Discoveries of Eighteenth Century

1Average Life Span: 40 to 50 years

Gabriel Fahrenheit(1686-1736)• created 1st mercury thermometer

Ben Franklin (1706-1790)• invented bifocals for eyeglasses

Dr. Jessee Bennet • Performs 1st successful C-section in 1794

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18th Century (cont)

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

• Country doctor in England

• Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

• How did he find this? …..next page

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• Jenner observed that individuals who had caught the less serious cowpox generally did not catch smallpox.

• This led him to discover technique of vaccination when he deliberately infected a small boy with cowpox.

• He found that this gave the child immunity against deadly smallpox.

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The word “vaccination”, made up by Jenner for his treatment

(comes from Latin vacca, a cow).

Word was later adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any

disease.6

10. The word vaccination is derived from a Latin word, which means . . ?.

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Discoveries of 19th

Century

8Average Life Span: 40 to 65 years

19th Century (cont)

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• Period known as the “industrial revolution”

• Major progress in medical science occurred• due to development of machines• ready access to books

Rene Laënnec (1781-1826)

• French physician

• Invented stethoscope (1816)–Cylinder originally made from paper,

then made from hollow wooden tube

• Hailed as Father of Thoracic Medicine

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Before stethoscope, doctors put ear directly to body.11

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Evolution of Laennec’s stethoscope

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19th Century(cont)

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Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910)Pioneer of Nursing

• Established efficient and sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers during the Crimean War

• Began professional education of nurses

Florence Nightingale tending the ill

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• Often called the “Lady with the Lamp” after her habit of making rounds at night

• Although bedridden for many years, she campaigned tirelessly to improve health standards–published 200 books, reports & pamphlets

• In recognition of her work Queen Victoria awarded Miss Nightingale the Royal Red Cross in 1883.

• She died at age 90.

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19th Century (cont)

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Major Developments•Infection Control

• Associated microscopic organisms with disease• Methods developed to stop the spread of organisms

•Women became active participants in medical care• Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st female physician in US• Dorothea Dix – appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses of the

Army • Clara Barton – founded the American Red Cross

11. Laennec’s first stethoscope was made of:

a. paperb. woodc. tree bark.

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CheckPoint cont.

12. Before Laennec’s stethoscope, how did physicians listen to heart & lung sounds?

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James Blundell (1790-1877)• 1818- performed 1st successful human

blood transfusion –transfused blood from husband to his wife

by means of syringe

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• Blundell performed 10 transfusions up to 1830 –about half were successful

• At this point, blood typing had not been developed & transfusions were risky.

• In 1870's, doctors began using milk from cows, goats & humans, as blood substitute

• This was replaced with saline solution in 1880's.

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William Morton (1819-1868)

• developed anesthesia techniques that made surgery painless 22

MATCHING:13. Reformed hospitals;

pioneered nursing14. Successful blood

transfusions15. Developed anesthesia

techniques.

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a. Morton

b. Nightingale

c. Blundell

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Father of Bacteriology• Discovered that microorganisms were

everywhere• Proved that microbes caused disease. 24

The process of boiling a liquid to destroy bacteria is still used today; most dairy products are pasteurized.

Discovered that heating of milk killed germs--hence the term “pasteurization”.

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Pasteur also developed vaccines against anthrax & rabies.

Louis's pupil, Emile Roux, inoculating boy against rabies at Pasteur Institute 26

Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

• Used asepsis in surgery• Discovered that carbolic

acid killed germs.

Carbolic acid sprayer

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Lister Introduces Antisepsis

• For six weeks, Lister had treated a boy's compound fracture wound with carbolic acid.

• When Lister removed dressings from fracture, he found wound had healed without infection--something unheard of at that time! 28

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

• German physicist• Discovered x-rays

in 1895• 1st X-ray was of his

wife’s hand

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Roentgen’s wife & X-ray of her hand

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MATCHING:

16. Discovered x-rays17. Developed rabies

vaccine18. Used carbolic acid to

kill germs.

CheckPoint

a. Lister

b. Pasteur

c. Roentgen

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• Most rapid growth in health care

Twentieth Century

Average Life Span: 60 – 80 years

Development of Rehabilitation Professions

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Physical TherapyOccupational TherapyOrthotics and ProstheticsAudiologyArt TherapyKinesiotherapy

Physical Therapy1894

Originated in England• Nurses were 1st Physical Therapists• RN using a Current impulse stimulator

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Another type of physical therapy

Using a “shoulder wheel” which was used after arm & shoulder injuries

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Occupational Therapy - 1917• Developed in response to injured veterans

returning from WWI.• Needed rehab in order to get back to work.

