disaster management - i

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

UNIT I

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DISASTER

§ Origin from the French word “ Desastre”‘Des’ - bad ,‘aster’ - star.

§

Refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’

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DEFINITION

Any occurrence that causes damage,ecological destruction, loss of humanlives, or deterioration of health and health services .

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DISASTER

§ A disaster is a result from the combinationof hazard, vulnerability and insufficientcapacity or measures to reduce thepotential chances of risk.

§ A disaster happens when a hazard impactson the vulnerable population and causes

damage, casualties and disruption

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DISASTER

§ Hazard may be defined as “ a dangerouscondition or event, that threat or havethe potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment .”

Hazards

Natural Manmade.

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Types of Hazards

§ Natural hazards§ cyclones,

§ tsunamis,§ earthquake§ volcanic eruption

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§Manmade hazards§explosions,§leakage of toxic waste,§pollution,§dam failure,§wars or civil strife



COMPONENTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

§ Hazard Analysis§ Vulnerability Analysis§

Prevention and mitigation§ Preparedness§ Prediction and warning

§ Response§ Recovery

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HAZARD ANALYSIS

§ Disaster history

§ Disaster analysisenvironmentalepidemiologicalmeteorologicalagricultural

political

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VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

§ Historical experience§ Community experience

§ Technical evaluation§ Land use§ Building standards§ Disaster specific vulnerabilities

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PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS

Prevention - elimination of hazards (ie: flood control)

Mitigation - minimize destruction and disruption

§ Organizational response planning§ Government structure and disaster legislation§ Planning mechanisms

stockpile

awareness

resources

communications

education

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PREDICTION & WARNING

§ Tracking§ Warning mechanisms

§ Organizational response§ Public education§ Communication§ Evacuation planning

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RESPONSE PHASES

Four Major Phases

Activation

ImplementationMitigation

Recovery

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RECOVERY

§ Logistics

Distribution of resources

WarehousingTracking

§ Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

HousingWater/sanitation

InfrastructureKIRUBA DANIEL J



PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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Preparation

Warning Phase

Impact

Emergency Response

Recovery

Rehabilitation



Principles of Disaster Management

1. Disaster management is the responsibilityof all spheres of government.

§

No single service or department in itself has thecapability to achieve comprehensive disaster management.

§

Each affected service or department must havea disaster management plan which iscoordinated through the Disaster Management Advisory Forum.

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2. Disaster management should useresources that exist for a day-to-daypurpose.

§ There are limited resources available specifically for disasters, and it would be neither cost effective nor practical to have large holdings of dedicated disaster resources.

§ However, municipalities must ensure that there is a

minimum budget allocation to enable appropriateresponse to incidents as they arise, and to prepare for and reduce the risk of disasters occurring.

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3. Organisations should function as anextension of their core business.

§ Disaster management is about the use of resources in the most effective manner.

§ But it should be done in a coordinated manner across all relevant organisations.

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4. Individuals are responsible for their ownsafety.

§ Individuals need to be aware of the hazardsthat could affect their community and thecounter measures, which include the

Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that arein place to deal with them.

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5. Disaster management planning shouldfocus on large-scale events.

§ If you are well prepared for a major disaster you will be able to respond very well to smaller incidents and emergencies.

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6. Disaster management planning shouldrecognize the difference between incidentsand disasters.

§ Incidents - e.g. fires that occur in informalsettlements, floods that occur regularly.

§ The scale of the disaster will indicate when itis beyond the capacity of the municipality torespond, and when it needs the involvement of other agencies

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7. Disaster management operationalarrangements are additional and do notreplace incident management operational

arrangements.§ Single service incident management

operational arrangements will need to

continue, whenever practical, during disaster operations.

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8. Disaster management planning must takeaccount of the type of physical environment andthe structure of the population.

§ The physical shape and size of the Municipality andthe spread of population must be considered whendeveloping counter disaster plans to ensure thatappropriate prevention, preparation, response andrecovery mechanisms can be put in place in a timelymanner.

