of the district Sheikhpura
is occupied by alluvial plain except the
hill near to the Sheikhpura town. Older
Alluvial Plain forms a major part of the
district and comprises sediments
deposited by tributaries of Ganga River.
Average height of this plain is 45 m amsl.
Younger Alluvial Plain forms the
northeastern parts of the district, mainly
in Ghat Kusumbha block. The relief of
this plain varies on an average from 40 to
55m above mean sea level. The rocky
upland mainly occurs near Sheikhpura
town where it constitutes landmasses of
quartzite, trending in east west direction.
It is surrounded on all sides by alluvial
plains thus forming inselberg. The hill attains its maximum height of 220 m amsl near
Sheikhpura town. Along the northern fringe of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex are
low-grade supracrustals covering the Kharagpur hills, Rajgir hills and Gaya hills referred to as
the Satpura Range, comprises schists, ferruginous phyllite, quartzite and phylliticshales.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 12
Soil:-
The district has rich alluvial soil
composed of sand,silt and clay in
most parts of district. The soil is
most fertile and suitable of
agriculture. The alkaline and saline
deposits are rarely found. Soils of
Sheikhpua district is the part of river
Ganga on the so uthern side, and the
sediments are received both from the
river Ganges and those flowing fro
m the south having their origins in
Chhotanagpur plateau which rise
abruptly from plains. The texture
varies from sandy loam to clay loam
in some areas. The soil reaction
varies fro m 6.8 to 7.9 The N content
varies from low to m edium, status
of P was lower side and K varies
from medium to high. The striking
soil featur es are the presence of wet
lands (Tal Lands) e.g. Extensions of
Baraihia Tals in north – eastern
regions and the salinity- sensitive
nor th-western regions. Textures of
Soils of are medium to heavy,
moderately to poorly fertile, deep to
very deep, poorly drained and
neutral to alkaline in reactions. The
soil colour varies between grey to
dark grey, polygonal cracks and clay
skins on ped-faces in sub-soil la
yers. Paddy, gram, maize and wheat
are the majo r crops preferred by the
farmers. These soils are suitable for
all kinds of crops. Unavailabilit y of
irrigation water and heavy texture
are the main limiting factors.
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Connectivity:-
Roadways
The town is connected by road to major hubs in the region with frequent bus service.
Railways
Sheikhpura is located on the broad
gauge line Gaya-Kiul
line connecting Kiul and Gaya. The town is
served by a direct daily train to Kolkata, and a
weekly service to Guwahati via Bhagalpur.
The state capital Patna could be reached
through a stop-over at Kiul from where rest of
India is well connected.
Very recently the Fatuha-Islampur and
Bakhtiyarpur-Rajgir branch lines have been
connected with this route. Extension of
passenger services to inter-link Sheikhpura
with Hilsa, Bihar|Hilsa and Bihar Sharif is
expected very soon.
Airways
Nearest airport from Sheikhpura is Patna Airport i.e, Jay Prakash Narayan Airport
Local transport
Sheikhpura has a well developed transport system inside city on very cheap rate. Tum-Tum is
generally Driven by Horse, and used to travel in all part of city as a local transport. Tum-Tum are
now old memory of sheikhpura auto has been started in the city since 2 years.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 14
CHAPTER - 2
OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT
Topography:-
Sheikhpura Distirct is situated in the
southern part of the Gangetic belt of
Central Bihar. The lands are mainly plain
except some patches of scattered small
hills. The hilly region start from southern
parts of the district and land is sloping
towards north eastern side. Because of low
lying area in some parts of the north
eastern sides water starts accumulating
during rainy season leading towards water
logging. This area is called TAL area.
General Geology:-
The District has long been famous as the home of the well-known quartzites & Phyllite Schist
and associates rocks , The main geological formations of the district are the following:-
1) Recent deposits of alluvium and soil
Land form ---younger Alluvial plain Older Alluvial plain
2) Unconsolidated Formation --- Quatemary----- Alluvium sand
Pegmatite veins of quartz fault rocks (mylonite, quartz feldspar epidote rocksS' cherts, jasper and
breccias) Tectonic Contact
3)Unconsolidated Formation -Precambrian to Proterozoic- - Quartzite &Phyllite & Schist.