Occupational Therapy

Ward

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Depiction of wounded soldier

weaving belt with aid of apparatus

designed to exercise his injured arm.

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WWII - physical therapy in use following surgery

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Orthoticsand Prosthetics

• Began with ancient art of splinting

• Associated with amputation surgery after wars

• Grew after WWI and WWII and the polio epidemics in late 1940’s & early 1950’s

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Audiology - 1920’s

• Origin in 1920’s when audiometers were 1st designed to measure hearing

• Profession surged after WWI & II from noise induced hearing loss

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Art Therapy - 1940’s

• Patient’s creations were thought to reveal hidden feelings & emotions.

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Kinesiotherapy - "Corrective Therapy" • Rehab programs developed during WWII to

expedite return of soldiers to active duty following battle injuries.

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19. Many rehab professions developed in response to _______ injuries.

CheckPoint

a. industrialb. farmc. poliod. war.

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Other new developments during the 20th Century

• Use of new machines, i.e. X-Rays, MRI, ultrasound, CT scans, PET scans

• New medicines and vaccines were developed

• Causes of many diseases were identified• Physicians were able to treat the cause of

the disease to cure the patient

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X-Ray / MRI Scanner

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Ultrasound of fetus

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Walter Reed

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• Demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever (1900)

Sir Alexander Fleming

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• Accidently discovered penicillin in 1928

• Became known as the “Wonder Drug”

• Penicillin is a broad- spectrum antibiotic since it kills a wide range of bacteria

Dr. Michael DeBakey

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Well-renowned Houston cardiologist

1937 - Linked Lung cancer to cigarette smoking

1950s – One of the first to perform Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

1953 – Performed the 1st successful Carotid Endarterectomy (plague removal and stent placement)

Pioneer in development of artificial heart.

First to use an external heart pump successfully – a “left ventricular bypass pump”.

20th Century (cont)

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Jonas Salk•Discovered a killed polio virus would afford immunity to poliomyelitis.•Developed the polio vaccine in 1952

Albert Sabin •Developed an oral live-virus polio vaccine in mid- 1950s

20th Century (cont)

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Francis Crick and James Watson

•Described the structure of DNA – “double helix” - in 1953 and how it carries genetic information

Dr. Christiaan Barnard

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• South African doctor performed the 1st successful heart transplant in 1967

Louis Washkansky was the recipient of the world's first human heart transplant.1922-2001

Dr. William DeVries

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American doctor who implanted the 1st artificial heart, Jarvik-7, into a patient in 1982

Dr. DeVries Barney Clark “Jarvik-7”

20. ______________ performed the first successful heart transplant in 1967.

CheckPoint

a. Barney Clarkb. Christiaan Bernardc. Jonas Salk.

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21. He discovered mosquitoes carried yellow fever.

CheckPoint

a. William DeVriesb. Albert Sabinc. Walter Reed.

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22. Who accidently discovered penicillin?

CheckPoint

a. Sir Alexander Flemingb. James Watsonc. Francis Crick.

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20th Century (cont)

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Other “Firsts”•1st successful arm reattachment at the shoulder 1962•1st liver transplant in 1963•1st lung transplant in 1964•1st Hospice founded in England in 1967•1st “test tube” baby born in England in 1978•AIDS is identified in 1981•1st gene therapy to treat disease in 1990

21st Century

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• Stem cells used in the treatment of disease - 2000s

• HIPAA, Privacy act of 1996, put into effect in 2003

• Human Genome project completed in 2003 • Able to identify all of approx. 20000 – 25000 genes

in human DNA

• 1st Face transplant in France in 2005

• New vaccines in 2006 – Gardasil (cervical cancer), Zostavax (shingles)

Onward to new medical advances . . .

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Future?????

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• Cure for AIDS, cancer, heart disease?

• Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited diseases?

• Eliminate paralysis by regenerating brain and spinal cord?

• Transplants of all organs, including the brain?

• Development of antibiotics that do not allow pathogens to become resistant?

What will your part be in this????