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9. Disaster management arrangements mustrecognize the involvement and potential roleof non- government agencies.

§ Significant skills and resources needed duringdisaster operations are controlled by non-government agencies.

§ These agencies must be consulted and includedin the planning process.

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SOP’s

“Standard Operating Procedures (or Emergency Procedures) are documents where the activities of aspecific person or organization to face a specific situation (in this case the impact of a hazard) aredescribed in a clear, logical, sequential and methodical manner.”

§ a standard operating procedure is “an organizationaldirective that establishes a standard course of action”.

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NGO - Definition

“any non-profit citizens’ voluntary entity organized locally, nationally or internationally, whose activities aredetermined by the collective will of itsmembers”

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NGO’s - Examples

§ Care§ MSF§ Oxfam

§ Red Cross§ Save the Children§ St John Ambulance§ World Vision§ India Red Cross Society,§ Child Relief and You (CRY),

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NGO’s & Humanitarian Assistance

§ Providing humanitarian aid to people who have beenstruck by disaster, either natural or social (e.g. war).

§ Raising funds for the relief of victims, rushingemergency relief by providing food, clothing andhealth care and helping to build local capacity towithstand future disasters

§ they can play a role in the early warning system

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NGO’s & Humanitarian Assistance

§ can also make a critical difference by workingin situations through their local contacts andgrassroots links, they can also help empower groups of people, enabling them to better dealwith their own problems by giving them thestrength to address those problems.

§ act as important channels for raisingawareness and education

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Flood

Hydrology – Science that deals with the waters of Earth- their

properties, behavior and distribution – People who use this science are called Hydrologists

§ Floodthe level of a body of water rises until it overflows itsnatural or artificial confines and submerges land in the

surrounding area

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Causes of Flood

1. Precipitation2. Flooding is essentially a consequence

of the uneven distribution of

precipitation.

1. Coastal Flooding2. Tsunamis, hurricanes, cyclones, unusually

high tides and subsidence.3. Failure of protective seawalls

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Coastal Flooding in North Carolina,13th Nov, 2009

Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level

● Third level● Fourth level

● Fifth level



Causes of Flood

3. Dam Failure● both natural and man made dams fail and

create flooding

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●

Eg. Teton Dam Failure,June 1976. During thefirst filling of thereservoir, the dam burstwhen the water was 270feet deep. It drained inless than 6 hours, settingoff more than 200landslides in the canyonbelow, taking 11 lives,and causing millions of

dollars of propertydamage.



Causes of Flood

4. Heavy Snow Melting.The rising temperature makes the snow

caps melt faster

Continuous and fast melting snow raisesthe level of oceanic water, which

consequently raises the level of water inrivers

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Types of Floods

§ Coastal flood

§

Urban flood

§ River flood

§ Flash floods

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Flood Control Measures§ Elevation

§ Dry flood proofing

§ Levee and floodwall

§

Seawalls§ Reservoirs and Detention(arresting)

§ Diversion

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Drought

“Drought is either absence or deficiency of rainfall from its normal pattern ina region for an extended period of timeleading to general suffering in the society”

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Types of Droughts

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Drought Risk Reduction Measures

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1. Public Awareness and education:

§ If the community is aware of the do’s and don’ts,then half of the problem is solved.

§ This includes awareness on the availability of safedrinking water, water conservation techniques.

§ Awareness can be generated by the print,electronic media.




2) Drought Monitoring:§ It is continuous observation of the rainfall situation,

availability of water in the reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc

and comparing with the existing water needs invarious sectors of the society.

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3) Water supply augmentation(expansion) andconservation

§ Through rainwater harvesting in houses and farmers’

fields increases the content of water available

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4)Drought planninggoal of drought planning is to improve the effectivenessof preparedness and response efforts by enhancingmonitoring, mitigation and response measures.

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Drought Management

1. Monitoring and early warning● Timing of droughts● Drought intensity● Drought duration● Analysis of the risk of the phenomenon and

its likely effect on agricultural production.

