distribution of manganese, iron, copper, lead and zinc

8/3/2019 Distribution of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Lead and Zinc

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Pertanika 9(2),209-217 (1986)

Distribution of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Lead and Zincin Water and Sediment of Kelang Estuary

A.T. LAW and A. SINGH 1Department of Fz'shz'ng Technology and Marz'ne Scence,

Faculty of Fzsherz'es and Marz'ne Scence,Unz'versz'tz' Pertanz'an Malaysia,

43400 Serdang, Selangor.Key words: Heavy metals; estuary; Malaysia.

ABSTRAKSatu kajan tentang taburan mangan, besz', kuprum, plumbum dan zz'nk dalam az'r dan

endapan muara Sungaz' Kelang telah dijalankan pada tahun 1981. Mz'n jumlah kepekatan mangan,besz', kuprum, plumbum dan zz'nk adalah 27.1 Ilg11, 106.5 j.J.gl1, 10.0 l l:g/ l, 4.1 Ilg11 dan 17.9pg/l . Mz'n kepekatan kuprum, plumbum dan zz'nk terlarut dalam az'r adalah 4.3 Ilg/l, 1.6 jJ.gl1dan 3.9 pgl1. Kandungan kuprum, plumbum dan zz'nk dalam endapan adalah 1.92, 0.48 dan 5.43bsj endapan basah. Kepekatan logam-logam berat z'nz' dalam air dan endapan muara Sungaz' Kelangdz'dapatz' da,lam julat kepekatan yang dz'laporkan dalam muara-muara sungaz' yang laz'n. Kepekatankuprum dan zz'nk adalah hampz'r sama dengan kepekatannya yang terdapat dalam az'r lautan dunz'a.Keputusan kajz'an z'nz' .menunjukkan bahawa muara Sungaz' Kelang telah dicemarz' oleh plumbum,mangan dan besz' tetapz' kepekatannya masz'h dz'anggap selamat untuk akuakultur sekz'ranya tapak z'tuterletak lebz'h 10 km darz' muara sungaz' (rz'ver mouth) z'nz'.

ABSTRACTA study was conducted on the dzstrz'butz'on of manganese, z'ron, copper, lead and zz'nc z'n the

water and sedz'ment ofKelang estuary z'n 1981. The mean total levels ofmanganese, z'ron, copper, leadand zz'nc z'n the estuarz'ne water were 27.1 pgl1,106.5 gil , '10.0 pgl1, 4.1 Ilg/l and 17.9 Ilg11respectz'vely. For the dzssolved copper, lead and zz'nc, the values were 4.3 pg/l, 1.6 Ilg/l and 3.9pg I l respectz'vely. In the estuarine sedz'ment, the copper, lead and zz'nc contents were 1.92, 0.48 and5.43 ppm wet sedz'ment respectz'vely. The levels of these heavy metalsz'n water and sedz'ment werecomparable to the values reported fo r other estuarz'es. The copper and zz'nc levels were sz'mlar to thosefound z'n the world oceans, The results z'ndz'cate that Kelang estuary zs polluted wz'th lead, manganeseand z'ron. However, levels of these heaV), metals may stz'll be consz'dered safe fo r aquaculture, i f thefarm zs located at least 10 km away from the rz'ver mouth.

INTRODUCTIONEstuaries are important features of the

coastal ecosystem and act as transitional zonesbetween fresh and sal ine waters. The hydrodynamic characteristics of an estuary are usuallycomplex and unpredictable. This is due to theoscillation of salinity, hydrographical and

sedimentological characteristics prevaient in th eestuarine zone. Estuaries ac t as traps for nutrients as well as pollutants which have enteredinto this region. The processes make estuariesrich in 'nutrients and productive, and they~ c o m e important nursery grounds for fish andshellfish. However, the trapping o f pollutants,such as heavy metals in this area may cause

I Present address: Chemfolven Teknologies. 63B. Jalan Negara. Taman Melawati. 53100 Kuala Lumpur.


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A.T. LAW AND A. SINGH

hazards to human health if contaminated fISh orshellfISh harvested from this region are con-sumed. This was eVident in the man-madeepidemic of Minamatta disease in Japan whichwaicaused by the consumption of mercury con-taminated fish and shellfish (Takizawa, 1979).

