distribution of minor elements in coals of the appalachian ... · investigation of vitrain and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Distribution ofMinor Elementsin Coals of theAppalachian Region
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1117-C
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Distribution of Minor Elements in Coals of the Appalachian RegionBy PETER ZUBOVIC, TAISIA STADNICHENKO, and NOLA B. SHEFFEY
MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1117-C
A study of 15 minor elements in some coals in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1966
-
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
' STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary\ ........
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
William T. Pecora, Director
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents (paper cover)
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CONTENTS
Page Abstract....________.______________________________-----__ ClIntroduction_______ ______________________________________________ 1Acknowledgments--____----_____--__-_-__--_--_---___--------___-_ 2Stratigraphy ______________________________________________________ 2Sampling and sample preparation__.__________________________________ 3Methods of analysis____________________________________________ 15Analytical data_________________________________________________ 16Evaluation and summary of the data________________________________ 16Distribution of elements among coal components.___________________ 16
Comparison of float fractions and whole coal samples______________ 16Comparison of vitrains, fusains, and kettle-bottom coal with blocks of
whole coaL_________________________________________________ 31Comparison of blocks of coal with included pyrite_________________ 32
Comparison of coal samples from the three principal areas of the Appalach- ian region.__ ___________________________________________________ 34
Comparison of coals from various regions of the United States._________ 35Summary and conclusions.________________________________________ 36References ________________________________________________________ 37
ILLUSTRATION
Page FIGTJKE 1. Map showing distribution of coal samples in the Appalachian
region.______________________________________________ C4
TABLES
Page TABLE 1. Location and description of the coal samples ________________ C5
2. Data on flotation of samples____________________________ 123. Spectrochemical analyses of the ash of coal samples of the
Appalachian region____________________________________ 174. Average minor-element content of the ash of the columnar
samples of coal___________________________________-_-_- 275. Average minor-element content of the columnar samples of
coal___________________________________ 296. Average minor-element content of the floated and whole coals _ 317. Average minor-element content of the columnar coal samples
and ash fractions-____________________________________ 318. Analyses of fusains, vitrains, arid blocks of whole coal_______ 339. Analyses of coal samples and included pyrite _______________ 34
10. Average minor-element contents of coal from 3 areas of theAppalachian region____________________________________ 35
11. Average minor-element contents of coals from various regionsof the United States_________________._______ 35
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MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
DISTRIBUTION OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN COALS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION
By PETER ZUBOVIC, TAISIA STADNICHENKO, and NOLA B. SHEFFEY
.ABSTRACT
Spectrochemical analyses were made for beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, molybdenum, tin, yttrium, and lanthanum in 73 columnar samples of coal beds of the Appalachian region. The analyses indicate that coals of the northern area, Ohio, Pennsyl- vania, and Maryland, contain larger quantities of boron, titanium, chromium, nickel, zinc, gallium, germanium, and yttrium than the central or southern areas. The coals of the central area, Kentucky and northern Tennessee, contain the largest amounts of beryllium, tin, and lanthanum. The coals of the southern area, Alabama, Georgia, and southern Tennessee, are highest in vanadium, cobalt, copper, and molybdenum. No definite reason for the differences can be ascribed; however, the fact that these coals vary considerably in stratigraphic position may be a factor. Another factor may be differences in source rocks, as the samples cover a large geographic area.
Analyses of 12 samples of pyrite taken from the coals do not indicate any rela- tion between the minor-element content of the pyrite and coal.
Investigation of vitrain and fusain fractions supports, in general, an organic- affinity series of the elements established in earlier work. Coals of the Appa- lachian region contain much less zinc, boron, and tin than do those of the Northern Great Plains coal province or the Eastern Interior coal region.
INTRODUCTION
Coals of Pennsylvania!! age in the Appalachian region of the eastern United States have been an important factor in the economic development of the country and are well known. Aside from their use as an energy source, they have come to be important to the chem- ical industry, and are known, from previous geochemical studies, to contain high concentrations of some of the minor elements (Headlee and Hunter, 1955; Stadnichenko and others, 1953; Zubovic and others. 196 la).
The distribution of these elements in several important coal beds of Pennsylvanian age that occur over broad parts of the Appalachian region is the subject of this report. Investigation was also made of the distribution of the elements among various organic and inorganic
Cl
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2 MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
components. The elements of interest are beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, molybdenum, tin, yttrium, and lanthanum. It is doubtful whether the concentrations of any of these elements in the coals can be re- garded as economically important at present. This study, however, has been of reconnaissance nature and intended only to search for broad areas that may be of interest in further investigations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the mine operators and the miners who generously gave their time and the use of their equipment, thus easing the many problems of sampling the coals in the mines. Thanks are also due the personnel of the State Geological Surveys of Ohio, Kentucky, and Alabama for their help in acquainting the authors with the coals of their States. J. W. Huddle, of the U.S. Geological Survey, and his coworkers were particularly helpful in sampling the coals of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee.
In the preparation of the samples, the assistance of J. H. Townsend and H. M. Cohen proved to be invaluable. Elizabeth L. Hufschmidt and H. J. Rose, Jr., made some spectrographic analyses of the coal ash before Nola B. Sheffey became associated with the project as a full-time spectrographer.
Many other members of the U.S. Geological Survey extended their help in the interpretation of the geochemical data and in the prepara- tion of this report.
STRATIGRAPHY
In the northern part of the Appalachian region the rocks of Pennsyl- vanian age are divided into four formations which have been named, from oldest to youngest, Pottsville, Allegheny, Conemaugh, and Monongahela. All four of the formations are present in parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia; rocks of Allegheny age or younger are absent south of Kentucky, and those of Monongahela age do not occur south of West Virginia.
In Kentucky, the rocks of Pottsville age are divided into two units: the lower is the Lee Formation and the upper is the Breathitt Forma- tion (Wanless, 1946, p. 10, 63-64; McFarlan, 1943). The Breathitt is equivalent to the Briceville, Jellico of Glenn (1925), Scott, and Anderson Formations in Tennessee, and the Kanawha Formation of southwestern West Virginia. The Pottsville equivalents in southern Tennessee and Georgia are described by Wanless (1946). The many equivalents of the Pottsville rocks in Alabama are discussed by Adams and others (1926, p. 208-230). In addition, coals of the Warrior Basin of Alabama are described by McCalley (1900), those of Georgia
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APPALACHIAN REGION C3
by McCallie (1904), and those of northern Tennessee by Glenn (1925). Shotts (1954) reviews the correlation of the coals and some of the other strata of Alabama, Georgia, and southern Tennessee.
The rock sequences of the southern part of the region are generally much thicker than equivalent ones to the north. Although only a part of the Pottsville is present in Alabama, it is as much as 9,000 feet thick, whereas in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania it is only 1,200 feet thick. In southeastern Kentucky it is about 4,000 feet thick. There is also a rapid thinning of the formations northwest- ward. In Boyd County, Ky., the Pottsville is about 400 feet thick compared to the 4,000 feet in the southeastern part of the State. Similarly, the unit thins from 1,200 feet in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania to about 250 feet in Ohio. In a similar manner, a considerable thinning takes place in the Pottsville of Alabama and also in younger Pennsylvanian strata where present.
The coal beds, as well as Pennsylvania!! strata in general, are intensely folded along their southeastern outcrops, and the intensity of folding decreases northwestward. Folding is especially intense in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania and in the Coosa arid Cahaba fields of Alabama. The Paleozoic strata in the northern part of the Appalachians are generally intensely folded, whereas in the southern part the folds are ruptured, resulting in faults and thrust blocks. The rank of the coal increases in a southeasterly direction. This is related directly to the thickening of the formations, and thus the depth of burial, and to an increase in intensity of deformation.
SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
A group of 73 columnar samples of coal were collected, as tabulated in table 1. The geographic distribution of sampling localities is shown in figure 1. The localities fall within three general groups those in the northern, central, and southern parts of the Appalachian region. The stratigraphic distribution of the sampling localities within each of these areas (table 1) is not entirely representative of the coal beds present; the best stratigraphic coverage is in Kentucky and Alabama.
All the samples were collected from operating underground mines or from operating or recently abandoned strip mines. The beds were sampled by cutting out a series of blocks of the coal across the entire thickness of the beds. The size of such blocks was determined by changes in the macroscopic character of the coal. Where a large part of the bed appeared to be uniform, the coal was broken into blocks which were easier to wrap, pack, and ship. Later, in the laboratory, such uniform series of blocks were composited into a single
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C4 MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
sample. A series of blocks of coal that represent the entire thickness of the bed at the sampled locality is called a columnar sample of the
bed.A total of 466 blocks of coal, representing 73 columnar samples,
were collected and analyzed. Because many of the individual blocks were combined, the 466 blocks are represented by 376 analyses. In addition, 3 samples of vitrain, 4 of fusain, 1 of kettle-bottom coal, and 12 samples of included pyrite were analyzed.
...
OHIO
Area underlain by coal(Boundary approximate)
21Sample locality
Number refers to table 1
FIGURE 1 -Map showing distribution of coal samples in the Appalachian region. Modified from Averitt,1942.
-
TAB
LE 1.
Loc
atio
n an
d de
scri
ptio
n of
the
coal
sam
ples
[L
eade
rs in
dica
te n
o m
easu
rem
ent m
ade]
Loc
ality
(fi
g. 1
) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 2
Coa
l co
lum
n
O-L
-MK
____
-___
O-M
al-M
K--
.._
O-S
B-M
K--
___-
O-S
C14-
MK
_ __
_
O-S
H-M
K__
__-_
O- W
-MK
L _
____
_
O-M
-LK
____
____
O-M
ag-L
K__
_.__
O-M
al-L
K__
____
Cou
nty
Col
umbi
ana
_
Car
rolL
___
___
Cos
hoct
on__
__
Sta
rk
____
__
T-'
p'P
l'V
Sta
rk__
____
_-
___.
_do_
____
_-
Min
e an
d lo
catio
n Ohio
J. a
nd R
. C
oal
Co.
min
e,ne
ar G
uilf
ord
Lak
e,
Lis
bon.
Sta
rk C
eram
ics
Co.
min
e, o
nC
amer
oii
farm
, ne
ar
Mal
vern
. A
band
oned
min
e, o
n H
arri
sfa
rm,
near
Sun
nybr
ook.
Eas
t C
anto
n.
Sun
nyhi
ll C
oal
Co.
, S
unny
-hi
ll N
o. 8
min
e, N
ew
Lex
ingt
on.
Exp
osur
e, n
ear
R.
and
W.
Coa
l C
o. m
ine,
abo
ut 2
m
iles
eas
t-no
rthe
ast
of
Wel
lsto
n, o
n ro
ute
349.
B
illm
an C
oal
Co.
min
e, o
nM
ille
r fa
rm,
near
Way
nes-
bu
rg.
Mag
noli
a M
inin
g C
o.,
Mag
-no
lia
min
e, o
n M
cCal
l fa
rm,
near
Way
nesb
urg.
Cam
eron
far
m,
near
M
alve
rn.
Coa
l bed
and
geo
logi
c fo
rmat
ion
Mid
dle
Kit
tan-
ning
(A
lle-
ghen
y F
or-
tion
) .
____
do_-
____
-_-_
____
_do_
____
____
__._
_do_
____
____
____
_do_
____
____
____
_do_
____
.___
Low
er K
itta
n-
ning
(A
lle-
ghen
y F
or-
mat
ion)
. __
_-.d
o___
____
_.
____
_do_
____
.___
Thi
ck-
ness
of
bed
(f
eet)
4. 1
7
2. 8
0
3.03
2.49
3.9
5
1.81
1.90
Num
- be
r of
bl
ocks 8 6 4 9 17 11 11 7 7
Per
cent
of
bed
an
alyz
ed
100
100 75 98 90 39 100
100
100
Rem
arks
Str
ip m
ine.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
o
-
TABL
E 1.
L
ocat
ion
and
desc
ript
ion
of t
he c
oal
sam
ples
C
onti
nued
O5
Loc
alit
y (f
ig.
1)C
oal c
olum
nC
ounty
Min
e an
d lo
catio
nC
oal b
ed a
nd g
eolo
gic
form
atio
n
Thi
ck-
ness
of
bed
(f
eet)
Num
- be
r of
bl
ocks
Per
cent
of
bed
an
alyz
edR
emar
ks
Ohio
Con
tinu
ed
4 5 4 4 4 5 8
O-M
e-L
K__..._
.
O"D
T
T?"
O-S
C13-
LK
_..___
O-S
C14-
LK
__ _
_
O-S
C20
-LK
____
-_
O-S
H-L
K
____
_
O-T
-LK
____
_.__
Sta
rk. _
__ _
_
Sta
rk__
___
___ d
o __ _
__
____
_do_
-.__
__
"PpV
TV
Tus
cara
was
__
Met
ropo
lita
n C
lay
Co.
min
e,
sout
heas
t of
Eas
t C
anto
n.
Flo
yd A
ngle
Coa
l C
o. m
ine,
ne
ar J
unct
ion
Cit
y.
Sta
rk C
eram
ics
Co.
, pit
13,
E
ast
Can
ton.
S
tark
Cer
amic
s C
o.,
pit
14,
E
ast
Can
ton.
S
tark
Cer
amic
s C
o.,
pit
20,
E
ast
Can
ton.
S
unny
hill
Coa
l C
o.,
Sun
ny-
hill
No.
8 m
ine,
New
L
exin
gton
. C
oppe
rhea
d C
oal
Co.
, In
c.,
Cop
perh
ead
min
e, n
ear
Sug
ar C
reek
.
Low
er K
itta
n-
ning
(A
lle-
ghen
y F
or-
mat
ion)
. _
__d
o _ . ___
____
_do_
__--
_--_
___-
_do_
____
_-_
____
.do_
____
__
____
_do_
____
_ _
2. 1
2
3.41
2. 1
8
1.87
2.2
3
3.1
4
7 8 5 4 7 6 7
100
100
100
100 90
100
100
Str
ip m
ine.
g t i 0
D°-
a fHD
o.
t=j
Do.
M
Do.
- 02
Do.
%
Do.
i o >
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia
^
9P
a-P
i-L
KA
rmst
rong
. ___
Fre
ebro
ok C
orp.
, P
itts
haw
N
o. 1
5 m
ine,
Kit
tann
ing.
Low
er K
itta
n-
ning
(A
lle-
ghen
y F
or-
mat
ion.
)
3.2
44
73D
o.
8
Mar
yla
nd
10M
d-U
p-L
K _
____
Upp
erm
an m
ine,
nea
r D
eer
Par
k.L
ower
Kit
tan-
ning
(A
lle-
ghen
y F
or-
mat
ion.
)
4. 0
07
90D
rift
'min
e.
-
Ken
tuck
y
11 12 13 14 15 12 13 13 16 16 17
Ky-
UE
-SL
____
__
Ky-
Dia
-Hg.
___
__
Ky-
Har
-H8_
____
_
Ky-
BD
-Le _
____
_
Ky-
Col
i-H
4___
___
Ky-
Col
_-H
4___
___
Ky-
Sx-
H4_
____
__
Ky-
SL-W
h___
___
Ky-
PC
-Am
- -_
_
Per
ry
_
do
Bel
l ___ _ -
__ _
do _ _
_
Let
cher
____
__
_
_d
o
____
Sky
line
min
e, E
vans
ton.
min
e, D
iabl
ock.
Har
veyt
on.
Lea
ther
woo
d N
o. 1
min
e,
Loa
ther
woo
d.
y B
lack
Cre
ek m
ine,
nor
th
*'! of
Pru
den,
Ten
ness
ee.
