disposal of human waste using eco-friendly …...disposal of human waste using eco-friendly...
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Disposal of Human Waste using Eco-friendly Technology
Soumya Chatterjee, PhD, DRDS
Scientist D DRDO, MoD, Govt. of India
Defence Research Laboratory Post Bag no 2, Tezpur 784001, Assam
[[email protected]; 09435738428]
sanitaion: issues
Sou
mya
Ch
atte
rjee
, 20
06
Sanitation: Issues • A major concern
– Plains
– High altitude areas
• Water borne diseases
– About 1/7th of world population openly defecate due absence of any toilet , of which 60% live in India.
– ~ 10 million childs <5yr - die globally/ year - out of which 2.4 million are in India
– Children in India: 48% (62 million) with underweight and stunted growth due to frequent infections
– Diarrhea kills 1600 (below 5yr) Indian children daily.
– 100 cases of viral hepatitis per 100 000 people
– epidemics of viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera very common
• Every year 30% of marginalised women who travel long distances to access public facilities were physically and sexually assaulted ('Squatting Rights', a research by philanthropic foundation Dasra).
• 70 % of girls experience humiliation every day in Delhi slums.
• Lack of sanitation is detrimental to women's health, their dignity and to their education
• Poor Sanitation: costing India 6.4 per cent of its GDP
• Source: – http://ibnlive.in.com/news, Sep 29, 2012 – http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/, Feb 14, 2013
Sanitation: Issues
Sanitation: Issues
Indian Railways • World’s largest rail
network 115000 km
• Runs 10000 trains daily
• 20 million passengers travel by train every day
• 59713 passenger coaches
World’s Largest Mobile Toilet
Sanitation in India
• < 30% Indians have bathrooms in homes or easy access to public toilets.
• ~ 250 of 4,000 cities/ towns have sewer systems- many without treatment plants.
• Bulk of sewage -- even from metro cities flows untreated into rivers, lakes or the sea.
• In rural areas, (70% Indians) fewer than 10% of homes have toilets.
• ~2/3 of urban dwellings have bathrooms, still, public health risks are greater in cities than in rural areas because of cramped conditions in slums
Priorities are Different
Telephone statistics - May 2012 ( Source: trai.gov.in )
Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 960.0 million Land Lines: 31.53 million Cell phones: 929.37 million Monthly Cell phone Addition: 8.35 million Tele density: 79.28% Annual Cell phone Addition: 227.27 million Projected Tele density: 1.159 billion, 97% of population by 2013
• 60% (626 million) in India do not have toilet
• This makes India the number one country in the world where open defecation is practiced
Indonesia with 63 million is a far second!
Less than 10% of Gram Panchayats in India are ODF
Human Waste Disposal
UNDECOMPOSED HUMAN WASTE * AESTHETIC NUISANCE * INFECTIOUS DISEASES * ORGANIC POLLUTION OPTIONS * TRANSPORTATION
* INCINERATION * CHEMICAL TREATMENT * DTL
* BIODEGRADATION (AEROBIC/ ANAEROBIC)
Problems of Open Defecation
Pollution of fecal matter with drinking water leads to contamination of food, fruits & vegetables, animals (direct contact, flies & rodents)
Open defecation
Individual houses toilets – dry, soak pit, twin pit & septic tank
Flush & Forget
Defecation
10
DRY PIT TOILETS
Most commonly used
Ventilated
Dry pit toilet
Twin (Dry)
pit toilet
The pits needs periodical evacuation Manual scavenging problem not solved
TWIN-PIT POUR-FLUSH Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets)
The pits are constructed in brick line (much like a honeycomb to facilitate the liquid to flow out) or with perforated concrete tubes (e.g. pre-fabricated)
A wooden or concrete slab to prevent people falling into them
The pit shape can be circular or rectangular, but circular pits are more stable
Pits should be placed symmetrically at the back of the latrine pan and have a minimal distance of the pit depth to prevent cross-contamination.