~ a n y studies have been conducted on thedistribution and i m p ~ c t of heavy metals on theaquatic resources in estuaries (Portmann, 1972;Whade and Van Den Broek, 1977; Bloom andAyling, 1977; Elderfield et ai., 1979; Menon etai., 1979; Meyerson et ai., 1981). However, inMalaysia, no such studyhas been done except f o ~ reports on die heavy metals in shellfishOothy, 1983; Liong, 1983; Low, 1978) and fish(Chia and Tong, 1981; Babji et ai., 1983; Jothy,1983) taken from the coastal waters. Since theKelang River is being heavily polluted with agro-based industrial wastes and domestic sewage(Chan et ai., 1978; Law, 1980), a study wasinitiated at theFacuity of Fisheries and MarineScience, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia to inves-tigate the distribution of some heavy metals,such as manganese, iron, copper, lead, zinc andmercury in the water as well as the sediment, andfish in this estuary.'This paper reports the resultsof manganese, iron, copper, lead and zinc levelsin water and sediment. Studies on m e r c ~ r y

101.'

distribution and heavy metals in fish will ber ~ e d in other papers.

MATERIALS ANDMETHODSStudy Area

The Kelang estuary is located on the~ ~ t ~ r n coastof Peninsular Malaysia. The riverwhich drains into the estuary has a drainage areaof approximately 1,087 ISquare kilometers(Coleman et ai., 1970). It flows through thehighly populated and industrial areas of ~ u a l aLumpur, Petaling Jaya, Kelang and PortKelang. This river lies in the wet tropics wherehigh rainfall is recorded during the monsoonseasons, from April to June and November toFebruary. The atmospheric temperature variesfrom 20C to 35Cwith an average of 27C.

Six sampling stations (Figure 1) were chosenfor this study. They were the Connaught Bridgestation (CB), Kota Bridge station (KB), Stationsl,;;Hr I!land IV. Stations CB and KB were in ther iverine system. Station I and IV were in theestuary which covered all the pathways of theriver water after entry into the estuary. Thedistance between stations CB and KB was 5.1km. Station I was 16.2 km from station KB,wl:}ile stations II, III and IV were 4.2, 8.5 and

2 '

210Fig. 1: Map of Kelang River estuary showing the sampling stations.

PERTANIKA VOL. 9 NO.2, 1986


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DISTRIBUTION OF Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb AND;Zn IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF KELANG ESTUARYW:(f knr from Station I respectively. The samplingStAtions ~ e r ~ ; visited six times between April andD e c e n i h ~ r 1981.

Sampling TechniquesWater. Water samples at each selected

depth were taken with a 1.7 liter polycarbonateNansen Seup.pler (Hydrobios, Kiel-HoltenanGermany). In order to avoid contamination bythe cable and the weight, the water sampler wassuspended by a polypropylene rope and a plasticcoa ted lead weight (5 lbs.), attached to thebottom of t h sampler. 50 'm l of the watersample 'was first used to rinse the acid-cleaned125 ml polyethylene bottles (Kartel l, Italy).~ o r e filling it with water sample, 0.1 ml conc.HNO g(Merck) was added as a preservative.

For dissolved heavy metal analysis, the suspended' particles were removed by filtration. AGelman filtration unit which had been previously cleaned ,with O.IN Hel and distilled deionizedwaf,er waS used for the filtration. To avoidrupture of the plankton cell walls and theresultant jncrease, in heavy metal level in . thefiltrate, the filtration was done under vaccumwith pressure that was lesS than 20 cm Hg. Themembrane used was an acid washed 0.45 /.L.mI(47 mm) millipore membrane filter.

Sediment. Samples of sediment wereobtained at each station with an Ekman Grabwhich was attached to a polypropylene rope.The sediment sample was taken from the centreof the grab with an acid-cleaned polyethylenespoon. The sample was placed immediately in aplastic bag and cooled in an ice box. Thes a ~ p l e s were brought back to the laboratory andkept at - 20C prior to analyses.

Collection ofHydrographic DataSalinity was measured in sz"tu with a Salino

meter (ElL) which was calibrated by ISPSOStaildard Seawater.