Alg
oma
min
e, L
otha
ir.
Col
umbu
s N
o. 4
min
e,
Alla
is.
Col
umbu
s N
o. 6
min
e,
Alla
is.
Ed
Sex
ton
Coa
l C
o. N
o. 1
min
e, n
ear
Whi
tesb
urg.
S
andl
ick
Coa
l C
o.,
San
dlic
km
ine,
Whi
tesb
urg.
Am
burg
y m
ine,
Am
burg
y.
(Bre
ath
itt
For
mat
ion)
.
(Bre
ath
itt
For
mat
ion)
. H
azar
d N
o. 6
(Bre
athi
tt
For
mat
ion)
.
(Lea
ther
- w
ood)
(B
reat
hit
t F
orm
atio
n) .
,»*(
Brc
athi
tt
£'
For
mat
ion)
.
f (F
irec
lay)
li
(B
reat
hitt
4,
For
mat
ion)
. _
__do do do
Whi
tesb
urg
(Bre
athi
tt
For
mat
ion)
. A
mbu
rgy
(Bre
ath
itt
For
mat
ion)
.
10.
74
4. 3
4
3. 6
0
3.81
3. 5
9
3. 1
5
2. 2
3
2. 9
5
4. 7
5
3. 6
4
4. 2
1
15 13 7 6 12 8 8 15 13 11
Q7
100
100
100 56 71 100
100 31 100
100
Dri
ft m
ine.
Do.
Do.
Do.
£ o
K
Do.
£ K
Do.
2 o
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
O
-
C8 MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
1rt
I o O
*g*£?
8*S
.!
"e *
-
Ten
ness
ee
24 25 26 26 27 28 29
Ten
n-R
&P-
D__
_ _
Ten
n-A
-J_-
_ __ _
Tei
m-D
-J__
____
__
Tcn
n-E
-J_
____
___
Tcn
n-V
-K.-
_-__
_
Ten
n-R
e-S_
____
_
Ten
n-V
a-S
___
_
____
_do-
___-
-_
Cla
ibor
ne__
___
do
Gru
ndy_
___
_
Co.
min
e, B
rice
vill
c.
Blu
e R
ose
min
e, M
orle
y.
Dip
pel
& D
ippe
l C
oal
Co.
min
e,
Cla
irfi
eld.
Eag
an m
ine,
Eag
an.
Ani
hras
min
e, V
aspc
r.
cal
Cor
p.,
Ree
l's C
ove
min
e, W
hitw
ell.
Ten
ncss
see
Con
soli
date
dC
oal
Co.
, P
alm
er m
ine,
P
alm
er.
itt
For
ma-
ti
on) .
itt
For
ma-
ti
on).
(Brc
athit
t F
orm
atio
n) .
itt
For
ma-
ti
on) .
K
ent
(Coa
lC
reek
) (B
reat
hit
t F
orm
atio
n).
For
mat
ion)
.
____
.do
_._
._._
_
3.4
9
A tQ
2.6
2
2. 5
5
3. 5
8
3. 7
7
3. 5
9
12 12 9 6 12 10 9
35 50 42 42 42
7
48
Dri
ft m
ine.
Do.
Str
ip m
ine.
Dri
ft m
ine.
Slop
e m
ine.
Dri
ft m
ine.
Sha
ft m
ine.
tet
O
Geo
rgia
30 30 30
Ga-
B-5
_.._
___
___
Ga-
Bl-
5-__
_-__
__
Ga-
W-4
___
____
____
___d
o___
____
near
Ris
ing
Faw
n.
Ris
ing
Faw
n.
Ris
ing
Faw
n.
Tat
um
No.
5(L
ee F
orm
a-
tion
) .
____
_clo
____
____
_
Tat
um
No.
4(L
ee F
orm
a-
tion
).
1. 6
4
1. 4
6
1.63
4 4 3
q
100 78
Do.
O
-
TABL
E 1.
Lo
catio
n an
d de
scri
ptio
n of
the
coal
sam
ples
C
onti
nued
2 , >
Lo
calit
y (f
ig.
1)C
oal
colu
mn
Cou
nty
Min
e an
d lo
catio
nC
oal b
ed a
nd g
eolo
gic
form
atio
n
Thi
ck-
ness
of
bed
(f
eet)
Num
- be
r of
bl
ocks
Per
cent
of
bed
an
alyz
ed
Rem
arks
Ala
bam
at*
31 31 32
31
31 32
31 33 34 34
Ala
-Mi-
B(R
)___
__
Ala
-Mi-
B__
.___
__
Ala
-T-B
_. _
..._
_
Ala
-TH
-B._
_>._
_
Ala
-Mi-
Mi-
--
_
Ala
-T-M
i. __
____
Ala
-TH
-Mi_
__._
Ala
-Da-
P_ _
____
_
Ala
-G-P
_ __
____
_
Ala
-G-N
P. _
____
_
Tus
calo
osa.
_ _
-__
__
do
---_
-
_--_
_do_
____
_-
____
_do_
.-__
_-
____
_do-
__-_
-
__
_-_
do
-_--
_-
_.
_ do
Jeff
erso
n __
__
do
Mit
chel
l B
ros.
Con
stru
ctio
n C
o. m
ine,
2 m
iles
no
rth
of
Bro
okw
ood.
__._
_do_
__ _
_ _
__-_
_ _
Tw
in B
eam
Min
ing
Co.
, K
elle
rman
min
e, S
earl
es.
Tox
ey a
nd H
osm
er C
oal
Co.
m
ine,
nea
r B
rook
woo
d.
Mit
chel
l B
ros.
Con
stru
ctio
n C
o. m
ine,
nea
r B
rook
- w
ood.
T
win
Sea
m M
inin
g C
o.,
Kel
lerm
an m
ine,
Sea
rles
. T
oxey
and
Hos
mer
Coa
l C
o. m
ine,
nea
r B
rook
- w
ood.
D
avid
son
Coa
l C
o.,
Dav
id-
son
No.
9 m
ine,
nea
r A
dam
svill
e, o
n ro
ute
1.
Ala
bam
a Po
wer
Co.
, G
orga
s m
ine,
Gor
gas.
do
.
Rid
er (
abov
e B
rook
woo
d be
d).
(Pot
ts-
ville
For
ma-
tio
n) .
Bro
okw
ood
(Pot
tsvi
lle
For
mat
ion)
. __
___d
o___
__-_
__
____
_do_
____
_-__
Mill
dale
(P
otts
vill
e F
orm
atio
n).
_ __ d
o___
____
__
_--_
_do.
____
-_._
Pra
tt (
Pot
ts-
ville
For
ma-
ti
on).
_-
___d
o _ __
_ _
Nic
kel
Pla
te
(Pot
tsvi
lle
For
mat
ion)
.
1.24
2. 9
5
2.91
2. 8
9
2.27
2.08
2. 5
1
2. 5
5
1.35
5 11 9 9 7 6 6 6 2 6
100 41 38
86
59 69 47 47 100
M
Str
ip m
ine.
^
» H
f
H
Do.
g H
Z
j
Dri
ft m
ine.
cc
Str
ip m
ine.
§
Do.
|j s
Dri
ft m
ine.
o
Str
ip m
ine.
O
OD
rift
min
e.
F" OQ
Nea
r m
ine
en-
tran
ce.
Top
an
d bo
ttom
of
bed.
E
xpos
ure
near
m
ine.
-
APPALACHIAN REGION Cll
£S p-lp
a =ft
t
. d 02 52 PI -el .3sis
02 08'*" ft
. PI
00Th
Oco
dd-pH §'
'-j|
£^§O -i-5 « fl O g fl^p
- =3 ,9 s- d CD
feert >!s
-
C12 MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
In the laboratory, the blocks were either broken or cut in half; one-half was rewrapped and put into storage. The other half was broken into pieces small enough that the visible noncoaly matter, such as lenses or fracture fillings of pyrite, calcite, or shale, could be removed from the sample. Twelve samples of pyrite were analyzed for minor elements. In the latter stages of the project, many of the high-ash coals were floated to remove mineral matter.
