Discussion on the future of:Discussion on the future of:

DeDepositionposition ofof BiBiogeochemicallyogeochemically IImportantmportant TTracerace SSpeciespecies

within WMO GAW and IGACwithin WMO GAW and IGAC

WMO SAG meeting 11-14 May 2013, Chicago, USAWMO SAG meeting 11-14 May 2013, Chicago, USA

DEBITS

DEBITS : a Task of IGAC IIDEBITS : a Task of IGAC II Deposition of Biogeochemically Important Trace SpeciesDeposition of Biogeochemically Important Trace Species

DEBITS : a Task of IGAC IIDEBITS : a Task of IGAC II Deposition of Biogeochemically Important Trace SpeciesDeposition of Biogeochemically Important Trace Species

The international DEBITS network composed by 25 stations located all around the tropical belt. DEBITS II task since 2004 accepted in the second phase of IGAC

• CAAP (1990) / CAD (2000) Composition of Asian Deposition

• IDAF (IGAC DEBITS Africa) (1995)

• LBA The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (1998)

10

4

305

CADIDAFLBA

10

4

305

10

CADCADIDAFIDAFLBALBA

DEBITS NETWORK

Tropical atmospheric chemistry includes:

– high UV flux, high T, high water vapour content promote intense

photochemistry

– urbanization, industrialization, agriculture and biomass burning

are increasing rapidly producing large emissions of gases and

particles

– deep convection provides rapid vertical transport into the upper

tropo and stratosphere and strong deposition

A major success of IGAC (phase 1) has been to stress the important influence of tropical atmospheric chemistry on global atmospheric composition and climate

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Assessment of acidification effects

pH

Problem regions in terms of soil sensitivity

Kuylenstierna et al. 2001

Rodhe et al. 2002

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Tropics are the places where demographic growth is Tropics are the places where demographic growth is larger in the world and for the future especially in Africalarger in the world and for the future especially in Africa

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Biodiversity Hotspot Approach for Conservation Priorities

Myers et al. Nature, 2000

Endemism: >1500 species as endemics; Threat: >70% primary vegetation lost

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Biodiversity hotspot approach 2050

Phoenix et al. 2006

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Why focus on deposition in the Tropics?

Comparison of deposition studies and modelling

Comparison of deposition studies and modelling

HTAP simulation Hemispheric Transport Air Pollution

15 - 45

15 - 355 - 15

5 - 15

10 - 20

15 - 25

Wet+Dry Deposition of Noxidized+Nreduced (kg N/ha/yr)

Tost et al, ACP 2007

Comparison of deposition studies and modelling

Comparison of deposition studies and modelling

Workshops:Workshops: Advisors to: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

and the African Collaborative Centre for Earth System Science (ACCESS) on the EADN Project. Kisumu, Kenya, 5th to 9th December 2011.

Workshop on Atmospheric Deposition: Processes and Workshop on Atmospheric Deposition: Processes and Environmental Impact F. Dentener, C. Galy-Lacaux. Local Environmental Impact F. Dentener, C. Galy-Lacaux. Local Organiser: F. Solmon, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Organiser: F. Solmon, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste Italy, 21-25 May 2012Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste Italy, 21-25 May 2012

Improved data quality control procedures Improved data quality control procedures Participates to the update of the WMO manual of reference Participates to the update of the WMO manual of reference WMO WMO

N° 160: report (Reference for GAW precipitation chemistry) and N° 160: report (Reference for GAW precipitation chemistry) and encourages laboratories to participate in QC and QA activitiesencourages laboratories to participate in QC and QA activities

Recent activities Recent activities

The ‘Equatorial Africa Deposition Network’ (EADN) is a Full-sized project of the Global Environment facility (GEF) spanning both the Land Degradation (LD) and International Waters (IW) focal areas. The project is Co-executed by the African Centre for Climate and Earth System Science (ACCESS) and UNU-INWEH, and Implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

New initiatives: Africa (IDAF):New initiatives: Africa (IDAF):

LAKE VICTORIALAKE VICTORIA

The Lake Victoria Basin is one of Africa’s largest transboundary water resources covering an area of about 194,200 km2, and surrounding the second largest freshwater Lake in the world (68,800 km²), with the largest freshwater fishery resources. Main source of the white Nile.The Lake Victoria catchment is shared among five states in the following proportions; Tanzania 44% (85,448 km2), Kenya 22% (42,724 km2), Uganda 16% (31,072 km2), Rwanda 11% (21,362 km2) and Burundi 7% (13,594 km2).The Lake is shared among three of the five Partner States of East Africa, i.e., Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, with a shoreline of approximately 3,450 km long

Lake Victoria

Equatorial climate Bi-annual rainfall patternMarch May, Oct to december

Uganda 2,400 mm annually Tanzania and Kenya between 1,350 mm - 2,447 mm annually. Burundi and Rwanda annual 1800 mm annually.Rainfall amount increases from east to west, ranging between 600 to 2,800 mm/yr