Analytz'cal TechniquesA double beam Atomic Absorption Spec

trophotometer (IL 251) was used for the analysisof the heavy metals. Manganese,iron, copper,lead and zinc in the water samples and membrane filtered water samples were analysedaccording to the concentration technique ofOrpwood (1979) in which 'the heavy metalswerechelated with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarba,mate (APDC) and diethyl-ammoniumdiethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) under acidicconditions and then extracted into 4-methylpentan-2-pne (MIBK). Copper, lead and zinc contents In the sediment were determined accordingto the method of Agemian and Chau (1976).The standard solution for calibration was prepared from Titrisol ampoules (Merck).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION". r salinity data (Appendix I) indicates

that StationsCB and KB are situated in the freshwater zone of the Kelang River. There .was nointrusion of saline water in these stations duringebb tide. Even during flood tide, the salinity at.Stations CB andKBwere only 1 /0 0 and 2.9 / 0 0respectively. The salinity depth profile atStation I is typical for an estuarine situation withpartially mixed waters of lower salinity at thesurface (0 to 10% 0 ) with salinity increasing to30 / 0 0 with depth. Salinity depth profiles atStations II , II I and IV indicate that the watel" inthese stations'was well mixed.

The levels of 'heavy metals (manganese,iron, copper , lead and zinc) in water at thesampling stations are shown in Appendix II, whilethe mean levels at each sampling station are presented in Figure 2. The results in'dicate a substantial reductiori of the heavymetals in the estuarinewaters as compared to the levels detected in thefresh water zone stationsCB and KB (Figure 2).In the estuarine waters, similar levels' of theh,eavy metals were found at Stations II, III andIV, although higher levels were detected atStation I. The water of Station I was par tial lymixed, while the waters of all other estuarine

PERTANIKA VOL. 9NO. 2,1986 211


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A.T. LAW AND A. SINGH140

I '/ "" 20/ {A I Tolol, , - . Fe._ ....n 100"- b-AZn" 0_0 Pbg-CCU~ / ~ A " " , " eo", 'd.a- - - - = - f r ~ ~ \ "...., 60'"", \ J>CLF ~ ~ , \

4 '"" ,""', \ 40-- ............ Pb_ .................. ' ' , , 6 \ \___ 0, 20~ ; ' \ \ -- \'ll ~ " ' .- " . - . , ; . ~ . . . : : = : -

CB KB ]I :IH.A~ 25120 V , IBI Dissolved' , , ~ n "-6 Zno-oPb100 '''-, "'" C-CCu 20

10"CU" '" 6

- -."" Pb '''Q\ :(" 60 ~ '" '\ 1040 '" ''" \20 . " \---


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DISTRIBUTION OF Mn, Fe, Cu, Ph AND Zn IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF KELANG ESTUARYTABLE 1

Comparison of the mean levels of total and dissolved copper, lead and zincin Kelang estuarine water with levels reported in other estuaries

Authors Location Cu Ph ZnA. Total level (mean, /1g/l )

Holmes et al., 1974 Corpus Christi (estuary) 6-480Bay, TexasMontgomery and Santiago, 1978 Mouth of Rio Guanajiho, 1.1 4.5

Puerto RicoWaldhauer et al., 1978 Western Raritan Bay,New York.

Top water 36 11.5Bottom water 65 13.9

Present study Kelang River estuary 10 4.1 17.9

B. Dissolved level (mean, /1 gI l )Thornton et al., 1975 Colnway estuary, U.K. 4 7 16

Colney estuary, U.K. 4 6 29Helford estuary, U.K. 11 15 28Poole estuary, U.K. .6 47 26Restroragnet estuary, U.K. 65 250 570

Present study Kelang River estuary 4.3 1.6 3.9

Although the levels of lead and iron weremuch higher than that of the waters of theoceans and comparable to the levels reported inother estuaries, they are lower than thethresholds and pennissible levels of pol lutantconcentration for organisms in inland seas, thatis, lead 10 /1g/1; and iron 50 /1g/1 (Patin,1982). As fa r as these heavy metals are concerned, the waters of Kelang estuary (a t least 10km from the river mouth) may still be consideredsafe for aquaculture.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank theShahbandar, Pelabuhan Kelang for his permission to use the Department's boat for sampling,Dr. Ian G. Anderson for his comments, EncikAzahar Othman for technical assistance andPuan Badariah Mohd. Yusof for typing themanuscript. This project was funded byUniversiti PertanianMalaysia.

REFERENCESAGEMIAN, H. and CHAU, A.S.Y. (1976): Evaluation of

extraction techniques for the, determination ofmetals in aquatic sediments. Analyst. 101: 761767.