The samples were crushed to pass through a 100-mesh sieve. Ten grams of this 100-mesh coal from each of the block samples were placed in a cold muffle furnace. The temperature was then gradually raised to 450°C and held there until all the organic matter was oxidized. Ash derived from coal at this temperature may differ somewhat from that derived from combustion at higher temperatures. At higher temperatures larger amounts of volatile inorganic constitu- ents may be lost.
In the flotation process a 100-mesh-size fraction was centrifuged in ethyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (specific gravity ranging from 1.32 to 1.36), for 20 minutes. The float fraction was decanted into a Btichner funnel, dried, ashed, and analyzed spectrographically. The percentages of float material recovered and the ash contents of the material are given in table 2.
The lighter fractions of the coal separated by the flotation process are of interest for two reasons: (1) a large part of their minor-element content is chemically bound to organic constituents rather than mineral matter, and (2) the lighter fraction is roughly comparable to coals cleaned by mechanical means before shipping (Averitt, 1961, p. 25), and hence, more comparable to coal from which commercial separation of minor elements might be attempted. Horton and Aubrey (1950) found that germanium and other elements tend to be associated with lighter float fractions.
TABLE 2. Data on flotation of samples
[Location of samples shown In table 1]
Coal block No.Specific gravity
of floating medium.
Float fraction (percent)
Ash (percent of float fraction)
Ky UE-SL
l-2__ _.-_--_-_--_--_____.____.__9-12_______--_____________________14-18_ _ .__- ____.__19-23-. __________________________24-31--_-__--___-_-_---_._. _______33-35. _____ _ __ __ __ __ _. _36-37__-----___--____-____________
1.321. 321.321. 321. 321. 321.32
60. 1647.5416.6425.8757.7422. 3718.00
2.062.292.942.471.852.433.08
-
APPALACHIAN REGION
Table 2. Data on flotation of samples Continued
C13
Coal block No.Specific gravity
of floating medium
Float fraction (percent)
Ash (percent of float fraction)
Ky Har-He
1.36 10-12..___________________________ 1. 34
___________________________ Ky BD-Le
2-4_______________________________ 1. 325-7____________-___-______._______ 1. 32
_____________________________Ky Al-Hj_____
2-3_______._______________________ 1. 324-7_______._______________________ 1. 3212________________________________ 1. 32
Ky Colg-KU
5-6_______________________ 1. 32
Ky SL-Wh
2-3.---.______________________ 1. 324-6.___.__________________________ 1. 3211-13____._____________________..__ 1. 34
Ky PC-Am
2-3____--_.____________________..__ 1. 344-6.______________________...._ 1. 327-9_______ _ _ 1.3210-11__________________________.__ 1. 34
Ky EJ-E3
7-11._______________________ 1. 3212-14_________.___________________ 1. 34
Ky Hx-E3
8c_.________________________ 1. 36
Ky Wo-J
l-2a_.__________________ 1. 323-5_____________________________ 1. 32
Ky B&S-Ej
la__-__-_-______-_-__---_--__-___- 1. 32
12. 6247.33
5. 383.74
68.0266.02
1. 632.93
21. 8077. 1221.80
4 072. 064. 07
39.23 2. 84
73. 0953. 3428. 12
1. 631. 713. 54
34.2680. 8684. 0362. 50
3. 301. 862. 312. 72
61. 9415. 19
1.772.47
23.75 5. 35
46.6978. 56
2.421.20
98.04 1. 11
21S-J790 66 3
-
C14 MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
TABLE 2. Data on flotation of samples Continued
Coal block No.Specific gravity
of floating medium
Float fraction (percent)
Ash (percent of float fraction)
Ky GV2-Ei
2-4. _ _._ __ __. _ _ _____ ___8-9-___-____------__-_-___________
1. 32 1.32
75. 0982. 84
2. 15 1.94
Ky-IH-Ha
la ___ ._ _. . __ ___ _ ___ _lb-____-__-_______-___-____.______
1. 32 1. 32
83. 86 78.43
1.00 1. 02
Ala-Mi -B(R)
12-3 . _____4__ _ _ ____ _
1.36 1. 32 1. 32
23. 79 21.62 53.46
4.06 2.39 2.21
Ala-TH-B
!___ _ __ ____ _ __ _3-4____________.__._______________5-6____________-____-____.________Ra
1. 32 1.34 1.34 1.36
62.68 48.01 61.41 12.79
2.76 4.25 3. 544.97
Ala-G-P
T_ ._ ________ 1.32 45.66 3. 67
Ala-G-NP
12-3__--____--_---_--______________5-6
1. 36 1. 36 1.36
43. 4242. 52 76.99
7. 10 9.82 6.90
Ala-Ga-ML
1 _ _ __ .2-3__-_____--___-_-______-________4-6 _ _ .._-.______-__7-8 9_ _ __ -__ ___ .
1.32 1. 34 1.34 1.34 1. 34
28. 21 38.51 38.39 42.60 35. 63
4. 132. 95 6. 12 5. 182.70
Ala-Ma-J
23_ _____4-5_____-____ ____ ______________9. _ _.. _ __ _ ___ _ __
1.30 1. 30 1.32 1. 32
59. 52 38.24 26.4338.98
2.51 1.71 1.00 3.02
Ala-Mai-J
4-6 __ __ __ _ __ ____ _ _7-8.___-._ _ _____ _ _______ _ ___
1.32 1.32
58.74 67.24
2.69 2.35
-
APPALACHIAN REGION C15
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Blocks of coal were selected for spectrographic analysis on the basis of preliminary determinations of germanium and molybdenum. Blocks having low concentrations of these elements, particularly germanium, were combined into composite samples, and many of these were floated because of their high ash content. The prelimi- nary germanium and molybdenum determinations were made by rapid methods (Zubovic and others, 1961a). The final germanium and molybdenum determinations, as well as the determinations for 13 other elements, were done by a quantitative spectrographic procedure.
The quantitative spectrographic procedure used has been described by Zubovic and others (1961a, p. 18-20); therefore, only a brief outline of the method is given here.
The total energy method, employing d-c arc excitation of samples and synthetic standard, was used. The spectra of samples and standards are recorded on photographic plates that cover the wave- length region 2300-4700 A with a dispersion of 5 A per millimeter. The transmittances of the analytical lines were measured with a microphotometer, and the photographic plates -were calibrated by using a set of homologous iron lines for which relative intensities are known (Dieke and Crosswhite, 1943). By the use of synthetic standards, analytical curves were constructed wilich relate the loga- rithm of intensity of analytical lines to the logarithm of concentration. Concentrations of the various elements were determined from these curves.
The spectral lines used and the corresponding detection limits are listed below:
Spectral lines and corresponding detection limits
Element
B...., ...... ..........Be...................
Cd.__ . . .Co.. .. ...............
Cr.. ...............
Cu-.... . . ..__
Ga.. ..............Ge. ..................
Wavelength(angstrom
units)
2497. 7332348. 6103131. 0723261. 057
3449. 1703449. 411AffKA Q^A
3021. 5583024. 3503273. 9622824. 3692943. 637
3039. 064
Limit ofdetection(weightpercentof ash)
0. 001.0001.001.005.0005.001.002.0001.001.005.0001.05.0005nnl
.002
I
Element
La...... .... ... ...... .
Mo . .Ni._ .... ...
Sn._ ..............Ti..
V.. . .. ....
Y
Zn... . .. - _
Wavelength(angstrom
units)
4333. 7343337. 4883170. 3463414. 765
3175. 0193261. 605
3185. 3%3183. 4064374. 9353327. 8753345. 020
Limit ofdetection(weightpercentof ash)
0.003.01.0005.0005.001.001.005.05.001.001.001.002.01
-
C16 MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
The final analytical results are, in general, averages of two deter- minations made on separate plates. The overall coefficient of varia- tion for the mean of such duplicates for all the elements is ±15 percent.
