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TECHNICAL REPORT 1-79-5

.., DRAG I NVESTIGATIONS OF TOWEDTARG ET BANNERS

US. ARmYMISSILERESEARCH ~~~~~~~~b d G ~~~Mo~ r~~b t ) C

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11 December 1978

R~~stons A4ISI~SI AIthW~I ~~~~ Approved for public release ; distribution unlimited .

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US Army Missile Research and Development Command DA Project NRedstone Arsenal, Alabama 35809

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II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS nersrfl B*i• —i -Commander ~. / Ii]. Dec .1 ‘t78~ ~US Army Missile Research and Development Comm~~ __________________

ATTh: DRDMI—TI •IULS•.~A5

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Contf nu. on r•vera• .ld. 11 n.c...lr y md ~dmtlf~ by block numb. ,)

Gunnery bannerDrag coefficientDrag bannersStandard banners

20. ABSTRACT (Ccrdlms. m r,v rm ai~~ If n..... ~~ v md idmt,& by block m S t )

/ Gunnery banners are presently used by the Army as targets for airdefense gun and missile systems. The standard banner is a 2~ x 12—ft rec—tangular configuration and is normally towed 500 ft from the tractor vehicle.The drag coefficient for this banner is 0.0364, which is five to seven timesgreater than that of an equivalent flat plate. In order to -investigate lower -~drag banners, a series of manned flight tests were conducted in the spring -of 1975. These tests were done for a series of full—scale target banners to- ~~~~..

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20. ABSTRACT (Cont inued) . -

- 1~jid eter~ine the influence on drag of flight Reynolds number, the ratioof length to width, planform shape, material properties, and towbarconfiguration.

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLAU IFICATION OF THIS PAGE(WI~mn 0.1 . ftnI.r.d )

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CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 3

II. TEST PROCEDURE 3

III. RESULTS 3

IV. CONCLUSIONS 4

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I. INTRODUCTION

The use of the Variable Speed Training Target (VSTT) to towgunnery targets at high speed at low altitudes motivated the study ofbanner drag. The standard nylon gunnery target banner, a rectangularshape which is 2—ft wide by 12—ft long, results in a drag coefficient,CD

= F~ /q A f = 0.0364. This is approximately five times greater than

that of an equivalent flat plate. The useful flight envelope of theVSTT can be substantially increased by developing a low drag target con-figuration. Flight tests were done for a series of full scale targetbanners to determine the influence on drag of flight Reynolds number,the ratio of banner length to width, the banner planform shape, materialproperties , and the towbar configuration.

II. TEST PROCEDURE

The aircraft used in this series of tests was the LTV A7—D.Each banner was towed using 500 ft of 0.064 diameter cable except thelast banner which used 0.072 diameter cable. The first, second , andninth banners used a 7 x 7 cable with a strength of 500 lb; all otherbanners were a 7 x 1 cable with 880—lb strength.

III. RESULTS

The flight test results are summarized in Table 1 for rectangu—lar banner shapes. The tests demonstrated a drag coefficient for thestandard banner equal to 0.0364 which is in agreement with the value

of 0.0357 obtained in a wind tunnel simulation.’ No significant depend-ence of drag coefficient flight Reynolds number was shown by the testdata as illustrated in Figure 1 for rectangular banners. The test datafor Cases 1 and 2 of Table 1 indicate that a small drag reductioncan be obtained by increasing the aspect ratio, L/W, of the banner witha standard towbar arrangement , as shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). Thecontribution of the towbar drag was found experimentally to be 6%of the total drag for the standard configuration compared to a calculatedvalue of 9%. Mechanical characteristics of the banner material had thelargest influence on total banner drag. The combined effects due tovariation In material porosity, cloth weight , and weave pattern for Case4 of Table 1 resulted in a 20% reduction in drag coefficient when com-pared to the standard banner .

‘Drag Investigation of Gunnery Target Banners for the Beech VSTT,Beech Aircraft Corporation , Wichita, Kansas, January , 1978, ReportNo. 1089E221 MTI.

3

Flight tests done with triangular shaped banners were inconclusivefor definition of drag coefficient due to progressive fraying and destruc-tion of banners during flight. The data suggest that no drag advantagewill be obtained with triangular banners and that material strengthrequirements must be increased relative to the standard banner material.

The banner drag coefficients obtained in the flight tests were com-pared to drag coefficients for a variety of banner and windsock con-figurations suitable for towing. When compared on the basis of equalprojected area for target visibility requirements, no flexible targetbanner concept was found which resulted in a lower drag coefficient thanthat of Case 4 of Table 1.

The tow banner configurations are summarized in Table 2; the test

data2 are summarized in Figure 3. Some of the data are taken from the

1969 banner test.3 The banner with the maximum porosity showed the leastdrag for all altitudes tested.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions were drawn:

a) Banner material has a substantial influence on the dragcoefficient of rectangular banners. The drag coefficient Is reduced byan increase in material porosity .

b) The standard towbar contributes approximately 6% of totaltowed configuration drag.

c) The towed banner and cable were immersed in an aerody-namically disturbed environment due to wing tip vortices and turbojetexhaust. It is probable that observed banner drag coefficient isgreater than drag coefficient obtained in an undisturbed environment .

d) No valid drag coefficients were obtained for triangularbanners due to progressive fraying of banners. Triangular banners, evenwhen made of standard material, cannot sustain as high a dynamic pressureas rectangular banners.

e) Banner drag coefficient does not vary significantly withReynolds number over the range of test values.

2Patrick, Grady E. Jr., “Tow Target Data Program Phase II,” USArmy Missile Command , Redstone Arsenal , Alabama , June, 1969 , InternalReport.

3Alston, John D., “Tow Target Drag Data Program ,” US Army MissileCommand , Redstone Arsenal , Alabama , June 1969, Internal Report.

4

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TABLE 1. FLIGHT TEST SUMMARY FOR RECTANGULAR BANNERS

DragItem Description Coefficient

1 2— x 12—ft standard banner material 0.0364

2 2— x 15—ft standard banner material 0.0323

3 2— x 12—ft standard banner material,long towbar 0.0386

4 3— x 12—ft lightweight Nylon , standardweave 0.0293

5 2.33— x 12—ft lightweight polypropylene 0.0344

6 2— x 12—ft heavyweight polypropylene 0.0380

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