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Drought Management

2. Risk and Impact Assessment

Assemble the team .

Evaluate the effects of past droughts .Rank impacts .

Identify underlying causes

Identify ways to reduce risk

Write a “to do” list

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Drought Management

3. Mitigation and responseMitigation is defined as short- and long-term

actions, programs, or policies implemented duringand in advance of drought that reduce the degree of risk to human life, property, and productive capacity.

Eg. Soil & Water Conservation, Using Low-flow toilets, shower heads, Using Washing Machines, Desalination

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Management Alternatives during Drought

§ Public information and education campaigns§ Emergency conservation programs§ Water service restrictions§ Restrictions on nonessential uses of water § Prohibition of selected commercial uses§

Drought emergency pricing

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Management Alternatives during Drought

§ Improvements in water systems (for example,leak detection, lining of transmission canals)

§ Emergency sources of supply (for example,

emergency interconnections, drilling new wells)§ Management of available water resources

(for example, emergency water banks)

§ Search for new supplies of water

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Cyclone

“ A cyclone is a storm accompanied by high speed whistling and howling winds. It brings torrential rains” .

Counterclockwise - Northern HemisphereClockwise - Southern Hemisphere.

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Origin of a Cyclone

§ A cyclonic storm develops over tropicaloceans like the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengaland the Arabian Sea. Its strong winds blow atgreat speed, which can be more than 118kilometers per hour.

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Effects of a Cyclone

§ tears away wall sidings and blows off roofs of houses.§ Houses collapse and people are rendered homeless.

The speeding winds cause loose metal and woodensheets to fly turning them to potential killers. Brokenglass pieces can cause serious injuries.

§ The floodwaters can take time to move away.§ The floodwaters can turn the fields salty.

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Precautions before a Cyclone

§ Have your dwellings checked before a cyclone seasonstarts and carry out whatever repairs that are needed.

§

Create storm awareness by discussing effects of acyclonic storm with family members so that everyoneknows what one can and should do in an emergency.This helps to remove fear and anxiety and prepareseveryone to respond to emergencies quickly

§ All doors, windows and openings should be secured.

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§ Keep your valuables and documents in containers, whichcannot be damaged by water

§ Keep information about your blood group.

§ Keep lanterns filled with kerosene, torches and sparebatteries. These must be kept in secure places and handy.

§ Continue to listen to warning bulletins and keep in touchwith local officials. Keep radio sets in working condition.Battery powered radio sets are desirable.

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§ Evacuate people to places of safety whenadvised.

§

Store extra drinking water in covered vessels.

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After a Cyclone

§ Watch out for broken glass and other sharp items in debris.

§ Watch out for snakes and insects. Try to call for help.

§ Listen to the advice of local officials and emergency workers.

§

Be sure that the storm has subsided before venturing out.§ Wait for emergency relief teams to arrive. It may take a little

time before relief becomes effective.

§ Fishermen should wait for at least 24 hours before resumingfishing.

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KIRUBA DANIEL JBrownsville / South Padre I.

Mean Sea Level

Brownsville

Source: UT Space ScienceCenter



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Brownsville

Hurricane Carly9/11 at 1500 CDT

MEOW NW at 8 MPH

Surge: 17.3 Feet

Source: UT Space ScienceCenter



Avalanches

“An Avalanche is a flow of snow downa mountain side through rock slides”

§ They are flows which move under theinfluence of gravity

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Avalanche Causes

Weather : Avalanches are more likely to occur after a heavy snowstorm. The 24 hours following astorm are the most critical.

Snowfall : Recent snowfall puts extra stress onthe existing snow pack, especially if the new snowdoes not adequately bond with the layer of snow

already there.

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Avalanche Causes

§ Temperature: Changes that last several hours or days, such as a warm front moving through canseriously weaken some of the upper layers of snow.

§ Snow Pack Conditions: Understanding the history of snow pack for that season can reveal several cluesabout slope stability. Snow pack conditions canchange not only over the course of the winter seasonbut over the course of a day. This is why constantawareness and frequent slope testing are necessary.