Mete sedimentary - Phyllite, Quartzite Phyllite with patches of chlorite schist, basal
Quartzite
……………………………..Unconformity...................................
Quartz Vein ..
Quartzite & Phylhte Schist
Archean (Coarse to grey variety with biotite) mica schist and quartzmica schist
Approach to Sand Mining:-
River sand mining is a common practice as habitation concentrates along the rivers and the
mining locations are preferred near the markets or along the transportation route, for reducing the
transportation cost. River sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as
aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a
stream channel.
Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-
To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and
socially responsible manner.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 15
To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.
To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out
material:
Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection
and restoration of the ecological system.
Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures
such as jetties, water intakes etc.
Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.
No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in
stream habitats.
Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.
To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground
water.
To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works
as filter prior to ground water recharge.
To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in
determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted
Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for
sustainable mining.
RIVER BASIN MAP OF BIHAR
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 16
CHAPTER - 3
LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND
PERIOD OF VALIDITY
Sl No. Name Of River Name Of Ghat Area Period (In
Yrs) GPS Cordinates
1 Sakri RahichaKabirpur 3.0
Up to 31st
December,2019
25° 6'53.66"N
85°36'12.10"E
25° 7'14.67"N
85°36'10.51"E
25° 7'14.33"N
85°36'8.98"E
25° 6'53.07"N
85°36'14.97"E
2 Bhalua BhaluaGhat 1.0
25° 1‟ 18.66"N
85°51‟ 3.11"E
25° 1‟ 6.71"N
85°50‟ 54.49"E
25° 1‟ 6.21"N
85°50‟ 54.61"E
25° 1‟ 19.14"N
85°51‟ 2.7"E
3 Bhalua MahuliGhat 1.5
25° 0'46.12"N
85°50'34.26"E
25° 0'35.84"N
85°50'23.38"E
25° 0'36.82"N
85°50'22.82"E
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 17
25° 0'46.79"N
85°50'34.32"E
4 GANGA Pain Ghat 4.6
25° 8'55.52"N
85°46'15.78"E
25° 8'41.01"N
85°45'29.69"E
25° 8'40.36"N
85°45'30.99"E
25° 8'56.62"N
85°46'14.90"E
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 18
CHAPTER - 4
DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS
Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)
1 2014-15 2270.10
2 2015-16 3278.71
3 2016-17 4246.65
Total 9795.46
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 19
CHAPTER - 5
DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED FROM SAND IN LAST THREE
YEARS
Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)
1 2014-15 NIL
2 2015-16 NIL
3 2016-17 NIL
Total
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 20
CHAPTER - 6
PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT
Process:-
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and
erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of
gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is
transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,
density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to
rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.
Deposition is the processes
where material being
transported by a river is
deposited. Deposition occurs
when a river loses energy. This
can be when a river enters a
shallow area (this could be
when it floods and comes into
contact with the flood plain) or
towards its mouth where it
meets another body of water.
Rivers flood on a regular basis.
The area over which they flood
is known as the floodplain and
this often coincides with
regions where meanders form. Meanders support the formation of flood plains through lateral
erosion.
When rivers flood the velocity of water slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to
transport material is reduced and deposition occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment
across the whole floodplain. After a series of floods layers of sediment form along the flood
plain.
Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result
of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore
rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the
river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.
If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported
Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling
velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load
by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance
then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will
be transported high in the flow as wash load.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 21
As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of
different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.
The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.
geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity
of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The
obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode
load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by
an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river‟s channel and
the river‟s load. A river‟s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river
transports until it deposits its load.
Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The
maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age
river‟s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the
river‟s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river
loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose
energy. If the river‟s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn‟t flowing
as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in
evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing
it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river‟s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load
because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load
because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As
rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The
channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its
tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be
small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the
material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers
flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend
most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now
eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral
erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore
be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be
deposited.