ANALYTICAL DATA
The minor-element content of the ash of each of the individual and composite block samples comprising the 73 columnar coal samples is given in table 3.
Table 4 shows the average minor-element content of ash in weight percent for each of the columnar samples. Table 5 shows the aver- age content of the elements on the basis of parts per million in coal for each of the columnar samples. The averages for columnar samples in which more than 75 percent of the bed was analyzed were computed on a weighted basis using the thickness of the analyzed blocks making up the columnar sample. The other averages are unweighted.
EVALUATION AND SUMMARY OF THE DATA
The analytical data in table 3 and the columnar-sample averages in tables 4 and 5 may not be representative of the minor-element content of the sampled beds. This study was reconnaissance in nature and in most places too few samples were obtained from any one bed. How- ever, this study does provide a groundwork for further geochemical investigations that may be undertaken.
In the computation of some averages given in this report, analyses of float fractions of the coals were used along with analyses of coals not separated in this manner. Where this was done, the resulting averages for particular elements are somewhat different from those that would have been obtained if the float fractions were not included. However, the averages given in table 6 for floated and unfloated samples from the same general areas demonstrate that the effects of this procedure are not great for most elements.
The estimated average minor-element contents of coals of the Appalachian region and their ash fractions are given in table 7. These figures were derived from the averages for the columnar samples given in tables 4 and 5.
DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS AMONG COAL COMPONENTS
COMPARISON OF FLOAT FRACTIONS AND WHOLE COAL SAMPLES
Average minor-element contents of coals, with averages for float fractions of coals from the same areas, have been given in table 6. The elements found to be more highly concentrated in the float frac-
-
TA
BL
E 3
. Sp
ectr
oche
mic
al a
naly
ses
of
the
ash
of c
oal
sam
ples
of
the
Ap
pa
lach
ian
reg
ion
[Fig
ures
ind
icat
e pe
rcen
t by w
eigh
t: *
, vis
ual
esti
mat
e; O
, be
low
liin
it o
f de
tect
ion;
lea
ders
ind
icat
e no
ana
lysi
s m
ade;
f, f
loat
ed s
ampl
e; F
, fu
saia
; V
, vi
trai
n;
a, b
, c,
sub
divi
sion
of a
blo
ck c
olle
cted
as
a un
it.
Loc
atio
n of
sam
ples
sho
wn
in t
able
1]
Sam
ple
O-L
-MK
... .
O-M
al-M
K....... .
O-S
B-M
K ~
-
O-S
Cu
-MK
....
...
0-S
H-M
K. . .
Blo
ck
No.
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 3 4 5 64
F4V
1 2 3 4IV 5V
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 93F 4F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Thi
ck-
ness
(f
eet)
0.44 .27
.55
.18
.30
.75
.88
.80
.37
.20
.83
.53
.50
.37
.30
.CO
.40
.16
.30
.84
.06
.12
Ash
12.2
48.
3411
.76
9.70
13.0
09.
248.
7812
.54
6.34
11.6
4y.2
46.
565.
567.
4813
.04
3.50
2.10
2.80
2.70
6.00
6 94
5.66
17.5
04.
686.
546.
72
11. 2
218
.10
13.6
041
.72
43.7
623
.68
31.1
426
.24
32.2
420
.48
Be
.000
1.0
01.0
003
.000
3.0
009
.003
.002
5
.001
.003
.001
.001
.005
.001
.01
.002
.04 00
7
.001
.001
.000
8.0
02.0
03.0
02
.002
.000
1
.001
.002
.000
4.0
003
.000
4.0
02
B
0.02
1
.03*
.04*
.03*
.05*
.05*
.09* r>* .07*
.03*
Ti
.2 .2 .3 .3 .4 .7 .86
.6 .5 .6
V .008
.01
.01
.009
.OH
.04 03 .009
.02
.02
.01
.04
.03
.009
0 .01 .0
4.0
2.0
3.0
2
.04
0 .03 .U
U7
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
Cr
. 003
. 003
.0'
.005
.04
.033
.01
.03
.0-'
.02
. 002
.01
.02
.000
8.0
05
. 003
.009
.006
.02
.01
.006
Co
. 002
.002
. 002
.001
.002
.01
.025 00
''.0
02.0
(12
. 005
.003
.003
.001
. 002 002
. 003
.002
.02
0 .00
2.0
02.0
02.0
009
.001
.001
.001
.001
Ni
.005
.008
.008
.005
.01
.06
.09
.01
.04
.01
.01
.01
.003
.004
.003
.008
.000
.003
.01
.01
.003
.003
.002
.003
.003
Cu
.01
.009
.02
.008
.02
.03
.033
.005
.01
.02
.01
.07
.02
.01
.02
.02
.009
.04
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.007
.03
.006
.005
.008
.003
.006
.008
Zn
.03
.03
0 0 0 0 .03
0 0 0 0 .3
0 0 .06 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .03
0 0 0 0 0
Ga
.003
.003
.003
.004
.009
.014
.0
1.0
08.0
07.0
07.0
08.0
1
.007
.005
.008
.03
.004
.003
.003
.006
.006
.009
.01
0 .00
3
.003
.003
.002
.005
.002
.003
Qe
0 0 0 0 0 .00
9.0
14
.03
.008
.002
.03
.002
.004 no .004
0 0 0 0 .00
4
.02
0 0 .00
4.0
03
0 0 0 0
Mo
.004
.005
.004
.003
.004
.006
.006
.0
02.0
02.0
01. 0
01.0
02.0
030 .
008
.006
.003
.007
AA
K
QQ
9
.00
3
0
.006
0 0 .00
1
no°
.002
0 0 0 0 0
Sn
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Y
0.02 .02
.01
.03
.01
.05
.04
0 .02 .0
2.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
50 .
04 .03
.02
.04
.08
.08
.2 0 0 .01 .02
.01
.01
.008
.009
.01
La
0.01 .007
.006
.02
.01
.03
.02
.018
0 0 .
01 .008
0 0 .00
8.0
07
0 .00
8.0
1.0
08.0
1.0
1
.02
.01
0 .03 .01
.01
.01
.01
.009
.02
See
foot
note
s at
end
of t
able
.
-
TAB
LE 3
. Sp
ectr
oche
mic
al a
naly
ses
of th
e as
h of
coa
l sa
mpl
es o
f th
e A
ppal
achi
an r
egio
n C
onti
nued
Sam
ple
O-S
H-M
K..
_ .
..._
O-W
-MK
- ..
.
O-M
-LK
. _
-_
0-M
ag-L
K--
..-
0-M
al-L
K........
O-M
e-L
K _
.....
Blo
ck
No.
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 2 3
4-10 11
2 3 4 5 «56 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27 7V1 2 3
Thi
ck-
ness
(f
eet)
0.13 .10
.29
1.53 .44 05 .20
.65
.20
.64
.09
.37
.38
.50
.62
.25
.04
.37
.10
.50
.15
.30
.35
.07
.12
.67
.29
.20
.25
.30
.12
.15
.20
Ash 5.22
7.78
8.82
9.98
7.66
4.44
8.32
11.5
020
.54
20.3
0 11
.84
4.06
4.
704.
0026
.62
13.2
86.
306.
887.
2421
.90
5.48
10.3
67.
025.
9820
.48
18.3
06.
1616
.92
4.38
3.84
6.39
27.8
826
.14
3.56
3.00
3.34
4.50
3.54
6.86
4.60
24.4
229
.66
32.6
0
Be
.001
.000
4.0
008
.002
.002
.006
.003
.009
.003
.001
.0
03
.01
.01
.003
.003
.000
7.0
03.0
02.0
003
.000
1.0
005
.000
7.0
04.0
02.0
03.0
03.0
04.0
009
.004
.004
.003
.000
5.0
005
.002
.002
.001
.001
.002
.004
.001
.001
.001
.000
8
B
0.04 .03
.05*
.8
Ti
0.1 .0
8.3 .3 .0
8.1 .0
6.0
8
.3
.3 .4 .1
V
0.02 .005
.03
.03
.006
.008
.006
.01
.033
.02
.02
.078
.3 .0
6.0
04.0
1.0
1.0
07.0
010 .