BLOOM, H. and AYLING, G.M. (1977): Heavy metalsin the Derwent Estuary. Environ. Geology. 2:3-22 .

BAB]I, A.S., EMBONG, M.S. and AWANG, Z. (1983):Minitoring of heavy metal contents of coastalwater fishes in Peninsular Malaysia. Preprint: AnInternational Conference on Development andManagement of Tropical Livz'ng AquaticResources. August 2 - 5, 1983. UniversitiPertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.

CHAN, K.C., DURANDEAU, M.M. and GOH, L.Y.(1978): Heavy metals pollution in the KelangRiver, Malaysia. Mal.]. Sci. 5: 137 -141.CHIA, J.S. and TONG, S.L. (1981): Mercury content offish from th e river ~ o u t h of Sungei Kelang.MARDI Res. Bull. 9(1): 72 - 77.

PERTANlKA VOL. 9NO. 2,1986 213


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Nl:;

"tltTl...,;J>z;J>


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DISTRIBUTION OF Mn, Fe, Cu, P b AND Zn IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF KELANGESTUARYCOLEMAN, J.M., GAGLIANO, S;M. and SMITH. W.C.(1970): ,Sedimentation in a Malaysian high tide

tropical delta. In: Deltaic sedimentation modernand ancient . Morgan, J.P. and Shaver, R.H.(eds.). Society of Economic Paleontologists andMineralogists Spec. Publi. Tulsa No. 15, pp185 -197.

ELDERFIELD, H. , HEPWORTH. A., EDw1\.RDs. P.N. andHOLLIDAY. L.M. (1979): Zinc in the ~ n o w y Riverand estuary. Estuar. Coastal Mar. Sci. 9: 403422.

GRIGGS. C.B. and JOHNSON. S. (1978): Bottom s ~ d i ment contamination in the Bay of Naples, Italy.Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9: 208 - 214.

HOLMES. C.W., SLADE. E.A. and McLERRAN. C.J(1974): Migration and ~ d i s t r i b u t i o n of zinc andcadmium.in marinee&tuarine system. Environ.Sci. Technol. 8: 255 - 259.

JOTHY. A.A. (1983): .On t ~ detection of heavy ~ e t a l s ,organochlorine pestIcIdes and polychlormatedbiphenyls in fish and shellfish from the coastalwaters of Peninsular Malaysia. Arch. Fischwiss.33(3): 161 - 206.LAW, A.T. (1980): S e w ~ g e pollution in Kelang River

and its estuary. Pertanika. 3(1): 13 -19.LIONG. P.C. (1983): Heavymetals in shellfish f rom the

nothern part of Malacca Straits. Preprint: AnIntematz"onal Conference on Development andManagement of Tropical Living Aquatic Re-s


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A.T. LAW AND A. SINGHAPPENDIX I

Salinity at the sampling stations, 29-4-81 29-6-81 2-9-81 22-9-81 11-12-81 24-12-81Datetation Depth s% o Depth s% o Depth s% o Depth s% o Depth SO/00 Depth s% o(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)onnought . - 1 - 1 0 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 0ridge 5.0 0 5.0 1 2.0 0

(0900 hrs ) 2 6.0 0(0900 hrs) (0900 hrs) (0900 hrs)ota Bridge - - - 0.5 2.9 - 0.5 02.0 05.0 0(1000 hrs) (1000 hrs)

I 0.5 11.6 0.1 18.2 0.5 17.7 0.5 14.1 0.5 20.7 0.5 01.0 - 0.5 18.8 1.0 22.0 1.0 30.0 1.0 23.5 2.0 18.002.0 - 1.0 18.8 2.0 24.0 2.0 30.6 2.0 28.0 3.0 18.403.0 - 1.5 20.2 3.0 25.5 4.0 31.0 3.0 29.2 4.0 20.004.0 - 2.0 20.7 4.0 25.7 5.0 - 4.0 29.5 5.0 20.805.0 29.8 2.6 20.4 5.0 26.0 6.0 31.4 5.0 30.2 6.0 21.206.0 - 2.1l 24.0 6.0 26.0 8.0 31.4 6.0 30.2 7.0 22.507.0 29.9 3.5 25.2 7.0 26.8 10.0 31.5 7.0 30.0 8.0 22.304.9 26.8 8.0 27.0 8.0 29.7 9.0 23.805.7 27.6 9.0 27.2 9.0 29.7 10.0 24.206.4 27.6 10.0 27.27.0 28.27.8 28.59.9 29.012.7 29.3(1630 hrs) (1240 hrs) (1700 hrs) (1500 hrs) (1510 hrs) (1145 hrs)II 0.5 24.7 1.0 31.4 0.5 27.5 0.5 30.6 1.0 30.3 0.5 28.01.0 - 2.0 31.4 1.0 27.5 1.0 30.5 2.0 30.3 1.0 28.32.0 - 4.0 31.4 2.0 27.5 2.0 31.5 3.0 30.4 2.0 28.33.0 - 6.0 31.4 3.0 27.5 3.0 31.6 4.0 30.5 3.0 28.54.0 - 8.0 31.4 4.0 27.5 5.0 31.8 5.0 30.6 4.0 28.59.0 30.6 8.5 31.4 5.0 27.5 7.0 31.9 6.0 30.6 5.0 28.5