This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition
on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion
narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river
will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest
current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is
likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old
meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy
rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,
when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they
encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,
piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 22
Rivers in the Gangetic plains have a habit of meandering, i.e., changing course. In India this is a
prominent feature of rivers which swell in the monsoon, occasionally suddenly, and the torrential
movement carves out a new course in the soft alluvial plain. The Ganga River, in Patna, has
meandered and migrated northwards in the Patliputra area. This migration has resulted in
deposition of earth on the south [right] bank of the river and created a massive space of a few
hundred hectares between the urban development line and the active river channel.
A river system can be divided into three subsystems: -
Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater
region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.
Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way
through which water and sediment move from the collecting area toward the ocean.
(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)
Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river
(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin
Removal of washed in Silt Load:-
Geologically, the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the
Indo -`Gangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the
upper Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic
minerals found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.
The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.
Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it
replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This
silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to
carry to the consumers.
Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential
minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and
variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)
etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and
deposition of sand etc.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 23
CHAPTER-7
GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
Sl.
No.
ITEMS STATISTICS
01 GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 605.96
ii) Administrative Divisions 1
Number of Tehsil/Block 06
Number of Panchyat 45
Villages
310
iii) Population (As on 2011 Census):
Total
6,36,342
iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1127
02 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major physiographic units Hill, Pediplain, Alluvial Plain
Major Drainages Harohar, Korihari, Shome,
Sakri
03 LAND USE (in hec.)
a) Forest area:
b) Net area sown:
c) Total Cropped area:
04 MAJOR SOIL TYPES alluvium
05 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS
IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)
Area (ha)
Dug wells and Tube wells
Canal
Net irrigated area
Gross irrigated area
06 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Hard rock/fissured formation
of Quartzite Phyllite and
Granite.
HYDROGEOLOGY
Major Water bearing formations
Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011
a) Hard rock/fissured
formation of Quartzite Phyllite
and Granite. b) b)
Unconsolidated Sediment of
Alluvium Plain
Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 24
Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)
in m/yr
No significant change
07 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB (As
on 31.03.2013)
No. of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH = Total) NIL
Depth Range (m)
Discharge
Storativity (S)
Transmissivity (m2/day)
08 GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of Chemical constituents more than
permissible limit (e.g., EC, F, As, Fe)
09 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (as on
31st March 2009) – in mcm
Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources
Net Annual Ground Water Draft
Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses
upto 2025
Stage of Ground Water Development
10 MINING SCENARIO
Total No. Mining Leases (Major Minerals)
Total Area of Mining Leases (Major Minerals)
Total Number of Quarry Lease (Minor Minerals)
Total area of Quarry Lease
Total Roylty or Revenue Received from Minor
Minerals in 2015-2016
Total No. Notified Sand Lease
Total Area of sand Lease
11 BRICK KILNS
Total no. of Brick Kilns 53
Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 25
CHAPTER-8
LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,
HORTICULTURE, MINING
The total geographical area (TGA) of Sheikhpura is 66,894 hectare. The largest block of the
district is Sheikhpura which comprises of a TGA of 18,329 hectare i.e. about 27.4 percent of the
TGA of the district. Ariari is the second largest block of the district which comprise of 21.7
percent of the total geographical area (14,505 ha). Sheikhpurosarai is the smallest block of the
district which comprise of 5685 hectare i.e. around 4 percent of total geographical area of the
district.
It has been observed from agriculture department's records that the Gross Cropped Area of the
district is 67,046 hectare and the Net Sown Area is 36,793 hectare. Sheikhpura block occupies
around 27 percent of the gross cropped area of the district followed by Ariari which occupies
around 22 percent of the Gross Cropped Area. This is followed by Barbigha and Chewara both
of which occupy 16 percent of the gross cropped area. Ghatkusumbha and Shekhopursarai blocks
contributes in the gross cropped area to the extent of 9.0 percent and 10.0 percent respective
Horticulture:-
Sheikhpura district is
under Medium Level of
Production in
Horticultural Crops -
Horticulture level of
horticultural
development has found
in the district.
These districts come
under the periphery areas
where there is a lack of
infrastructure regarding
horticultural crops.
Floriculture in the district
is now developing in the
same fashion as
compared to other crops.
So, there is need to
emphasis on these crops.