001
.004
.02
.08
.03
.03
.02
.005
.05
.05
.03
.02
.02
.04
.02
.01
.04
.05
.03
.009
.03
.01
.001
Cr
0.01 .003
.02
.009
.003
.003
.002
.003
.034
.02
.04
.055
no .03
.003
.01
.02
.003
.001
.000
3.0
01.0
02.0
4.0
3.0
06.0
2.0
3.0
03.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
09.0
05.0
02.0
3.0
09.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
07
Co
0.00
3.0
02.0
02
.005
.002
.002
0 0 .00
44.0
03
.002
.03
.004
.002
.001
.001
.003
.002
.000
9.0
003
.000
8.0
02.0
04.0
05.0
06.0
03.0
06.0
03.0
06.0
06.0
1.0
02.0
02.0
1.0
1.0
06.0
07.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
02.0
02.0
02
Ni
0.00
8.0
03.0
05
.003
.002
.003
.002
.003
.01
.03
.06
.03
.03
.005
.002
.002
.01
.001
.000
6.0
01.0
03.0
08.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
6.0
07.0
07.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.2 .1
2.1 .0
9.0
03.0
2
Cu
0.00
5.0
03.0
08
.006
.008
.008
.006
.006
.018
.005
.0
1
.054
.5 .0
4.0
02.0
3.0
04.0
03.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
1.0
7.0
09.0
06.0
2.0
07.0
08.0
08.0
3.0
09.0
1.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.1 .0
30 .
03 .009
.02
Zn
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0 .02
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0 0 .04 .0
5.0
30 0 .
040 0 0 0 0 0 .
050 0 0 0 0 0 .
1 .05
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Ga
0.00
5.0
03.0
06
.004
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.003
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.01
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2
.03
.02
.009
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.003
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007
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3.0
03.0
06.0
2.0
06.0
07.0
08.0
06.0
1.0
09.0
3.0
06.0
06.0
09.0
08.0
04.0
1.0
7.0
2.0
3.0
03.0
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04
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002
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003
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Mo
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00
2.0
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004
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1.0
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001
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0 .00
1.0
02.0
01.0
03.0
06.0
08.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
05.0
03.0
1.0
04.0
04.0
1.0
010
Sn
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
009
0 0 0 0
Y
0.02 .01
.01
.01
.01
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3.0
1.0
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2.0
40 .
05 .07
.03
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.008
.04
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0.04
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20 0 0 0 .
01 .007
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1
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1.0
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O H-» 00
-
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.
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.
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.
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Czo
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.
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.
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.
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.
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429
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3
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8
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.015
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1.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
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2.0
2.0
2.0
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1.0
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2
.006
.007 nn
Q
.003
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .09
3
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007
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2 nn^
.002
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0 .00
5.0
01.0
08.0
08.0
060 0 0 0 .
001
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0 .00
4.0
02.0
30 .
004
0 .00
5.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
04
.002
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4 nnfi
0 0 0 .02 .0
30 0 0 0 .
001
.03
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0 0 .00
80 0 0
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0
QQ
9
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0 .00
20 .
001
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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0 .01 .0
2.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
02.0
2.0
2.0
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2.0
1.0
2
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.01
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78
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .01
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10 0 0 .
010 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
02 .01
0 .01
0 .05 .0
6
See
foot
note
s at
end
of
tabl
e.
-
TA
BL
E 3
. Sp
ectr
oche
mic
al a
naly
ses
of t
he a
sh o
f co
al s
ampl
es o
f th
e A
ppala
chia
n r
egio
n C
on
tin
ued
O to o
Sam
ple
Md-U
p-L
K .
.. -
Ky-U
E-S
L.......
Ky-D
ia-H
s-
Ky-H
ar-H
e -
Blo
ckN
o.
4 5 61-
21 3 4 5 6 7 89-
12f 13
14-1
8f19
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24-3
H33
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36-3
7f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5a 5b 6 7 8f 9
10-1
2f
Thi
ck-
ness
(fee
t)
0.82 .85
.40
.52
.21
.53
.13
.13
.30
.12
.72
.30
.99
2.09
2.42
1.57 .71
.18
.16
.25
.24
.27
.15
.45
.35
.30
.31
.21
.53
.24
.25
.45
.42
.25
.37
.15
.31
.37
.32
.18
.14
.40
.69
Ash
16.3
624
.40
2.06
4.94
4.26
2.96
3.80
5.02
2.29
4.86
2.94
2.47
1.85
2.43
3.08
1.92
2.70
2.50
2.16
3.20
4.38
12.9
218
.68
6.32
9.92
6.82
5.28
6.22
13.0
419
.38
3.14
3.52
4.56
2.28
2.12
2.62
5.44
6.96
5.38
10.9
23.
74
Be
0.00
01.0
02
.003
.000
1.0
005
.000
8.0
007
.001
.004
.002
.005
.003
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.006
.02
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.01
.005
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3.0
001
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1. 0
0003
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02.0
001
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03.0
0004
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03.0
001
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1.0
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04.0
009
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.001
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.000
6.0
004
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2.0
02.0
002
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B 2* i02
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.04
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.03
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*.0
9
Ti
. 98
. 2 is .3 .3 .4 1.6 .4 o 1.5 1 1.8 1.6 .3 .2 .4 .9 .6 .3 .9 .9 .5 .9 .8 .7 .5 .3 .7 1.6 .9 1 .6 .7 .7 .9 1 2.4
1 2.6
V
0.00
7.0
3
.14
.03
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.02
.03
.03
.14
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.12
.074
.04
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.15
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
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.03
.02
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.02
.03
.03
.02
.01
.02
0.51 .03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
.03
.16
.04
.11
Cr
0.00
6.0
2
.088
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.084
.02
.086
.05
.032
.08
.09
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.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
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.02
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.02
.01
.046
.02
.02
.02
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.03
.02
.02
.076
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Co
0.00
2.0
02
.026
.007
.006
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.007
.01
.03
.01
.023
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.014
.045
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.007
.006
.006
.006
.002
.002
.004
.003
.004
.006
.005
.005
.01
.025
.02
.006
.02
.02
.01
.005
.004
.003
.004
.009
Ni
0.00
5.0
09
.06
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.054
.02
.035
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.068
.076
.13 00
9io
i.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
06.0
08.0
09.0
07.0
08.0
1.0
09.0
1.0
3.0
53.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
15.0
1.0
18
Cu
0.01 .007
.02*
.009
.007
.007
.007
.007
.03*
.02*
.04
.04
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.07
.09
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.03
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.01
.01 fU
\r±
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.07
Zn
0.02
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .07 .02
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .07
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ga
0.00
07.0
05
.038
.007
.005
.004
.006
.008
.029
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.026
.018
.012
.021
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ioi
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Ge
0 .00
9
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20 .
002
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0 .00
3.0
240 .
030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
003
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00
5
Mo
0.00
07.0
01
.006
.002
.002
.002
.004
.007
.009
.003
.009
.01
.006
.007
.01
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02.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
010 0 .
003
.002
.002
.004
.004
.003
.002
.002
.002
.001
.003
Sn
0 0 .00
70 0 0 .
008
0 .00
90 .
004
.004
.003
.005
.005
.002
.003
.003
.005
.003
.002
.002
.002
.002
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.002
.002
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.003
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00
50 .