6.0 - 6.0 27.5 8.5 31.9 7.0 30.6 6.0 28.57.0 - 8.0 30.6 7.0 28.58.0 30.2(1540 hrs) (1655 hrs) (1100 hrs) (1224 hrs) (1000 hrs) (1450 hrs)II I 0.5 27.1 1.0 31.5 0.5 28.0 0.5 30.9 0.5 31.7 0.5 29.101.0 - 2.0 31.5 1.0 28.0 1.0 10.9 1.0 31.9 1.0 29.10

2.0 - 3.0 31.5 2.0 28.2 4.0 32.2 2.0 31.9 2.0 29.253.0 - 4.0 31.5 3.0 28.2 6.0 32.2 3.0 31.9 3.0 29.504.0 - 5.0 31.5 4.0 28.2 8.0 32.2 4.0 31.9 4.0 29.505.0 30.7 6.0 31.5 5.0 28.2 10.0 32.2 5.0 32.0 5.0 29.506.0 30.7 7.0 31.5 6.0 28.2 12.0 32.2 6.0 32.0 6.0 29.507.0 28.2 14.0 32.4 7.0 32.0 7.0 29.508.0 28.2 16.0 32.4 8.0 29.509.0 28.2 9.0 29.5010.0 29.50(1430 hrs) (1550 hrs) (1400 hrs) (1400 hrs) (1315 hrs) (1345 hrs)IV 0.5 29.6 1.0 31.2 0.5 28.0 0.5 31.5 0.5 30.5 0.5 29.21.0 - 2.0 31.2 1.0 28.1 1.0 31.7 1.0 30.9 1.0 29.22.0 - 3.0 31.4 2.0 28.2 2.0 31.9 2.0 30.9 2.0 29.25.0 31.4 4.0 31.4 3.0 28.3 4.0 '- 3.0 32.1 3.0 29.28.0 - 5.0 31.5 4.0 28.3 5.0 32.2 4.0 32.2 4.0 29.2

10.0 31.4 6.0 31.5 5.0 28.3 6.0 32.2 5.0 32.2 5.0 29.211.0 - 8.0 31.5 6.0 28.3 8.0 32.2 6.0 32.2 6.0 29.212.5 - 10.0 31.5 7.0 28.3 10.0 32.2 7.0 32.2 7.0 29.212.0 31.5 8.0 28.3 8.0 32.2 8.0 29.214.0 31.6 9.0 28.3 9.0 32.2 9.0 29.210.0 28.3 10.0 29.111.5 29.1(1130 hrs) (1450 hrs) (1200 hrs) (1300 hrs) (1130 hrs) (1250 hrs)Tidal Time HeightCondition (Hours) (m)0035 3.5 0250 4.2 0145 0.7 0440 2.4 0400 4.5 0400 4.50721 3.1 0927 1.6 0752 4.8 1201 3.6 1149 0.6 1055 1.31326 3.9 1515 4.8 1401 . 0.9 1917 2.3 1753 4.8 1655 4.12010 2.0 1958 4.5 2301 1.6

K

CB

INot d e t e r m i ~ e d .2Sampling time.