Horticulture cultivation
is always advantageous.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 26
It paves the ways and means of development. It has been observed that it could be developed in
the state if the government provides protection and subsidies to the farmers. There is a great need
to emphasis on marketing management and boosting the irrigation resource of the state along
with that there is need of awareness on profitability and techno managerial skill among farmers
to promote the horticultural cultivation in the state.
Mining:-
The mineral resources of Sheikhpura district playing massive role in industrial, social and
economic development of the district.
Available mineral resources in the district
Sand
Sandstones
Stones
Land use pattern of Sheikhpura district (in hac.)
Nameof the
Block
Total
Geographical
Area
Gross
cropped
Area
Net
Sown
Area
Area
Sown
more
than
once
Cropping
Intensity
Area
under
Forest
Area
under
Wasteland
Area
under
other
uses
Ariari 14505 14802 6751 14802 219% 0 34 1990
Barbigha 9274 10782 7474 10782 144% 0 0 933
Chewara 11378 10608 5600 10608 189% 0 17 1294
Ghatkusumbha 7722 6065 4609 6065 132% 0 0 815
Sheikhpura 18329 18348 9110 18348 201% 0 340 3131
Shekhopursara 5685 6441 3249 6441 198% 0 0 1042
Total 66894 45140 36793 45140 182% 0 391 9205
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 27
CHAPTER-9
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT
The Bihar state can be
broadly subdivided into
three major unit‟s i.e.,
main physical sub-
divisions is the Norhern
Mountains, the Gangetic
Plains and the Central
Highlands. Northern
Mountains comprises
the Himalayan ranges
including their foot
hills. The Gangetic
plains, situated between
the Himalayas and the
Deccan
plateau,constitute the
most fertile plains of the
sub-basin ideally suited
for intensive cultivation.The Central highlands lying to the south of the Great plains consists of
mountains, hills and plateaus intersected by valleys and river plains.They are largely covered by
forests.Aravali uplands, Bundelkhand upland, Malwa plateau, Vindhyan and Narmada valley lie
in the this region.Predominant soil types found in the sub- basin are sandy, loamy , clay and their
combinations such as sandy loam , loam , silty clay loam and loamy sand soils.
Geomorphology and Soil:-
Geomorphology
The major part of the district
Sheikhpura is occupied by alluvial
plain except the hill near to the
Sheikhpura town. Older Alluvial Plain
forms a major part of the district and
comprises sediments deposited by
tributaries of Ganga River. Average
height of this plain is 45 m amsl.
Younger Alluvial Plain forms the
northeastern parts of the district,
mainly in Ghat Kusumbha block. The
relief of this plain varies on an
average from 40 to 55m above mean
sea level. The rocky upland mainly occurs near Sheikhpura town where it constitutes landmasses
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 28
of quartzite, trending in east west direction. It is surrounded on all sides by alluvial plains thus
forming inselberg. The hill attains its maximum height of 220 m amsl near Sheikhpura town.
Along the northern fringe of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex are low-grade
supracrustals covering the Kharagpur hills, Rajgir hills and Gaya hills referred to as the Satpura
Range, comprises schists, ferruginous phyllite, quartzite and phylliticshales.
Soil:-
The district has rich alluvial
soil composed of sand,silt and
clay in most parts of district.
The soil is most fertile and
suitable of agriculture. The
alkaline and saline deposits are
rarely found. Soils of
Sheikhpua district is the part
of river Ganga on the so uthern
side, and the sediments are
received both from the river
Ganges and those flowing fro
m the south having their
origins in Chhotanagpur
plateau which rise abruptly
from plains. The texture varies
from sandy loam to clay loam
in some areas. The soil
reaction varies fro m 6.8 to 7.9
The N content varies from low
to m edium, status of P was
lower side and K varies from
medium to high. The striking
soil featur es are the presence
of wet lands (Tal Lands) e.g.
