director’s comments research voyages

WHOI • 1999 Annual Report • 1

Research Voyages

xploration of the oceans ispoised to take a quantumleap befitting a new millen-

nium. Advances in knowledge andtechnology will bring new under-standing of our oceans—under-standing that will be essential as weembark on an increasingly urgentsocietal mission.

Sixty years ago, with the worldthreatened by war, ocean scientistsdove headlong into complex ques-tions about the oceans and solvedmany that had important militaryramifications. They played a bigrole in winning thatwar and also the sub-sequent Cold War.But the post-warsurge in basicoceanographic re-search took us far be-yond the arena of na-tional security. Itfundamentally trans-formed understand-ing of our planet—and life on it—byshowing that theoceans constitute acritical component ofa dynamic systemthat makes Earthuniquely habitable.

That system facesthreats unprecedented in the his-tory of humanity. Over the next 50years, the world’s population is ex-pected to double—and to triple incoastal regions. Mounting stress onthe oceans is already evident in theform of harmful algal blooms,beach erosion, coastal pollution,and declining coral reefs and fisher-ies. The population explosion alsoexposes more people to natural di-sasters, such as hurricanes, floods,droughts, forest fires, fishery col-lapses, famines, and epidemics. Allthese catastrophic scenarios hingeon the vicissitudes of climate—whose ultimate source and driverare the oceans.

To sustain our quality of life, wemust protect, use, and manage the

oceans wisely. We need to grasphow they work. The threats thathumankind faces in the next half-century are different from those ofdecades past. But the stakes arehigh, and the world will need—andexpect—the ocean science commu-nity to rise to the occasion and findcreative solutions.

As in the past, the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution is singu-larly positioned to do the importantwork at hand. Our critical mass ofexcellent scientists and engineersworking synergistically, our access

to the sea, our educational pro-grams, our focus on the oceans,our history of success, and ourworldwide reputation for interpret-ing and transitioning scientific in-formation all make WHOI ideallysuited to lead global efforts thatwill help make a difference.

In 1999, the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administrationgave two of our scientists, DonAnderson and Peter Wiebe, its En-vironmental Hero Award for “tire-less efforts to preserve and protectthe nation’s environment.” Ander-son, who held the Stanley W.Watson Chair from 1993 to 1998,developed the nation’s first coordi-nated research efforts to under-stand and find remedies for harm-

ful algal blooms (HABs). Thesesudden, rampant proliferations ofsingle-celled organisms have seri-ous deleterious impacts on coastalresources, regional economies, andpublic health, and they have beenoccurring with alarmingly greaterfrequency. Anderson’s efforts to in-form public officials, researchers,corporations, and health organiza-tions about HABs led NOAA to callhim “the nation’s strongest voiceon HAB.”

Wiebe, who holds the CharlesAdams Chair, was cited for leading

the US Global OceanEcosystems Dynamics(GLOBEC) programto provide vital infor-mation on oceanicprocesses that controlfish populations andlead to declining fishstocks. Since 1994, hehas coordinated sci-entists, research pro-grams, cruise sched-ules, and data man-agement duringinvestigations of thehistorically abundantfishing grounds onGeorges Bank, andhe is launching a pi-lot program to in-

volve local fishermen as full part-ners in collecting oceanographicdata to support fisheries research.

Both these scientists will tellyou that their ability to take onleadership roles of ambitious re-search efforts was enhanced by be-ing awarded endowed chairs atWHOI, which provided an invalu-able measure of freedom from therelentless pressure of writing pro-posals to fund their research.

In 1999, we added another en-dowed chair in honor of Robert W.Morse, WHOI Scientist Emeritus,third dean of the MIT/WHOI JointProgram, and a founding director ofResearch Corporation Technologies,which supports commercial devel-opment of innovations from univer-

Director’s Comments

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British Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott is flanked during his April visit byWHOI Director Bob Gagosian and Emma Dieter, Program Manager for ShipOperations at the National Science Foundation. Prescott congratulated DeepSubmergence Laboratory members, from left, Dana Yoerger, Tom Crook,P.J. Bernard, Will Sellers, Andy Bowen, Steve Lerner, Bob Elder, and JonHowland on their survey of the sunken British vessel Derbyshire.

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2 • WHOI • 1999 Annual Report

Research Voyages

sities and research institutionsworldwide. Research CorporationTechnologies endowed the chairwith funds from the FrederickGardner Cottrell Foundation. Thefirst Morse Chair holder is HalCaswell, a leading mathematicalecologist who has developedwidely used modeling techniquesto study population dynamics. His1999 study, which warned of a dan-gerous declining trend in the en-dangered northern right whalepopulation, served as a wake-upcall to launch renewed efforts toprevent the species’ extinction.

Senior Scientist Robert Wellerand Associate ScientistSteven Anderson received,respectively, the 1999 Secre-tary of the Navy/Chief ofNaval Operations Oceano-graphic Research Chair andthe Office of Naval Re-search/Institution Scholaraward. Only two of each ofthese awards are given eachyear. Weller and Andersonplan to design, build, anddeploy surface buoysequipped with meteorologi-cal and underwater sensorsto track oceanic processesand air-sea interactions that influ-ence Earth’s climate. These buoysare among the instrumentation be-ing developed for a proposed Glo-bal Ocean Observing System(GOOS). Weller is a leader in ef-forts to design and implementGOOS, while other WHOI scientistsare helping to develop anothercomponent of the system: free-ranging floats that collect data onoceanic conditions and periodicallytransmit them to shore via satellites.GOOS offers the unprecedentedpotential to begin to define theocean’s role in shaping our climateand gives us the potential to predict(and prepare for) short-term climatechanges, such as El Niño and theNorth Atlantic Oscillation.

To make GOOS a reality will re-quire an ambitious, coordinated ef-fort. To encourage the process, in1999 I co-convened a meeting of

international oceanographic institu-tions that resulted in the Partner-ship for Observations of the GlobalOceans. Nationally, the Consortiumfor Oceanographic Research andEducation, which I serve as chair-man of the board, plays a similarlyimportant role: coordinating effortsof 61 member institutions and com-bining their voices to educatepolicymakers and the general pub-lic about the payoffs of oceano-graphic research.

This Institution is sharing the ex-citement of exploration and empha-sizing the importance of the oceansby collaborating on a new museum

exhibit, “Extreme Deep: Mission tothe Abyss,” which highlights deep-sea discoveries and WHOI explora-tion vehicles. Extreme Deep de-buted in 1999 at the Museum ofScience in Boston and subsequentlytraveled to the Children’s Museumof Indianapolis, on a scheduledfive-year itinerary to science centersand museums nationwide.

In April, John Prescott, DeputyPrime Minister of Great Britainspent a day visiting WHOI. His mis-sion was to personally thank WHOIfor helping to determine the truthabout Derbyshire, a 964-foot Britishship that sank in a 1980 Pacific ty-phoon with 44 people aboard. OurDeep Submergence Laboratoryteam used its full suite of deep-seaexploration vehicles to search thewreckage of Derbyshire 2.6 milesbelow the sea surface, collectingevidence that determined why and

how the ship sank. It was a mile-stone in marine forensics that of-fered insights into preventing othershipwrecks. Another result may becollaboration with British scientiststo develop the next generation ofJason, the remotely operated ve-hicle that took part in theDerbyshire mission.

1999 also marked a milestonefor our human-occupied submers-ible Alvin, which quietly but noless momentously celebrated its 35th

birthday, averaging about 100 divesper year in the service of science.The year also saw the arrival of ournew Director of Development, Dan

Stuermer, a graduate of theMIT/WHOI Joint Program.His careers as scientist, busi-nessman, and corporate ex-ecutive give him wide-rang-ing experience to spearheadefforts to raise the privatefunds needed to complementgovernment funding.

The year also marked asignificant loss for us atWoods Hole. CharleyHollister, who had been as-sociated with WHOI since1967 as scientist, Joint Pro-gram dean, and vice presi-

dent of the WHOI Corporation, diedAugust 23 in a hiking accident inWyoming. Two endowed fundswere established in his honor tosupport two of his greatest interests:watching students grow to becomefirst-rate oceanographers, and push-ing the envelope scientifically. TheCharles D. Hollister Graduate Stu-dent Fellowship Fund will supportbudding oceanographers and theCharles D. Hollister Endowed Fundfor Support of Innovative Researchwill provide research funds for riskyventures that federal agencies aretoo conservative to support.

Charley was a graduate studentin the 1960s when plate tectonicsrevolutionized our understanding ofthe earth. How he would have en-joyed witnessing the next great leapin understanding, which I believe isjust over the horizon.

—Robert B. Gagosian, Director

Director’s Comments

National Science Foundation Director Rita Colwell jubilantlyemerges from Alvin following an October 1999 dive.Sub pilot Steve Faluotico is at left.

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Research Voyages

ne of the most significantevents for WHOI in 1999 wasthe review of our scientific

departments by Visiting Committees.We invited distinguished scientistsfrom other institutions and membersof our own Board of Trustees togive us an objective appraisal of theaccomplishments and future direc-tions of the departments. This prac-tice, used by many other academicinstitutions, provides advice that wefind invaluable in our own assess-ments and planning for future staff-ing, scientific activities, and infra-structure. Wewere pleasedthat the VisitingCommitteesfound thatWHOI contin-ues to behealthy, that thequality of thescientific re-search and en-gineering is ofworld class cali-ber, and thatour staff of sci-entists, engi-neers, and sup-port personnelis well equippedto meet the future challenges ofoceanographic research.

Many of the interesting and im-portant problems in the ocean sci-ences lie close to the boundariesbetween the traditional disciplines.For example, understanding thestructure of the ecosystem onGeorges Bank, and ecosystems ingeneral, involves the relationshipsbetween the seasonally varying andwind-induced currents and watermasses and the distributions of lar-vae, prey, and other components ofthe ecosystem. Similarly, under-standing and predicting sedimentand sand transport along the coastrequires an understanding of the in-teraction of waves and wind-in-duced currents, along with the tur-bulence along the interface between

the sediment and the water.The five scientific departments

now overlap scientific interests anddisciplines in many ways. Conse-quently, the 1999 evaluation wasdone by three separate committees,one to review the Geology &Geochemistry and Marine Chemis-try & Geochemistry Departments,one to review the Physical Ocean-ography and Applied Ocean Phys-ics & Engineering Departments,and the third to review the BiologyDepartment. We asked the VisitingCommittees to evaluate more than

one departmentspecifically toreview theways that thedepartmentstaffs interactand to providesuggestions forways to im-prove their col-laborations forinterdiscipli-nary research.Future fundingfrom many ofour traditionalas well as newsources willplace an in-

creasingly important emphasis oninterdisciplinary investigations. It isimportant that we insure that ourstructure does not impede the for-mation of teams that cross depart-ment boundaries. The VisitingCommittees provided excellentfeedback and suggestions in thisarea, as well as others. We are inthe process of reviewing the re-ports in detail, finalizing the de-partmental responses to the VisitingCommittee reports and have al-ready implemented some of therecommended actions. We aregrateful for the time and thoughtfuleffort Visiting Committee members(listed in the box) invested in theirreviews of our departments.