006
Y
0.00
3.0
6
.021
.008
.009
.01
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.01
.038
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.026
.012
.034
.042
.03
.04
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.007
.01
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.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
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.01
.01
.01
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La
0.01
0 .06
0 .00
8.0
09.0
2
.007
.03
.007
.03
.04
.02
.03
.02
.03
.02
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.04
.03
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.06
.009
.01
.02
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0 .02 .03
.03
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.03
.04
.03
.03
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.04
-
13.68
1.63
2.93
4.69
1.78
4.02
4.07
2.06
3.45
4.07
2.42
1.96
1.96
3.00
3.52
2.32
2.34
2 42
2.10
2.30
1.26
1.90
2.70
2.84
5.20
20.7
0
2. 72
1.70
1.98
13.9
01.
631.71
3.61
3.54
3.72
3.30
1.86
2.31
2.72
9.34
2.25
1.14
5.10
1.77
2.14
2.47
.004
.003
.003
.025
.008
.000
2
.007
.02
.003
.01
.01
.006
.002
.000
2.0
002
.0005
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.001
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. 0006
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2.0
02.0
07.0
5
. 0018
.003
6
.18
.17
.002
.004
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4.0
06.004
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. 004
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.1 .05*
.02
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1 3.2 .6 1.4 .7 .3 2 1.4 .8 1.4 .58
1 .5
1 .8 . 5 .8 .4 .5 .9 .7 .5 1 1.4
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1.6 .34
2.4 .3 1.4 .86
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.04
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. 054
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. 003
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. 004
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. 001
5.003
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. 003
. 005
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.008 022
!oos
.03
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4*.0
3*.1 .03*
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.04
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.07
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.03
.03
.03
.04*
.008
.03*
.007
.02*
.04*
.007
.04*
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .02
.02
0 .02
0 0 0 .06
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02
0 .04
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .03
0 .03 .03
0 .03
0
.01
.014
.005
.037
.009
.005
.02
.034
.01
.022
.037
.007
.007
.003
.007
.008
.007
.006
.05
.02
.005
.007
.004
.035
.032
.006
.007
.06
.096
.004
.018
.013
.003
.012
.022
.018
.013
.0088
.016
.004
.004
.002
.019
.014
.007
.023
.008
0 0 .035
.003
0 0 .009
.002
.005
.061
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 .004
0 0 0 .02
1.0
14
0 .002
.02
.02
.004
.004
.002
0 .003
.074
0 0 0 .002
0 .00
30 0 .
002
0 .03
.002
.005
.008
.01
.006
.001
.002
.004
.002
.002
.008
.001
.002
0 .00
1.002
.002
.001
.006
.004
.004
.002
.002
.005
0 0 0 .004
.003
.001
.003
.003
.001
.003
.004
.003
.005
.006
.007
.004
.002
.006
.013
.005
.007
.002
0 .00
70 .
004
.003
.005
.005
.004
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00
50 .
009
.003
0 .00
50 .003
.004
.004
0 .004
.009
.02
.005
.004
.004
.01
.003
.008
.01
0 .005
0 .02 .007
0 .003
.03
.034
.02
.07
.03
.01
.02
.048
.02
.045
.088
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.1 .04
,03
.02
.02
.04
.04
.02
.04
.088
.097
.01
.076
.029
.013
.056
.02
.044
.024
.031
.048
.02
.02
.03
.04
.032
.02
.055
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.03
.04
.03
.02
.02
.06
.04
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.03
.03
.03
.02
.03
.09
.07
.04
.02
.04
.04
.026
.04
.03
.06
.02
.02
.02
0 .00
8.0
20 .
04 .01
.02
See
foot
note
s at
end
of
tabl
e.
-
TAB
LE 3
. Sp
ectr
oche
mic
al a
naly
ses
of th
e as
h of
coa
l sa
mpl
es o
f th
e A
ppal
achi
an r
egio
n C
onti
nued
Sam
ple
Ky-
Hx-
Es-
-- -
Ky-W
-Es
-
Ky-G
Vi-
Ei.
._. _
Ky-G
Vj-
Ej.
....
...
Ky-W
o-J
....
Ky-I
H-H
a..
Blo
ckN
o. 1-2
3-5 6 7 8a
8b
8c
f 12-
56a
7la
fIb
2 3 4-
5 la Ib 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 1
2-4f
5-
7 8-
9f
l-2a
f2b
~2c
3-5f
6-
7 la
fIb
f
Thi
ck-
ness
(f
eet)
1.09
1.66
.2
1 .3
1.5
1 .3
8 .1
8 .4
11.
71 .41
.28
.38
.53
.58
.38
1.05
.2
3.5
8 .7
8 .5
4 .3
0 .5
0 .3
8 .8
6.7
0 .4
1 .7
0 .8
0 .3
7 .3
2C
Q
.75
.62
.28
.41
1.74
1.
38
1.00
.3
6.8
9.8
7 .8
4 .8
8.4
3
Ash 1.23
1.43
3.
78
3.69
4.
90
5.35
8.
16
3.26
1.11
17.4
0 3.
00
1.24
1.
811.
883.
68
13. 2
6 1.
18
.92
.98
1.88
5.
563.
86
2.14
2.
66
4.06
1.
86
2.06
4.02
3.
86
7.28
2.15
2.
51
1.94
2.
421.
34
1.20
1.
39
1.00
1.02
Be
0.00
8.0
004
.000
5
.008
.0
08
.021
.0
07
.007
.03
.004
.0
007
.003
.0
03
.02
.02
.000
3 .0
02
.008
.0
1 .0
2 .0
2.0
02
.000
4 .0
002
.000
2 .0
003
.000
7
.000
2 .0
003
.000
7
.003
.0
02
.006
.0
22.0
045
.003
1 .0
34
.24
.15
B
0.1* .2*
.03*
.01
.01
.02
.03*
.08
.4*
.005
.1
* .0
3*
.3*
.13
.05*
.0
2 .0
2*
.2*
.2*
.10
.02
.04
.07
.06
.05
.09
.1 .05
.06
.03
.2*
.2*
.3*
.1*
.1
.1*
.1*
.075
.078
Ti
0.4 .4
1.2 .7
1 3.8 .7 .3 .71
.8
.2
.8
.69
.36
.9
1 .5
.8
.6
.4
1 .6 .7
.3
.4
.8
.6
.6 .4 .6
.6 1 .3
1.
2 1.
3 .39
1.3 .28
2 2.3
V
0.02 .02
.022
.02
.02
.05
.05
.042
.07
.02
.02
.064
.0
38
.14
.03
.03
.02
.03
.03
.06
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
.02
.03
.05
.14
.038
.0
81
.07
.028
.2
1 .0
76
.12
.088
Cr
0.01 .01
.025
.02
.026
.0
58
.02
.02
.035
.02
.004
.0
22
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.04
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.02
.046
.0
36.0
21
.072
.0
32
.056
.051
Co
0.00
4.0
03
.002
.001
.0
02
.001
.0
1
.02
.02
.006
.0
02
.01
.006
.0
17.0
04
.002
.0
2 .0
8 .0
8 .0
82
.02
.008
.0
09
.008
.0
07
.01
.01
.008
.0
1 .0
08
.005
.0
1 .0
1 .0
035
.004
6 .0
18
.081
.1
3.0
75
Ni
0.00
8.0
08
.013
.004
.0
16
.007
.0
2
.041
.048
.01
.009
.0
32
.028
.0
36.0
2 .0
07
.04
.06
.08
.08
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.021
.0
35
.042
.0
14.0
22
.068
.1
2 .2
4.2
2
Cu
0.02
*.0
3*
.03*
.02*
.0
3 .0
4 .0
2*
.08*
.04*
.008
.0
3*
.07*
.0
8 .0
22.0
2*
.02*
.0
4*
.2*
.2*
.3*
.1 .03
.04
.08
.04
.1
.1 .08
.09
.02
.05*
.0
4*
.05*
.0
5*.0
4*
.05*
.0
83
.065
.06*
Zn
0 0 0 0 0 0 .04
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02
.0
2
0 0 .02
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ga
0.00
7.0
02
.006
5
.004
.0
22
.012
.0
1
.04
.039
.006
0 .