If the spacing between the two pits is to be reduced, an impervious barrier should be provided between them
Courtesy: SSWM
Distance not
less than the
pit depth
Junction /
Inspection
chamber
Adapted from
http://www.k4rd.or
g/ruraltech_pit.htm
[Accessed:
01.06.2010]
PRESENT SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS :-
BIGGER VOLUME
REQUIRES LARGER SPACE
COSTLY TO BUILD
NOT EFFICIENT
OBNOXIOUS SMELL
MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE
UNHYGIENIC DISPOSAL
SEPTIC-TANK (Conventional technology)
22-Dec-2014
Percentage of Households Having No Latrine India, 2001-2011
10.5 % improvement in 10 years
Percentage of Households Having Pit Latrine India, 2001-2011
Percentage of Households Having Other Latrine India, 2001-2011
Wide variation in temperature: -50oC to 50oC
Variety Of Terrain: High Altitude, Hilly, Plains, Coastal Areas & Islands
Water Conditions: Low / High Water Table Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas Sweet / Salty Water
Economic Constraints, Awareness, Casual Approach Lack Of Concern
Waste Treatment Challenges
anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
• It is a series of processes in which a consortia of microorganisms break-down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
• Used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and/or to release energy (to methane and carbon dioxide).
• Stabilization process: reducing odor, pathogen and volume.
Advantage of anaerobic processes
1. Less/ No energy requirement as no aeration is needed
0.5-0.75 kWh energy is needed for every 1 kg of COD removal by aerobic processes
2. Energy generation in the form of methane gas
1.16 kWh energy is produced for every 1 kg of COD fermented in anaerobic process
3. Less biomass (sludge) generation
Anaerobic process produces only 20% of sludge compared with aerobic process
Soluble BOD 1 kg
Aerobic process
CO2 + H2O 0.5 kg
New biomass 0.5 kg
Biodegradable COD 1 kg
Anaerobic process
CH4 gas > 0.9 kg
New biomass < 0.1 kg
4. Less nutrients (N & P) required
Lower biomass synthesis rate also implies less nutrients requirement : 20% of aerobic
5. Application of higher organic loading rate
Organic loading rates of 5-10 times higher than that of aerobic processes are possible
6. Space saving
Higher loading rates require smaller reactor volumes thereby saving on disposal cost
7. Ability to transform several hazardous solvents including
chloroform, trichloroethylene and trichloroethane to an easily degradable form
…Advantages of anaerobic processes
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
Particulates solubilized and large polymers converted to simpler monomers
Simple monomers converted to volatile fatty acids
Volatile fatty acids converted to acetic acid, CO2 and H2
Acetate converted into CH4 and CO2 while H2 consumed
Robust
Sensitive
A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined above is as follows: C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
Anaerobic digestion: Steps
Bacteria : Environmental Conditions
strict
aerobes
Dissolved Oxygen
strict
anaerobes
facultative
anaerobes
tolerant
anaerobes
Toxicity (NH3, H2S, metals)
Functional Fatal Inhibitory
methanogens acidogens 6.8 - 7.2
pH 5.5-6.5 7.2-8.4
thermophilic
Temperature
mesophilic
30 – 35 oC 50 – 60 oC
psychrophilic
< 20 oC
drdo biotoilet
How a digester functions
Laboratory Findings DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
Screening & gradual adaptation Isolation of psychrophilic bacteria
BIOAUGMENTAION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM VFA degrading bacteria
Psychrophilic proteolytic bacteria
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM HRT (25 days at 10°C)
Temp range (5-50°C) Freeze-thaw resistance (two cycles)
PROCESS ENHANCEMENT Immobilization
CaCO3 Sulphate
Anaerobic Microbial Consortium (Developed and maintained by DRDO)
• Selection of microbial culture from different regions including low temperature regions
• Adaptation to night soil
• Adaptation to low temperature
• FEATURES
Lowest temperature: 5 C
HRT: 25 days
BOD/COD reduction: > 90%
Pathogens reduction: > 99%
Freezing/thawing resistance- 3 cycles
Temperature fluctuation: 5-30 C
DRDO TECHNOLOGY - BIOTOILET
BACTERIA (INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization / enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria
BIO-TOILET Fermentation container made of mild steel / SS / FRP / bricks.