—James R. Luyten, Senior Associate Directorand Director of Research

1999 Visiting CommitteesApplied Ocean Physics & Engineeringand Physical Oceanography DepartmentsArnold Gordon (Chair)

Physical Oceanography Program Leader,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University

John S. AllenCollege of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences,Oregon State University

Philip W. CheneyWHOI Corporation Member,Raytheon Company, Lexington, MA

Stanley E. DunnChair, Department of Ocean Engineering,Florida Atlantic University

Alexander E. HayDepartment of Oceanography, Dalhousie University

William A. KupermanDirector, Marine Physical Laboratory,Scripps Institution of Oceanography

William LargeDeputy Head of Oceanography Section for the Climateand Global Dynamics Division, National Center forAtmospheric Research

John M. StewartWHOI Trustee, McKinsey & Co., Inc., New York, NY

Biology DepartmentBess B. Ward (Chair)

Department of Geosciences, Princeton University

Joseph S. Barr, Jr.WHOI Corporation Member, Orthopedic Associates,Boston, MA

Sallie W. ChisholmCivil and Environmental Engineering Department,Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Michael GalloDirector, Environmental & Occupational Health SciencesCenter, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

Michael M. MullinDirector, Marine Life Research Group,Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Marine Chemistry & Geochemistryand Geology & Geophysics DepartmentsChristopher S. Martens (Chair)

Department of Marine Sciences,University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Kenneth W. BrulandOcean Sciences Department,University of California-Santa Cruz

Donald W. ForsythDepartment of Geological Sciences, Brown University

Alex N. HallidayDepartment of Earth Sciences, Institute of IsotopeGeology & Mineral Resources, Eidgenössische TechnischeHochschule, Zurich, Switzerland

Charles LangmuirGeochemistry Department, Lamont-Doherty EarthObservatory, Columbia University

Theodore C. Moore, Jr.Director, Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences,University of Michigan

John J. WiseWHOI Trustee, Mobil Technical Center, Paulsboro, NJ

Comments from the Director of Research

Monthly listings of Institution-authoredscientific publications can be found

on the World Wide Web at:www.whoi.edu/science/publications.html.

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Senior Associate Director Jim Luyten, right,describes a temperature and salinity measur-ing device called a SEACAT to Dave Burnellof the US Office of Management and Bud-get, who visited WHOI in August1999.

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Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering

he Applied Ocean Physics &Engineering (AOP&E) De-partment, with 138 staff

members, 26 students, and 45 post-doctoral, guest, and visiting investi-gators, and a number of guest stu-dents, continues to makesignificant advances spanning di-verse areas in ocean science, tech-nology, and engineering research.In 1999, 42 principal investigatorsled 130 projects.

Ocean scienceresearch rangedfrom air-sea inter-action and vari-ous mixing pro-cesses tosediment trans-port and benthicbiology, and in-cluded acousticaloceanography,estuarine andcoastal hydrody-namics, internalwaves, physical-biological interac-tions, and surfand swash zoneprocesses. In thetechnology cat-egory, AOP&E staff are developinga wide variety of ocean sensors aswell as data acquisition and telem-etry systems. They continue to de-velop or enhance various sensorplatforms, including bottom-mounted systems and moorings aswell as submersible, autonomous,

and remotely operated underwatervehicles. Engineering research en-compasses signal processing, un-derwater communication, autono-mous vehicle control theory, imageanalysis, hydrodynamic modelingof vehicles and cables, dynamics ofmoorings, and fish propulsion.

There were a number of promo-tions this year including Jim Edsonand Tim Duda to Associate Scientist

with Tenure, Dennis McGillicuddyto Associate Scientist, and LeeFreitag to Senior Engineer. KenFoote, an expert in fisheries acous-tics, formerly at the Institute of Ma-rine Research in Bergen, Norway,was appointed Senior Scientist, andtwo surf and swash zone specialists

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Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Department

joined the staff: Steve Elgar, for-merly at Washington State Univer-sity, was named Senior Scientist.Britt Raubenheimer was appointedAssistant Scientist following comple-tion of a postdoctoral position atthe Scripps Institution of Oceanog-raphy. Also, Bill Carey, Professor atBoston University and expert inacoustic signal processing, becamean Adjunct Scientist, and Neil

Brown was ap-pointed Oceanog-rapher Emeritus.

AOP&E staffwho were for-mally recognizedfor their accom-plishments in-clude AndyBowen and Keithvon der Heydtwho each re-ceived SeniorTechnical StaffAwards, JimPreisig who re-ceived an Officeof Naval ResearchYoung FacultyAward in the Spe-cial Research Pro-

gram in Ocean Acoustics, andWade McGillis who was named afellow of the NOAA/University ofMiami Cooperative Institute for Ma-rine and Atmospheric Studies.

—Timothy K. Stanton, Department Chair

Steve Elgar and Britt Raubenheimer are among the silhouetted figures carrying a framewith instruments that were used to measure surf and swash zone waves, currents, andsand levels near the Scripps pier in La Jolla, California.

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Fishing for Solutions to Cable Problemsconfigurations and applications.The program, called WHOI Cable,is unique in its ability to calculatethe dynamics of cables even whenthe tension goes to zero. Most com-

puter codes thatsimulate cabledynamics breakdown if the

cable tensionvanishes.By in-cludingbending

stresses in theequations of mo-tion, we are able toremove this singu-larity and continuethe simulation. Wecan even simulate anROV tether wrappingaround itself. Some-day, we hope to beable to simulate theformation of knots.

Another unique ca-pability of WHOI Cableis its ease of use. Ouruser interface makes itsimple to enter numericalparameters, material con-stants, the system layout,

and the environmental con-ditions. Another interface al-

lows the user to track theprogress of the computation

with the option of changingthe numerical parameters

manually or letting the simu-lation optimize performanceautomatically. Graphic capa-bilities are built into the pro-gram to allow data visualization

even whilecomputationproceeds.

Mark A. GrosenbaughAssociate Scientist

What do oceano-graphic moorings,

the remotely operated vehicle Ja-son, and fly fishing have in com-mon? They all depend on the per-formance of flexible cables. Foroceanographic moorings, the cablescan be made of heavy chain in or-der to resist high tensions causedby buoy motion and friction due tothe cables rubbing on the sea bot-tom. Tethers for underwater ve-hicles, on the other hand, are neu-trally buoyant and have very lowtensions in order to uncouple shipmotions from the vehicles. In flyfishing, the shape of the fly line re-quires careful control to assureproper presentation of the artificialfly. Poor technique with the fly rodcan result in knots forming in theline or, worse, the formation of ashock wave that snaps the fly offthe end.

Joint Program student JasonGobat and I are trying to learnmore about these and othercable systems through numeri-cal simulations and have de-veloped a software pack-age for predicting thedynamics of cables inmany different

The output can also be downloadedand viewed by any number of math-ematical analysis programs. So far,more than 30 different organizationsin eight different countries are usingWHOI Cable.

We continue to update the soft-ware as we encounter challengingcable problems that require specialtreatment. Who knows—somedaywe may even be able to help afisherman cast the extra distancethat makes the difference be-tween catching and not catch-ing a prized trout.

The development ofWHOI Cable was sup-ported by a grantfrom the Of-fice ofNaval Re-search(OceanEngineer-ing andMarineSystemsProgram).

Research on flexible cablesbenefits a range of oceano-

graphic instruments as wellas fly fishermen.

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Hanumant SinghAssistant Scientist

One of the fundamental prob-lems with working underwa-

ter is that the electromagneticspectrum (including visible light)attenuates extremely rapidly andnonlinearly. From a practical imag-ing standpoint, this means thatlarge objects cannot be framedwithin a video or other opticalcamera’s field of view. Thus ob-taining a global perspective of asite of interest on the seafloor—anarcheological find (box opposite),a geological channel, a hydrother-mal vent (figure at right), the de-bris field associated with a planecrash, or the remains of a whalecarcass (below)—requires piecingtogether a series of images in aprocess called photomosaicing.This involves running a carefullyplanned survey over the site, col-lecting a series of overlapping im-ages, identifying common featuresin the overlapping imagery, andthen merging the images to formstrips, which are then assembledinto larger mosaics.

Several factors make this a hardproblem. There may be constraintson the way underwater vehiclescan perform surveys due to insuffi-cient accuracy in small-area naviga-tion and a lack of mechanisms toautomatically control the vehicle.

Physical constraintson the distanceseparating camerasand lights as well asconstraints on theenergy available foroperating the lightsalso constitute majorimpediments. Fi-nally, and most im-portant, the unstruc-tured nature of theunderwater terrainintroduces incre-mental distortionsinto the photomo-saic as successiveimages are added in.

One objective ofscientists, engineers,and graduate stu-dents at the DeepSubmergence Labo-ratory is to developa key set of capabili-ties for mosaicingusing a variety ofplatforms. Those wework with includethe WHOI-operated,human-occupiedsubmersible Alvin,remotely operatedvehicle Jason, and autonomous un-derwater vehicle ABE, as well asthe US Navy’s NR-1 submarine. Ourfunding sources include the Office

Photomosaicing Underwater ImagesSheds Light on the Deep Ocean

A 53-image color photomosaic depicts a hydrothermal ventlocated in the Sea of Cortez in Baja California.(Chief Scientist: Dana Yoerger, WHOI)

The remains of a whale off of the coast of San Diego was imaged from the human-occupied submersible Alvin. (Chief Scientist: Craig Smith, University of Hawaii)

of Naval Research, the National Sci-ence Foundation, and WHOI Assis-tant Scientist support from thePenzance Endowed Fund, the JohnP. Chase Memorial Endowed Fundin Support of Scientific Staff, andDavid G. Mugar.

We are focusing on bounding theerrors in the photomosaics to en-able quantitative measurements (forexample, the size of amphorae).Two important issues here are theroles of navigation and ofmultisensor information. Traditionalacoustic navigation can be used tolimit the error in the photomosaicswhile the image registration inher-ent in photomosaicing can be usedto complement and thus yield more



accurate navigation estimates of thevehicle. The fusion of multisensorinformation, in our case high reso-lution bathymetric measurements,provides three-dimensional informa-

New Measurements Reveal Dynamics of Wave-Driven CurrentsJohn H. TrowbridgeAssociate Scientist

Breaking waves on beachesdrive alongshore currents that

reach or exceed one meter per sec-ond, among the fastest oceanicflows. These currents are importantbecause they produce the so-calledcoastal “river of sand,” typicallytransporting hundreds of thousandsof cubic yards of beach materialalongshore past any given pointeach year, with the potential fordramatic coastal erosion or accre-tion. Wave-driven currents onbeaches are also important in mili-tary operations and because they

transport and disperse pollutants.Although the wave-induced driv-

ing mechanism has been known for30 years, the processes that counterthe effects of breaking waves, per-mitting a “force balance” that con-trols the magnitude and distributionof wave-driven currents, have re-mained obscure. Most researchersargue that the dominant effect bal-ancing the wave-induced forcing isdrag on the seafloor. They furtherargue that this drag force is trans-mitted throughout the water col-umn by turbulent eddies, which arefar weaker than either the breakingwaves or the alongshore currents,

tion that can be used to rid photo-mosaicing of the primary source oferror, terrain effects.

Eventually we hope to buildseamless quantitative photomosaics

of sites repeatedly over time to en-able us to detect spatial and tem-poral changes in the context ofdeep ocean mapping exercises.

The Process of PhotomosaicingThe site of interest is a Roman shipwreck located at 800 meters depth in the Skerki bank area off Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea.This site was imaged with the remotely operated vehicle Jason. (Chief Scientist: Robert Ballard, WHOI)

This 35-foot-tall motorized Coastal Re-search Amphibious Buggy or CRAB assistsresearchers working in nearshore watersat the US Army Corps of Engineers FieldResearch Facility in Duck, North Carolina.

Step 4 Ongoing work focuseson understanding and improvingthe quantitative nature of themosaicing process.

Step 1 Vehicle opera-tors conduct a care-fully planned surveyover the area of inter-est to ensure sufficientcoverage and overlapin the imagery. Imagefootprints are pro-jected on the area ofinterest to allow opera-tors to choose indi-vidual images for usein the mosaic.

Step 2 Individual imagesare processed to removelighting and other artifacts.These images are thenmerged into single stripmosaics by indentifyingcommon features in succes-sive images.

Step 3 Individual strips arethen mosaiced together us-ing a technique similar tothat used in Step 2.

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but are nevertheless an effectiveagent for transmitting drag. Althoughthe vertical transport of drag by tur-bulence is an essential element ofconceptual and quantitative modelsof surf-zone processes, it has neverbeen measured directly, because in-strumentation and methods of analy-sis sufficient to extract the small ve-locities produced by turbulencefrom the much larger signals pro-duced by waves and currents havenot existed.

