district profile: 'kolhapur' - information and...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER-IV
DISTRICT PROFILE:
'KOLHAPUR'
.. '
97
...
CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Historical Background 4.3 District Parameters 4.4 Soil 4.5 Weather 4.6 The Administrative Setup 4.7 Population 4.8 Density 4.9 Sex Ration 4.10 Literacy 4.11 Cropping Pattern 4.12 Occupational Structure 4.13 Land Utilisation Pattern 4.14 Operational Landholdings 4.15 Irrigation 4.16 Basic Amenities 4.17 Conclusion
98
99
4.1 Introduction:
4. 1. 1 The researcher has analysed the" socio-economic status of castes of
Scheduled Castes; a comparative study with special reference to Kolhapur
district. The researcher has selected 'Kolhapur' district for valid reason that,
the district has got distinguished historical background on social and economic I
point of view, which could be found rarely in other districts of 'Maharashtra'.
'Chchatrapati Shahu Maharaj' declared the reservation policy for the
backward castes for the first time in 1902. His highness established 'Miss
Clarke Hostel' in 1901 for the students of depressed castes and the in the year
1919, the state issued an order of 'Abolition of Untouchability'. For these
reasons and several other reasons, 'Kolhapur' district has been selected for the
study.
4.1.2 The researcher dealt with the socio-economic status of Scheduled
Castes with reference to Kolhapur District. But in order to justifY the research
study and to give the information about the district, the researcher has given
'District Profile' of Kolhapur in this chapter. The intention of the researcher is
to give a general information about the "district in relation to the Scheduled
Castes. The researcher has used "District Census Handbook (Kolhapur)-
1991" to draw the district profile. The district handbook of 2001 has not been
printed yet up to 2004-05" There was 'Socio-economic Review' of 2001,
which contains most of the time, 1991 figures. Hence the researcher has
followed 1991-district handbook. However, some figures of 1994-95 also
have been given in selective parts. Since the research is not based on 'District
100
Census Handbook-l 991", the information given here has not disturbed the
research design. The empirical ~analysis based on survey has been given on
. 200 I data. Therefore, the 'District Profile of Kolhapur' has been given just to
give an idea about the general setting of the district in the context of
Scheduled Castes.
4.1.3 Under 'District Profile: Kolhapur', the researcher has given the
detailed information about the district in the context of Scheduled Castes,
which has been collected through the 'District Census Handbook (Kolhapur)-
1991' . Following aspects have been discussed in this chapter-Historical
background, District Parameters, Administrative Set-up, Population, Density,
Sex. ratio, Literacy, Cropping Pattern, Occupation Structure, Land utilization
and Basic Amenities.
4.2 Historical Background
4.2.1 'Kolhapur' District is one of the oldest destinations in the country. It
derives its importance from its past political associations and its position as a
" great commercial, religious and educational centre. The revolutionary socio-
economic reforms to uplift the deprived castes began in 'Kolhapur' District,
which has been a landmark in the social history. According to Puranas, this
tract of the country was originally called 'kurvir' from the goddess
mahalakshmi. According to another legend, the name of "Kolhapur" was
derived from the story that, a demon 'Kole' was defeated and killed on a hill
in the vicinity of 'Kolhapur'. Fresh light has been thrown by the recent theory
101
put forward by Prof G. H. Khare, according to him, the name might have been
evolved by its geography. The original Kannada 'Kolla' or 'Golla' (river bed)
must be source as the 'Kolhapur' situated on the bank of river Panchaganga. 1
4.2.2 'Kolhapur' is one of the oldest cities in the country. 'Kolhapur' District
or State was well known in the history. The special feature of the district
remains still alive. It derives its jmportance from its past political associations
and its position as a great commercial, religious and educational centre. As a
religious centre, 'Kolhapur' derives its appellation of Kashi of the South from
the imposing ancient temple of Mahalaxmi. It is said to have been built by
king Kama Deva of Chalukya Kingdom around 550 A.D. to 660 A.D. and
embellished by the Silahara Rulers of 'Kolhapur' in the 9th Century, which
represents the best Hindu Architectural Model of its kind.
4.2.3 According to Puranas, this tract of the country was originally called
'Kurvir' from the goddess I Mahalaxmi wring her mace (kur) in lifting her
favoured retreat from the waters of the great deluge. According to another
legend, the name "Kolhapur" is derived from the story that a demon 'Kole'
was defeated and killed on a hill in the vicinity of 'Kolhapur'. Fresh light has
been thrown by the recent theory put forward by Prof G. H. Khare.
According to him, the-name might have been evolved by its geography. The
original Kannada word, 'Kolla' or 'Golla' (river bed) must be the source as the
'Kolhapur' is situated on the bank of river Panchaganga.
102
4.2.4 The History of 'Kolhapur' can be broadly divided into three periods,
early Hindu Period reaching about 1347 AD., Muslim Period from 1347 AD.
to 1700 AD. and Maratha· Period since 1700 AD. In the first period, around
500 AD. Kadambas must have been succeeded in ruling, whose capital was at
Palasika about 150 KI~S._ South-East of 'Kolhapur'. After the Kadambas, the
Kingdom was passed to the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Western Chalukyas,
'Kolhapur' Silahars and finally~ to the Yadavs of Devagiri. Soon after the
overthrow of the Yadavas by the Delhi Sultan in 1347 AD. , this area came
under the Bahamani Kings of the Deccan and after that the Kings of Bijapur.
The heroic conquests by Shivaji of various forts held by Adilshah of Bijapur
in the neighbourhood of 'Kolhapur' like Panhala and Vishalgad in 1659,
increased the commercial and also political importance of 'Kolhapur'. Shivaji
and Adilshah of Bijapllr _ have fought many wars at Vishalgad and Panhala.
After the death of Shivaji, Aurangazeb captured Panhala but he could not hold
it for a longtime because, the second son of Shivaji, Rajaram who had
succeeded, after the death of his elder brother 'Sambhaji', in taking up Panhala
Fort which was for many years, the virtual capital of 'Kolhapur' State. In
1782, the seat of Government was moved from Panhala to 'Kolhapur'. The '
accession of Rajarshi Shahu Chchtrapati to the foundation of a new modern r
era. His rule lasted within 38 years from 1884 to 1922. During his rule,
several socio-economic -reforms were introduced. The King touched all
essential aspects of social problems. He tried to introduce various
revolutionary policies in order..-to promote the deprived castes. His ruling I
period is stated as distinguished for the Scheduled Castes and Other Backward
103
Castes. Finally, in the year 1948, the 'Kolhapur' State was merged withthe
Indian Nation
4.2.5 'Kolhapur' District with its good rainfall and rich land, especially in the
valleys of Doodhaganga, Krishna, Vaarna and Panchaganga, was usually free ,
from famine except in 1876-77. The agricultural condition of 'Kolhapur' has
been impressive from very beginning and can be found same even in the
contemporary period. Industrial Sector was also developing and has reached at
a significant level. The Late Shahu Maharaj of 'Kolhapur' started a cotton
textile mill at 'Kolhapur'. Since then several power-loom factories were
established in the district. Concentration of such factories was took place in
'Ichalkaranji', one city of the district. The first Sugar factory was started in
1932 in 'Kolhapur'. The A~tomobile Workshop was established in 1912 at
'Kolhapur', which encouraged others to follow this trend. Printing Press,
Match Factories, Cement Processing Factories, Soap Industries etc. were
promoted in the historical period. This shows that, Industrial Sector had been
developed. This all in a aggregate manner derives that, the prosperity was
existed in 'Kolhapur' District or 'Kolhapur' State. That has continued even in
the recent time. Most famous industry, 'Footwear Industry' producing
"Kolhapuri chappals' , has got distinguished feature in this regard. Thus .,.
'Kolhapur' State has been enjoying prosperity in all aspects.2
4.2.6 The 'Kolhapur' state was the center of the movements of 'Depressed
Castes' . The 'Kolhapur' mo·vement took place in the erstwhile princely state of
lO4
'Kolhapur' in Maharashtra between 1895 to 1922 under the dynamic
leadership of its ruler, 'Shahu Maharaj' .'Kolhapur' always remained as an
important location of non-Brahmin movement. The 'Kolhapur' Movement'
had. three important dimensions, they were, one, the educational reforms
introduced by ShahuMaharaj, two, the 'Kolhapur' Non-Brahmin Movement
and three, the 'Kolhapur' Depressed Castes Movement. All of these had one
common goal, i.e. upgrade socially and economically, the backward castes.
The King introduced several socio-economic revolutionary reforms during his
rule. Some of which can be mentioned as, Free Primary Education(1917), Free
Tuition and Boarding & Lodging for Deprived Castes, New Jobs were offered
to the Scheduled Castes and other backward caste people, such many other
reforms were introduced. These reforms ultimately brought 'the 'Kolhapur'
Depressed Caste Movemen~'. 3
4.3 District Parameters4
4.3.1 Location: 'Kolhap·ur' District is situated in the extreme southern part of
Maharashtra State. It lies between 15 43' and 17 IT north latitude and 73
40' and 74 42' east longitu'"de. It is surrounded by four districts. Sangli
District to the north, Belgaum District of Karnataka State to the east and south
and· Ratnagiri and Sindhadurga Districts to the west. The Sahyadri ranges to
the west and Vaarna river to the North from the natural boundaries.
4.3.2 'Kolhapur' District has got an area of 7685 Sq. Kms., which is about
2.5 per cent of the total area of the Maharashtra State. The district has been
105 .,.
ranked as 24th in terms of area. The headquarter of the district is 'Kolhapur'. In
the present position, 'Kolhapur' is known as great commercial, religious,
cultural and educational centre. It is well connected by the road and Railway
network.
4.3.3 The district as a whole is a part of the Deccan lable land and slopes
towards the south-east. In general the physiography of the district may be .,.
grouped into three parts.
4.3.4 The Sahyadri Hills: These have spread in a north-south direction along
the western boundary of the district and height of between 800 to 1000
meters. Some peaks have heights of more than 1000 meters. The hills are
densely forested. An jnt~resting feature of the crestline of this region is the
existence of truncated valleys of the plateau streams. The upper reaches of
such valleys have been captured.,. by the Konkan streams so that, these form a
well marked gaps on the Sahyadrian rampart.