Change in population density Change in population density around lake Victoriaaround lake Victoria

Scope:

The EADN project will help to determine where the majority of nitrogen (N)and phosphorous (P) macronutrients deposited in the African Great Lakes are coming from, and how the nutrients travel across the continent over time. This an important phenomenon to understand because current research shows that most N and P nutrient loading in the African Great Lakes is a result of wet and dry atmospheric deposition (not solely wet deposition as initially thought), and there are no current estimates of regional atmospheric transport of phosphorous within tropical Africa nor export of N and P from the continent in tropical latitudes. Data collected by the Equatorial Africa Deposition Network will be used in conjunction with remote sensing data and modelling tools in order to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of atmospheric nutrient transport and their relationship to land use patterns.

Project Goals: To establish an Equatorial African Deposition Network (EADN) initially consisting of ten stations across the continent that can continuously monitor dry and wet atmospheric deposition rates of nitrogen and phosphorous species at all sites.Create an overview of the spatial characterization of atmospheric deposition within the regionEnable equatorial African Governments to work together on issues of transboundary transport of major macronutrients Partners (including links): ACCESSUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeWorld BankUniversity of Nairobi

Via WMO, improved collaboration with other Via WMO, improved collaboration with other deposition networks (deposition networks (CAPMON, EMEP, ACCENT, CAPMON, EMEP, ACCENT, NADP, EANET)NADP, EANET)

Improved networking with modelling, remote Improved networking with modelling, remote sensing and impacts studyingsensing and impacts studying

New networks: South America & Equatorial New networks: South America & Equatorial AfricaAfrica

Outputs listed at:Outputs listed at: http://debits.sedoo.frhttp://debits.sedoo.fr

Recent activities Recent activities

Networking Networking

• Africa and South America: Deposition of Biogeochemically Trace Species (IGAC/DEBITS)

• Canada : Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) and provincial networks

• East Asia : East Asia Network (EANET)

• Europe : European Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMEP)

• Global : World Meteorological Organization’s Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (WMO/GAW)

• United States : National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)

• Other national networks : India, Russia, China, Korea Data assessed following WMO guidelines and archived in the EBAS

Database System at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU): (http://ebas.nilu.no)

Integration of Data from the Major Wet Deposition Monitoring NetworksIntegration of Data from the Major Wet Deposition Monitoring Networks

Future challenges / New approachesFuture challenges / New approaches

Optimum network functioning?Optimum network functioning? Decentralised operations but centralised protocols and QA?Decentralised operations but centralised protocols and QA? Linkages to different international initiatives? Linkages to different international initiatives?

Integration with related topics?Integration with related topics? Inclusion in climate change programmes?Inclusion in climate change programmes? Food security and health studies?Food security and health studies?

Securing long-term financial sustainability? Securing long-term financial sustainability? Inclusion into governmental programs?Inclusion into governmental programs? Linkages to different international initiatives? Linkages to different international initiatives?

New questions around atmospheric deposition?New questions around atmospheric deposition?How has wet and dry deposition of major ions changed from 1990 (as How has wet and dry deposition of major ions changed from 1990 (as possible) as a result of changing precursor anthropogenic possible) as a result of changing precursor anthropogenic emissions?emissions?

Important questions for tropical regions and developping Important questions for tropical regions and developping countries (Additional sites are needed to represent the urban areas (in countries (Additional sites are needed to represent the urban areas (in addition to nonperturbed sites)addition to nonperturbed sites)

What is known about inter- and intra-continental long range What is known about inter- and intra-continental long range transboundary transport of gases and particles and their effects on transboundary transport of gases and particles and their effects on precipitation composition (as possible)?precipitation composition (as possible)?

What is the relative importance of wet versus dry deposition?What is the relative importance of wet versus dry deposition?Focus on dry deposition fluxes (Dry deposition modelling, direct Focus on dry deposition fluxes (Dry deposition modelling, direct mesaurements) mesaurements) we have seen in the WMO assessment that gaps exist we have seen in the WMO assessment that gaps exist for dry fluxes compared to Wet Depfor dry fluxes compared to Wet DepAdditional data analysis: phosphorus, organics (to follow WMO Additional data analysis: phosphorus, organics (to follow WMO guidelines)guidelines)

Future challenges/ New approachesFuture challenges/ New approaches

Decisions to be taken at:Decisions to be taken at:

2013 IGAC SSC meeting2013 IGAC SSC meeting@@

Berg-en-Dal, Kruger National Park, South AfricaBerg-en-Dal, Kruger National Park, South Africa30 Sept – 4 Oct 2012 30 Sept – 4 Oct 2012

DEBITS workshop 2006 Berg-en-Dal

DEBITS workshop 2006 Berg-en-Dal