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Avalanche Causes

§ Slope Angle : Most avalanches occur on slopesbetween 30 and 45 degrees.

§ Wind Direction: Wind usually blows up one side of the slope of the mountain(the windward side), anddown the other(the leeward side). When blowing upthe windward side, wind will scour snow off thesurface and drop it on the leeward side.

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Initial failure - two types

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Avalanche Beacons

An avalanche beacon, also known as anavalanche transceiver, is a device that is wornacross the chest above the base layer of clothing, and that transmits a signal which other avalanche beacons can receive. In the event of a slide, other people can switch their beaconsfrom transmit to receive, and can begin a searchfor the person stranded in the avalanche. Thesedevices can quickly cut down the time needed tofind someone in the snow and digging them out.

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WAYS TOSAFEGUARD FROM

AVALANCHES

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Starting zone defenses

§ To help reduce avalanches from forming:

§

use of terrace

§ use of supporting structures

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Deflectors

§ Arresters are usedto slow or stopavalanches

§ need adequateheight; if too low,flow can accelerate above barrier,

increasing damage

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Mounds§

These are used to retard flowing snowat the end of the runout zone

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Snow sheds

These sheds allow the avalanche to passover the structure

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Mangrove

A “mangrove” has been defined as a “tree, shrub, palmor ground fern, generally exceeding more than half ameter in height, and which normally grows above meansea level in the intertidal zones of marine coastal environments, or estuarine margins”

“The term mangrove refers to a diverse group of salt-tolerant trees and other plant species that are found along sheltered tropical and subtropical shores and estuaries”

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Importance of Mangroves

Mangroves not only help in preventing soil erosion but also actas a catalyst in reclaiming land from seas. This is a very uniquephenomenon, since there is a general tendency of water toengulf land.

Buffer Zone between the land and sea.

Protect the land from erosion.

Play an invaluable role as nature's shield against cyclones,ecological disasters and as protector of shorelines.

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Breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of marineanimals.

Main source of income generation for shorelinecommunities like fisher folk.

Save the marine diversity, which is fast diminishing.

Purify the water by absorbing impurities and harmful

heavy metals and help us to breathe a clean air byabsorbing pollutants in the air.

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Potential source for recreation and tourism.

Harbor a variety of life forms like invertebrates,fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and evenmammals like tigers.

Good source of timber, fuel and fodder.

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Benefits of Mangroves

The mangrove ecosystem provides income fromthe collection of the molluscs,and fish that livethere.

Mangroves are harvested for fuel wood,charcoal, timber, and wood chips.

Other mangrove services include the filteringand trapping of pollutants and the stabilization of coastal land by trapping sediment and protectionagainst storm damage.

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Major threats

§ Land reclamations for constructionactivity, aquaculture, agriculture, tourism

§ Industrial and domestic pollution

§ Port development

§ Dumping of all kinds of waste and debris

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Forest Fires

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“A forest fire is a natural disaster consisting of a fire which destroys aforested area, and can be a great danger to people who live in forests as well aswildlife. Forest fires are generally startedby lightning, but also by human

negligence, and can burn thousands of square kilometers.”



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Causes of Forest Fire

§ Natural causes - Many forest fires start fromnatural causes such as lightning which settrees on fire.

§ Man made causes - Fire is caused when asource of fire like cigarette , electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact withinflammable material.

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Precautions

§ Keep the source of fire or source of ignition separated from combustiblematerial.

§ To keep the source of fire under watchand control.

§ Not allow combustible or inflammablematerial to pile up unnecessarily.

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Precautions

§ To adopt safe practices in areas near forestsviz. factories, coalmines, oil stores, chemicalplants and even in household kitchens.

§

To incorporate fire reducing and fire fightingtechniques and equipment while planning abuilding or coal mining operation.