4.3.5 The Plateaux: These are situated to the east of the Sahyadri Hills. In
general they have a height of between 600 to 800 meters. Infact these are the
eastern slopes and offshoots of the Sahyadri Hills, which are dissected by
numerous streams and are partly covered with forests.
4.3.6 The River Valleys: A sl:lccession of river valleys draining the district
towards the east characterises the landscape of the district from the Vaarna
106
Valley in the north to the upper tributaries of the Ghatprabha in the south. This
area have fertile soils, they are well cultiva~ed.
4.3.7 The district has a well-developed drainage pattern. All the rivers of the
district originated from the Sahyadri ranges in the West and flows in general
to eastward direction through the district to the Bay of Bengal. The 'Krishna'
River flows only for a short distance through the district mainly in its eastern
boundary. The main rivers of the district from north to south are, 'Vaarna',
'Panchaganga', 'Doodhganga', 'Vedaganga' and 'Hiranyakeshi'. The
'Vaarna' river has a long course but a restricted basin. The 'Panchaganga', on
the other hand, commands a large drainage area through its main tributaries,
the 'Kasari', 'Kumbhi', 'Tulsi' and 'Bhogavati'. The sourthern rivers, the
Doodhaganga with its main tributaries, the Vedaganga and Hiranyakeshi, have I
long courses but smaller independent valleys. There is also an interesting
contrast in the direction of flow of the rivers of the district. The Vaama flows
from north-west to South-East, while the southern rivers flow from south-west
to north-east. This is probably due to the underlying geological structure and
the denudation sequence of the 'Krishna' River, which controls in a large
manner, the flow and erosive capacity of these rivers.
4.4 SoilS
4.4.1 The district can be devided into three broad soil zones. One, the
western zone of heavy rainfall is covered with laterite soils, two, the central
part with more or less assured rainfall is covered with fertile, well drained
107
brownish soils of neutral reaction, and three, the dry eastern zone with
precarious rainfall is covered with medium black soils of varying depths.
4.4.2 Lateral soil occurs mainly in the Western Hilly Tract of heavy rainfall.
On the hilltops which are not covered by forests. It is red to brownish red in
colour, mostly eroded and shallow. It is not tentative of moisture when
terraced, application of nitrogen and phosphorous are found quite useful. In
the Valleys, laterite soil is mixed with trap soils. The colour of which vary
from brown to black. The soil is fairly deep and retentive moisture.
4.4.3 Brown soil is found in the Central Zone. It is mainly derived from trap
and. is dark brown in colour with a reddish tint. It is rich and fertile with
excellent granular structure. Medium and deep black soils are found in the
Eastern Zone. It is derived from the trap and varies considerably in depth. On
an average, according to the District Census Handbook-1991, the soil of
'Kolhapur' District is found fertile.
4.4.4 Maharashtra Gazetteer (960) has given clear composition of soil of
'Kolhapur' District. ( See Table No.4. I) It explains the local names of the soils
and colour of the soils. Most important is , it has given depth of the soil.
According to which medil\m and deep Black soil, which is found in Eastern
Zone, is having maximum depth i.e. 5' 8" compared to other type of soils.
This zone also has been classified as 'Nit Erosion'. These details are given in
1960, over the years the situation might have been changed, but still not the
108
Table No.4. 1 Composition of Soil in 'Kolhapur' District
Particular Laterite Brown Medium & Deep Black
Local Names Tambad Halki Kaali Madhyam or Bhari Kaali
-Colour Red to Brownish Reddish Brown Gray to Deep Black
3' 3'5" 5' 8" Depth of"
Good Excellent Good Drainage
Undulating Undulating More or less flat Topography Nil
Nil Nil Erosion
Sand (per cent) 35-40 45-50 10-15 Salt (per cent) 25-30 20-25 30-40 Clay (Per cent) 25-35 20-25 35-50 Lime (Per cent) Nil 01-03 01-05
-(CaC03)
Nitrogen ( % ) 0.08 -0.10 0.05 - 0.08 0.06 -0.08 of"
Phosphoric Acid 0.0 - 5.00 10 - 15 15 -20 (%) 15 ..L 20 20-25 20-25
Potash (%)
Source: Maharashtra Gazzetter-'Kolhapur' DIStrict, Government ofMaharashtra Publication, 1960,p-221.
eastern zone soil is stated as fertile land., The Gazzetter also has given clear
chemical composition existed in the soils. Since the study does not deal with
this and also these are technical matters, the study only gives the idea of
of"
chemical composition , which includes Sand, Salt, Clay and Lime, Nitrogen,
Phosporic Acid etc. It is a fact that, over the years this composition might have
109
changed. The changed composition or new chemical composition of soils is
not available in the recent District Census Handbook. Probably, because this is
more scientific and teclinital matter. 6
4.5 Weather7
4.5.1 The weather of 'Kolhapur' District is generally temperate. On the
western part near the Sahyadri, it is always cooler than the eastern part, which
is liable to hot winds during April and May. The year in respect of 'Kolhapur'
District may be devided into three periods. Hot weather from March to May,
Rainy period from June to October an~ Cold weather from November to
February. The District gets rain from the south-west as well as from the north-
east monsoons. The amount of rainfall received decreases rapidly from the of"
west to east. The average annual rainfall within the district varies widely from
about 600 mm. in Shirol Tahsil in the East to 6000 mm. in Bavda Tahsil in the
west. Due to variations in rainfall from year to year and from place to place, it
is difficult to divide the district into rainfall zones. However three broad
divisions may be defined as,
4.5.2 First, the Western Zone receiving heavy and assured rainfall. Second, !
the Middle Zone receiving moderate but fairly regular rainfall. And Three, the I
Eastern Zone receiving low, irregular and uncertain rainfall. In winter
although day temperature remains higher than the monsoon season, the mean
minimum temperature is the lowest and it ranges from about 14 C to 16 C.
110
December and January are the coldest months of the year. There is rapid rise
in temperature in March, reaching the maximum in April, which exceeds 38 C . .,.
Otherwise, the weather remains convenient to the district. 8
4.6 The Administrative Set-up9
4.6.1 The administrative Setup of Maharashtra and the 'Kolhapur' District
was changed after 1981 Census. Two divisions and 4 districts were resulted
from that. The Konkan. Division includes 5 Districts, newly created Nashik
Division includes 5 districts, Pune Division-5 districts, Aurangabad Division-7
districts, newly created Amaravati-4 districts and Nagpur Division-5 districts.
Thus in 1991, the state has 30 districts spread over 6 divisions. 'Kolhapur'
district is a part of Pune Division. 'Kolhapur' District had gone under the
changing administrative setup. 53 villages of Bavda Tahsil of 'Kolhapur'
District were transferred to newly created Sindhudurg District in the form of a
new tahsil viz. Vaibhavvadi. Two villages from Chandgad tahsil of 'Kolhapur'
District were also transferred to Savantvadi Tahsil of Sindhudurg District.
Thus 'Kolhapur' District now has 12 tahsils and 1203 villages spread over
Karvir (128 Villages), Panhala (130 villages), Hatkanagale (60), Shirol (53),
I
Kagal (186), Gadhinglaj (95), Chandgad (145), Ajra (96), Bhudargad (108),
Radhanagari (121), Bavda (39) and Shahuwadi (142 villages).
4.6.2 For administrative purpose the district has been devided into three sub-
divisions named Karvir, Shahuwadi and Gadhinglaj, besides that, the district
includes 12 tahsils. The- District Collector along with the District Judge,
III
Superintendent of Police, Chief Executive Officer of Zilla Parishad and other
senior officers of the State Government look after the development and
regulatory functions in the district. At the tahsil level, the Tahsildar, Block
Development Officer, Judicial Magistrate, Deputy Engineers and other
officers look after their respective departments for the development and
regulatory function. Zilla parishad and Panchayat Samities have been
established in the district in the year 1962 under the Maharashtra Zilla
Parishad and Pachayat Samiti Act of 1962. The jurisdiction of the Zilla I ,
Parishad and the Panchayat Samities corresponds to the districts and tahsils
except the municipal towns.
4.6.3 The Zilla Parishad elects its President and Vice-President and
Chairman of its Committees from amongst the elected councilors. The term of
office of the councilors is five years. An officer in the senior scale of 'Indian
Administrative Service' (LA.S.) is deputed by the State Government as the
chief executive office to the Zilla Parishad., The Parishad is also assisted by
various departments and the heads of these departments are officers of Class I
and II category appointed by the State Government. At the Block level, the
Panchayat Sarnities have all elected Chairman and Vice-chairman. The Block
Development Officer works as Secretary to the Panchayat Samities. Thus the
Administrative setup the district is very similfU" to the other districts of
Maharashtra.
112
4.7 Population 10
4.7.1 According to the 1991 Census the total population of 'Kolhapur'
District was 2989507 'Comprising 1524732 males and 1464775 females. (See
Table No. 4.2) 'Kolhapur' district has shared 3.79 per cent of the state's
population. Out of the total popolation of the district, 2202505 persons (73 per I
cent) were residing in rural area and remaining 787002 (27 per cent) were in
urban area. The district had 1203 villages and among these, 1188 villages
were inhabited villages. The total rural population was distributed among
these inhabited villages of 12 tahsils of the district. In terms of rural
population, Hatkanangale tahsil was the largest tahsil (321275 persons),
followed by Karvir tahsil '(319888) and Shirol tahsil (253404 persons). Bavda
tahsil was weak, where the rural population was just 27781 persons. In case of
urban population, Karvir tahsil ~(738426) was much stronger than the other
urban tahsils, followed by Hatkanangale (576341 persons). There were five
tahsils, namely, Chandgad, Ajra, Bhudargad, Radhanagari and Bavda, where
the urban population does flot exists, since these tahsils have been classified as
rural tahsil.