Recently, however, I developed anew technique for extracting effectsof turbulence from measurementsdominated by waves and currents.This method was applied in the1997 “SandyDuck” field program, amulti-investigator, multi-institutionexperiment located at the US ArmyCorps of Engineers Field ResearchFacility in Duck, North Carolina. Anarray of five high-quality acousticvelocity sensors, recently madeavailable by SonTek, Inc., San Di-ego, California, was deployed on abottom-mounted steel frame at awater depth of five meters. Duringthe three-month measurement pe-riod, three instruments were dam-aged badly, probably by logs orother semi-submerged objects car-ried by strong storm-driven flows,and severe fouling occurred late in

the experi-ment. How-ever, the re-maining twosensors pro-duced mea-surements suf-ficient toprovide esti-mates of theforce-transmit-ting role of tur-bulence duringthree largestorms. Mea-surements ob-tained by otherSandyDuck in-vestigators, no-tably AOP&EDepartment members Steve Elgarand Jim Edson, provide estimates ofwave and wind forcing, which arerequired to put the turbulence mea-surements in context.

The results are surprising. Al-though measurements during fairconditions with small waves areconsistent with expectations basedon previous studies, measurementsduring large waves indicate a rela-tionship between turbulence andthe alongshore current that differsdramaticallyfrom theoreti-cal predic-tions. Energydissipation as-sociated withbreaking didnot have alarge signaturenear the sea-floor, contraryto expecta-tions, and thedrag force in-ferred fromthe turbulencemeasurementswas onlyabout half thevalue requiredto balance thewind andwave forcing.We are work-

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US ArmyCorps

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ing to understand these results andplanning future measurements thatwill clarify their generality andproper interpretation.

Funding for the measurementswas provided by the Mellon Foun-dation and the Rinehart Coastal Re-search Center. Funding for theanalysis was provided by the Na-tional Science Foundation. JanetFredericks expedited the measure-ments and carried out the prelimi-nary analysis.

This array of five acoustic velocity sensors was placed five metersdeep for studies of the vertical transport of drag by turbulence.

This is the frame above three months later. Despite severe foulingand serious damage to three of the instruments, the two operationalsensors provided sufficient measurements to estimate the force-trans-mitting role of turbulence during three large storms.

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Biology

iology is a diverse field, andresearch in this departmenttouches on almost all as-

pects of life in the sea. During1999, WHOI biologists worked oneverything from viruses to whales,using a range of powerful field andlaboratory instruments and ap-proaches including molecular tech-niques, video microscopy, flowcytometry, integrated acoustic andoptical field sam-pling instruments,behavioral obser-vations, andmathematicalmodeling andanalysis. Thiswork took placein the local wa-ters of New En-gland, and furtherafield in theAtlantic, Pacific,and southernoceans.

WHOI main-tains an espe-cially strongreputation inmany areas ofbiological ocean-ography. Theseinclude the ecology and physiologyof bacteria and protozoa; bio-opti-cal studies of phytoplankton; ad-vanced optical and acoustic tech-niques for zooplankton distributionand behavior; the ecology, behav-ior, and development of inverte-brate larvae; mathematical analysisand computer modeling of life his-tory, population dynamics, andphysical-biological interactions;toxicological and molecular re-search on how pollution affects ma-rine organisms; and acoustical, ana-tomical, and behavioral studies ofmarine mammals.

As availability of federal researchsupport has tightened, our scientistshave turned to diverse sources of

support–local, state, federal, inter-national, corporate, and privateagencies and foundations. Alto-gether, department investigatorssubmitted 150 proposals to thesesources, and received full or partialfunding for 43 percent of them, to-taling a little over $5 million forsponsored research in 1999. In ad-dition to their individual researchprograms, the staff continues to

participate and provide leadershipin large national and internationalprograms, including the Joint Glo-bal Ocean Flux Study research inthe Atlantic and southern oceansand the Ridge Inter-DisciplinaryGlobal Experiments and Larvae atRidge Vents Program for hydrother-mal vents. Both the National Ecol-ogy and Oceanography of HarmfulAlgal Blooms Program for red tideresearch and the US Global Ecosys-tems Dynamics Northwest AtlanticProgram on Georges Bank havetheir headquarters in the WHOI Bi-ology Department.

At the close of 1999 the depart-ment had 24 Scientific Staff, alongwith 7 Scientists Emeritus, 3 Ocean-

ographers Emeritus, 17 PostdoctoralScholars, Fellows, and Investigators,16 Technical Staff, 36 Joint Programstudents, and 33 other support staff.During the year, the Scientific Staffpursued over 140 separate researchprojects, publishing 67 scientific pa-pers and books.

Cabell Davis and Peter Tyackwere promoted to Senior Scientist,Mark Hahn was awarded tenure,

and Heidi Sosikwas promoted toAssociate Scien-tist. On the Tech-nical Staff, CarlWirsen was pro-moted to SeniorResearch Special-ist and SteveMolyneaux to Re-search AssociateII, Freddy Valoisbecame our thirdOceanographerEmeritus, and JimCraddock retired.We were sorry tolose Senior Sci-entist DavidCaron to the Uni-versity of South-ern California,

but grateful for the stellar careerhe had built in our department.

National honors went to SeniorScientists Don Anderson and PeterWiebe, recognized by the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-tration as National EnvironmentalHeroes. Senior Scientist JohnStegeman received an Award forExtraordinary Service to the Na-tional Research Council, and Scien-tist Emeritus John Teal was hon-ored with the Odum Award and theNational Wetlands Award. SeniorScientist Hal Caswell was the firstrecipient of the Institution’s newRobert W. Morse Chair.

—Laurence P. Madin, Department Chair

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Scientists and crew aboard R/V Oceanus prepare to launch a Multiple Opening/Closing Net/Environmental Sensing System during the final year of Georges Bankfieldwork for the Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics program.

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Biology

Rebecca GastAssistant Scientist

Human fascination with thetop few hundred meters of

water in tropical and temperatelocations leads us to view theocean as a relatively warm bodyof water. However, much of theocean is actually characterizedby extremely cold tempera-tures—below the warm surfacelayer, water temperatures aver-age 3°C, while at high latitudesand great depths, the tempera-ture is permanently less than 1 to2°C. Nevertheless, the vast major-ity of information on the growthand production of marine organ-isms pertains to those living inthe warm surface water of tropi-cal and temperate climates.

Along with David Caron (Uni-versity of Southern California),Mark Dennett and I are address-ing fundamental gaps in ourknowledge about growth andproductivity in extreme cold wa-ter ecosystems. With fundingfrom the National Science Foun-dation (NSF) Life in Extreme Envi-ronments program, we are study-ing the diversity and physiologyof protists (nonbacterial, single-celled organisms such as algae) insamples of water, ice, slush, andsediment from the

Ross Sea, Antarctica. We collectedour samples while aboard the ice-breaking research vessel NathanielB. Palmer from December 26, 1998,through February 4, 1999.

Interest in microbial diversity hasrisen considerably in recent years,primarily due to the application ofmolecular biological approachesthat allow scientists to identify spe-cies of organisms so small that theylack taxonomic characteristics use-ful for identification. These meth-ods help us answer questions aboutthe diversity and biogeography ofmicrobial eukaryote (protist) popu-

lations. We are inter-

Antarctic Studies Illuminate Diversity in Extreme Environments

ested in the diversity of small pro-tists (algae and protozoa less than100 microns) because of their fun-damental roles in aquatic foodwebs as producers and processersof carbon. Photosynthetic protists(algae) form part of the base of thefood web, and the protozoa are pri-mary consumers of picoplanktonicalgae (less than 10 microns) andbacteria. Thus both move carbonupwards through the food chain.

Microbial eukaryotes are essentialin most, if not all, ecosystems, andextremely cold environments are noexception. Though it seems likelythat the very low temperatures ofthese environments would signifi-cantly decrease the physiologicalfunctioning of the organisms, thisappears not to be the case. Protistpopulations are quite healthy andgrow quite well in the ice, slush,and water of the Ross Sea.

Our analysis of the genetic diver-sity of Ross Sea protists targets thesmall subunit ribosomal RNA genes(srDNA) in order to determine phy-logenetic relationships by compari-son with sequences in an srDNAdatabase. This allows us to ascer-tain whether the organism we areexamining is related to any alreadyknown, or whether it is novel. Inour research we have come across

Rebecca Gast and Robert Sanders (Temple University) collect slush samples during 1999Antarctic investigations.

Cruse track triangles indicate stations where water, ice, and slush were sampled from the re-search vessel/icebreaker Nathaniel B. Palmer (National Science Foundation).

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Biology

Kenneth HalanychAssistant Scientist

The distributions of speciesthroughout the world’s oceans

are largely influenced by tempera-ture regimes. Thus, changes in glo-bal climate can cause shifts in spe-cies distributions, creating geneticsignatures representative of biogeo-graphic history. For example, severalspecies of marine intertidal inverte-brates display reduced genetic diver-sity in the northwest Atlantic due toreduced habitat size and availabilityduring the last glacial maximum. Inother words, glaciers reduced the ef-fective population size of shallownear-shore species, allowing evolu-

Genetics, Climate, and Commercial Fisheries

More than 200 antarctic cultures Gast and colleagues are studyinginclude the amoeba at left and the cluster of diatoms at right. Bothare approximately 50 microns in size.

both known and novel sequencesthat correspond to diatoms, di-noflagellates, ciliates, flagellates,and even some amoebalike organ-isms. We have also determined thatdifferent sample types (such asthose from water and ice) rarelyshare the same sequence types,even when collected at the samelocation. In an analysis of 300 se-quences obtained from water, ice,and slush at a single station, only

Image of gel showing genetic diversity ofdifferent water, ice, and slush samplesalong with a marker (M) used to orientand compare gels.

one srDNAsequence wasshared by allthree sampletypes, suggest-ing adaptationof specificorganismsfor thesespecializedenvironments.

When cul-turing organ-isms from ex-treme environ-ments, it canbe very diffi-cult to obtain those representativeof the original population. This isdue to problems in accurately repli-cating and maintaining importantenvironmental features, such aspressure or temperature, during col-lection and enrichment. In our workto obtain protistan cultures fromAntarctica, we have been extremelycareful to keep the organisms at 0to 2°C at all times. This has allowedus to recover an extensive collec-tion of protists that exhibit sensitivi-ty to temperatures higher than 4°C,and potentially represent truly psy-chrophilic organisms. We are nowbeginning to look at the srDNA

from our cultures to determinewhether the organisms we havegrown are representative of the pre-dominant organisms in the originalsamples. If they are, we will targetthem for physiological studies todetermine how these organismshave adapted for growth in the ex-treme cold. We have also begun todesign oligonucleotide probes thatcan be used directly on environ-mental samples to detect and quan-tify the abundance of a particularprotist. This will allow us to track itschanges in the natural populationover time and determine what roleit plays in the community.

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tionary forces (such as genetic driftand extinction) to produce a charac-teristic genetic signature. By study-ing the genetic diversity and struc-ture within and between differentorganismal populations, it is pos-sible not only to explore the inter-face of environmental influencesand evolutionary history, but alsoto begin to formulate predictions ofhow human-induced global climatechange will impact the future distri-butions of marine species.

In the ocean quahog, Arcticaislandica, both recent moleculargenetic data and paleontological in-formation suggest that globalchanges in ocean water tempera-

ture have caused dynamic shifts inthis clam’s distribution over time.Because the ocean quahog is thebasis of an international multi-mil-lion dollar industry (it is the mainingredient of clam chowder), thisfinding relates human-influencedclimate change to future viabilityof commercial fisheries. We usedmolecular tools to identify geneticboundaries within the species andto assess levels of genetic diversity.This information should allow theparameters and assumptions em-ployed in models of sustainableyield to be refined, and thus aidfuture management of this species.