Extensions of Baraihia Tals in
north – eastern regions and the
salinity- sensitive nor th-
western regions. Textures of Soils of are medium to heavy, moderately to poorly fertile, deep to
very deep, poorly drained and neutral to alkaline in reactions. The soil colour varies between
grey to dark grey, polygonal cracks and clay skins on ped-faces in sub-soil la yers. Paddy, gram,
maize and wheat are the majo r crops preferred by the farmers. These soils are suitable for all
kinds of crops. Unavailabilit y of irrigation water and heavy texture are the main limiting factors.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 29
CHAPTER-10
RAINFALL: MONTH -WISE
Climate:-
The climate of the district may be described as a mean condition of the climate of rest of Bihar
and Bengal. The rainfall begins earlier and is decidedly heavier than in other parts of Bihar.
Sheikhpura is among the southern district of Bihar which distinctly feels the dry and hot seasons.
Moisture laden breezes from West Bengal cause heavy rainfall. The year can be divided into
three seasons on the rotational basis:
a) The Winter season;
b) The Summer season; and
c) The Season of Monsoon rains.
The cold weather commences by the end of October and continues till the beginning of April. It,
thus, commences earlier and lasts longer than that of the most parts of Bihar. It is also colder
than other southern districts of Bihar. Hoar-frost is being often found in the morning. The
maximum and minimum temperatures begin to decline from October onward till January. The
prevailing winds blow from west to east and are influenced by pressure distribution and trend of
Himalayas.
Rainfall:-
The season of rain commences from mid of
June with the outburst of south-west
monsoon. The advent of monsoon brings a
complete change in weather with appreciable
falls in temperature. As per the data available
with the department, the average annual
rainfall in the district is 1127 MM.
Maximum rainfall occurs during the month
of June to September when the district
receives almost 80 percent of its average
total rainfall.
The district receives minimum rainfall
during the month of December. Weather
conditions become hot and humid during the rainy season. The average number of rainy days in
district is 45. The heavy rainfall during the monsoon months is due to the change of direction
impressed upon the monsoon current by Himalayan range. Rainfall is more irregular in
September than in other monsoon months.
Shaikhpura's climate is classified as warm and temperate. The summers here have a good deal of
rainfall, while the winters have very little. This location is classified as Cwa by Köppen and
Geiger. The temperature here averages 26.4 °C. The rainfall here averages 1004 mm.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 30
CLIMATE GRAPH // WEATHER BY MONTH SHAIKHPURA:-
The least amount of rainfall occurs in December. The average in this month is 1 mm. Most of the
precipitation here falls in August, averaging 265 mm.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 31
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE SHAIKHPURA:-
The temperatures are highest on average in May, at around 33.2 °C. January is the coldest month,
with temperatures averaging 17.7 °C
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 32
SHAIKHPURA WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES:-
The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 264 mm. Throughout
the year, temperatures vary by 15.5 °C.
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Avg.
Temperature
(°C)
17.7 20.4 26.1 30.6 33.2 32.2 29.8 29.4 29 27.1 22.3 18.5
Min.
Temperature
(°C)
11.1 13.4 18.7 23.7 26.6 27.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 22.5 15.5 11.5
Max.
Temperature
(°C)
24.3 27.5 33.6 37.6 39.8 37.1 33.1 32.4 32.3 31.8 29.1 25.6
Avg.
Temperature
(°F)
63.9 68.7 79.0 87.1 91.8 90.0 85.6 84.9 84.2 80.8 72.1 65.3
Min.
Temperature
(°F)
52.0 56.1 65.7 74.7 79.9 81.3 79.7 79.5 78.4 72.5 59.9 52.7
Max.
Temperature
(°F)
75.7 81.5 92.5 99.7 103.6 98.8 91.6 90.3 90.1 89.2 84.4 78.1
Precipitation /
Rainfall (mm)
20 7 10 6 22 154 240 265 207 70 2 1
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 33
CHAPTER-11
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH
Geology:-
Geologically, rocks of the area are belonging to Satpura Range. Quartzite is the major litho-unit
in the area. It belongs to the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex Formation which is mainly
comprised of quartzite & Phyllitic Shales. The quartzite exposed in the area under consideration
is of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex.