216 PERTANIKA VOL. 9 NO.2, 1986


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DISTRIBUTION OF Mn, Fe. Cu, Ph AND Zn IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF KELANG ESTUARY

M"Total

~ " St",;.."CB

Ikl l i l l {: l l f l IWI 1.t'Cld Zinc" t"r(" ' I f- - -"- - - - - - - - - . - - . - t - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - -rOI;,1 DissolVt'd Total Dissolv(tl Total Dissolv('d TotaJ

O ~ . ( ) 9 . H I~ ~ . O ' l . M I1 1 . 1 ~ . B I~ 4 . 1 ~ . B I

KB02.09.8122.09,8111.12.8124.12,81

29.04.81

29.06.81

22.09.81

11.12.81

24.12,81

29,04.81

29.06.81

02.09.81

22.09.81

11.12.81

24.12.81

II I29,04,81

29,06.81

02.09.81

22.09.81

11.12,81

24.12.81

IV29.04,81

29.06.81

02.09.81

22.09.81

11.12.81

24.12.81

I Not determined.

0.50.50.50.5

0.50.57.0

0.55.010.00.55.010.015.00.5510.00.55.010.0

0.55.015.00.57.5

0.55.0

0.55.0

0.58.0

5.07.0

0.55.0

0.55.0

0,55.08.0

0.55.0

0.55.0

0.55.010.0

0.55.010.50.55,010.018.00.55,010.0

0,55.010.00.55.09.0

0.55.010,0

100.0~ ~ r l . ()70.0164.:,

9 ~ . 3 8

117.558.0145.0221.0135.38

35.028.532.4

22.815.e22.8

47.021.819.915.6

333.5176.0138.270.0

5.52.13.8

10.64.5

13.211.6

5.76.0

2.42.8

31.338.310.6

5.010.36.52.2

10.48.36.9

6.86.9

4.32.110.411.310.77.29

19.822.78.3

5.05.27.421.3

19.220.316.8

8.88.58.2

11.57.93.4

15.310.611.312.18

3[).OI ~ . O

22.523.17

37.422.0

16.025.3

10.57.37.8

16.57.26.56.8

32.58.512.6

13.511.06.211.3

3.21.85.46.12.62.8

7.36.44.5

1.30.9

4.93.22.8

3.02.5

4.26.55.23.20

1.82.23.212.8

7.26.85.13.43.73.1

4.28.55.25.17

53.035.212.551.638.08

59.522.517.035.134.4

16.013.014.0

11.111.611.415.012.410.712.4

12.39.99.412.2

4.23.74.4

3.72.6

7.85.9

4.12.8

0.90.5

5.77.94.2

9.49.3

1.22.0

2.91.41.66.T5.23.50.9

5.95.45.24.33

10.54.35.7

5:92.91.91.51.42.11.21.72.10.7

4.81.33.2

8.76.84.83.8

17.51 ~ . 8

12.714.33

19.526.0

13.815.1

3.92.82.2

6.54.1384.0

11.16.34.2

6.25.75.15.1

1.30.8

3.32.7

1.71.1

2.32.82.0

0.30.7

1.10.80.8

2.11.5

1.82.1.1.881.30

3.82.11.31.10.60.90.6

0.81.30.4

1.8~ . 1.81.43

485.0560.0150.0181.0344.0

665.0490.0170.0284.0402.3

72.060.035.0

48,061.734.5390.0480.0290.0380.0

125.481.051.3157.6

42.029.038.0

32.324.8

4.55.5

11.89,9

14.025.0

4.73.518.9

31.030.0

20.430.15.74.64.2

12.48.0

45.032.0

3.83.32.416.64

39.035.037.0

22.725.629.331.9

9.37.44.9

7.34.47,436,012.817.0

7,36.84.018.2

70.0220.0

47.0112.3

115.0210.0

64.0129,7

15.013.210.5140.0175.0110.0170.0

175.032.040.0

34.039.038.076.3

9.86.8

1,71.49.15.5

3.42.34.9

4.28.3

1.81.11.55.93.4

1.01.31.02.95

7,46.87.68.2

3.22.61.75.51.73.2

1.01.31.0

:1.92

85007500370055006300

95004050520065006312.5

3550

430380170

24501900170210230180210

5400370150837.5

360320290

6045556555354550145135103.8

1952301301103:1-1742428517015540322595.6

1802052252501851551403524318510595165132148504230120.1

900254325110397.3

450145700205375

57403255453218514356651207747

8504280120.4

4234272518182724183545493730,7

162432262224141522453221172123.7

152123352818191614

35303752355522181526.9

PERTANIKA VOL. 9 NO.2, 1986 217

distribution of manganese, iron, copper, lead and zinc

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