Contrary to the commonly ac-


Biology

tween stations to fill the data gaps.The relevant technological ad-vances include high-speed comput-ers, towing cables with optical fi-bers (for high-speed, high-band-width, two-way data communica-tion), as well as electrical conduc-tors (for power), and an impressivearray of acoustic, optical, andphysical sensors.

On the leading edge of such de-velopments is the BIo-OpticalMulti-frequency Acoustical andPhysical Environmental Recorder,also known as BIOMAPER II. Fol-lowing on the heels of its proto-type (BIOMAPER), it was specifi-

BIOMAPER II: New Capability for the New Millennium

cepted idea re-garding reducedgenetic diversityin the northernextent of NorthAtlantic inverte-brates, in theocean quahoghigher genetic di-versity is ob-served in north-ern localities(Nova Scotia andIceland) than insouthern areas(Mid-AtlanticBight). Inspectionof the fossilrecord reveals thenorthern range ofthe ocean quahogwas considerablylarger during the most recent cli-matic optimum, or warm period,that ranged from 8,400 to 4,900years ago. This may have main-tained or promoted higher geneticdiversity through a greater habitatavailability as well as larger popula-tion size. Limited diversity was alsonoted south of Cape Cod, a regionknown to have experienced signifi-cantly elevated temperatures duringthe climatic optimum. Presumably,the ocean quahog went extinct in

the warmer waters, and has onlyrecently recolonized after oceanwater temperatures cooled down(about 2,000 to 4,000 years ago).

Clearly, global climate changecan effect large-scale changes in thedistribution of at least some com-mercially important species. Basedon molecular and paleontologicaldata, the continued trend of hu-man-induced global warming sug-gests that populations of Arcticaislandica south of Cape Cod (the

Peter H. WiebeSenior Scientist

Oceanography, at its core, is anobservational science. Mea-

surements of seawater propertiesand of plant and animal distribu-tion, abundance, and rate processes(for example feeding, growth,death) form the building blocks, thedata, from which our understandingof how the ocean’s physical, chemi-cal, biological, and geological sys-tems work. The vastness of theworld’s ocean, however, makes itdifficult to gather enough observa-tions to adequately characterize ordescribe the phenomena we study.

During the 20th century, themainstay of programs designed tostudy the ocean interior were ob-servations from research vessels of-ten made at widely separated sta-tion locations. The rich variation inabundance of marine animal andplant species on spatial scales fromcentimeters to thousands of kilome-ters and the sparseness of samplingstations have resulted in grossundersampling of ocean phenom-ena. Only in the last decade or sohas technology begun to overcomethis fundamental impediment, en-abling development of towed ve-hicles that can be deployed be-

Present day

Gone extinct over the last 9,000 years

Range more than 9,000 years ago

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The biogeographic distribution of the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, sincethe last glacial maximum.

largest oceanquahog fishery)are at seriousrisk. However,the geneticstructure ofmore species(both shallowand deep water)must be ex-plored beforegeneralizationscan be madeabout the inter-action of globalclimate changeand species dis-tributions. Whileadvances in bio-technology offerpowerful toolswith incredible

resolving capabilities for geneticquestions, effort and funding mustalso focus on sampling currentpopulations so that future trendscan be predicted.

This research represents a col-laborative effort with the NationalMarine Fisheries Service (primarilyJames R. Weinberg), and was spon-sored by the Rinehart Coastal Re-search Center and the Sweden-America Foundation (support toThomas Dahlgren).

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Biology

cally developed in 1996 with agrant from the Office of Naval Re-search to conduct high speed, largearea surveys of zoo-plankton and envi-ronmental propertydistributions. It hassince been used on anumber of test andscientific cruises tothe Gulf of Maineand Georges Bank aspart of the US GlobalOcean Ecosystems Dynamics(GLOBEC) Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank Study.

The vehicle usually is towedfrom the starboard side of mediumsized oceanographic research ves-sels, such as R/V Oceanus. It isgenerally operated over a widerange of towing speeds from 0 to10 knots. Most scientific missionsrequire operations in a “tow-yo”pattern: The winch operator con-stantly spools tether out, then in,so the vehicle travels up and downthrough the entire water column ina slow zigzag fashion. The maxi-mum operating depth of the sys-tem is 500 meters, and average towspeed is four to six knots, depend-ing on the depth of the vehicle.

The 3.78-meter vehicle has afree-flooded, open-frame architec-ture with an outer skin in the formof easily removable flat plastic pan-els. It weighs approximately 2,000pounds in air and 1,200 pounds inwater. It is equipped with a multi-frequency sonar (uplooking anddownlooking pairs of transducersoperating at five frequencies: 43,120, 200, 420, and 1,000 kilohertz),a video plankton recorder system(VPR), an environmental sensorpackage (conductivity/temperature/depth device, fluorometer, transmis-someter), and several other bio-op-tical sensors including down- andupwelling spectral radiometers andspectrally matched attenuation andabsorption meters. A 20-foot ship-ping container van, specificallymodified to become the at-sealaboratory space for command andcontrol of BIOMAPER II, holds the

electronic equipment for real-timedata processing and analysis.

Towed instruments are suscep-tible to the same weather constraintsas any other kind of over-the-side in-strument package, notably difficultiesthat arise in deployment or recoveryoperations during high sea states.Usually, when the winds blow at 25to 30 knots or higher for a sustainedperiod, work at sea becomes im-paired or impossible. A second grantfrom ONR enabled purchase of aunique self-contained winch with1,000 meters of electro-optical cable,slack tensioner, and an overboardhandling system built by DynaconInc. to enhance BIOMAPER II per-formance in high sea states. The sys-tem is powered and controlled elec-trically, and driven hydraulically. Thewinch, slack tensioner, and over-boarding J-frame assembly were in-stalled on R/V Endeavor (Universityof Rhode Island) and successfullyused with BIOMAPER II on two late1999 Gulf of Maine cruises. Duringan October cruise, a powerful gale(with wind gusts to 55 knots andsustained winds often over 40 knots)set upon Endeavor and raged formore than a day while BIOMAPER IIwas deployed. Wire tension recordsdemonstrate the substantial protec-tion the slack tensioner system pro-

vided against excessive shock load-ing of the cable and the vehicle inhigh sea states. BIOMAPER II wasable to map both acoustically andoptically the spatial and temporaldistributions of organisms and physi-cal properties of the water columnunder sea conditions that have previ-ously rendered surveying impossible.

The challenge of havingBIOMAPER II’s broad capabilitynow lies in making proper use ofthe data. Future developments willfocus on more integrated methodsof analyzing the data and visualiz-ing the results in near real time.

Articulating J-frames used previously, likethis one, proved inadequate for handlingthe BIOMAPER II instrument system.

Instrument losses inspired a new approach to BIOMAPER II operations. This substantialDynacon winch and handling system provides easier handling of the one-ton instrumentas well as extended operation in storm conditions. The inset shows Peter Wiebe (top)and Chuck Greene (Cornell University) in the portable van specially outfitted for com-mand and control of BIOMAPER II.

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Geology & Geophysics

hree new appointmentswere made to the G&G resi-dent Scientific Staff in 1999.

John Collins, a 1989 graduate of theMIT/WHOI Joint Program inOceanography, was promoted toAssociate Scientist from the Techni-cal Staff where he had workedsince 1992. John is a marine seis-mologist with broad interests rang-ing from the seismic structure ofoceanic lithos-phere to shallowwater marinesediments. He isan expert in ma-rine seismic in-strumentation andwas the leadinvestigator onthe successfulWHOI proposalto build and op-erate a new gen-eration of oceanbottom seismicinstruments foruse by the marinegeosciences com-munity in the US(see page 17).Wen-lu Zhu, a1996 graduate of the State Universi-ty of New York, Stony Brook, and aWHOI Postdoctoral Fellow, joinedthe department in February. Wen-lu’s research interests include ex-perimental rock mechanics, trans-port properties of rocks, and theevolution of permeability and porestructures in submarine hydrother-mal systems. During the past yearshe has also been working closelywith Associate Scientist DebbieSmith modeling volcanic flow fea-tures on the submarine Puna Ridgein Hawaii (see page 15). In Septem-ber, Rob Sohn joined the depart-ment’s marine seismology group asan Assistant Scientist from the

Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-phy, where he received his Ph.D. in1996. Rob’s research interests in-clude seismicity of volcanic andhydrothermal systems, the structureof oceanic crust, and the seismicityof the Arctic Basin. He is currentlybuilding a new, combined ocean-bottom-seismometer/autonomous-underwater-vehicle package for useunder the Arctic ice.

Department promotions for 1999included Peter Clift and Neal Driscollto Associate Scientist, and Karl vonReden to Senior Research Specialist.

With the resignation of DaveAubrey to devote full time to his pri-vate company and Alan Chave’stransfer to the AOP&E Department,the size of the resident Scientific Staffin G&G stands at 33. We currentlyalso have 22 Technical Staff mem-bers, 23 MIT/WHOI Joint ProgramPh.D. students, and 14 postdoctoralfellows, scholars, and Investigatorsworking in the department.

In 1999 the Department submit-ted 182 research proposals, mostlyto federal agencies. There were 192

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Geology & Geophysics Department

active awards during 1999 for a totalof $10.2 million in funding. This re-search resulted in more than 75 sci-entific publications in peer-reviewedjournals. Department scientists andtechnical staff members participatedin 20 different research cruises in1999 to far-flung locales such as theLau Basin near Fiji in the westernPacific, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge southof the Azores, and the South Atlan-

tic off the coastof Brazil.

Senior ScientistHenry J. B. Dickwas named a Fel-low of the Ameri-can GeophysicalUnion in 1999,and ResearchSpecialist BeecherWooding receiveda WHOI SeniorTechnical StaffAward recogniz-ing his outstand-ing record of ac-complishment ininstrument de-sign, develop-ment, and opera-tion. Paleocean-

ographer Delia Oppo was named aUS Science Advisory CommitteeDistinguished Lecturer for her workwith the Ocean Drilling Programand will be presenting invited lec-tures at various colleges and uni-versities around the country.

Bill Curry stepped down as De-partment Chair in October, returningto full-time research in paleoceanog-raphy following four years of excel-lent department leadership. He wassucceeded by Bob Detrick, and Se-nior Scientist Susan Humphris suc-ceeded Bob as the J. SewardJohnson Chair and Educational Co-ordinator in the G&G Department.

—Robert S. Detrick, Department Chair

Information Systems Associate Tom Bolmer and Summer Student Fellow Patricia Greggdigitize hand-drawn magnetic anomaly contours.

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Wen-Lu Zhu, Assistant Scientist

Deborah K. Smith, Associate Scientist

Though marine geologists candescribe the forms that lava

eruptions create on the seafloor,the parameters that control theshapes of basaltic lava flows arenot well understood. Why do low-relief flows mantle the topographyin some places, while elsewherethe flows form large lava terracesthat are several kilometers in diam-eter and several hundreds of metershigh? Is it mostly the result of dif-ferences in lava volume, steadinessof flow, pre-existing slope, or flowrate? Answering such questions willhelp us to judge how confidentlywe can infer eruption variablesfrom the resulting submarine volca-nic morphology. This is especiallyimportant because we commonlyuse the characteristics of lava flowsto describe subsurface processessuch as mantle melting, creation ofmagma chambers at crustal levels,and movement of magma withinthe shallow crust.

Our work is directed towardsunderstanding the formation of flat-topped volcanoes at underwater riftzones using theoretical and experi-mental modeling. New, detailed im-ages of the seafloor show us thatflat-topped volcanoes are com-monly constructed at slow- andultra-slow-spreading mid-oceanridges, and on the submarine flanksand rift zones of the Hawaiian vol-canoes (figure at right). We refer tothese flat-topped volcanoes as ter-races to reflect the fact that theyform on slopes and typically havelower relief on their upslope side.Terrraces can be large, ranging upto several kilometers in diameterand several hundreds of metershigh. One of the interesting fea-tures of the terraces is that their topsurfaces are almost always horizon-tal (instead of parallel to the overalltopographic slope). They also areremarkably symmetric (near-circu-lar) in plan shape. Also of note is

that these features are not commonin basaltic flows on land and arenot observed at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges. What does their for-mation tell us about how subma-rine rift zones work?