The major part of the district Sheikhpura is occupied by alluvial plain except the hill near to the
Sheikhpura town. Older Alluvial Plain forms a major part of the district and comprises sediments
deposited by tributaries of Ganga River. Average height of this plain is 45 m amsl. Younger
Alluvial Plain forms the northeastern parts of the district, mainly in Ghat Kusumbha block. The
relief of this plain varies on an average from 40 to 55m above mean sea level. The rocky upland
mainly occurs near Sheikhpura town where it constitutes landmasses of quartzite, trending in east
west direction. It is surrounded on all sides by alluvial plains thus forming inselberg. The hill
attains its maximum height of 220 m amsl near Sheikhpura town. Along the northern fringe of
the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex are low-grade supracrustals covering the Kharagpur
hills, Rajgir hills and Gaya hills referred to as the Satpura Range, comprises schists, ferruginous
phyllite, quartzite and phylliticshales.
Regional Geology:-
Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of
alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.
Geological succession and their occurrences distribution
Age Geology Occurrences
Quaternary Alluvial Deposits(sand, clay, silt,
Fragments)
North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain
Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills
Gondwana Coal Measures,Forming a series of
small outlier basins
Banka District
Vindhyans Sandstones,shales, Limestones etc. Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts
Satpura Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,
Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger District
Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,
granites, dolerites and pegmatite‟s
Nawada, Jamui and Banka
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 34
Archaean Gneisses,
Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzites
, amphibolites & intrusive all
metamorphosed sedimentary and
igneous rocks
Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada
,Jamui, Banka and Bhagalpur
Hydrogeology:-
Hydrogeologically
the district is divided into two parts
(a) unconsolidated / porous
formation
(b) hard rock/ fissured formation.
(a) Porous formation: -
The Quaternary alluvium
constitutes this
hydrogeological unit. The
alluvial tract spread over the
major part of the district, with
sediment thickness ranging
from 20 to 190 m. The
variation in thickness of the alluvium is due to uneven bed-rock topography. Alluvium
comprises clay, silt and sand. There are 22 tube wells drilled by CGWB and maximum depth
being 190m bgl at Barbigha village. Aquifers in this formation are in unconfined to semi-
confined conditions and discharge varies from 25 to 65 lps.
(b) The hard rock / fissured formation: -
It comprises mainly quartzite. The
secondary porosities developed by means of
weathering and / or fracturing are the main
repository of ground water. In general these
rocks form poor aquifers. The exploratory
drilling data of this area reveals three sets of
fracture/ joints occuring at different depths
up to 100m bgl. Identification of
groundwater potential area has been done
based on study of lineaments picked up from
satellite imageries. The zones of lineaments
are the potential areas for ground water
exploration and recharge. Weathered
residium, saprolite zone and fractures within
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 35
15-35m bgl depths constitute shallow aquifer in the hard rocks. There is one bore well
drilled in hard rock area to a maximum depth of 104m bgl in Sheikhpura town. Ground
water occurs under semi-confined condition in hard rock and normally discharge ranges
from 1 to 10 lps with a drawdown of 12-18 m. The pre-monsoon depth to ground water level
of phreatic aquifer is ranging from 6 to 10m bgl, while the post-monsoon depth to ground
water level is ranging from 1 to 7m bgl. Long-term water level data (1997-2006) indicates
no significant decline in water level
Ground Water Resources:- Annually replenishable dynamic
ground water resource of the
district has been estimated for all
the blocks. The net annual
replenishable ground water
resource of the district is 180.68
MCM. The gross ground water
draft for all uses is 89.34 MCM
and allocation for domestic and
industrial requirement up to year
2025 is 16.43 MCM. The present
stage of ground water
development of the district is
54.75 percent. All the six blocks
of the district fall under safe
category. At present maximum
ground water development is in
Shekhopursarai block (82.60%),
while minimum is in Ghat kusumba block (20.70%).
(a) Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-
Sand is one of the minor mineral of Sheikhpura district of Bihar. Baghail and Harohar
River is major sand source in the district.
(b) Availability of Sand or gravel or aggregate resources:-
Baghail nadi and Harohar River is major sand source and in district. The rivers of the
district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the monsoon period
and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the sediment as
braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.
