UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL“FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA”

ÁREA CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓNANÁLISIS DEL DISCURSO

OCTOBER 2008

LIC. YOSELIS VENTURA OLIVET

An inference is an educated guess or prediction about something unknown based on available facts and information. It is the logical connection between what you observe or know and what you do not know. The writer's purpose, style, tone, and word choice influence the type of inferences that readers make.

It’s the connection of what we know

and what we are receiving

EXAMPLES

-English Teaching- Elvis Presley

- Global Warming- Bible

- Children Development- Discourse Analysis

Can you interpret the following signs?

HOW?

Can you explain with your own words what EXPLICATURE and IMPLICATURE

Are?

EXPLICATURE, are all the words, statements, sentences, context

that are given in the text. (Including graphics, drawings, etc)

IMPLICATURE, are the elements that the reader/listener should

infer from that explicit information.

As Inference has to do with things we know, it is closely related to BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Which is the Knowledge, experiences and information that we acquire during all our live and store in our memory waiting to be

used when needed.

As English Teachers:

WHY DO YOU CONSIDER YOU HAVE TO STIMULATE YOUR STUDENTS’ INFERENCE?

Ionization is one of the very important phenomena of the production of ions that occurs in certain physical processes. For example, when a high energy particle or radiation passes through a material medium (might be solid, liquid or gaseous), the atoms or molecules in the medium on the radiation-path get struck so that one or some of the electrons get knocked out of the atoms or molecules leaving behind the residual positive ions. The knocked out electrons might in turn get attached to electronegative species of atoms or molecules in the medium, thus giving rise to the appearance of negative ions. Not only the radiation passage, but the heating to high temperatures, chemical reactions as well as electrical processes etc. may also produce ionizations in a given medium

READ THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH AND SAY IF YOU UNDERSTAND IT OR

NOT. WHY?

WHAT IS COHERENCE?

Widdowson (1984) defines COHERENCE as “The quality that

depends not on the discourse itself, but on the listener/reader ability to assign meaningful interpretation to

it.”

DISCOURSE MARKERS

They are used to mark the explicit relations that the author establishes between the different parts of his or her discourse.

They CAN BE:

-A word (Since)- A phrase (As a result)

- A complete sentence (This is the reason why)

It is important to know that they are not grammatical units, they don-t have a grammatical function. They cannot be

classified as NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, ETC

CLASIFICATION

TIMECOMPARISON/SIMILARITY

PURPOSERESULT,CONSEQUENCE OR CONCLUSION

ORDERADDITION

CAUSEEXPLANATION/PARAPHRASE

ILLUSTRATIONAGREEMENTEMPHASISCONDITIONCONTRAST

ALTERNATIVE

WHY SHOULD WE TEACH DISCOURSE MARKERS TO OUR STUDENTS?

PUNCTUATION MARKS

THE PERIOD .THE COMMA ,

THE SEMICOLON ;THE COLON :

THE QUESTION MARK ?THE QUOTATION MARKS ¡!

THE DASH -

WHY SHOULD WE TEACH PUNCTUATION MARKSTO OUR STUDENTS?

ADJACENCY

So far we’ve studied those “resources” that are useful for connecting ideas. Bu there are many

cases in which the connection between the sentences must be inferred contextually.

There is considerable evidence to support the claim that 12 learners who begin

learning as adults are unable to achieve a native-speaker competence in either grammar or pronunciation. Studies of

immigrants in the United States show that if they arrive before puberty they go on to achieve much higher levels of grammar

proficiency than if they arrive later.

GOOD LEADERSGOOD LEADERS

Good leaders are made, not born. If you have the

desire and power, you can become an effectíve

leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending

process of self-study, education, training, and

experience. To inspire your workers into higher levels

of teamwork, there are certain things you must be,

know, and do. These do not come naturrally, but

acquired through continual work and study. Good

leaders are continually working and studying to

improve their leadership skill; they are NOT resting on

their laurels.