4.7.2 According to the bistrict Census Handbook (1991 :30-33), there were
361029 persons of Scheduled Castes residing in the District, out of which
274524 (76 per cent) were living in the rural area. (See Table No. 4.3) 28 per I
cent of the total Scheduled Castes were residing in Karvir Tahsil alone, where
as Bhudargad(4 per cent) and Bavda tahsil (1.2) have lowest share. However,
among the rural tahsils, Radhanagari tahsils seems stronger to other. As many
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
I
Tahsil Persons
Karvir 738426
Panhala 206872
Hatkanagale 576341
Shirol 308087
Kagal - 213074 '\
Gadhinglaj 197600
Chandagad 159740
Ajra 106425
Bhudargad 127545
Table No.4,), Population strength:in Kolhapur District-(1991)
Total Population Total Rural Population
Male ' Female Persons Male Female
384935 353491 31988/\ 166489 153399
106149 100723 203904 104598 99306
301467 274874 321275 166914 154361 ,
159306 148781 253404 131406 , 121998
108194 10'4880 18495j 93805 91146
97836 99764 175214 I, 86234 88980
78117 81623 I 159740 78117 81623
49666 56759 106425
I
49666 56759
63003 64542 127545 63003 64542
Radhanagar I, 16,9039 I 85704 83335. 169039 85704 83335 i . ,
27781 14014 13767 27781 14014 13767 Bavda
153339 I ~ 158577 76341 82236 73638 Shahuwadi i
Kolhapur 2989507 1524732 1464775 2202505 1113588 1088917 District ,
.-
~16z:i5b7 Source: District Census Handbook-1991 :21-23
Total Urban Population
Persons Male Female
418~~18446 200092
2968 1551 1417 I ,
255066 134553< 120513
54683 27900 26783 ,
28123 14389 '13734 -
22386 1'1602 10784 {
0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000
" 0000 0000 0000
5238 2703 2535
787002 411144 375858
--V.l
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
114
'/
Table No.4.3 The Scheduled Castes Population in Kolhapur District-1991
~ --,.
Tahsil T otalJ> opulation Scheduled Castes Pop.
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Karvir 319888 418538 738426 50350 49436 (43) (57 ) (100) (51) (49)
Panhala 203904 2968 206872 25193 367 -(98) (02) (100) (98) ~ (02)
Hatkanagale 321275 255066 576341 38675 24872 (56) (44 ) (100) (60) (40)
Shirol 253404 54683 308087 38896 4631 - (82) (18) (100) (89) (11)
Kagal 184951 28123 213074 23548 3873 (86) (14) (100) (86) (14)
Gadhinglaj .\ 1 175241' 22386 197600 18252 2381 I
I
(88) ,. (12) (100) (88) (12) Chandagad 159740 00000 159740 17319 0000
(100), (00) (100) (100) (00) Ajra 106425 00000 106425 8913 0000
(100) (00) (100) (100) (00) Bhudargad 127545 00000 127545 12690 0000
(100) (0,0) (100) (100) (00) Radhanagari 169069 00000 169039 17920 0000
(100) (00) (100) (100) (00) Bavda 27781 00000 27781 3994 0000
(100) (00) (100) (100) (00) Shahuwadi 153~39 5238 158577 18048 945
, (96) (04) (100) (95) (05)
Kolhapur 2202505 787002 2989507 274524 86505 District (73) ,-(27) "{lOO) (76) (24)
, i
Source: Compiledfrom the District CensusHandbook-1991,pp-30-33. Note: 1. Figures given in "'the brackets indicates per cent to the total.
2. Some figures, are rounded up to two decimals.
Total
99786 (100),
26280 (100)
53547 (100)
43527 (160) 27421 (100) 20639
'\100) 17319 (100) 89.13 (100)
12690 (100) 17920
(100) 3994
(100) 18993 (100)
361029 (100)
3. The Total Scheduled Castes Population of 'Hatkanangale Tahsil 'given in the District Census Handbook-1991 is 83547. But the Study found after the calculation, that, the figure should have been as 53547. Same figure has been included in above Table.
"
115
as 42 Scheduled Castes were recorded in the district. Some major Scheduled ,
Castes were, 'Mahar', 'Mang' ,'Dhor', 'Chambhar', 'Bhang' etc. Among
these, 'Mahar' alone constitutes 60 per cent of the total Scheduled Castes.
Among the Tahsils, Karvir tahsil (99786) was dominant and Bavda (3994) was
weak. The second ancfthird place was taken by Hatkanangale ( 53547) and
Shirol (43527) respectively. All the rural tahsils have lower Scheduled Castes
population strength. Among the classified rural tahsils, again Karvir tahsil was
dominant (50350) and Bavda was weak (3994), but here Shiro tahsil takes .,.
second place (38896), where as Hatkanangale comes on third. (38675) In
urban tahsils, highest strength of Scheduled Castes population was found in
Karvir (49436) and lowest in Shahuwadi (945) Hatkanangale tahsils (24872)
takes second place in the district.
4.7.3 In the District,_ th.e percentage of Scheduled Castes Population to the
total population was 13. The urban percentage was 11 and rural was 13 per
cent. Among the tahsils. (See Table NoAA) In four tahsils, namely Karvir,
Hatkanangale, Shirol and 'Bavda , the percentage of Scheduled Castes
Population to the total popUlation was 14. The lowest representation was in
Ajra tahsil (8 Per cent). Among the rural areas, Karvir tahsil was dominant (16
per cent) and again Ajra (8 per cent) was weak. Shirol (15 per cent) and Bavda
(14 per cent) tahsils also seems good. In urban area, Karvir (12 per cent) and
Panhala (12 per cent) se~m higher, where as Shirol tahsil (8 per cent) seems
weak. As a whole, this can be stated that, in most of the tahsils the per centage
of Scheduled Castes popUlation total population was more than 10 per cent.
Table No.4.4 Per centage of Scheduled Castes Population in Kolhapur District-l 991
Sr. No Tahsil - Rural Urban Total
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
-Karvir 16 12 14
\
Panhala ·13 12 , 13 ,
I
Hatkanangale "1:-09 10 14
Shirol I 15 08 14
Kagal 13 14 13
Gadhinglaj 10 12 10
Chandgad 11 00 11
Ajra 08 00 08
Bhudargad 10 00 10
Radhanagari 11 00 11 -
Bavda 14 00 14
Shahuwadi 12 18 12 I
District Total I
13 11 , 13
Source: Compiled from the DIstnct Census Handbook -1991, pp.30-33 Note: 1.. Some figures are rounded up to two decimals.
2 .. The Total Scheduled Castes Population of'Hatkanangale Tahsil 'given in the District Census Handbook-1991 is 83547. But the Study found after the calculation, that, the figure should have been as 53547. Same figure has been included in above Table.
116
117
4.8 Density
4.8.1 The District Census Handbook (1991:25) defines the density of
population as, 'the population per square kilometer'. The overall density of the ,
population in 'Kolhapur' district was 389 persons per square Kilometer, which
was higher than state figure of 257. (See Table No. 4.5) In case of urban
density, it was 5619, which was again higher than state figure of 4904 persons
per square Kilometer. The rural density in the district was just 292. Among the
tahsils, Karvir tahsils . has higher, density (1102) followed by
Hatkanangale(938) and Shirol (612). In case rural density, Hatkanangale
tahsils(568) seems to be dominant to other tahsils, followed by Karvir (531)
and Shirol (516) The lowest rural density was found in Bavda tahsil(98). All
the rural tahsils have got lower rural density rate. Urban density of population
was higher in Karvir (6225) and lower in Panhala (1878). Overall picture
explains that, the density in 'urban area was higher and in rural area lower.
4.8.2 The density of the Scheduled Castes population in 'Kolhapur' district
was just 47 persons per square Kilometer, which was very much lower than
general density of the district (389). (See Table No.4.5) In case of urban .. density, it was 618, which was again very much lower than district figure of
56199 persons per square Kilometer. The rural density of Scheduled Castes in
the district was just 37. Among the tahsils, Karvir tahsils has higher density
(149) followed by Hatkammgale(87) and Shirol (86), the lowest was found in
Bavda tahsil (14). In case rural density, Karvir tahsils(83) seemed to be
dominant to other tahsiJs, ,followed by shiiol (79) and Hatkanangale (68) The
Table No. 4.5 Population Density in Kolhapur District-1991
Sr. Tahsil Total Population Scheduled Castes Population No.
(1) (2) Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total , , , , ,
l. Karvir 53.1 6225 1102 83 737 149· - -2. - Panhala 360 1878 364 44 272 46 3. Hatkanangale 568 - 5280 .'. 938 68 518 .\ 87 4. ShiraI 516 4714 612 79 420 86 5. Kagal 342 3874 389 43 530 50 6. Gadhinglaj 367 6623 411 38 704 43 7. Chandgad 168 000 168 18 000 18 8. Ajra 194 000 194 16 000 16 9. Bhudargad 198 000 198 19 000 19 10. Radhanagari 189 000 189 20 000 20 11. Bavda 98 000 98 14 000 14 12. Shahuwadi 147 7377 152 17 402 18
District Total 292 5619 389 37 618 47 ~ -
L......_ -.~-~--~- -~----~
Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991:pp: 10-11 & 30-33 --00
119
lowest rural density was found in Bavda tahsil (14). All the rural tahsils hc,ve
got lower rural density rate. Urban density of population was higher in Karvir
(734) and lower in Panhala (272). Overall picture explains that, the density in
urban area was much higher and in rural area lower. The tahsils, which were
going through the urbanisation and industrialisation process, there the density, .,..
was higher as in Karvir and Hatkanangale tahsil.
4.9 Sex-ratio12
4.9. 1 Sex-ration is defined as the number of females per one thousand rna les
in the population. According to Census of 1991, in 'Kolhapur' district, there
were 961 females fo~ ~very thousand "males. This was higher than state
average (934). 'Kolhapur' district occupies seventh place in the state. The sex
ration varies between 1143 in 4jra tahsil ana 912 in Hatkanangale tahsil. It
must be pointed out that, the tahsils located in' the western part of the district,
have higher (rate of sex ratio. Except Shirol tahsil, generally rural areas have
higher sex ·ration than the urban area. Sex ratio in five tahsils was higher may
be due to the migration of males for better employment opportunities. In ru ral
areas among twelve tahsils, Ajra recorded the highest sex ratio (1143) and
Karvir the lowest(921 ). . In the urban areas, highest sex ratio was found in
Shirol tahsil(960) and the lowest was in Panhala (914). Compared to the state
ratio, the sex ratio in the district seems to be better.
