disclosure of relevant financial relationships …...3/23/2017 1 differential of neuroendocrine...

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3/23/2017 1 Differential of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Alain C. Borczuk,MD Weill Cornell Medicine Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships USCAP requires that all faculty in a position to influence or control the content of CME disclose any relevant financial relationship WITH COMMERCIAL INTERESTS which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had, within the past 12 months, which relates to the content of this educational activity and creates a conflict of interest. Dr. Alain Borczuk declares he/she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose. Differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinomaProblems 1. Small cell carcinoma vs. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma Combined small cell or pure large cell neuroendocrine Organ localized small cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 3. Carcinoid tumors and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma Ki67, mitoses 4. Mimics of neuroendocrine carcinoma CD56 – perils and problems Morphologic imitators Problem 1: Small cell carcinoma vs. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma vs. Combined small cell What is the problem? Partial sampling Small samples Crush artifact Morphologic overlap

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Page 1: Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships …...3/23/2017 1 Differential of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Alain C. Borczuk,MD Weill Cornell Medicine Disclosure of Relevant Financial

3/23/2017

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Differential of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Alain C. Borczuk,MDWeill Cornell Medicine

Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships

USCAP requires that all faculty in a position to

influence or control the content of CME disclose any relevant financial

relationship WITH COMMERCIAL INTERESTS which they or their

spouse/partner have, or have had, within the past 12 months, which relates to

the content of this educational activity and creates a conflict of interest.

Dr. Alain Borczuk declares he/she has no conflict(s) of interest

to disclose.

Differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma‐ Problems1. Small cell carcinoma vs. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

• Combined small cell or pure large cell neuroendocrine

• Organ localized small cell carcinoma

2. Adenocarcinoma or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 

3. Carcinoid tumors and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma• Ki‐67, mitoses

4. Mimics of neuroendocrine carcinoma• CD56 – perils and problems

• Morphologic imitators

Problem 1:

Small cell carcinoma 

vs. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 

vs. Combined small cell

What is the problem?

• Partial sampling

• Small samples

• Crush artifact

• Morphologic overlap

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Thunnissen E et al J Thorac Oncol. 2017 Feb;12(2):334‐346. The Use of Immunohistochemistry Improves the Diagnosis of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Differential Diagnosis. An International Reproducibility Study in a Demanding Set of Cases.

Reproducibility in small cell carcinoma diagnosis

• Images of 79 tumors, mostly neuroendocrine in 3 tiers –morphology first tier then increasing number of IHC

• Moderate agreement (65%) improved to good (78%) with IHC

• IHC Panel was variable• Often CK, TTF1 and at least one NE marker

Small cell carcinoma vs. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma ‐ clinical

Small cell carcinoma• Advanced disease

• Paraneoplastic syndrome – often

• Peripheral, early rare

• High PET SUV

• Smokers

Large cell neuroendocrine• Early stage (50%)

• High recurrence rate

• Paraneoplastic syndromes rare

• Peripheral, lobulated>spiculated

• High PET SUV

• Smokers

Small cell carcinoma vs. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma ‐ pathology

Small cell carcinoma• Smaller cells, scant cytoplasm

• Fine “salt and pepper” chromatin

• Nuclear molding

• Crush artifact

• Apoptosis – frequent• Mitoses – frequent (?hard to see)

• Necrosis

Large cell neuroendocrine• Larger cells, Visible cytoplasm• Nucleoli, small (coarse chromatin)

• Rosettes, palisading (?related to cytoplasm)

• Apoptosis• Mitoses – frequent

• Necrosis

Small cell carcinoma vs. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma ‐ IHC

Small cell carcinoma

• Cytokeratin – weak, patchy, dot like

• Up to 10% of cases negative

• TTF1 – 90% positive• Neuroendocrine markers

• Often but not always positive• CD56 most sensitive

• Ki‐67 high

Large cell neuroendocrine

• Cytokeratin – membranous

• TTF1 – 50% positive (or higher)

• Neuroendocrine markers• By definition

• Ki‐67 high

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Palisading

Rosette

Architecture Nuclear morphology

DO NOT FORGET COMBINED SMALL CELL IS SMALL CELL!

LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE AS PART OF COMBINED SMALL CELL CARCINOMA

IS COMMON!