§ In case of forest fires, the volunteer teams are

essential not only for fire fighting but also tokeep watch on the start of forest and soundan alert

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Types

Surface Fire● surface litter and loose debris of the forest floor

and small vegetation

Crown Fire● crowns of trees and shrubs

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OIL FIRES

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OIL FIRES

“Oil well fires are oil wells, commonly oilgushers, that have caught on fire, andburn uncontrollably”

Oil well fires can be the result of humanactions, such as accidents or naturalevents, such as lightning.

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Pollutants - smoke of oil Fires

§ Burning crude oil produces a wide range of pollutants, such as soot (mostly carbon) andgases (mainly carbon dioxide, carbonmonoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,volatile organic compounds [e.g., benzene],polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogensulfide, and acidic gases.

§ Leads to the cause for Acid Rain

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Oil Spill

Oil spill is release of liquid petroleumhydrocarbon into the ocean or coastal waters, due to human activity, mainly.

§ Sinking or leakage of Oil Carrying Vessels or Oil Pipelines.

§ Countries at war.

§ Illegal dumping by Industries.

§ Terrorist activities.

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h d l ll d



What does an oil spill do?§ Covers the surface of water by a thick film.

(Darker the Thicker)§ Effects entire marine life.§ Fishes die, because they cannot breathe.§ Nature takes up to 10 years to recover, if oil

reaches the sea bed.

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N l W



Nuclear Weapon

§ A device, such as a bomb or warhead,whose great explosive power derivesfrom the release of nuclear energy.

§ Bomb or other warhead that derives itsforce from nuclear fission ,nuclear fusion , or both and is delivered

by an aircraft, missile, or other system

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E l

http://www.answers.com/topic/nuclear-fission

http://www.answers.com/topic/nuclear-fusion

http://www.answers.com/topic/nuclear-fusion

http://www.answers.com/topic/nuclear-fission



Example

During World War II , United Statestroops dropped atomic bombs on the

Japanese cities of Hiroshima andNagasaki . As a result, the radiation falloutcontaminated the cities' water supplies,food sources, and half of the populationsof each city were stricken with disease

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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II



BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

§ Biological warfare, or BW, is the use of pathogensor toxins as weapons. Pathogens include bacteriaand viruses which cause diseases such asanthrax, cholera, and plague.

§ Pathogens as weapons would be used againststrategic targets such as food supplies, troopsconcentrations, and population centers to createpanic and disrupt mobilization plans.

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Bi t i



Bio terrorism

The use of biological agents, suchas pathogenic organisms or agricultural

pests, for terrorist purposes

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Ch t i ti



Characteristics

§ They have a wide range of effects§ They are obtained from nature§ They are easily made by relatively

unsophisticated methods§ They are invisible to the senses§ Their effects may be delayed§ They can produce mass casualties

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R t f E t



Routes of Entry

§ Ingestion

§

Dermal penetration

§ Inhalation

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CHEMICAL WEAPONS



CHEMICAL WEAPONS

Chemical warfare agents can be classified by their effects on the body.

1) Blood agents interfere with the transfer of oxygen,suffocating the victim. Hydrogen cyanide is a blood agent whichkills quickly and dissipates quickly.

2) Choking agents damage the lungs.

3)Blister agents cause painful blisters on the skin andare especially damaging when inhaled.

4)Nerve agents attack the nervous system, causing difficulty inbreathing, nausea, dim vision, convulsions, and death.

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Earth Q ake



Earth Quake

§ An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy inthe Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.

§ Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks

§ On the average, 10,000 people die each year fromearthquakes .

§ Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also knownas a seismograph.

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www.themegallery.c



om

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Terrorism



Terrorism

Terrorism is defined as political violencein an asymmetrical conflict that is designed toinduce terror and psychic fear (sometimesindiscriminate) through the violent victimizationand destruction of noncombatant targets

Such acts are meant to send a message from anillicit clandestine organization

The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the mediain order to achieve maximum attainable publicity

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KIRUBA DANIEL J

KIRUBA DANIEL. JLecturer, MBA dept.,

Sri Venkateswara Institute of Information

Technology & Management,

Ettimadai, Coimbatore

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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