To date, geological applicationsof theoretical models have focusedon describing lava domes that are

Large Lava Terraces on the Seafloor & their Geological Significance

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built at the summits of explosivevolcanoes on land. Because thedensity, viscosity, and thermaldiffusivity of seawater, as well asthe pressure and temperature con-ditions at the bottom of the sea, areso different from those of air, it isimportant that we construct ourmodels using parameters that re-

Three-dimensional perspective view of the submarine Puna Ridge rising to connect to theEast Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii. On the East Rift Zone, lavaflows mantle the gentle slopes and no large domes or terraces are formed. As the EastRift Zone dips underwater to become the Puna Ridge, the volcanic morphology changesdramatically. The flanks of the Puna Ridge are steeper than the East Rift zone and char-acterized by tall, voluminous terraces and domes, some with large, collapsed craters ontheir summits. The authors are constructing a numerical model to explore the origin ofthese volcanic features. This will help scientists understand controls on the developmentof this type of volcanic morphology, important because the locations and shapes of sub-marine volcanoes are commonly used to infer the subsurface structure of oceanic islandsand mid-ocean ridges.



Lloyd KeigwinSenior Scientist

Scarcely a day passes withoutsome media coverage of climate

change. Most of the evidence for“global warming” comes from me-teorological observations obtainedusing modern instruments, but ageographically wide array of thesedata is available for only the past

150 years or so. Interestingly, thistime frame includes the end of theclimate episode known as the LittleIce Age, a centuries-long cold snapthat began before the IndustrialRevolution. Thus, scientists want to

know how much of the warmingsince the end of the Little Ice Age iscaused by human burning of fossilfuels, and how much representsnatural variability.

In paleoclimatology, the 1990scould be considered the decade ofmillennial-scale studies. Early in thedecade the first results from Euro-pean and American drilling efforts

in the centralGreenland icecap proved be-yond a doubt thatclimate has beenunstable for mostof the past100,000 years.Climate changesin the atmo-sphere overGreenland aredriven in largepart by changesin the tempera-ture and currentsin the North At-lantic region, andit soon becameclear that the bestsediment coresfrom the NorthAtlantic showedclimate oscilla-tions directlycomparable to

those recorded in the Greenland icecores. Furthermore, it is nowknown that the Little Ice Age wasthe latest in a continuous series ofcold events that can be tracedacross the past 100,000 years.

Paleo and Current Oceanography Agree on North Atlantic WarmingNow that cold climatic episodes

are known to occur every one totwo thousand years over vast re-gions of the globe, the challenge topaleoceanographers is to deter-mine the process of ocean and cli-mate change. With funding fromthe National Science Foundation,members of the WHOI paleocean-ography group are actively en-gaged in these process studies forregions as far reaching as thesouthern ocean around Antarctica,off Brazil, in the Pacific, and atmany North Atlantic locations.

We found the first open oceanevidence for the Little Ice Age inthe Sargasso Sea of the westernNorth Atlantic several years ago.There, northeast of Bermuda, theoxygen isotope ratios in planktonicforaminifera indicated sea surfacetemperature was lower than todayby about one degree during theLittle Ice Age. At the time wespeculated that surface ocean cool-ing several hundred years ago mayhave been similar to modern sur-face ocean changes associated withthe contrast in atmospheric pres-sure between the Azores and Ice-land. This atmospheric phenom-enon, known as the North AtlanticOscillation, operates on aninterdecadal time scale and repre-sents a unifying view of sea surfacetemperature, wintertime mixing,storm tracks, strength of westerlywinds, and climate over land in Af-rica and Europe.

Pursuit of the Little Ice Age ledus north from the Sargasso Sea to

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flect the submarine environment.From our preliminary study weconclude that, in general, high lavaviscosity, low flow rate, and gentlerslopes favor the formation of ter-races. We are encouraged by theconsistency between our conclu-sions based on a quantitative fluidmechanics model and what weknow from the geology of the fea-

tures we are trying to model. Withthese preliminary simulation re-sults, we are now confident thatour models will provide a usefultool to quantify and test geologicalmodels for the formation of subma-rine terraces.

We think this is a critical time forour theoretical modeling efforts aswe are poised to make several

breakthroughs in understanding thecontrols and characteristics of sub-marine eruptions. In doing so wewill not only gain a better under-standing of submarine eruptions,but, more broadly speaking, willgain a better understanding of howthe volcanic layer is formed at mid-ocean ridges and how large under-water volcanoes are constructed.



Out-of-phase sea surface temperature rela-tionship between the Sargasso Sea andthe Slope Waters during the Little Ice Age.

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the slope waters off Nova Scotiaand Newfoundland. We reasonedthat sediments on the LaurentianFan would accumulate rapidlyenough to resolve the Little Ice Age,and the ocean surface there wouldpotentially record bigger changesthan to the south because slope wa-ters are a regime marked by mixingof subpolar waters from the northand subtropical waters from theGulf Stream. Surprisingly, however,during the Little Ice Age the popula-tion of surface ocean dwelling fora-minifera contained a lower percent-age of polar species than modernsediments of the last century. Inother words, at the same time theSargasso Sea and other North Atlan-tic regions cooled, the slope watersoff Newfoundland warmed. This in-dicated that the foraminifera settlingto the seafloor captured some pecu-liar dynamic response of the climatesystem that was much more compli-cated than a simple regional warm-ing and cooling through time. Whatprocess could cause this out-of-phase response?

Discussion of this puzzling ob-

A New Generation of Ocean Bottom Seismic InstrumentsRobert S. Detrick, Senior Scientist

John A. Collins, Associate Scientist

Kenneth R. Peal, Senior Engineer (AOP&E)

F. Beecher Wooding, Research Specialist

Seismology is an enormouslypowerful and versatile tool for

investigating the structure of theearth’s interior and for studying thevolcanic and tectonic processesthat shape the surface of ourplanet. Scientists employ seismictechniques to produce three-di-mensional images of the structureof oceanic crust and the volcanicsystems active at oceanic spreadingcenters. Along convergent margins(where two tectonic plates collide),like those that rim the PacificOcean, seismic monitoring can pin-point locations and depths forearthquakes and determine themagnitude of earthquake-related

strain across the margin. Seismicenergy from distant earthquakes re-corded on land or on the seafloorallows scientists to produce tomo-graphic images of convection deepwithin the earth’s interior.

Major strides in seismic studiesof the continents over the past fewdecades are not matched by ad-vances in oceanic seismic studies,which are hampered by the diffi-culty of making measurements onthe seafloor. However, major ad-vances in data storage and micro-processor technology are allowingthe development of new genera-tions of ocean bottom seismometers(OBSs) and hydrophones (OBHs).This new generation of instrumentswill be capable of continuous, 24-bit recording of four channels ofdata (for example, a three-compo-

nent seismometer and hydrophone)at rates of up to 200 samples persecond for several weeks, and atlower rates for up to a year ormore. Instruments that can recordseismic waves with periods greaterthan 100 seconds to less than 0.1seconds will be used in OBSs in thenear future, allowing transfer of thewhole suite of land-based broad-band seismic techniques to theoceans. Reduction in the cost ofseafloor seismic instruments nowmakes it feasible to conduct experi-ments using 50 to 100 instruments(or more) rather than the 10 to 20instruments available for most stud-ies in the past.

Recognizing the exciting oppor-tunities in marine seismology to-day, the National Science Founda-tion (NSF) in 1999 established a

servation with Bob Pickart of thePhysical Oceanography Departmentrevealed that Pickart had just sub-mitted a manuscript summarizinghis study of variability in slope wa-ters over the past few decades. Hisprincipal conclusion was that theposition and intensity of surface

and deep flows in the region varywith the North Atlantic Oscillation.In particular, Pickart concluded thata warm surface flow known as theSlopewater Current moves north-ward when the North Atlantic Os-cillation is associated with coolingin the Sargasso Sea. As our coreswere located directly under the mi-grating path of the Slopewater Cur-rent, the planktonic fauna wouldreflect surface water warming tothe north of the Gulf Stream whenwaters to the south cooled.

This fortuitous combination ofpaleoceanography and physicaloceanography strengthens our no-tion that the North Atlantic Oscilla-tion is a useful model for under-standing climate change on long(millennial) times scales. In addi-tion, because Pickart’s view of thephysical oceanography of the re-gion was based on relatively fewrepeat hydrographic sections, thelong time scale provided by themarine geological data tends tosupport his interpretation of themodern observations.



national OBS Instrumentation Pool(OBSIP) to make this new genera-tion of ocean bottom seismic in-struments available to the broadergeosciences community. Followinga national competition, NSF se-lected WHOI as one of just threeinstitutions in the US to build andoperate instruments for OBSIP.

(The others are at the Scripps Insti-tution of Oceanography in Califor-nia and the Lamont-Doherty EarthObservatory in New York.) WHOIhas been developing, building,and operating instrumentation forocean-bottom seismology since1975, and has a long and success-ful track record in this area.

WHOI will contribute two differ-ent types of instruments to the na-tional Ocean Bottom Seismic Instru-mentation Pool: 50 compact,inexpensive instruments designedfor short deployments (typically afew weeks to a month or so) toconduct crustal seismic refractionstudies, and 25 long-deployment(up to a year or longer) ocean bot-tom seismometers (OBSs) for local,regional, and teleseismic earth-quakes studies. The short-deploy-ment instrument (see drawing be-low) will consist of two glass ballswith 17-inch and 12-inch diameters.The data logger, clock, release elec-tronics, and recovery aids will behoused in the larger ball; thesmaller ball holds a battery pack.The sensors are a hydrophone anda vertical-component 4.5-hertz seis-mometer. The instrument free-fallsthrough the water column to theseafloor and floats just above its an-chor where it records the seismic

signals. At the conclusion of the ex-periment an acoustic signal is sentto the instrument, which releases itsanchor and floats to the surface forrecovery. Following anchor release,the instrument is designed to invertso that the hydrophone transducerremains submerged even when theinstrument is floating on the sur-

face, allowingthe recoveryteam to homein on itacoustically.Once aboardship, the in-struments canbe debriefedand their datadownloadedwithoutopening thepackage. Theinstrumentsare designedto be de-

These new instruments, describedbelow, which should be available bymid-2001, will usher in a whole newera of marine seismology, allowinginvestigators at WHOI and else-where to study earthquakes, volcan-ism, and the structure of the crustbeneath oceans in ways never be-fore possible.

New Ocean Bottom Seismic Instruments

FlashersInside

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ployed and recovered several timeson a single research cruise.

The long-deployment instrument(above) is larger and more com-plex. It carries both a hydrophonesensor, similar to that of its simplercousin, and a sensitive three-com-ponent geophone designed torecord ground motion from distantearthquakes. The seismometer ismounted on an arm that rotatesand lowers the separate sensorpackage to the seafloor on receiv-ing an acoustic command from theship. This OBS will use the samedata logger and clock as the otherinstrument. Batteries stored in twoaluminum pressure cases mountedon the frame will allow the OBS torecord data continuously for up to15 months. A low-cost acousticmodem will allow engineers to re-trieve data from the package whileit is on the bottom and determine ifit is properly functioning beforeleaving the site.

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Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry

esearch in the Departmentof Marine Chemistry andGeochemistry (MCG) gener-

ally involves the quantification ofchemical fluxes to and from theoceans. It often focuses on themechanisms and rates of chemicaltransport at important oceanboundaries, ranging from the air-sea interface to the interaction ofseawater with deep ocean volcanicsystems. Otherresearch projectsinclude upperocean bio-geochemicalcycles, organicgeochemicaltranformations,seafloor hydro-thermal circula-tion, photochem-istry, atmosphericchemistry, marineaerosols, thesediment-oceaninterface, mantlegeochemistry, ex-traterrestrialfluxes to theoceans and atmo-sphere, anthropo-genic contaminants, and remotesensing of the oceans.