Problem 1 – Small cell ca vs LCNECTake home lessons

• Mostly morphologic• Don’t ignore clinical clues (paraneoplastic syndrome, organ localized)

• IHC pattern• Cytokeratin can reveal dual cell population

• If Age <40 or more chest wall than lung (see Problem 4!)

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Problem 2:

Solid type adenocarcinoma

vs. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 

What is the problem?

• IHC definition of neuroendocrine differentiation• “NSCLC with neuroendocrine differentiation”vs. LCNEC

•Morphologic overlap•What is the key criterion?

Solid adenocarcinoma vs. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

Solid adenocarcinoma

• Nuclear chromatin – vesicular with macronucleoli

• Ample cytoplasm

• TTF1 positive – about 70‐80%• Neuroendocrine markers

• “neuroendocrine differentiation”

• Mitotic rate intermediate

• Ki‐67 intermediate

Large cell neuroendocrine

• Nuclear chromatin – coarse salt and pepper and small nucleoli

• Visible cytoplasm• TTF1 – >50% positive• Neuroendocrine markers

• By definition

• Mitotic rate high

• Ki‐67 high

Synaptophysin

Nuclear?Cytoplasm?Architecture?

NuclearCytoplasmArchitecture

NuclearCytoplasmArchitecture

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PROBLEM:Adenocarcinoma or squamous carcinoma

with “neuroendocrine differentiation”

p40

SYN

CD56

Solid AdCa?LCNEC?Clear cell?

TTF1 positiveMucin neg

Synaptophysin

Molecular storyDo criteria for LCNEC determine molecular results?

Rossi et al

Any NAPSIN – then not LCNECP40 – squamousChromogranin – Neuroendocrine

Focal NE staining did not exclude AdenoCA or Squamous CA

RESULT:NO KRAS positive tumors

Definition of LCNEC

Natasha Rekhtman et al. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:3618-3629©2016 by American Association for Cancer Research

Many KRAS positive “NSCLC‐like”Overview of key driver mutations and other activating mutations in LCNEC of the lung.

Tomohiro Miyoshi et al. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23:757-765

©2017 by American Association for Cancer Research

KRAS 3 cases (6%)All resected tumorsTwo of three ‐ one NE marker onlyOne combined with AdCa

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Solid adenocarcinoma vs. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

Solid adenocarcinoma

• Nuclear chromatin –vesicular with nucleoli

• Ample cytoplasm• TTF1 positive – about 70‐80%• Neuroendocrine markers

• “neuroendocrine differentiation”

• Mitotic rate intermediate

• Ki‐67 intermediate

Large cell neuroendocrine

• Nuclear chromatin – coarse salt and pepper and small nucleoli

• Identifiable cytoplasm• TTF1 – >50% positive• Neuroendocrine markers

• By definition

• Mitotic rate high

• Ki‐67 high

Or in other words….

•For nucleoli – how big is too big?•For cytoplasm – what is visible versus ample?

Solid AdenocarcinomaDid not do neuroendocrine markers (should I have)?

Nucleoli +/‐, vesicularAmple cytoplasmNot architecturally NEKRAS positive

NO!

Nucleoli – Yes, macroCytoplasm ‐ presentArchitecture ‐ noKRAS positive

Nucleoli +/‐Ample cytoplasmNot architecturally NEKRAS positive

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Nucleoli ‐ noCytoplasm ‐ presentPalisading ‐ someKRAS positive

MAYBE? Oops….

Did NE markers? Regretted it

Nucleoli –yes, variable Cytoplasm‐ presentArchitecture – depends on who you askKRAS positive

Synatophysin

Problem 2 – Solid adenocarcinoma vs. LCNECSUMMARY• Adenocarcinoma, solid predominant –

• Nuclear features, ample cytoplasm, lack of palisading/rosettes

• LCNEC – “molecular small cell‐like”

• Nuclear features, “less ample” cytoplasm, architecture

• High mitotic rate/ apoptosis

• “Solid adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine IHC” vs. LCNEC “adenocarcinoma‐like”

• Napsin A and lower mitotic rate/Ki‐67 = AdCA

• KRAS rate seems similar ‐“Molecular adeno‐like”

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Problem 2 – Solid adenocarcinoma vs. LCNECTake home message

• LCNEC “small cell like” – criteria as in Problem 1•Molecular is small cell‐like

•Blurring between some LCNEC “NSCLC‐like” and solid adenocarcinoma•Molecular more AdenoCa‐like•Criteria and clinical impact need further study

Problem 3:

Atypical carcinoid

vs. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 

What is the problem?