The dimensions and internal design varies with no. Of users, water availability and geo-climatic conditions
Types of BIOTOILET
High Altitude:
• Metal - 1 m3 & 2 m3
• FRP (Heating) - 1 M3
•Rail:
• Stainless Steel (SS) – 400 L
•Plain:
• FRP – 700 L
• Biotank – Any size (from 1 m3 to--
Biodigester Development High Altitude
Metal – 10-20 men
FRP – 10-20 men
Temp controlled: 20-25 men
Soil Glacier
Biodigesters
Metal Biodigesters Biodigesters at Army Transit Camp Pang (Altitude: 15200 Ft)
Spot test for inflammability of biogas Biodigester at Siachen
Modular Biodigesters for Glaciers
Temperature Controlled Hybrid Biodigester
Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006
Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder
Kitchen waste and human waste degradation
Biodigesters In Islands - Lakshadweep
12000 biotoilets are being installed
FRP: 5-6 users
Size: 700 L
Onboard Treatment of Human Waste in Indian Railways
Lifeline to the nation ….
35
Railway Biodigester
Advantages
Eco-friendly & cost-effective
Wide applicability under different climatic conditions
Customized & easily adaptable
Maintenance free
Minimizes water consumption
Recycling of effluent water
Reduction in organic waste by more than 90%
More than 99% pathogens reduction
Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas
Detergents/ Antiseptics for Cleaning
• Phenyl upto 84ppm
• Harpic upto 250ppm
• Domex upto 250ppm
• TASKI R6 upto 250 ppm*
• TASKI Duck fresh upto 250ppm*
• TASKI Clonet W4 upto 100ppm*
• TASKI MM65 upto 100ppm*
• TASKI MM60 upto 250ppm*
Routine toilet cleaning agents available in market are compatible with Biotoilet
drdo biotank-reed bed system
PRINCIPLE
Biodegradation of Human Fecal Matter by Microorganisms in Absence of Oxygen HUMAN WASTE METHANE + CO2+ WATER
(BIOGAS)
COMPONENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY
• Consortium of acclimatized microorganisms
• Bacteria immobilization Matrix
• Reaction Vessel
• Reed Bed for secondary treatment of water (Optional)
STEPS
BIOTANK CUM REED BED: TECHNOLOGY (Biodegradations by Anaerobic bacteria)
Study on Bacterial Consortium
STUDY PLAN: Parallel Sequencing of Total DNA; Illumina GAIIX platform used •Quality control, clustering and similarity-based annotation & prediction done •Out of 17882386 reads, species and proteins were predicted using latest database servers
Four Functional Groups Identified: Hydrolytic (eg. Bacteroides vulgates, B. fragilis), Acidogenic (eg. Prevotella copri, Acinetobacter sp.)
Acetogenic (eg. Clostridium saccharolyticum) , Methanogenic (eg. Methanobacterium bryantii)
Diversity of bacterial end users in the system: •Play a crucial role in generating methane & CO2
• Utilization of H2, Fatty acids, formates, acetates
AIM: #Characterization of anaerobic bacteria in the consortium #Required to know the functioning of the system #Mandatory for the quality control
On-site construction Design and construction very
simple (masonry work, brick wall/ RCC structure).
The size of the Bio-Tank: approximately 1/3rd to 1/10th of conventional septic tank
Less space requirement Low material/ construction cost Can be of different sizes, either
for single house or multi-storeyed complexes as per the requirement
Maintenance free
Biotank Cum Reed Bed System
Biotank Cum Reed Bed System
• Reed bed can be added on top of BioTank for secondary treatment
• Comprises of bed of sand and pebbles along with reed plants
• Treats Human Waste Alone or Human Waste Plus Bathroom & Kitchen Waste Water
Septic Tank Biotank + Reed bed
pH 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.5 Turbidity (NTU) 500-800 2-5
DO(mg/L) 0.2-0.3 1-1.8 Total Suspended Solids
(mg/L) 150-300 50-80
TDS(mg/L) 500-850 300-500 VS (mg/100ml) 50-60 5-12
COD (mg/L) 1200-2200 15-45
Fecal Coliforms (MPN/ 1 ml in McKonkey agar @ 42C)
>3000 0-12
Available N2 mg/L 600-700 50-70
BioTank cum Reed Bed system: Water quality
(Identify the Tap water here!)
BioTank cum Reed Bed system Water Quality
(Identify the Tap water here!)
Water Quality
BioTank cum Reed Bed system
(Identify the Tap water here!)