008
.026
.0
58.0
2 .0
08
.005
.0
08
.007
.0
34
.02
.007
.0
05
.004
.0
06
.004
.0
03
.002
.0
03
.02
.014
.0
07
.013
.0
26.0
034
.004
4 .0
4 .2
3.0
78
Ge
0.00
20 0 0 .
038
.017
.0
2
.02
.003
.002
0 .
002
.006
.1
2.0
03
0 0 0 .00
3 .0
31
.005
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .03
0 0 .00
3 .0
20 0 .
014
.64
.29
Mo
0.00
7.0
06
.024
.001
.0
01
.001
.0
02
.003
.01
0 .00
3 .0
24
.005
.0
06.0
04
0 .00
4 .0
06
.005
.0
04
.002
.003
.0
05
.004
.0
05
.007
.0
06
.003
.0
02
.002
.009
.0
1 .0
07
.002
9.0
057
.005
.0
058
.001
.004
Sn
0 .00
4 0 0 0 .
005
0 0 .00
30 .
005
.004
0 .
005
.007
0 0 0 .
007
0 .00
3.0
04
.003
.0
02
.003
.0
03
.002
.002
.0
02
.002
.003
0 .
003
.006
0 .00
7 0 .
006
.008
Y
0.04 .007
.0
16
.01
.03
.065
.0
2
.02
.08
.01
.005
.0
22
.027
.1
0.0
3 .0
1 .0
2 .0
8 .1
.1
1 .0
4.0
2 .0
3 .0
2 .0
2 .0
4 .0
4
.03
.05
.03
.042
.0
25
.056
.0
8.0
3 .0
42
.04
.14
.062
La
0.02 .02
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.008
.0
3 .0
2 .0
1.0
2.0
2 .0
5 .0
5 .0
5 .0
07
.02
.04
.03
.03
.04
.04
.05
.03
.06
.03
.04
.03
.05
.023
.025
.0
26
.024
.0
2.0
3
to
-
APPALACHIAN REGION C23
SoSS
Ol CM rH i-H Cc
o
8
ISo
CM
§
*
I
I
*"
oog
ooo
ooo
018'oo
ooo
iii
ooo
ill
h-
IIICO CO CMooo
CM C-l CMooo
*-«j«a
ooo
CO 1^ Ir-
S ooo 00 ,-Hoo to co
S 3o
^3ooo
000
§ *0o
ooo.-1 O
o
§ tot^ So
ooo
Hi,-.
i-l to CM OCMO
iil00
COOOy-Hocoo
_ COO3 O
>0
- CO "^
tj< **< 00 0 00
00
SoSSS
«*! »C 00 O *CCM CM CO CO CMooooo
MtC CO-*
ooooo
Isisi
Ilisl
CD O5rH 3i CO
-
TAB
LE 3
. Sp
ectr
oche
mic
al a
naly
ses
of t
he a
sh o
f co
al s
ampl
es o
f th
e A
ppal
achi
an r
egio
n C
onti
nued
Sam
ple
Ga-
W-4
............
Ala
-Mi-
B(R
)-..-
..
Ala
-Ml-
B-.
.
Ala
-T-B
.... .
....
..
Ala
-TH
-B..
..-
Alo
-'MT
l 1W
1
Ala
-T-M
i.. .
......
Ala
-TH
-Mi.
......
Blo
ckN
o.
1 2 3 If2-3
f 4f 5 1-3 4
5-8 9
lOa
lOb 1 2
3-5 6
7-Q If 2
3-4f
5-
6f 7 8 9
«Raf 1 2
3-
4f'f
i 7 1 2 3 4 5a 6 1 2
3-4 5 6
Thi
ck-
ness
(f
eet) .35
.88
.40
.12
.70
.25
.17
.94
.33 sn .60
} « .32 .19
1.
03 .60
.77
.26
.42
.56
.71
.27
.42
.25
.45
.23
.86
.49
.24
.12
.55
.63
.48
.25
.05
.35
.49
1.21
.2
4 .2
2
Ash 1.18
1.
76
4.06
2.39
2.
21
9.06
8.82
3.74
f
5.28
\
13.8
8 1.
986.
28
3.42
2.76
4.25
3.
54
4.02
5.
70
9.40
4 07
4.20
2.
80
2.90
5.98
3.
50
3.94
5.38
3.38
2.
23
2.28
3.
54
Be
0.00
2 .0
05
.018
.008
2 .0
11
.004
.002
.003
.0
11
.007
.0
16.0
03
.002
.01
.001
9 .0
022
.002
.0
02
.005
00
9
.003
.0
004
.017
.003
.0
007
.01
.01
.002
.0
027
.008
.0
3
B
0.03
.0
2 .0
2.0
3 .0
12
.003
1
.01
.018
.0
02*
.002
8 .0
1.0
25
.03
.032
.02
.019
.0
2 .0
2*
.012 fH
4
.01*
.009
6
.02
.02*
.0
09
.02
.006
.012
.0
2*
.02
.002
*
Ti
0.32
.5
6 1.
61.
9 1.4
.5 .4 .3
.4
.4
.3
51.
0 .4 2.0
1.4
1.6 .2 .5
.46
4.0 .4
.3
3
.41
.6
.41
.48
2.0 .8
6 .4
5 .5
.6
V
.,0.0
23
.07
.14
.16
.10
.035
.03
.037
.0
5 .0
5 .0
22.0
26
.044
.07
.10
.10
.035
.0
4 .0
51
.26
.02
.022
.043
.039
.0
28
.054
.029
.031
.0
29
.039
.0
88
Cr
0.02
.0
62
.05
.074
.0
54
.019
.02
.034
.0
3.0
4 .0
15.0
2
.03
.04
.054
.0
56
.029
.0
2 .0
31
.10
.02
.014
.03
.028
.0
27
.036
.028
.032
.0
22
.034
.0
4
Co
0.01
6 .0
82
.056
.056
.0
64
.055
.009
.065
.0
77
.015
.0
18.0
05
.011
.02
.022
.0
14
.017
.0
1 .0
1 .0
14
.008
.0
052
.009
.02
.006
2
.024
.004
1.0
072
.006
8 .0
2 .0
58
Ni
0.04
8 .0
7 .0
14.0
88
.072
.0
4
.02
.06
.14
.028
.0
2.0
16
.015
.04
.054
.0
39
.021
.0
2 .0
72
.086
.02
.015
.048
.03
.022
.076
.015
.015
.0
18
.025
.1
3
Cu
0.1 .09
.6 .05*
.0
7*
.03
.02*
.03
.02*
.0
2*
.09
.02
.02
.03
.027
.0
26
.05
.2 .03*
.02*
.0
2*
.1*
.03*
.0
2*
.1 .02
.03
.02*
.0
2*
.05*
Zn
0 .02
0 0 0 .
18 .04
.03
.09
.08
.1 0 0 0 0 0 .03
.0
5 .0
2 0 0 0 0 .
2
0 0 .17 .0
4 0 .
23
.06
Ga
0.00
76
.014
.0
16.0
18
.032
.0
1
.005
.008
.0
1 .0
06
.008
2.0
06
.007
2
.019
.013
.0
17
.007
.0
07
.012
.0
23
.004
.0
03
.016
.014
.0
046
.026
.012
.006
2 .0
041
.008
.0
2
Ge
0 .00
4 0 0 0 .
003
0 0 .08
4 .0
098
.002
0 0 .00
6
0 0 0 0 .00
4 .0
17
0 0 .00
2
6 0 .02
8
.02
0 0 .00
3 .0
94
Mo
0.01
7 .0
04
.005
2.0
3 .0
44
.02
.004
.008
8 .0
02
.003
.0
095
.017
.012
.009
.009
.0
096
.015
.0
2 .0
12
.004
.003
.0
05
.01