(c) Existing Mining Lease of sand and aggregates:-
Refer to Chater-3
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 36
Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-
The rivers of the district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the
monsoon period and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the
sediment as braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.
District wise detail of River/stream and other sand sources:-
Total geographical area of Sheikhpura District: 605.96 sq. km.
S. No. Name of the River Area drained (Sq. Km) % Area drained in the District
1. Baghail 0.078 0.0128
2. Bain or Kumhari 0.14 0.0231
3. Harohar 0.9 0.1485
4 Kaurihari 1.5 0.2475
5 Nata 0.30 0.0495
6 Some 0.31 0.0511
Total 0.5325
Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-
S. No. Name of the River
of stream
Total Length in the
District (in Km)
Place of origin Altitude at origin
(in m.)
1. Baghail 2.4 Daudpur Itwa 65 Meters
2. Bain or Kumhari 3.2 Panchi 60 Meters
3. Harohar 11.5 Gadbadia 41 Meters
4 Kaurihari 70 Chorbar 66 Meters
5 Nata 16 Lohan 62 Meters
6 Some 11 Seani 53 Meters
Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-
The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment
area of the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is
defined. The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-
morphology and other factors, it can be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.
in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of three meters considered as resource
mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral
potential of particular river/ stream.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 37
The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral
potential, the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like
sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential the
percentage of each mineral constituent is taken as Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.
The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like catchment
lithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are certain geo-
morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc. where
annual deposition is more even two to three meters.
The details are given below:-
River of Stream Portion of
the river
or stream
recommen
ded for
mineral
concessio
n ( in Sq.
Km)
Length of
area
recommende
d for mineral
concession
(in
Kilometer)
Average
width of
area
recommend
ed for
mineral
concession
in meter)
Area
recommended for
mineral
concession (In
lakh Square
Meter)
Mineable
Mineral
Potential (In
lakh Metric
Tonne) 60%
of total
Mineral
Baghail 0.078 2.4 32.5 0.78 2.148
Bain or
Kumhari
0.14 3.2 43.7 1.4 3.855
Harohar 0.9 11.5 78.2 8.9 24.785
Kaurihari 1.5 70 21.4 14.9 41.309
Nata 0.30 16 18.7 3 8.262
Some 0.31 11 28.1 3.09 8.537
Total 88.896
lakhMT
Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-
Mineral Potential
Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)
88.896 Lakh MT 88.896 Lakh MT
Annual Deposition (30%)
26.66 Lakh MT 26.66 Lakh MT
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 38
CHAPTER -12
STATUS OF BRICK KILNS IN SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT
The state of Bihar is developing
rapidly. In the five year period from
2004 to 2009 Bihar‟s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) has grown by 11.03%
and between 2001 and 2011 there has
been a significant increase in
urbanization with the number of
towns increasing from 120 to 213
according to the latest census. This
has been possible through investment
in various sectors, especially the
construction sector. If this growth rate
needs to be sustained, the demand for
quality building materials will
increase manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with the need for over 7.5 billion
bricks over the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field study was conducted in 5
districts on Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick industry and to assess the
market potential and barriers for introducing energy efficient technologies for walling materials.
The major brick producing districts of Bihar is Patna, Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi,
East and West Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized
brick kilns the state produces around 17 billion bricks per year. The brick sector in Bihar is
growing at a rate of 9%, however it continues to be dominated by traditional technology - the
Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) the state of Bihar is the only state which has transformed the
brick firing technology from movable to fixed chimney.
Status of Brick kilns in Sheikhpura district
S.N. No. of operational units of brick earth in
Sheikhpura district during financial year
(2016-17)
No. of units of brick earth in
Sheikhpura district identified by
IEED
1 49 53
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 39
REFERENCES
1. Singh, U,(1965): “Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.” National
Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37
2. Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy Approach
National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008
3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf
4. Census of India 2011 - Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the Registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Patna.pdf
6. cgwb.gov.in/gwprofiles/st_Bihar.htm
7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf
8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar
10. http://www.cwc.nic.in
11. http://www.ecobrick.in
12. National wetland atlas bihar - Ministry of Environment and Forests 13. CLIMATE –DATA.ORG https://en.climate-data.org/location