4.9.2 According to Census of 1991, in 'Kolhapur' district, there were 962
Scheduled Castes females for every thousand males of Scheduled Castes. This
Table No.4. 6 Sex-Ratio in Kolhaptir District-199l
, ~ -
Total Population Scheduled Castes Population Sr. No Tahsil
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
1. Karvir 921 916 918 930 954 942 2. Panhala 949 914 949 960 902 959 3. Hatkanangale 925 896 912 929 929 929 4. Shirol 928 960 934 937 988 942 5. ' Kagal , 972 954 , 969 958 951 ' 957 6. . Gadhinglaj 1032/ 929 1020 ~ . 1017 937 '1007 '7. Chandgad 1045/ 000 _ 1045 / 1038 - 000 1038 _
8. Ajra 1143 . 000 1143 1096 000 1096 9. Bhudargad 1026 /
/
" 000 1026 . 1004 OflO 1004 10. Radhanagari 972 000 972 982 000 982 11. Bavda 982 000 982 1004 000 1004 12. Shahuwadi 1082 " 938 1077 - 1050 973 1046
District Total 978 914 961 966 948 962
- --- - ---_ .. _--- -------------
Source: Compiled from District Census Handbook (Kolhapur)-1991: 26-31
-tv o
121
was higher than the district, average (961) and state average (934). The sex
ration varies between 1096 in Ajra tahsil and 929 in Hatkanangale tahsil.(See
Table No.4.6) It must be pointed out that, the tahsils located in the western
part of the district, have higher rate of sex ratio. Except Shirol(937) and
Hatkanagale tahsil(929), generally rural areas have higher sex ration than the
urban area. Sex ratio ip. ~ix tahsils was higher may be due to the migration of
males for better employment opportunities. In rural areas among twelve
tahsils, Ajra recorded the highest sex ratio (1096) and Hatkanangale the lowest
(929). Radhanagari (982) and Bavda (1004) tahsils also seems to be good. In
the urban areas, highest sex ratio was found in Shirol tahsil(988) and the
lowest was in Panhala (902). Compared to the state ratio and the district ratio,
the sex ratio among the Scheduled Castes was found to be better in
'Kolhapur' District. (See Table No.4.6)
4.10 Literacy 13
4.10.1 It may be noted that,~ in 'Kolhapur' District 54.34 per cent of
Scheduled Castes were fou~d to be literate, which was significantly less than
the general literacy rate of the District (66.97 per cent). (See Table No.4. 7).
Among the tahsils, Hatkanagale (58.75 per cent) and Kagal (58 Per cent) were
comparatively better. The lowest literacy rate was found in Chand gad tahsil
(38 per cent). In case ofliteracy, all the urban tahsils seems to be comfortable
than rural tahsils. Particularly, Panhala tahsil (80 per cent) was more
dominant to all other tahsils.
--122
Table No. 4.7 Literacy Rates of Scheduled Castes in Kolhapur District -1991
-
Sr. Total Literacy rate SCs' Literacy rate No. Tahsil TIR
/U Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
1. Karvir T 75.23 ./ 85.90 ,. 63.63 54.27 61.49 46.59 R 65.07-- 79.89 48.97 57.21 74.20 38.78 U 82.81 90.39 74.59 51.27 48.26 54.39
,
2. Panhala T 61.66 77.69 44.83 53.24 69.96 35.88 R 61.2i 77.40 44.30 52.84 69.65 35.40 U 89.46 97.08 81.30 80.56 90.91 69.48
, 3. Hatkanagale T 70.33 ./ 82.23 .- 57.23 58.75 73.63 42.67
R .67.32 80.65 52.93 58.28 73.72 71.56 U 74.15 84.21 62.83 59.90 73.41 45.33
4. Shirol T 71.49 / 83.65 - 58.51 57.58 72.76 41.50 R 70.72 83.33 57.18 56.94 72.48 40.34 U 75.00 85.18 64.49 62.93 75.22 50.83
-5. Kagal T 67.36 79.59 54.88 58.70 74.17 42.54
R 65.62 78.23 52.77 57.37 73.81 40.29 U 78.74 88.12 68.88 66.70 76.32 56.33
-6. Gadhinglaj T 61.29-- 75.46 47.57 48.46 65.95 31.21
R 58.99 73.63 45.00 45.97 63.79 28.68 U 19.03 88.77 68.55 67.35 81.23 51.82
7. Chandagad T 52.24 67.63 37.70 38.94 55.60 23.04 R 52.24 67.63 37.70 38.94 55.60 23.04 U 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00
8. Ajra T ·58.49 75.43 44.08 47.82 66.19 31.50 R 58.49 75.43 44.08 47.82 66.19 31.50 U 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00
9. Bhudargad T 63.13 79.68 47.19 54.07 72.21 36.22 R 96.13 79.68 47.19 54.07 72.21 36.22 U 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00
10. Radhanagari T 60.88 77.61 43.12 53.05 72.02 33.57 R 60.88 77.61 43.12 53.05 72.02 33.57 U 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00
~
11. Bavda T ~5.50 62.09 28.63 41.11 59.31 23.17 R 45.50 62.09 28.63 41.11 59.31 23~17 U 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00
of'
12. . Shahuwadi T 53.54 71.01 37.76 51.05 68.45 34.97 R 52.47 70.17 36.56 50.09 67.60 33.96 U 83.84 92.78 74.40 69.94 84.28 55.56
Total T 66.94 80.33 53.08 54.34 68.23 39.94 District R 62.47 77.47 47.25 53.91 70.74 -- 33.96
U 79.31 87.97 69.84 55.83 59.70 ~ 51.76
Source: ComplIed form Dlstnct Census Handbook-1991 (Kolhapur) pp.33-35
123
4.10.2 In terms of Gender, males (68 per cent) were betterthan females (40
per cent). In case of rural area, the position offemale literacy was further weak
(36 per cent) than the male literacy (70 per cent). As a whole, surprisingly
rural male literacy (70 per cent) was better than urban male literacy (60 per
cent). The position of feIl).ale literacy in rural area was much weaker than
urban females (54 per cent). Among the Among the tahsils, Kagal tahsil (74
per cent) was dominant in case of total q1ale literacy and Karvir tahsil (46per
cent) was dominant in case of total female female literacy. As against
Chandgad was lowest in total male (55 per cent) and female literacy (23 per .,.
cent). The male literacy was better in rural area than in urban area, where as in I
case of female literacy urban area was found to be better than the rural area.
4.11 Cropping Pattern 14 .
4. 11. I The general cropping pattern in the District was more or less similar to
the cropping of pattern of Maharashtra State. The total gross land available for
cultivation was 382000 Hects. Out of this, 61 per cent was under the
foodgrains, whereas 39 per cent of the gross area was under the Non-of"
foodgrains. (See table No.4.? & 4.9) Within foodgrains, 85.5 per cent and 14.5
per cent of the total gross land was under cereals and pulses respectively. The
district neglects the pulses. Among the cereals, majority of the total gross area
was under Rice (43.5 per cent), followed by Jowar (20 per cent), Ragi (l2.5
per cent), Wheat (5 per cent). It can be stated that, the major crops of the
district were Rice and Jowar. Rice was' main crop in the valleys or in the
western zone of the district, where as the jowar was the main crop in the
124
Table NoA.8 Cropping Pattern in Kolhapur District: Foodgrains-1992-93.
~ ,
Sr. Crop Gross Area Output Yield Per Hect. No. under Crop (Kgs.) (Kgs.)
(Hects.) -
1. Rice 1018 2524 2479 (43.5) (63)
2. Wheat -- 114 185 1623
I (05.0) (04.6)
3. Jowar 467 679 1454 (20) (17) -
4. Bajri I 001 001 266 (0.04) (0.025)
5. Ragi 290 361 1246 (12.5) (09)
6. Maize 46 73 1587 (02) (1.8)
-
7. Other Cereals 58 47 810 (02.5) (1.22)
Total Cereals 1994 3870 1941 -- (85.5) (96.75) I
8. Gram 113 70 620 (04.5) (1.75)
,-
9. Tur 47 21 447 I (02) (0.5)
10. Other Pulses 181 39 215 (08) (01)
Total Pulses 341 no (14.5) (03.25) 381
Total Foodgrains 2335 4000 1713 (100) (100)
Source: Cornpiledfro~ Statistical Abstract ofMaharashtra-1992-93. P:402-407. Note: 1. Units of measurement: Area in '00' Hectares,
Output in '00' tonnes 2. Figures given in bracket indicates the per cent to the total.
3. In case of Yield per Heet., giving per cent figUre is practically impossible.
125
central part of the district. PoIses were neglected in all parts of the district. In
terms of total output, Ric~ along shares 63 per cent (252400 tonnes) of the
total foodgrains, jowar comes second with 17 per cent (67900 tonnes) . Other
crops have negligible share in the total ou~put. Total cereals shares about 96.75
per cent of the total foodgrains, which was very huge. As. against, the pulses
have share of just 3.25 per cent (13000 Tonnes) in the total output, which was
very much negligible. In term~ of yield per hectare, Rice was impressive
(2479 Kgs. per Hect.) in the district. Wheat (1623 Kgs.lHect.) and Iowar
(1454 Kgs.lHect.) comes next. The lowest yield was found in Bajri crop (266
Kgs.lHect.). In general it can be state that, Rice and Iowar were the important
crops of the district .
4.11.2 Non-foodgrains has been also an important part of the districts
cropping patter. (See table No.4. 9) Significant level of gross area was under
the non-foodgrains.(39 per cent) , which explains that, the district was on the ,
edge of changing cropping pattern. The total gross area under foodgrains was
about 148500 Hects. Out of which, Groundnut crop covers 47 per cent (70600
Hects.) , followed by sugarcane (45 per cent or 66600 Hects.) Other crops
were insignificant. Hence it can be stated that, among the non-foodgrains,
Groundnut and Sugarcane cropS were the major crops in the district. These
crops were grown mostly in the central part of the district. However,
sugarcane has also been grown in the West part of the district.
126
Table No.4.9 Cropping Pattern in Kolhapur District: Non-Foodgrains-1992-93.
-
Sr. No. Gross Area Output Yield Per Hect. Crop under Crop (Kgs.) (Kgs.)
(Heets.) ,
.,. - -
1. Sugarcane . 666 62138 93300 (45)
2. Chilies .,. 65 22 338 (04.7)
. 3. Cotton 02 1 70
(0.3)
4. Groundnut 706 944 1337 (47) ...
5. Tobacco- 46 45 978 (03)
Total 1485 of" (100) -
Source: CompIled from Statistical Abstract of Maharashtra-l 992-93. P:407-416
Note:!' Units of measurement: -Area in '00' Hectares, Qutput in '00' tonnes
Yield: per hectare in Kgs., Sugarcane Output in Hundred Metric Tonnes. Cotton Output in Lint. (each contains 170 Kgs.)