• Small samples

•Mitotic counting• Including undercalling carcinoids

•Ki‐67

Atypical carcinoid vs. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

Atypical carcinoid

• Nuclear chromatin – salt and pepper and small nucleoli

• Round nuclei

• Visible cytoplasm

• Necrosis

• Mitotic rate 2‐9 in 2mm2

• Ki‐67 low/lower

Large cell neuroendocrine

• Nuclear chromatin – coarse, salt and pepper and small nucleoli

• Irregular nuclear contour• Visible cytoplasm• Necrosis• Mitotic rate 10 or greater in 2mm2

• Ki‐67 high

Mitotic counting

• IASLC/WHO classification 2015• If initial counts are near the cutoff between categories, then the average of 3 sets of fields must be counted.

• Impacts lower end more than upper

• Upper end – most LCNEC have many more than 10 in 2mm2

Ki67 in pulmonary NE tumors

J Thorac Oncol. 2014 Mar;9(3):273‐84

TUMOR KI 67

TC 2.3‐4.1

AC 9‐17.8

SCLC 65‐78

LCNEC 47.5‐70

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Natasha Rekhtman et al. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:3618-3629

©2016 by American Association for Cancer Research

Problem 3 – Atypical carcinoid vs. LCNECTake home messages• Careful mitotic counting when possible

• Ki‐67 when small sample

• Rare LCNEC may arise from atypical carcinoids

Problem 4:

Mimickers of high grade neuroendocrine carcinomas

What is the problem?

• Not considered at sign out, especially when overlapping epidemiology with small cell carcinoma

• Presentation in metastatic sites

• Small samples

• Rare tumors

• IHC marker overlap• CD56

• Cytokeratin

Mimics of neuroendocrine carcinoma

•Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)• Usually under age 40• Chest wall more often than lung• Pitfalls ‐ Cytokeratin can be positive; calretinin can be positive; CD56 can be positive

• TTF1 negative, WT1 negative• CD99 membranous; FLI1 positive• EWSR1 translocations

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CD99

Mimics of neuroendocrine carcinoma

•Pulmonary neuroblastoma• Pediatric tumors often extra‐pulmonary• Adult tumors can be pulmonary

• Ganglion cells (ganglioneuroblastoma)

• Neuropil

Mimics of neuroendocrine carcinoma

•Pulmonary paraganglioma• Rare• Depends on definition

• Any trabecular pattern, spindle or oncocytic – carcinoid.• Cytokeratin negative• S100 sustentacular cells, even if only focal.

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CD56 POSITIVE TUMORS

Neuroendocrine tumors Non‐neuroendocrine tumorsHigh rate (>50%)

Non‐neuroendocrine tumors Lowrate (25%)

Merkel cell carcinoma Wilms tumor Papillary thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary thyroid CA Rhabdomyosarcoma Mesothelioma

Small cell carcinoma Desmoplastic round cell tumor

Paraganglioma/Pheochromo Synovial sarcoma

PNET (20%) Ovarian/endometrial stromal

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

NK cell tumors

AML

Myeloma

Granular cell tumor

Solid pseudopapillary

Panel approach for CD56 positive tumor What trigger?

•Small cell is unusual (age, location, distribution, non‐smoker)

•Morphology is variant or non‐classical•E.g. no crush or molding, rare apoptosis

•CD56 is the only neuroendocrine marker positive

Panel approach for CD56 positive tumor What panel?

•CD56, Cytokeratin and TTF1 positive combination favors small cell•Rare exceptions

•Add WT1, desmin, SMA or actin/HHF35•Molecular/FISH testing as needed

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Armita Bahrami, Luan D. Truong, and Jae Y. Ro (2008) Undifferentiated Tumor: True Identity by Immunohistochemistry. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: March 2008, Vol. 132, No. 3, pp. 326‐348

Problem 4 ‐mimics of neuroendocrine carcinomaTake home messages

• High grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors – ALERTS!• Age <40, chest wall, no lung tumor 

• Diagnosis in metastatic site

• Non‐smoker

• Variant histology

• Immunohistochemistry panels – be careful when single NE marker is CD56

• Molecular testing/FISH testing