Water Quality
Water Quality
BioTank cum Reed Bed system
Vendors: Name & addresses of Vendors for Biotoilet technology
M/S BANKA ENTERPRISES, A-111, Express Apartment, Lakdi-Ka-Pool, Hyderabad – 500 004., Phone (040) 66688028, 91-9246880060
M/S ALFA THERM LIMITED , 6, Community Centre, Mayapuri, Phase-I, New Delhi – 110 064., Ph. 28115222, 2811622 2 Mob. 9810060029, Fax 91-1-28115396
M/S WATERLIFE Ltd, Plot No.9, SAI NIDHI, 2nd Floor, Krishnapuri Colony , West Marredpally Secunderabad- 500 026. ,Phone: 040 27709889, Fax: 040 27709889
M/S AIRFLOW EQUIPMENTS (INDIA) P.LTD., CHENNAI-600117 , 9, Chelliamman Koil Street, , Chennai, Tamil Nadu: 600117. Phone: 044-22470350
M/S INUS , 215, M.B. Road, Birati, Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin- 700 051, 09331642340 (mob); 033-65226832 (tel); 28441333 (fax); [email protected] M/S INDUSTRIAL SERVICES , 93, Dakshindari Road, Kolkata, Pin- 700 048, 09830029178 (mob); 033-25214561 (tel); 25214294 (fax); [email protected] M/S SINGH STEELWORKS ,Mission Charali, Post Box No.30, Tezpur, Assam, Pin- 784001,09435380382 (mob); 255702, 237302 (fax); [email protected]
M/S BUHANIA BROS., D-56, Sitapuri Part-1, Gali No.18, Near Pankha Road, New Delhi, Pin- 110 045, 09810734236 (mob); website: [email protected]
M/S BSA CORPORATION LIMITED, 18-20 Sukhwani fortune, Morwadi Road, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Tel: 91-020-27474997, telefax: 91- 020 27474962
M/S REAL INDIA LIFETECH PVT LTD, Vasantha Chambers, Pent house, 50-10-173, Hyderabad 500004 91- 9959799334 (mob); [email protected]
M/S SVK GREENTECH PVT LTD, B121 Sec 71, Noida 201303, Tel: 91- 120-2484101-05; Fax: 91-120-2484107;email: [email protected]) M/S SRIKAR GROUP OF COMPANIES, Polt no. 178/F/2, Road no. 19 & 22 IDA Mallapur, Uppal, Hyderabad, AP, Tel+Fax: 040 27176685 Mail: [email protected]) M/S ERAM SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS PVT LTD, Devi Gardens, TC9/1615 (1), (2), (3), SRKM Hospital Road, Thiruvanthapuram 695010, Tel: 471-4062125, M/S MAK CONTROLS & SYSTEMS (P) LTD 7/41B Avinashi Road, Civil aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641014 Tel: 0422-4305000; Fax: 0422-4305060;
Landmarks of this technology
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has
been signed between DRDO and Ministry of Railways,
Government of India
MARCH 09, 2010
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO- MDWS
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has
been signed between DRDO and Ministry of Drinking
Water and Sanitation, Government of India for
successful implementation of this technology on
national level.
JULY 26, 2012
MoU Function: DRDO - MDWS
BIOTOILET Inauguration at Orissa
53
“I was very happy to learn that DRDO in collaboration with FICCI has commercialised bio-toilet that promises to solve the problem of open defecation in rural India. If this green, cost effective “flush and forget”
technology is successfully implanted, it will give a big boost to our Total Sanitation Campaign. Application of technology to social benefit
programmes should be expanded further.”
PM’s Address at DRDO Award Function (July 12)
Memorandum of Understanding DRDO -GAP
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between DRDO, FICCI and Ganga Action Parivar, Parmarth Niketan for
Clean Ganga Action Plan
NOVEMBER 03, 2012
For any enquiry pls. contact
• Dr Vijay Veer, Director, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 7584001, Assam, Tel: 03712-258836
• Dr Lokendra Singh, Dir, Life Sciences, DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi – 110011
• Dr. MP Kaushik, Dir, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Rd, Gwalior, MP
• Mr S Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi – 110011
• Mr Nirankar Saxena, Senior Director, FICCI Federation House, Tansen Marg, New Delhi
Thank You Sou
mya
Ch
atte
rjee
, 20
07
…for better Health & Hygiene & Environment