2.Figures given in bracket indicates the per cent to the total. 3. In case of Outpu and Yield per Hect., giving per cent figure is
practically impossible since the units of measurement are different from one another. Also the total of 4th and 5th column is not given.
I":' (-
127
4.12 Occupational Structure 15
4.12.1 The District Census Handbook-'Kolhapur' (1991:36-41) has explained
the general occupational structure existed in the district. The Census has
classified all the workers into ten categories. (See Table No.4.10 & 4.11).
These all were named as.economic activities. The economic activity of the
district was primarily dependent on agriculture, which includes cultivators ( 46
per cent of the total workers) and agricultural labourers (17 per cent). As a
whole 63 per cent of the main workers of the district were engaged in primary
sector, which higher than state average (59.62 per cent). The ratio between
cultivators and agricultural labourers in the district was 10:4, which differs ,
from the state average of 10:8. Very small fraction of the workers (1.61 per
cent) was engaged in the allied activities related to agriculture, as in livestock,
forestry, fishing, plantation· etc. It means together, 64.61 per cent of the total
workers were engaged in agriculture and related activities. Remaining workers
(35.39 per cent) were engaged in non-agricultural workers. Among them, the
major categories are, Manufacturing (Non-household) (12.30 per cent), Trade
and Commerce (7.48 per cent) and other services (8.45 per cent). Mining and
Quarrying (0.23 per cent), Constructions (2,28 per cent) and Transport (2.54
per cent) have lower share in the total workers.
4.12.2 Tahsil-wise analysIs explains that, the proportion of both the
cultivaters and agricultural labourers differs from tahsil to tahsil. It varies
between 72 per cent i~ ~jra and 23 per cent in Hatkanangale tahsil. Similarly
the proportion of agricultural labourers varies between 33_ per cent in Shirol
Table No.4. 10 General Occupational Pattern in Kolhapur District -1991
Sr. Tahsil Cultiva- Agricu- Other Mini- Manu- Manu- Const- Trade & Trans- Other Total No. tors ltural Allied ng & facturing factu-ring ructio- Com- port Servi- Main
Labo- Activi- Qua- (House- (Non- ns merce ces Workers urers ties rrying hold) House-
hold) (1) (2) (3) (4) ( 5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
I I ,
1. . Karvir 67382 32212 . 4510 724 5724 39792 ·12663 ·38733 14925 39398 256063· 2. Piinhala - 50525 14171 1846 144 2143 -5631 1076 4120 1316 - 5752 86824 3. Hatkaijangale il-5804 35078 2537 604 ., 5909 , 65170 4794 18680 $128 )5763 199467 4. Shirol 38225 37511 1571 404 1860 14107 1994 7160 2199 8943 113982 5. Kagal 58137 15186 1611 158 2198 5586 858 3707 1184 5783 94408 6. Gadhinglaj 45390 14867 2524 148 1786 3820 1021 4604 1326 5956 81442 7. Chandgad 54138 10661 960 87 887 ,2422 1008 2153 543 3493, 76352 8. Ajra 34314 5260 415 85 941 1095 416 1860 625 2606 47617 9. Bhudargad 40248 7248 775 177 1245 1448 696 2008 815 3554 58214 10. Radhanagari 50181 12715 945 77 1751 3049 1311 2232 786 4013 77069 11. Bavda 9496 3047 106 22 119 323 69 282 99 598 14161 12. Shahuwadi 43162 10865 999 68 1098 1380 745 1933 788 3098 64136
District Total 537002 198821 18808 2698 25761 143823 26651 87480 29734 98957 1169735
Source: Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991: P:41 Note: 1. Allied Activities includes Live Stock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, Plantations and others.
Note: 2. Manufacturing(Household) includes Processing, Servicing and repairs in household industry. Note:3. Manufacturing(Non-household) includes Processing, Servicing and repairs in other than household industry. -N
00
129
and. 11 per cent in Ajra tahsil. Such wide variations within the district were
due to the differences in th~ fertility of the soils and the resultant cropping and
landholding patterns. Since Karvir and Hatkanangale tahsils were the most
urbanised and industrialised tahsils in the district, only 39.76 per cent and
41.27 per cent of the -toial workers were engaged in agriculture and related
activities respectively. On the other hand, Ajra, Chandgad and Bhudargad .,.
were away from the urbanisation and industrialisation, hence dependency over
agriculture was higher (83.75, 85.26 and 82.33 per cent respectively). Among
the rural tahsils, the dependency was much higher than in the urban tahsils.
The highest dependency rate can be found in Bavda (88.75 per cent of the total
workers), where hardly any scope exists for non-agricultural work.
4.12.3 In case of Non-agricultural workers, the difference varIes between
60.24 per cent in Karvir and 11.25 per cent in Bavda tahsil. Among these
classified works, Karvir tahsil was much dominant over all the tahsils . regarding all types of works of non-agricultural works. Some major categories
of Karvir tahsil were, Manufacturing (Non-household) (15.54 per cent), Trade
and Commerce (15.13 per cent) and other services (15.38 per cent). In Bavda
tahsil insignificant number of workers were engaged in these classified
categories. Surprisingly, in Hatkanangale tahsil, Manufacturing (Non-
household) was stronger than in any other tahsil (32.67 per cent). No one
tahsil was seriously involved with the allied activities, However Gadhinglaj
(3. 10 per cent of the total wQrkers) seems to be little dominant over other
Sr. Tahsil No.
(1) (2)
1. Karvir 2. Panhala 3. Hatkanangale 4. Shirol 5. Kagal 6. Gadhinglaj 7. Chandgad 8. Ajra 9. Bhudargad 10. Radhanagari 11. Bavda 12. Shahuwadi
District Total
~
Cultiva-tors
(3)
26 -- 58
23, ~
33 61 55 70 72 69 65 67 67
46
Agricul-tural Labo-urers
(4) I
12 16 17 33 16 18 14 11 12 16 21 17
17
~~-- .. -
Table No.4. 11 General Occupational Pattern in Kolhapur District-1991
(in per cent)
Other Mining Manufa Manufa- Constr-Allied & -cturing cturing uctions Activiti- Quarr- (House- (Non-es ying hold) Household)
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) I
1.76 0.28 2.24 15.54 4.95 -2.13 0.17 2.58 - 6.49 1.24 1.27 0.30 2.96 , ~32.67 2.40 1.38 0.35 1.63 12.38 1.75 1.71 0.17 2.33 5.92 0.91 3.10 0.18 2.19 4.69 1.25
. 1.26 0.11 1.16 3.17 1.32 0.87 0.18 1.98 2.30 0.87 1.33 0.30 2.14 2.49 1.20 1.24 0.10 2.27 3.69 1.70 0.75 0.16 0.84 2.28 0.49 1.56 0.11 1.71 2.15 1.16
1.61 0.23 2.20 12.30 2.28
Trade & Comme-rce
(10)
15.13 4.75 9.36 6.29 3.93 5.65 2.82 3.91 3.45 2.90 1.99 3.01
7.48
-- --------- ----- --- ~-.-- ------------ ~~
Source: Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991: P:41
Transport
(11)
5.83 -1.52 -2.57 1.93 1.25 1.63 0.71 1.31 1.40 1.02 0.70 1.23
2.54
Note: 1. Allied Activities includes Live Stock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, Plantations and others.
Other Services
(12)
15.38 6.61
'. ~7.92 7.84 6.11 7.33 4.58 5.47 6.10 5.20 4.21 4.83
8.45
Note: 2. Manufacturing(Household) includes Processing, Servicing and repairs in household industry. Note:3. Manufacturing(Non;.household) includes ProceSSing, Servicing and repairs in other than householdindustry.
Note: 4. Some figures are rounded upto two decimals.
Total Main Workers
(13) I
.. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100
-w o
131
tahsils. Hence finally it can be stated that, the general occupational structure or-
among the tahsils was more or less similar to the district structure . .
4.13 Land Utilisation Pattern 16
4.13.1 The total area of the district was about 769456 Hects., out of which
427760 Hects. (58 per cent of the total area) was available as net area for
cultivation. From the total net area, about 133633 Hects. (17 per cent of the
total net area) was under forest. Culturable Wasteland and Area used for Non-
agricultural purposes has covered 14 and 11 per cent of the district's total net
area respectively. Together,. about 334689 Hects. (42 per cent) land of the
district was not available· for the cultivation, which was significantly higher.
[See Table No.4. 12(a) and 4.12 (b)]
4.13.2 Among the tahsils, Gadhinglaj tahsils was dominant to other tahsils,
where 85 per cent of its total area was available for the cultivation. As against
this, only 28 per cent was available in Bavda tahsil. Hatkanangale (76.6 per
cent), Shirol (76.4), Karvir (73.6 per cent) and Kagal tahsil (78.5 per cent) .,.
have significant size of net. cultivable area. All the rural tahsils have lower
availability of net cultivable area. It must be pointed out that, all the tahsils,
which are classified as urban tahsils, have higher net area available for
cultivation.
4.13.3 The total area ~n?er forests in 'Kolhapur' district was about 133633
Hects., which 17 per cent of the total area of the district. Among the twelve
Table No. 4.12 (a)
Sr. Total No. Tahsil Area
(11 (2) (3) , ,
1. Karvir 60159 2. - Panhala 5701-8 . -3. Hatkanangale 5739
" 4. \ Shirol 47884 5. Kagal 53348 6. Gadhinglaj 47702 7. Chandgad 95569 8. Ajra 55097 9. Bhudargad 66059 10. ltadhanagari 88575 11. Bavda 27950 12. Shahuwadi 106736
District Total 769456
Land Utilisation Pattern in Kolhapur District-1991 (Figures are in Hectors)
Forest Culturable Area use Total Area not Area Waste land for Non-Agri. available for
purpose Cultivation (3+4+5)
(4) (5) (6) (7) ,
973 8226 6711 15910 11038 8672 5375 25385 -- -000 6891 6558 13449 000 7306 4125 11431 -\
1566 6262 3632 11460 1632 1797 3565 6994 21714 9090 17180 47984 14512 4653 4500 23665 21208 7938 6034 38180 22091 18136 13201 53428 10554 7707 2078 20339 25345 28455 13674 67474
133633 108029 86699 334689
Net Area available for Cultivation
(8)
, 44249 31633 43910 36456 41888 40708 47585 31432 27879 35147 7611 39262
427760
Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991: P:33-233 Note: 1. Figures are rounded up to two decimals.