The main source of researchfunding is the National ScienceFoundation but support also camefrom the Office of Naval Research,Department of Energy, NationalAeronautics and Space Administra-tion, Gas Research Institute, andSeaver Institute. MCG scientistsparticipated in national and inter-national programs such as theWorld Ocean Circulation Experi-

ment, Earth Observing System, theOcean Drilling Program, the RidgeInter-Disciplinary Global Experi-ments, and the Joint Global OceanFlux Study, whose national admin-istrative office is housed in thedepartment under the supervisionof Ken Buesseler.

In 1999, there were 19 ScientificStaff members, 4 Scientists Emeri-tus, 19 Technical Staff, 7 graded

and 6 administrative support staff, 5Adjunct Scientists, and 1 AdjunctOceanographer. In addition therewere 15 MIT/WHOI Joint ProgramPh.D. students, 13 postdoctoralresearchers, and 5 summer fellows.MCG staff taught 6 graduatecourses as part of the MIT/WHOIJoint Program.

There were a number of impor-tant personnel changes in 1999.Kathleen Ruttenburg, who studiesnutrient cycling in coastal and fresh-

water systems, was promoted to As-sociate Scientist. Two Assistant Sci-entist appointments brought excitingnew research interests to the depart-ment: Katrina Edwards is a geomi-crobiologist studying microbially in-duced chemical changes at mineralinterfaces, and Wolfgang Bach stud-ies the geochemistry of hydrother-mal systems and the ocean crust.The department bid farewell and

best wishes toCatherine Goyetwho left to take apost at LawrenceLivermore Nation-al Laboratory.Dempsey Lott waspromoted to Se-nior ResearchSpecialist, the toprung of the tech-nical staff ladder.Lary Ball was pro-moted to Re-search Specialist,Minhan Dai to Re-search AssociateIII, and Josh Cur-tice to ResearchAssociate II.

Senior ScientistOllie Zafiriou spent three months asan NRC Senior Research Associateat the Environmental ProtectionAdministration laboratory in Athens,Georgia, pursuing his photochemi-cal research. MCG congratulatedSenior Scientist Fred Sayles, whoreceived a 1999 Hans PetterssonMedal from the Royal SwedishAcademy of Sciences in recognitionof his research accomplishments.

—Mark D. Kurz, Department Chair

Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department

R

The group at work in Kathleen Ruttenberg’s biogeochemistry laboratory includesKathleen, second from right, Joint Program Student Kirsten Laarkamp at right, and,from left, Anastasia Prapas, Nicole Colasacco, and Christie Haupert.

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James W. MoffettAssociate Scientist

Seawater contains a large numberof trace elements, each exhibit-

ing a unique and complex geo-chemistry, governed by its chemicalreactions in seawater and its inter-action with biological processes.The biological processes are par-ticularly important for trace ele-ments that also happen to be es-sential micronutrients. These in-clude iron, cobalt, copper, zinc,manganese, and nickel, and theirimportance stems from their utiliza-tion within metalloenzymes thatcatalyze a wide array of biochemi-cal reactions.

Organisms in the open oceanface several problems in acquiringthe micronutrients they need. First,micronutrient concentrations areextremely low, in some cases 100-to 1,000-fold lower than in coastalwaters, rivers, or lakes. Second,chemical reactions in seawaterusually transform these elementsinto forms that are difficult fororganisms to utilize. As a conse-quence, oceanicphytoplankton arehighly adapted tothe constraintsimposed by theiroceanic chemistry.

One of the mostimportant groupsof phytoplanktonare the cyano-bacteria. Often thedominant primaryproducers in openocean regions,they are extraordi-narily sensitive totheir chemicalenvironment, yet,on evolutionarytime scales, theyare the ultimatesurvivors. Cyano-bacteria are theearliest knownorganisms, having

evolved when there was no oxy-gen in the atmosphere or oceans.They survived the most dramaticevent in the oceans’ geochemicalhistory, the shift to an oxygenatedregime—thoughtto be precipitatedby their own pho-tosynthetic activi-ties. This eventled to drasticallyreduced levels ofessential tracemetal micronutri-ents such as ironand cobalt (whichwere readily avail-able under anoxicconditions), asso-ciated with theoxidation of theseelements tononbiologicallyavailable forms. Nevertheless, theseorganisms not only survived buthave thrived owing to physiologi-cal adaptations to a new chemicalregime that may also have modi-fied the chemistry of the oceans to

provide condi-tions more favor-able for growth.

We are veryinterested in co-balt, an extremelyscarce micronutri-ent for whichcyanobacteriahave high require-ments relative toother phytoplank-ton. Joint Programstudent Mak Saitohas been studyingthe cobalt require-ment of Prochlo-rococcus, the mostabundant cyano-bacterium in theopen ocean, andits relationship tocobalt geochemis-try. This trulyinterdisciplinary

Cobalt: A Key Micronutrient for Marine Phytoplanktonproject has required Saito to de-velop expertise in trace metal ana-lytical chemistry and microbiology.

One of his first observations wasthat most cobalt in seawater is

strongly bound byorganic matter,probably as metalcomplexes. Suchcomplexationincreases theproblem of cobaltavailability forcyanobacteria,since organiccomplexes aregenerally harderfor organisms totake up than dis-solved inorganicforms. Theocean’s total co-balt concentration

is less than one part per trillion;complexation lowers the inorganicform by perhaps 1,000- to 10,000-fold below that! Simple calculationsbased on the physical transport ofthis tiny inorganic fraction to thecell surface suggest that the organ-isms cannot get enough cobaltwithout a means for accessing theorganically complexed cobalt.Working with cultures of Prochloro-coccus, Saito measured uptake ratesof cobalt into the cells under differ-ent conditions and found that up-take rates increased the longer theorganisms were grown in the sameflask of water. He proposed thatthe organisms had somehow “con-ditioned” the water, changing thechemistry of cobalt into a form thatthey can assimilate more readily.

To support his hypothesis, headded seawater that had been ex-posed to Prochlorococcus for along time to a fresh culture. Cobaltuptake rates increased immediately,indicating that chemical modifica-tion of cobalt in the water ac-counted for the change. We thinkProchlorococcus produces a com-pound that binds cobalt, forming a

Mak Saito launches a water samplerfor work on cobalt’s role as a phy-toplankton nutrient.

The concentration of cobalt (in pico-moles per liter) as a function ofdepth in the Atlantic Ocean nearBermuda. Low concentrations in sur-face waters reflect a high biologicaldemand for this scarce micronutri-ent. The water was collected usingstringent clean-sampling techniques,including the specialized samplebottle pictured above.

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Jeffrey SeewaldAssociate Scientist

Great heat generated by volca-nic activity results in convec-

tive circulation of seawater throughmid-ocean ridge basaltic rocks in aprocess that has global-scale bio-geochemical implications. For ex-ample, exchanges of heat andchemicals during hydrothermal cir-culation cool the oceanic crust,regulate the composition of seawa-ter over geologic time, and result inthe formation of metal ore deposits.From a biological perspective, hy-drothermal processes support largecommunities of unusual animalsand create the potential for abioticsynthesis of organic compoundsfrom inorganic precursors, causingsome scientists to advocate hydro-

complex that the organism has thespecific ability to take up. Thoughmicrobiologists have known fordecades that bacteria can producestrong iron binding compoundscalled siderophores, such a mecha-nism has never been identified forother elements. Currently, we areusing the analytical methods Saitodeveloped to study cobalt complex-ation in the oceans to examine thecompounds produced in cultures.

Perhaps the most interestingquestion is whether the organic

How Do High Temperature & Pressure Affect Organic Compounds at Vents?

compounds that dominate cobaltchemistry in the oceans and thecompounds that enhance cobaltuptake in cultures are the same.If so, it raises the possibility thatcyanobacteria, and perhaps otherbacteria, have modified oceanchemistry on a large scale to createconditions more favorable forgrowth. This is only a hypothesis,but it is consistent with findings foranother key micronutrient, iron.Researchers at the University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, and the Uni-

gen, and sulfur available for the for-mation of hydrocarbons as well asoxygen- and sulfur-bearing com-pounds. These results suggest con-ditions in subseafloor hydrothermalsystems may be appropriate for pro-duction of organic compounds fromwhich life originated.

Other experiments show that therelative abundance of some aque-ous organic compounds may accu-rately record the reaction tempera-ture and oxidation state of thechemical system, two parametersthat strongly regulate metal mobil-ity, rock alteration, and the stabilityof biomolecules. This is particularlyexciting since it suggests that theabundance of organic species invent fluids provides geochemicalinformation regarding physical andchemical conditions in inaccessibleregions of the oceanic crust.

The next step is to test modelsdeveloped in the laboratory in anatural setting. With funds from aGreen Technology Award and theNational Science Foundation, I havebeen working with Ken Doherty,Terry Hammar, and Barrie Waldenof the AOP&E Department andJoint Program Student Anna Cruseto build a device for collecting flu-ids from seafloor hydrothermalvents for organic analyses. This isnot a trivial task since operating atseafloor pressures of 200 to 400 at-mospheres (3,000 to 6,000 pounds

thermal systems as possible sites forthe origin of life on Earth.

Despite the important role re-duced carbon compounds play inmost of these processes, especiallythose associated with biological ac-tivity, we presently know very littleabout fundamental processes thatregulate the generation and stabilityof organic compounds in high-tem-perature and high-pressure environ-ments beneath the seafloor. As a re-sult, this area of research is thefocus of extensive efforts in theearth science community.

One aspect of ongoing hydro-thermal research at WHOI is cen-tered on laboratory experiments de-signed to elaborate the extent andnature of interactions involvingaqueous organic compounds and

rock-forming miner-als. We have learnedthat many reactionsthat proceed readilyin the presence of

water andminerals donot occur in

dry, mineral-free en-vironments. In addi-tion to acting ascatalysts, water andminerals react di-rectly with organiccompounds and rep-resent a large sourceof hydrogen, oxy-

versity of Western Ontario recentlyreported that a substantial fractionof iron binding compounds in sea-water are siderophores, suggestingthat bacterial production of thesecompounds is influencing thechemistry of iron on a wide scale.

We will ultimately need to learnmore about cobalt binding com-pounds at the molecular level, totest our hypothesis about cyanobac-terial sources of these compoundsin the oceans, and to learn moreabout their chemical properties.

The remotely operated vehicle Jason’s manipulator holds thespecially designed gas-tight hydrothermal fluid sampler.

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Landing Marine Laboratory) pur-posely “fertilized” a large patch ofwater near the equatorial Pacificwith iron. The results showed astrong biological response and achemical drawdown of carbon di-oxide in the water column.

But what was the fate of this car-bon? We know that plant uptake ofcarbon in the ocean is generally fol-lowed by a zooplankton bloom asgrazers respond to the increasedfood supply. These populationsthen produce a blizzard of marinesnow, as fecal pellets and other par-ticles descend through the watercolumn, carrying or “exporting”their carbon load to the deep sea in

Fertilizing the Ocean with Iron

per square inch) in the vicinity ofhighly corrosive, 400°C fluids pre-sents many engineering challenges.In addition, many organic speciesare gases requiring that the sam-pling device begas-tight to sea-floor pressures.The samplershown in thephoto on page21, constructedof titanium, iseasily deployedusing the ma-nipulator armsof the submers-ible Alvin or re-motely oper-ated vehiclessuch as Jason.A key featureof this sampleris that it allowsquantitativecharacterizationof a single fluid in terms of both itsorganic and inorganic composition,something that has not been pos-sible in the past.

