distinguishing between self and other: how shared are shared representations? marcel brass
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Distinguishing between self and other: How shared are shared representations? Marcel Brass. MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE. FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF COGNITIVE NEUROLOGY LEIPZIG. Cognitive psychology - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Distinguishing between self and other: How shared are shared representations?
Marcel Brass
MAXPLANCK
INSTITUTE
FOR
HUMANCOGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCESDEPARTMENT OF COGNITIVE NEUROLOGYLEIPZIG
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Observation and execution of action are closely linked
• Cognitive psychology
– movement observation has a strong influence on movement execution (Brass et al., 2000, 2001, Stuermer et al., 2000)
• Social psychology
– chameleon effect (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999)
• Brain imaging
– activation of motor related areas by action observation (e.g. Grezes & Decety, 1999)
• Neurophysiology
– mirror neurons (e.g. Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004)
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
The direct matching hypothesis
Action observation leads to an activation of an internal motor representation.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Open questions
• Why don‘t we imitate all the time?
• Why don‘t we confuse internally generated and externally triggered motor representations?
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Neuropsychological findings
• Luria (1966)
– prefrontal patients show echopractic response tendencies
• Lhermitte et al. (1986), DeRenzi et al. (1996)
– patients with prefrontal lesions show overt imitative behavior
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
The imitation-inhibition task
congruent incongruentbaseline
Brass et al. (2000)
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Brass et al. (2000)
++
Lift the index finger when a `1` appearsand the middle finger when a `2` appears.
The imitation-inhibition task
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Results
Brass et al. (2000)
inconbasecon
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Patients
• 16 patients with frontal lesions of different etiology and lesion site
• 14 patients with posterior lesions (temporal, parietal)
• 16 age-matched controls
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Results
Brass et al. (2003)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Interferenz(%)
Imitation-inhibition task
frontal posterior control
* *
interference score: incongruent errors (%) – congruent errors (%)
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Conclusions
• Patients with frontal lesions have problems to inhibit imitative response tendencies.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Functional mechanisms involved in the inhibition of imitative behavior
• Hypothesis
1. The inhibition of imitative behavior involves general inhibitory mechanisms.
2. The inhibition of imitative behavior involves specific mechanisms related to the distinction of self-generated and externally triggered motor representations.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Experimental design
• ten healthy right handed participants• the imitation-inhibition task
• functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Imitation-inhibition task
Incongruent vs. congruent
Brass, Derrfuss & von Cramon (2005)
1
2
1
2
anterior fronto-median cortex (aFMC)
temporo-parietal junction area (TPJ)
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
The functional role of the anterior fronto-median cortex and the TPJ
– sense of agency (e.g. Farrer et al., 2003)
– perspective taking (Ruby & Decety, 2001, 2003)
– out of body experience (Blanke et al., 2002)
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Conclusions
The inhibition of imitative behaviour seems to involve mechanisms related to self-other distinction.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
The mirroring of contextual information
• Are environmental constraints mapped onto the observer’s motor representation?
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Prediction
Observing a physical restraint in another person should restrain the observer.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Paradigm
no restraint corresponding restraint non-corresponding restraint
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Demonstration
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Results
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Alternative hypothesis
The slowing effect is due to higher perceptual difficulty in the corresponding restraint condition.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Test
no restraint corresponding restraint
if a ‘1‘ appears if a ‘2‘ appears
Stimuli
Responses
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Results
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Summary
• There is an automatic tendency to imitate observed behaviour.
• Prefrontal patients have problems to inhibit imitative response tendencies.
• The inhibition of imitative behaviour involves functional mechanisms related to self-other distinction.
• Not only the action itself is mapped onto the observer’s motor representation but also environmental constraints.
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences04.2006
Roman LiepeltStephanie SpenglerMichael SteinbornHarold Bekkering
Jan DerrfussWolfgang Prinz
D. Yves von Cramon