%of Cultivable to total area.
(9)
, 73 55 75 76 78 85 50 -57 42 -33--
27 -36
55 -
Note: 2. The figures about 'Total Area, on page No. 51 are different than the figures given in Village Directory(page 33-233). The study considers Village Directory figures, because it matches with other tabels. .....
w tv
Sr. No.
(1)
1. -2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
-- ~ ... - .. --
Tahsil
(2)
Karvir -Panhala HKtkanangale Shiro! Kagal Gadhing!aj Chandgad Ajra Bhudargad Radhanagari Bavda Shahuwadi
District Total
Table No.4.l2 (b) Percentage Classification of Land Utilisation Pattern in Kolhapur District-1991
(Tahsil-wise Classification in each classified category)
Forest Area Culturable Area used Total Area not Total Area Wasteland for Non- available for
Agriculture Cultivation purpose (3+4+S)
{31 I (4) (S) (6) (7)
08.0 00.72 07.6 - 07.8 . 04.7 - -07.S 08.00 08.3 06.2 07.6 07.S 000 ". 06.9
~
07.6 04.0 ~
06.0 000 06.7 04.8 03.4 07.0 01.30 OS.7 04.3 03.4 06.0 01.68 01.6 04.2 02.0 12.0 16.30 08.4 20.2 14.3 07.0 11.00 04.3 OS.2 07.0 09.0 18.00 07.3 06.3 11.4 12.0 ~ 16.00 16.2 IS.3 lS.9 04.0 ~ 08.00 07.1 02.3 06.0 14.0 19.00 26.9 IS.8 20.3
100 100 100 100 100
~~.---.-.~-.-- _ .. -_.- - ----_._._--- --- - - ------- -_. -_ .. - ---- L-_ .. _____ ... ____________ ------------ ----- --_ .. _- ---_ .. _---
Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991:P:33-233 Note: 1. Figures are rounded up to two decimals in case of selective tahsils.
Net Area available for Cultivation
(8)
10.3_ 07.3 10.2
,
08.2 09.7 09.5 11.86 07.3 06.S 08.S
01.7 -----09.1
100
-w w
134
tahsils of the district, 4 tahsils , namely Chandgad, Bhudargad, Radhanagari I
and Shahuwadi, together accounts 69 per cent of the total forest area of the
district. Bavda tahsil was dominant in this case, where 37.6 per cent of its
total area was under forest, followed by Bhudargad (32 per cent of its total
area), Ajra (26 per cent) and Radhanagari (25 per cent). This was one
important reason for having lower net cultivable area among these tahsils. All
the tahsils, where there was either no forest area at all or very negligible forest
area, have got highest net area available for cultivation. Hatkanangale and
Shirol tahsils have no forest area and Karvir, Kagal and Gadhinglaj have
negligible area offorest.
4.13.4 The total area under culturable waste land including grouches and
groves in the district was about 108029 Hects., which was 14 per cent of the
district's total area. Among the tahsils, four tahsils namely, Shahuwadi,
Bavda, Radhanagari and Bhudargad, together accounts about 57 per cent of
the total culturable wasteland. !Jere Shahuwadi tahsil seems to be dominant,
where 26.5 per cent of its total area was under culturable wasteland. Followed
by Bavda and Radhanagari tahsil (27 per cent and 20 per cent of its total area
respectively). This again affects the net cultivable area available in these
tahsils. In Gadhinglaj tahsil only 3.7 per cent of its total land was waste land,
which seems to be at comfortable place.
4.13.5 42 per cent of the district area was not available for cultivation, which
was significantly higher. In this category; all the rural tahsils were weak in
135
case of this. In Bavda Tahsils 72 per cent of its total area was not available for
cultivation, followed by Shahuwadi (63 per cent of its total area), Radhanagari
(60 per cent) and Bhudargad (53 per cent). In these tahsils, more than half of
its area was not available for cultivators, which directly and indirectly reduces
the potentiality of the primary sector. In Gadhinglaj tahsil, only 14.6 per cent
of its total area was n<?t ~vailable for cultIvation, which was lowest among all
the tahsils, followed by Karvir (26.4 per cent of its total area) and
Hatkanangale tahsil (23.4 per c~nt). As a result of higher extent of area not
available for cultivation, the'net area available for cultivation gets affected. At
present 58 per cent of the total area of the district was available for
cultivation, which needs to be improved.
4.14 Operational Landholdings l7
4.14. 1 According to the. statistical abstract of Maharashtra State (1991-93
422-424), the total area available for cultivation was 494500 Hects. The
abstract further classifies the,. total land according to the operational
landholdings or according 'to the size of the land. (See table No.4.13 )
According to it, 23 per cent of the total cultivable area was classified under
marginal land (less than 1 Hect.), which comes about 113500 Hects. Marginal
land was stated as unviable land. 24 per cent of the total land (119700 Hects.)
comes under small land (between 1 to 2 Hects.), 26 per cent (128000 Hects)
under semi-medium (between 2 to 4 Hects.), 19 per cent (95700 Hects.) under
medium and 8 per cent (37600 Hects.) of the total land comes under large
farming land (more than 10 Hects.)
Table No.4. 13 Area of Operational Land Holding according to Size Groups
in Kolhapur District -1991
- ,.. Sf. Size Groups Area No.
, (Hectares)
,..
1. Margina~ 113500 (23) (up to 1 Hectare)
2. Small 119700 (24) (Between I to 2 Hects.)
3. Semi-medium 128000 (26) (2 to 4 Hects.)
4. Medium 95700 (19) (4 to 10 Hects.)
-0"
5. Large 37600 (8) , (More than 10 Hects.)
Total Area 494500 (100)
Average Size of 1.11 Operational Holdings. (in Hectares)
. . -Source: StatIstIcal ;4bstract ofMaharashtra State, 1992-93:P-422-423 .
Note: 1. Some figures are rounded upto two demicals. Note. 2. The figure about Total Area given this source does not match with the area
given District-Census Han4book-1991 on Page 33-433.
136
137
4.14.2 It means that, majority ofthe land was under semi-medium land (26 per
cent), followed by small land (24 per cent) and marginal land (23 per cent).
Only 8 per cent of the district's total cultivable land was under big farming.
The abstract has not explained the marginal land category in details; however
there can be various layers within this., The abstract further says that, the
average size of operational holding was just 1.11 Hects. , which may further
decline in coming years with the growth of popUlation . .,.
4.15 Irrigation 18
4.15.1 The irrigation implies the existence of source of water supply within a
reasonable distance and an arrangement to regulate the supply of water
according to the day-to-day needs of the crops r~sed in these fields. (District
Census Handbook, 1991:50). Therefore;all area, which was cultivated under
purely rain fed condition, was treated as unirrigated land. Out of total area
available for cultivation, only 64548 Hects. (15 per cent of the total cultivable .,.
area) was irrigated. (See Table No.4. 14) . Among the tahsils, Shirol seems to
be much dominant, where 39 per cent of its total cultivable area was irrigated.
Followed by Karvir (28 per cent of its total cultivable area) and Hatkanangale
(25 per cent). As against this, in Kagal and Ajra tahsil only 5 per cent of the
cultivable land was irrigated, which was lowest among the tahsils.
Radhanagari (21 per c_en~ ) and Bavda tahsil (14 per cent) were at 'not bad'
position. As a whole, the irrigated land in the district was not at the
satisfactory level.
Sf.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Table No.4. 14 Land Irrigation Ratio in Kolhaimr District -1991
Tahsil Total Total %of Cultivable Irrigated Irrigated to Area Area Total (Hectares) (Hectares) Cultivable
Land
Karvir 44249 12312 28 .
Panhala 31633 5192 16 .
Hatkanangale 43910 10630 25 ~
Shirol 3(;1.456 14249 39
Kagal ' 41888 1981 5
Gadhinglaj 40708 3181 8
Chandgad 47585 3791 8
Ajra 31432 1444 5
Bhudargad. 27879 2903 10
Radhanagari - 35147 5529 21
Bavda 76J 1 1072 14
Shahuwadi 39262 2260 6
District Total 427760 64548 16
Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991: P:42 & 51-52 Note: Figures are rounded upto twq decimals.
138
139
4.15.2 The District Census Handbook (1991:51) has classified the sources of
irrigation into seven types. (See table No.4.15) . The 'River' was the main
source of irrigation in -the district, which covers 46684 Hects., i.e. 70.78 per
cent of total irrigated area. All the rivers of the district are originated from the
Sahyadri ranges in the west plays an important role in the district. Some of the
important rivers are, Varna, Panchaganga, Doodhganga, Vedaganga, Krishna
etc, . Second important source of irrigation was 'well with electricity', which
covers 21.15 per cent oftqtal irrigated area. (136454 Hects.). This source has
got significant share in the total irrigation. Other sources as, Well without
electricity (5.46 per cent of the total irrig{lted area), tube well (0.03 per cent),
tank (0.04 per cent) and other (2.44 per cent) , have got insignificant place in
terms of irrigation.
4.15.3 Among the tahsils, in every tahsil of the district, river was the main
and most important source of irrigation, However in very few tahsils other
sources also have got significant share. Out of twelve tahsils, Panhala ( 85.4
per cent of the total irrigated area ), Radhanagari (85 per cent) and Karvir
(82.5 per cent) were using river as most important source of irrigation, and
which seems to be dominant to other tahsils in terms of total irrigation
structure. Surprisingly, 100 per cent of total irrigated area in Bavda tahsil was
under river water. No other sources were report~ in this particular tahsil. The ,
lowest can be found in Gadhinglaj tahsil, where 44 per cent of irrigated area
was' under river source. Irrigation was also made available through the well
with electricity among the tahsils. In this case, Gaphinglaj (48 per cent),
Sr. Tahsil No
1. Karv.ir 2. Panhala 3. Ji..atkanangale 4. Shirol 5. Kagal l
6. Gadhinglaj 7. Chandgad 8. Ajra 9. Bhudargad 10. Radhanagari 11. Bavda 12. Shahuwadi
District Total
-- ---- --.--------.-----~--
Private Canal
----, --------
Table No.4.15 Area Irrigated by Source in Kolhapur District- 1991
( in Hectares)
Well Well with Tube- Tank Electricity well
9 2005 , ------ 15 , --- 763 ----- ----
River
10122 4428
29 - 4714 ----- ---- ·5197 -
Other
161 ---"-90
---- 2798 1164 ----- ---- 9821 ~ 466 ~
---- ---- 669 -I ----- ----- 1127 ---- 154 1511 20 10 1408 ---- 257 1198 ----- ---- 2315 ---.-- 279 ---- ----- ---- 996 ---- ---- 369 ----- ---- 2178 ----- ---- 843 ----- ----- 4686 ----- ---- ---- ----- ----- 1072 65 ----- 417 ------ ----- 1729
65 3526 13654 20 25 46684
~--~---~
Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991: pp:42-51 Note: The dash marke indicates absence o/irrigation by respective source.