In the fall of 1999 we collectedhigh-temperature fluids (300 to374°C) venting from basaltic rocksat the Endeavour segment of the

Juan de Fuca Ridge. These fluidswere extremely gas-rich, containinghigh concentrations of carbon di-oxide, hydrogen, methane, hydro-gen sulfide, and low molecular

weight hydro-carbons. Thebar graphshows concen-trations corre-sponding to asmuch as 3 litersof gas per literof fluid at am-bient pressureconditions,causing the flu-ids to fizz uponremoval fromthe pressurizedsampler. Thehigh gas con-tent suggeststhat these fluidsrepresent a va-por phase pro-

duced during boiling beneath theseafloor. The presence of substan-tial hydrocarbons is intriguing, con-sidering they are present at exceed-ingly low levels in seawater orbasalt, and may reflect abiotic syn-thesis in the crust or derivationfrom a buried sediment source that

Ken O. BuesselerAssociate Scientist

Iron fertilization of the ocean is ahot topic not only within the

ocean research community but alsoamong ocean entrepreneurs andventure capitalists who see the po-tential for enhancing fisheriesthrough large-scale ocean manipu-lations. In the 1980s, the late JohnMartin (Moss Landing Marine Labo-ratory) advanced the idea that car-bon uptake during plankton photo-synthesis in many regions of theworld’s surface ocean was limitednot by light or the major nutrientsnitrogen or phosphorus but ratherby a lack of the trace metal iron,

which is typically added to theopen ocean as a component of dustparticles. Laboratory experimentsand correlations between dust andatmospheric carbon dioxide levelsin ancient ice core records sug-gested that the ocean would re-spond to natural changes in ironinputs by increasing carbon uptakeand hence decreasing atmosphericcarbon dioxide, thus altering thegreenhouse gas balance and cli-mate of the earth. Martin once dra-matically said: “Give me half atanker full of iron and I’ll give youan ice age.”

In two 1990s experiments, US in-vestigators led by Ken Coale (Moss

is presently not visible.In the summer of 2000 we are

scheduled to return to an area ofthe Juan de Fuca Ridge calledMiddle Valley where high sedimen-tation has blanketed the ridge crestwith sediments. There is no ques-tion that hydrothermal fluids are re-acting with both sediments and ba-salt at this location, and resultsfrom these efforts will form the ba-sis for an evaluation of the role ofsediment reactions at Endeavour.

Relative to unsedimented systems,the diversity of organic alterationproducts at Middle Valley is substan-tially greater due to thermal matura-tion of sedimentary organic matterand may even lead to the instanta-neous (on a geologic time scale)generation of petroleum. Because or-ganic alteration processes respon-sible for petroleum generation atMiddle Valley are in many waysanalogous to those occurring in con-ventional sedimentary basins respon-sible for economically viable oil de-posits, the implications of thisresearch go far beyond the study ofridge-crest hydrothermal systems. Ul-timately our efforts will develop andverify new models for the descrip-tion of organic transformations insubsurface aqueous environments.

Gas concentrations in hydrothermal vent flu-ids from the Endeavour segment of the Juande Fuca Ridge. Abundant hydrocarbonsmay reflect abiotic synthesis in the crust orderivation from sediments buried by recentvolcanism. Regardless of their origin, thesegases represent a source of nutrients andenergy to support large and diverse biologi-cal communities.

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a process known as the “biologicalpump.” Drawing on many years’ ex-perience working with thorium inseawater, my laboratory colleaguesand I are studying the decrease insurface water thorium followingiron fertilization as a proxy for car-bon export from the surface to thedeep sea. Thorium is a naturally oc-curring element that by its chemicalnature is “sticky,” and, due to itsnatural radioactive properties, rela-tively easy to measure.

Analysis of a series of seven sur-face water samples, collected dur-ing a 1995 experiment calledFeExII, told us that, indeed, as ironwas added and plant biomass(measured as chlorophyll) in-creased, there was a correspondingdecrease in total thorium levels. Weused the measured thorium de-crease to quantify the increase inparticulate organic carbon exportas particles sank out of the surfacelayer (upper graph below), notingan interesting delay between theuptake of carbon by the plants andits export as sinking particulate or-ganic carbon. We also noted thatthe relationship between uptakeand export was not 1:1, but ratherthe iron-stimulated biological com-munity showed very high ratios ofexport relative to carbon uptake.Thus by the end of the experiment,the efficiency of the biologicalpump had increased dramatically.

However, results of a similar ironfertilization experiment led by Phil

meantime, the pressure to try some-thing on an industrial scale ismounting and likely to take placewith or without scientific input asentrepreneurs gather permits andpatent processes for fertilizing theocean with iron on a large scale.

For example, the territorial wa-ters of the Marshall Islands havebeen leased to conduct an iron fer-tilization experiment. The new busi-nesses involved suggest that theiron fertilization process will reduceatmospheric carbon dioxide levels,allowing the Marshall Islands (andother island countries) to profit bytrading carbon credits with more in-dustrialized nations. They also pointto increased fisheries as a conse-quence of enhanced iron levels.Prior to these large scale manipula-tions, more dialogue is needed be-tween these commercial interests,economists, national governmentswith a marine interest, climate mod-elers, fisheries biologists, and oceanscientists. While dumping iron maynot produce an ice age, it is likelyto alter the ocean in unforeseenways. Whether we end up with pro-ductive fisheries and lower carbondioxide levels, or a polluted oceanwith new opportunistic species thatdo not support enhanced fisheries,is unknown.

Boyd (University of Otago, NewZealand) during the 1999 summerseason in waters south of Australiawere very different. The biologicalresponse was much slower and lessdramatic, and total thorium levelsnever responded, indicating thatthe biological pump was not acti-vated (lower graph). We speculatethat the difference is due to thecolder waters and the resultingslowness of the biological commu-nity’s response to stimulation.Whether the biological pumpturned on after we left the site is amore complicated question, but fornow we cannot say that simplyadding iron to these waters will re-

sult in enhanced removalof atmospheric carbon di-oxide to the deep ocean.

The delays in export af-ter an iron-stimulatedbloom fits with some ofour recent thorium studiesin natural systems in theArabian Sea and in watersaround Antarctica. Furtherwork on the effects of ironfertilization in Antarctic wa-ters is scheduled for early2002. This time we hope tofollow the response for 20to 30 days with a largeteam of US scientists. In the

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Potential long-term outcomes for iron fertilization of the ocean are unknown, and could in-clude newly productive fisheries and reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide (left) or a pol-luted ocean, unenhanced fisheries, and little effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide (right).

Chlorophyll (green) and carbon flux (blue) responseto iron fertilization in the Equatorial Pacific andSouthern Ocean.

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Physical Oceanography

he Physical OceanographyDepartment includes scien-tists studying the broad

scale, general circulation of theoceans on time scales of decades tomillennia and ocean mixing scalesof centimeters and seconds. Theyobserve the ocean, the atmosphericboundary layer, and interactions offlow with bathymetry, and modelfundamental ocean processes.

Lisan Yujoined the depart-ment as an Assis-tant Scientist in1999, coming toWHOI from theNational Aero-nautics and SpaceAdministrationGoddard SpaceFlight Center/Uni-versity of Mary-land, where shewas an AssistantResearch Scien-tist. Her scientificinterests are inthe use of re-motely senseddata to studyinterannual oce-anic variability in the tropical Pa-cific and Indian Oceans. Other per-sonnel changes included thedepartures of two Assistant Scien-tists, Gidon Eshel and AudreyRogerson. The resident Physical

Oceanography Scientific Staff nownumbers 33.

Associate Scientists GlenGawarkiewicz and Amy Bowerboth received tenure, and KurtPolzin was promoted to AssociateScientist. Technical Staff membersHeather Hunt, John Salzig, and DanTorres were promoted to ResearchAssociate II positions.

Four postdoctoral scholars and

investigators were in residence in1999, and a total of 20 physicaloceanography graduate studentswere enrolled in the MIT/WHOIJoint Program. The department alsoincludes 29 Technical Staff mem-

bers and 18 graded and 11 adminis-trative staff.

The research of two departmentscientists was honored and en-hanced by the US Navy when SeniorScientist Bob Weller received theSecretary of the Navy/Chief of NavalOperations Oceanographic ResearchChair and Associate Scientist SteveAnderson was named an Office ofNaval Research/Institution Scholar.

During 1999,visiting scientificinvestigatorscame to thePhysical Ocean-ography Depart-ment from theUniversity of LasPalmas, CanaryIslands; InstitutFrançaise de Re-cherche pourl’Exploitation dela Mer, Brest,France; Institutode Astronomiay Meteorología,Mexico; ChineseAcademy of Sci-ences, Beijing;University of

Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; andCommonwealth Science and Indus-trial Research Organization,Hobart, Tasmania.

—Terrence M. Joyce, Department Chair

Physical Oceanography Department

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Research Engineer Paul Fucile assembles electronics for SeaSoar, a tow body thatcollects physical, chemical, and other data from the upper water column.

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Laboratory and Theoretical Studies Elucidate Doubly Driven FlowsJohn A. WhiteheadSenior Scientist

In the ocean a number of bound-ary conditions influence water

motion. These include wind stress,heat transfer from the earth, heattransfer to and from the atmo-sphere, precipitation, and evapora-tion. Internal factors such as solarheating and tides also influence theflows. Each boundary condition re-quires detailed study to determineits relative importance in generatingflows compared to all the others. Asa result, numerical modelers andtheoretical oceanographers usuallylimit their studies to simplified mod-els with flows driven by the one ortwo boundary conditions that theyconsider the most powerful. How-ever, in some cases a combinationof boundary conditions producesfeatures that are absent if the com-bined actions are simply summed.

We have used laboratory andtheoretical studies to investigatesome of the interesting, yet per-plexing, aspects of flows driven bycombined boundary conditions.Flows can, for example, exhibitmulti-equilibrium states, that is, ex-actly the same set of boundary con-ditions may produce more than onesteady, stable physical flow pattern.In other cases, the flows cycle backand forth through two states, pro-ducing natural oscillations. Under-standing the origin of such natural

cycles is vital to understandingocean fluctuations as well as thosein weather and climate. To date, wehave constructed five devices thathelp to reveal these features.

In one device, a transparentPlexiglas box with a vertical slot inone side is immersed in a largetank of fresh, constant temperaturewater. Two boundary conditionsforce fluid motion in the box. Thefirst involves pumping salt waterdownward at a carefully controlled,fixed rate through a tube that ex-tends into the top of the box. Thesecond boundary condition in-volves maintaining a fixed tempera-ture in the floor of the box (a cop-per plate in contact with a hotthermostatically controlled fluidbath). The two boundary condi-tions force motions with opposingtendencies: The upper mixture be-comes denser from inflowing saltwater and tends to sink, while thelower, heated mixture becomeslighter and tends to float upwards.The slot in the side of the tank pro-duces density driven exchange cur-rents. These lateral currents allowthe heated mixture (or mixtures) toexchange with the room tempera-ture fresh water outside the boxand thus contribute to determiningthe salinity and temperature of themixture inside the box.

The injected salt water was dyedblue, allowing us to observe the sa-

linity of the water (photos above).A wide range of parameters pro-duced two distinct flow patterns.The first or “T-mode” is character-ized by an outflow of warm, di-luted, salty water through roughlythe top half of the slot, and an in-flow of fresh water in the bottom.The second or “S-mode” pattern hasthree layers. Warm, diluted, slightlysalty water flows out at the bottom,fresh water flows into the box atmid-depth, and warm, fresh waterflows out of the top.

The different patterns of flow forthe two modes are a result of lim-ited mixing. For example, if the wa-ter inside the box were stronglystirred, the “T-mode” would be thesame, but the “S-mode” would becompletely mixed, eliminating thelayering. Mixing rate is governed inthis experiment by the elevation ofthe tube that injects the salt water. Ifthe tube is close to the bottom ofthe box, there is limited mixing ofsalt water, and vice-versa for highertube elevations. In some cases eithermode is found, depending on his-tory. In others, T-mode and S-modeoscillate irregularly back and forth.