185 1
76 20 168 . 356 --------49
1572
Total
12312 , 519,2 10630 14249 1981 3181 3791 1444 2903 5529 1072 2260
64548
I I
I i
I
...... ~ o
'I
141
Hatkanangale (44 per cent), Kagal (33.7 per cent) and Chandgad (31.6 per
cent) were dominant. In case of other classified sources of irrigation, these .. have insignificant share in total irrigated area. One point must be noted here
that, Shirol and Ajra tahsil ( 19.6 per cent of its total irrigated area and 19.4
per cent of its total) were still using traditional 'well' without electricity, as an
important source of irrigation. Except this, all the tahsils have only two
sources one was, river and second was well with electricity.
4.16 Basic Amenities 19
4.16.1 The District Census Handbook (1991:42) also explains the basic .. amenities existed in the district. The district can be placed in the higher rank in
case of availability of amenities. The rural area of the district of the district
enjoys good status of basic amenities (See table No.4.16 & 4.17). The basic
amenities are classified into eight categories, they are- Educational facility,
Medical facility, Drinking Water, Post & Telegraph, Market, Communication,
Approach by Pucca RoaQ and Power Supply. In each classified category, the
district seems to be good, The details of the amenities can be discussed as
below.
4.16.2 Educational Faciliti'es
4.16.2.1 'Kolhapur' District has been one of the most favourably placed
district in the state in the context of educational facilities. Out of all inhabited
villages (1188), 99 per cent of the villages (1178 villages) had got minimum
level of educational facility. There were 1367 primary schools including 82
girls' schools, available in the district. Out of these schools, 703 schools also
142
had higher primary (5th to 7th standat;d) educational facility. But as the
educational level increases, the number of schools gets reduced. For example,
there were only 191 villages having high schools and only 14 villages had pre-
<-
university educational facility, and more worst was that, only 6 villages had
degree colleges. Although higher educational facility was not available, but
minimum educational facility was available in nearly all of the villages. The
educational faCility has covered 99 per cent of the rural population, which was
highly appreciable. There were only 10 villages, which did not have any
educational facility, but for them the school was available at a distance of 5
Kms. In all the towns, higher secondary , pre-university and degree level
educational facilities were available, where a rural student can reach very
easily. From these observat~ons, it appears that 'Kolhapur' District has been
one of the best district in Maharashtra in respect of educational facilities.
4.16.2.2 Tahsilwise analysis shows that, all the tahsils were at the best place in
case of minimum educational facilities. Karvir, Hatkanangale, Bhudargad,
Radhanagari, Bavda and Shahuwadi tahsils have been blessed with cent per
cent educational facilities. i. e. all of the villages in each tahsil, had minimum
educational facility. In case of remaining six tahsils, the proportion of villages
having educational facilities was above 69 per cent. Therefore, it can be stated
that, the educational facilities available in each taltsil was really impressive.
In six tahsils namely, Karvir, Hatkanangale, Bhudargad, Radhanagari, Bavda
and Shahuwadi tahsil, 100 per cent of the population was served by
educational facility. The proportion of rural population served by educational
143
facility was more than 97 per cent. Hence educational facility in all the tahsils I
or in the district was at a best place.·
4.16.3 Medical Facilities
4.16.3.1 The District Census Handbook (1991:45) wrote that, medical
institutions of one or the other type were functioning in 567 villages (47 per
cent of the total villages): These institutions include 'Primary Health Centres'
(PHC) or Sub-Centres. In other words, 621 villages did not have any type of
medical facilities. But one hope" for these villages was that, 424 villages could
get these facilities at a distance of 5 to 10 Kms. The worst conditions was t
hat, .71 villages had to cross a distance of 10 to 15 Kms. for these facilities. If
5 Kms. was assumed· as e~sily reachable distance, then it can be stated that,
991 villages (83 per cent of the total villages) have got medical facilities. In
case of served population, 68 per cent of the district's total rural population
was served by the medical facilities .
.. 4.16.3.2 The tahsil-wise analysis has explained that, the proportion of medical
facilities available in the villages of tahsils varies from 100 per cent in
Radhanagari to 8 per cent in Ajra tahsil. Radhanagari tahsil was alone ,
where cent per cent of .its villages have medical facilities, followed by
Hatkanangale and Shirl (91 per cent and 75 per cent respectively) In case of
other tahsils, there were seven tahsils, namely, Shahuwadi (20 per cent of its
villages), Bavda (25 per cent), Ajra (8 per cent), Chandgad (31 per cent),
Kagal (30 per cent), Karvir (42 per cent) and Panhala (47 per cent), where less
Total No. Sr. No. Tahsil of
Villages
1. Karvir 128 2. ' Panhala 130 3. ' Hatkanangale 06.0 4. Shirol 053 5. Kagal 086 6. Gadhinglaj 093 7. Chandgad 144 8. Ajra 093 9. Bhudargad 107 10. Radhanagari 117 11. Bavda 039 12. Shahuwadi 138
District Total 1188
Table NoA.16 Distribution of Number of Villages according to the availability of different amenities
Education Medical Drinking Post & Market Commu-(No. of Water Telegraph Nication Villages)
128 (100) 54 (42) 128 (100) 85 (66) 08 (6) 118 (92) 128 (98) 62 (47) 130 (100), 36 (27) 11 (8) 112 (86) 060 (100) 5-5 (91) 60 (100), 57 (95) 15 (25) , 56 (93) 051 (96) 40 (75) 53 (100) 48 (90)- ·07 (13) 52 (98) 084 (97) 26 (30) 86 (100) 61 (70) 09 (10) 78 -(90) 092 (99) 58 (62) ., 93 (100) 53 (57) 10 (11) 77 (82)< 143 (98) 45 (31) 144 (100) 45 (31) 13 (9) 78 (54) 091 (97) 08 (8) 93 (100) 58 (62) 05 (5) 60 (64) 107 (100) 64 (59) 107 (100) 52 (48) 04 (4) 70 (65) 117 (1.00) 117 (100) 117 (1.00) ,37 (31) 13 (11) 102 (87) 39 (100) 10 (25) 39 (100) 11 (28) 03 (7) 35.(89) 138 (100) 28 (20) 138 (100) 45 (32) 10 (7) 96 (69)
1178 (99) 567 (47) 1188(1.00) 588 (49) 108 (09) 934 (78)
Source: Compiledjrom District Census Handbook-1991: P:42-43 Note: 1 Figures given in bracket indicates the per cent to the total o/Villages.
2. Figures are rounded upto two decimals.
Approach by Power I
Pucca Supply Road
118 (92) 128 (100) 109 (8:n 130 (100)
I 60 (109) 60 (100) I
38 (71) 53 {100) 49 (56) 86 (100) 30 (32) 93 (100) 37 (25) 144 (100) 32 (34) 89 (95) 40 (37) 104 (97) 62 (52) 117 (10.0) 17 (43) 39 (100) 63 (45) 131 (94)
655 (55) 1174 (99)
-~ ~
Table No.4 .17 Proportion of Rural Population served by different amenities-1991
Total Drinking Post & Commu- Approach by Power· Sr.No. Tahsil Population Education Medical Water Telegraph Market Nication PuccaRoad Supply 1. Karvir 319888 319888 202162 319888 265703 28190 310253 309276 319888
(100) (63) (100) (83) (8) (96) (96) (100) 2. Panhala 203904 202999 151180 203904 111868 56751 193433 192044 203904
(99) (74) (100) (54) (27) (94) (94) (100) 3. Hatkanangale 321275 321275 312604 321275 317929 154835 314426 321275 321275
(100) (97) (100) (98) (48) (97) (100) (100) 4. Shirol
, , 253404 247933 210463 253404 , 243841 74992 251503 203679, 253404 -
(97) (83) (100) (96) (29) (99) (80) (100) 5.- Kagal 184951 183310 80817 184951 1508:33 41233 _ 174267 121021 -184951
(99) (43) - (100) (81) (22) (94) (65) (100) 6. Gadhjnglaj 175214 172748 131176 .. 175214 140516 36565 16387,9 77214 175214
(98) (75) (100) (80) (20) (93) (44) (100) 7. Chandgad 159740 158473 64310 159740 83460 36825 114065 61613 159740
(99) (40) (100) (52) (23) (71) (38) (100) 8. Ajra 106425 106365 31114 10642"5 .82855 24764 _83272 49604 102446
(99) (29) (100) (77) (23) (78) (46) (96) 9. Bhudargad 127545 127545 102777 127545 89353 19521 104247 69607 126178
(100) (80) (100) (70) (15) (81) (54) (98) 10. Radhanagari 169039 169039 169039 169039 97633 51476 160825 107352 169039
(100) (100) (100) (57) (30) (95) (63) (100) 11. Bavda 27781 27781 10911 27781 10640 5104 25433 13741 27781
(100) (39) (100) (38) (18) (91) (49) (100) 12. Shahuwadi 153339 153339 46571 153339 78872 25583 128221 96044 150777
(100) (30) (100) (51) (16) (62) (62) (98)
District Total 2202505 2190695 1514124 2202505 1673500 555839 2023824 1622470 2194597 (99) (68) (100) (75)
-- ~(~~--~12 (73) (99) Source: Compiledfrom District Census Handbook-1991: P:42-43
Note: 1 Figures given in bracket indicates the per cent to the total No. o/Villages. 2. Figures are rounded upto two decimals. -.j:>,. VI
146
than half of its total villages have got medical facilities. The proportion of
rural population served by medical facilities varies from 100 per cent in
Radhanagari to 29 per cent in Ajra tahsil. In Hatkanangale and Shirol tahsil,
97 per cent and 83 per cent of its total rural population were served by this
facility respectively. More than half of the population in 5 tahsils, did not have
medical facility.
4.16.4 Drinking Water Facilities
4.16.4.1 The District Census Handbook (1991: 46) has focused that, ' In
'Kolhapur' District it was heartening to note that, drinking water facilities
were available in almost all the villages of the district.' However, there were
not details about the availability of sufficiency of water throughout the year.
Out of 1188 villages of the district, in 485 villages (41 per cent of total
villages), the drinking water Was supplied through the taps. Another 476
villages (40 per cent) gets from Rivers, and remaining 227 villages (19 per
cent) had other sources as well , hand pump, tank etc. It was found that, 813
villages (68.43 per cent) of the district have more than one type of source of
drinking water supply. Considering the tahsils wise analysis, all the tahsils of
the district had drinking water facilities, ~hich was really impressive. 100 per
cent of the rural popufation in the district or in the each tahsils, were served
by drinking water facilities.
147
4.16.5 Post and Telegraph Facilities
4.16.5.1 In the rural area of 'Kolhapur' District, the facilities of Post and
Telegraph were available in 588 villages (49 per cent of the total villages). 75 ~ .
per cent of the rural population gets these facilities. The District Census
Handbook (1991:47) says' that, approximately there were 26 post offices for
one lakh population in the rural area of the district. Such facilities were not
available in 600 villages (51 per cent) of the district, Out of these as many as
512 villages were situated at a distance of hardly 5 Kms. from the post offices.
Further more, 80 village~ had to cross a distance between 5 to 10 Kms. and
only 8 villages had to cross more than 10 Kms. to get these facilities. If 5
Kms. distance was assumed as ¥asily reachable distance, then it can be stated
that, Out of the total villages of the district, 1100 villages (92.5 per cent) had
Post and Telegraph Facilities.
4.16.5.1Among the tahsils, the percentage of villages having post and
telegraph facilities varies from 95 per cent in Hatkanangale to 27 per cent in
Panhala tahsil. The proportion of having postal facilities in six tahsils was
higher than the district average, they were Karvir (66 per cent of its total
villages), Hatkanangale (95 per eent), Shirol (90 per cent), Kagal(70 per cent),
Gadhinglaj (57 per cent) and Ajra (62 per cent of its total villages). In
Radhanagari and Bavda tahsil, these facilities wo/e available in 3 1 and 28 per
cent of its total villages respectively. Postal services have covered well
number of rural population. In Hatkanangale 98 per cent of the rural
148
.. population was covered by postal services , as against 38 per cent in Bavda ,
tahsil. Here again above six tahsils seems to be dominant to others.
4.16.6 Market Facilities
4.16.6.1 The District Census Handbook (1991:47) has pointed out the Market
facilities existed in 'Kolhapur' District. ' According to it, 'Weekly Market
Facility' was available in 108 villages (09 per cent) of the district. Generally
large villages have at least a few permanent shops, which deal with the daily
necessities of the residents., Besides such shops, there also exists a weekly
markets facility, especially in medium sized villages. It was observed that, the
weekly market was not held in the villages, where the. population was below
500. Out of total villages, 575 villages (48 per cent) were located within a
distance of 5 Kms. from the Market facility village. Again, if 5 Kms. distance
was assumed as easily reachable, then it could be stated that, out of total
villages of the district, as many as 683 villages (57 per cent) had got weekly
market facilities. Another 334 villages (28 per cent) and 171 villages (15 per .. '
cent) have to cross a distance of 5 to 10 Kms. and more than 10 Kms.
respectively. In the present time, shops were available in the villages and
hence weekly market facility cannot be stated as most essential, except in case
of very few villages, which were located in the Valleys. In general 25 per cent
of the rural population of the district was covered by the weekly market
facilities.
149
4.16.6.2Among the tahsils~ the proportion of villages with 'weekly market
facilities' varies from 25 per cent in Hatkanangale tahsil and 4 per cent in
Bhudargad tahsil. In Karvir tahsil, only ~ per cent of its total villages have
such facilities. In case of all the urban tahsils, the position was more or less
same. The proportion of rural population covered by these facilities varies of"
from 48 per cent in Hatkailangale to 8 per cent in Karvir tahsil. In case of ,
Karvir t~i~ since this was a tahsil of urban impact, residents could have
these facilities from the city very easily.
4.16.7 Communication Facilities
4.16.7.1 The District Census Handbook (1991:47) has explained the
communication facilities available in 'Kolhapur' District. According to it, 'if
a bus stop or a railway station or a navigable water way is located within the
territorial jurisdiction of a village, it is considered to have been served by . ,
communication facilities'. In this way, the district enjoys a good system of
conimunication facilities by bus route and rail route. 'Kolhapur', the district
head quarter , has been connected to Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Goa
etc. by the railway line. By bus route, all the destinations of Maharashtraand
Karnataka are connected with the district. But the district does not enjoy
communication by river or water way. As a whole, or in general, out of the
total villages of the district, 934 villages (78 per cent) were enjoying the of" '
communication facilities, which covers 91 per cent of the total rural
population ofthe district. However, 254 villages (22 per cent) had got no such
facilities, of these 199 villages were located at a distance of hardly 5 Kms.
150
from the village where communication facility was available. Another 44
villages have to cross a distance of between 5 to 10 Kms. But in case of 11
villages, the villagers h~d ~o cross more than 10 Kms.
4.16.7.2 Among the tahsils, Shjrol tahsil,( 98 per cent of its total villages)
appears to be the best, which serves 99 per cent of its rural population. As
against, Chandgad tahsils (54 per cent) seems to be weak, which serves 71 per
cent of its rural population. In fours tahsils, more than 90 per cent of its
villages have communication facilities, they were, Karvir (92 per cent of its
total villages), Hatkanangale (93 per cent), Shirol (98 per cent) and Kagal
tahsil (90 per cent). Except Chandgad, in all rural tahsils, more than 60 per
cent of the villages have these facilities. In terms of rural population served
by this facility, all the tahsils were at its best position.
4.16.8 Approach by Pucca Road
4.16.8.1 The District Census Handbook (1991:48) has pointed out that, ' the
road whether 'pucca' or 'kuchcha', are the nervous system of the district. They
act as an important factor for the development of the area.' The Pucca road
includes, the road witlr cement concrete, black top, water bond etc. The total
length of pucca road in the district was about 5656 Kms. (excluding Municipal
Area), out of which 'Zilla Parlshad' maintained 4624 Kms. and remaining
1032 Kms. by Public Works Department. The National Highway No.4 i.e.
MUIphai-Pune-Bangalore Highway passes through 'Kolhapur'. Some other
important state highways were, 'Kolhapur' -Ratnagiri, 'Kolhapur' -Gagan
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Bavda, 'Kolhapur' -Gadhinglaj etc. In case of rural district, such facilities
were available in 'Non Bad' situation. Out of 1188 villages of the district, 655
villages ( 55 per cent) have 'pucca road, which covers 73 per cent of the rural
population of the district. Another 527 villages have Kuchcha road, which
were further connected to pucca road. Only 6 villages of the district were
reported to be accessible by footpath only.
4.16.8.2 Among the tahsils, the proportion of villages having pucca road
facility varies between 100 per cent in Hatkanangale and 25 per cent in
Chandgad tahsils, which has covered 100 per cent and 38 per cent of the its .,. ,
rural population respectively. Karvir (92 per cent of its villages), Panhala (83
per cent) and Shirol tahsil (71 per cent) also seemed to be better. All the urban
tahsils seems to be good here. In case of rural tahsils, except Radhanagari
tahsil (52 per cent), less than 50 per cent of the villages of respective tahsil,
has got pucca road facilities. Similar kind of situation could be found in case
of proportion of rural population served by pucca road facility. However, the
all the urban tahsils seemed to be dominant over the rural tahsils.
4.16.9 Power Supply
4.16.9.1 According the District Census Handbook (1991:49),99 per cent of
the villages and the rural population of the district had got the electricity
facility. There were only 14 villages ,which had no power supply or
electricity, of these 4 villages comes under Ajra tahsil, 3 villages under
Bhudargad and 7 village1' under Shahuwadi tahsil. As a matter of fact, the
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villages, which were cl?s~ to urban centre, were in a better position in respect
of electricity. Generally, the electricity has been used for domestic and
agriculture purpose.
4.16.9.2 Among the tahsils, Except three tahsils, namely, Ajra (95 per
cent of its villages), Bhudargad (97 per cent) and Shahuwadi (94 per cent), all
other tahsils have been electrified to cent per cent. Very similar kind of
situation could be found in case of rural population served by this facility. In
general, the position of.all the tahsils has been satisfactory.
4.17 Conclusion: On the basis .of above all explanation, it can be stated that,
'Kolhapur' District has been enjoying all the basic amenities at a satisfactory
rate. The average number of village, where all classified facilities were
available was 799. i.e. on an average, 67 per cent of the villages of the district
had got all the basic amenities. Further, 79 per cent of the rural population
was served by all the basic amenities. Both figures say that, the position of the
district and all the tahsils of the district seemed to be better. The large villages
had advantages over the small ones. Similarly the villages located near the
urban centres also had advantages in selective amenities. Overall picture has I
explained that, the position of rural tahsils has been weaker than the urban
tahsis. The researcher has analysed the district profile (Kolhapur) in order to
understand the general setting of the district in the context of research. This
has been drawn through secondary source. The researcher has explained the
socio-economic status of Castes of Scheduled Castes in next chapter. The
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empirical analysis based on the survey has been devided into two chapters.
The,social status of Scheduled Castes has been discussed in chapter V and the
economic status has been qiscussed in chapter VI. The details have been given
in respective chapters.
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References:
1. District Census Handbook ('Kolhapur')-1991
2. Maharashtra Gazzettee-'Kolhapur' District-1960, pp-339-342
3. Mudaliyar Shivaji University Publication, 'Kolhapur'
4. District Census Handbook ('Kolhapur')-1991 I
5. Maharashtra Gazzettee-'Kolhapur' District-1960, p-339-344
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. District Census Handbook (' Kolhapur' )-1991 pp.30-36
10. Ibid.
II. Ibid. pp.25-26
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Statistical Abstract - Maharashtra State- 1993 pp.407-416
15. District Census Handbook ('Kolhapur')-1991 pp.36-41
16. Ibid.
17. Statistical Abst~act - Maharashtra ('Kolhapur')- 1993: 407 ~416
18. District Census Handbook (,Kolhapur')-1991 pp.42-52
19. Ibid. pp.42-43