The box represents a simplemodel of an ocean basin exposedto evaporation and heating. Flowthrough the slot models exchangeof water with another region wherethe water is colder and fresher. Dueto certain symmetries, this box also

Color shadowgraphs show two modes of flow in laboratory experiments that employ submerged Plexiglas boxes heated from below.Blue-dyed salt water flows into the boxes at top right, and there are slots on the left that allow water in the boxes to exchange with thesurrounding water bath. The two experiments exhibit the two-layer “T-mode” at left and the three-layer “S-mode” at right.

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Lisan YuAssistant Scientist

In 1997 and 1998, during one ofthe tropical Pacific’s strongest El

Niños on record, a sequence of di-sastrous events occurred in thecountries surrounding the IndianOcean. Rainfall in Kenya, Somalia,and Ethiopia was 40 inches abovenormal, while in the east, large-scale forest fires raged in drought-stricken Indonesia. At the sametime, the sea-surface temperaturesin the Indian Ocean were rising.By the spring of 1998, record-highsurface temperatures were re-ported over almost the entire basin(lower figure at left, page 27). Thewarming extreme took a heavy tollin the region where 60 percent of

Satellite Observations Reveal Indian Ocean Climate Extremesand surface wind, as well as oce-anic parameters, such as sea-sur-face temperature (SST) and height(SSH), salinity, and current, all mustbe considered.

With advances in space tech-nology, many essential meteoro-logical and oceanic parameterscan now be directly derived fromsatellite remote sensing. Satelliteobservations for 1997 and 1998have helped to reveal a “dipolemode” in the equatorial IndianOcean—simultaneous and relatednegative SST anomalies off thecoast of Sumatra and positiveanomalies in the western equato-rial region. The mechanism gov-erning the dipole mode is acoupled interaction between atmo-

provides a simple inverted model ofan ocean basin exposed to freshwater runoff and cooled fromabove, such as in the Arctic Oceanand Nordic seas. In that case, ratherthan fresh water, the outer tank cor-responds to the warmer, saltier wa-ter of the North Atlantic Ocean.However, the currents that ex-change the waters of the North At-lantic and the Nordic seas are three-layered, as sketched in the map atleft. Thus the exchange is closer toour S-mode. Moreover, a simplemodel of the Arctic Ocean has beengenerated, adapting for cooling atthe surface and freshwater runofffrom continents. In this model, theArctic halocline (a layer of low-sa-linity water that extends to about100 meters) is equivalent to ourlower layer of salty water in the S-mode (photo on right, page 25).This new finding is difficult to pro-duce in numerical models usingfixed mixing rates. The fact thatsuch simple structures are still beingfound and debated illustrates thelarge challenges faced by those whohope to understand ocean climate.

the world’s coral reefs are located.Unprecedented bleaching was re-ported from Sri Lanka to Kenyaand the Seychelles, where reefswhitened from the surface downto 50 meters, with mortality ashigh as 90 percent.

Indian Ocean circulation featuresa strong seasonal cycle due to theinfluence of the annually reversingmonsoon wind. The climate ex-tremes in the Indian Ocean in1997–98 were a major perturbationto the normal state. Understandingsuch anomalies depends upon un-derstanding air-sea interactions andtheir influence on atmospheric andoceanic mean circulation. Meteoro-logical parameters, such as clouds,precipitation, sea-level pressure,

SPITSBERGEN

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Various currents move water north into the Nordic seas and south over the Greenland-Scotland Ridge complex. The Norwegian Atlantic Current (red) carries warm, salty waterto the north where it is cooled, mixed, and diluted by fresh water from melting ice andcontinental runoff. The two flows shown in dark blue transport cold, salty water south,and the lighter blue East Greenland Current moves cold, freshened water south. The splitof the warmer, salty inflow into two outflows, one cold and salty and the other cold andfresh, is also expressed as the “S-mode” in laboratory experiments.

Jack

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Anomalous atmosphere-ocean conditions in the Indo-Pacific Oceansin November 1997. The observations are derived from satelliteremote sensing. (a) sea surface wind and temperature, (b) seasurface height, and (c) precipitation.

sphere and ocean, akin to that ofEl Niño in the tropical Pacific.During El Niño, anomalously highpressure develops in theAustralasian region, which reducesregional organized deep convec-tions and reverses equatorial zonalcirculation in both the Indian andPacific Oceans (top figure atright). In 1997, the anomalouslywestward winds in the equatorialIndian Ocean produced consider-able oceanic upwelling off thecoast of Sumatra and downwellingin the west (middle figure atright). The upwelling brought coldwater to the surface and loweredSST, while downwelling had theopposite effect on SST. This pro-duced a reversed SST east-westgradient along the equator, which

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(a) Wind (m/s) and SST(°C) (April CLIM)

further sup-ported andprolonged thewestwardwind anoma-lies. In re-sponse to theSST changes,atmosphericconvectioncenters andprecipitationpatterns wereshifted acrossthe equatorialIndian Ocean,resulting in di-sastrous flood-ing in the east-ern Africancountries andsevere droughtin Indonesiaand neighbor-ing regions (lower figure at right).Sea surface winds were light inthe first half of 1998. This reducedthe amount of heat released bythe ocean and weakened oceanicmixing, resulting in a warmer sur-face layer. Upper ocean tempera-ture profiles acquired along com-mercial ship tracks confirmed thatthe warming was largely confinedto the upper 50 meters, withinwhich the widespread coralbleaching occurred.

The Indian Ocean dipole modeand the basin-scale warming in1997–98 displayed a close relation-ship to El Niño in the Pacific. How-ever, such a striking connection

ULTRAMOOR: A Low-Cost, Long-Lived Subsurface Mooring PlatformNelson Hogg, Senior Scientist

Carl Wunsch, Guest Investigator

Dan Frye, Senior Research Specialist (AOP&E)

Eulerian velocity field measure-ments (those made at certain

places) underlie almost all ourtheoretical structure for understand-ing the ocean. Despite this history,as oceanographers focus on basin-and global-scale studies, use of

deep sea moorings has dimin-ished—apparently because they areexpensive to deploy, large numbersare required to depict a global-scaleocean, and there is a long wait(perhaps years) for access to datawhen the instruments are recov-ered. However, we believe that theoceanographic and climate commu-nities will continue to need exten-

sive Eulerian measurements and aretherefore developing a new subsur-face mooring concept.

The ULTRAMOOR (ULTRA-long-life MOORing system):1) is less expensive and requiresfewer and less skilled people toprepare and deploy than presentsystems,2) is sufficiently reliable and con-

does not always exist. Historicrecords indicate that, in someyears, the dipole mode occurredwithout El Niño. Even more inter-estingly, the dipole mode seemsalso to be independent of the ba-sin-scale warming event. The com-plexity of Indian Ocean interannualvariability and its perplexing rela-tionship with El Niño/Southern Os-cillation pose a significant chal-lenge for climate prediction in theIndo-Pacific sector and open anew, exciting area of research.

This research is supported by theNational Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration.



17-inch glass flotation ballsin plastic hardhats



VACM

VACM

VACM

Vector Averaging Current Meter(VACM)

Acoustic Release

60-inch syntactic spherewith radio, light andArgos satellite beacon

Anchor: 3,000 – 5,000 meters deep

CurrentSubsurfaceMooring

Configuration

ProposedULTRAMOORConfiguration

Antenna

Composite BuoyancyModule with Orbcommtransceiver, controller,and memory

Batteries

Data Capsule withOrbcomm Link

Subsurface Buoy

Controller with10 Data Capsules,Acoustic Modemwith Hydrophone

Acoustic CurrentMeter with

Temperature and Pressure Sensors and Low Cost Transmitter

OptionalAcoustic Release

200 meters (typical)



servative of power that durations offive years or more will be possible(we hope for 10 years),3) telemeters its data ashore, and4) is mechanically simplified to thepoint that it can be deployed froma vessel of opportunity, not neces-sarily oceanographic, with a mini-mum of assistance. Ultimately, webelieve that an expendable moor-ing will be achievable.

This project, supported by theOceanographic Technology pro-gram of the National Science Foun-dation and matching funds from theInstitution, has been underwaysince October 1998.

The present subsurface mooring(see drawing at right) has changedlittle since the early 1970s when itwas developed by the Institution’s

Buoy Group. The main advance hasbeen to extend its lifetime to abouttwo years, but the technology hasremained fairly static: Its workhorseVector Averaging Current Meter is abehemoth by today’s standards,weighing in at over 50 kilograms,though it has proven to be a reli-able data collector in spite of its de-pendence on mechanical devicessuch as rotors, vanes, and jeweledcompasses. The mooring itself isconstructed from rugged materialsintended to resist corrosion and fishbites but requiring heavy-dutywinches and skilled technical sup-port for preparation and deploy-ment. With increasing interest inglobal change climate issues, servic-ing costs over extended periods andthe greater likelihood of mechanicalfailure have motivated us to recon-sider all aspects of the system.

Our vision for the new subsur-face mooring (left) is one con-structed from noncorrosive, light-weight, synthetic materials that bothsupport scientific instruments andsend their data acoustically to a re-ceiving module typically positionedwell below the sea surface (500meters, say) to minimize biologicalfouling. This receiving module, theData Collection Magazine (DCM),then transmits its data by electro-magnetic induction to buoyant cap-sules arranged around its periphery.These capsules are programmed torelease sequentially (one every 6months for 5 years, for example),rise to the surface, and transmit dataashore via satellite. Development ofthe DCM and its data capsules hasreceived the most attention over thepast year, including testing in the“well’’ of the WHOI pier. We expectthe DCM to be versatile and usefulbeyond ULTRAMOOR in other ap-plications requiring periodic remotetransmission of underwater data. Aprototype of the full system will bemoored off Bermuda in July 2000for a six-month test in which sixdata capsules will be released on anaccelerated schedule. If all goeswell, a two-year test will follow.

At present, we are evaluating

current meters for ULTRAMOOR;fortunately, the industry is activelydeveloping small, inexpensive in-struments based on one of twoacoustic techniques: the differencein time it takes for sound to travelin opposite directions (this differ-ence being proportional to the fluidspeed in that direction) or the Dop-pler shift that results when sound isreflected back to a transducer offparticles carried in the water. Weare also developing new and sim-plified procedures for installing in-struments on a continuous mooringline and a Web-based system foracquiring and distributing data.

We envision a day, not too far inthe future, when a host ofULTRAMOORs located around theworld will provide oceanographerswith valuable and timely informa-tion on the state of the ocean.

Jayn

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Centers & Other Programs

In 1998, the Woods Hole Oceano-graphic Institution and the Na-

tional Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) establisheda Cooperative Institute for Climateand Ocean Research (CICOR). Thisinstitute ties WHOI to the 10 NOAAresearch laboratories and to 10other NOAA Joint Institutesthroughout the United States thatfall under the agency’s Ocean At-mosphere Research Division. Jointresearch is underway with the clos-est NOAA research lab, the North-east Fisheries Science Center inWoods Hole, with the AtlanticOceanographic and MeteorologicalLaboratory in Miami, and with thePacific Marine Environmental Labo-ratory in Seattle. In addition, cli-mate-related studies by WHOI sci-entists have been funded byNOAA’s Office of Global Programs.

CICOR research activities are or-ganized around three themes: thecoastal ocean and nearshore pro-cesses, the ocean’s participation inclimate and climate variability, andmarine ecosystem processes analy-sis. Investigations undertaken in1999 include Atlantic and Pacificclimate studies, improvement ofmarine surface meteorological mea-surements and instrumentation, andwork on the coupling of the atmo-sphere and ocean on seasonal timescales in the eastern tropical Pacific.

In partnership with researchers

at the Institute for Marine andCoastal Science of Rutgers Univer-sity and the University of Maryland,CICOR helped to initiate theNorthEast Ocean Observing System(NEOOS), a New England/North At-lantic regional prototype for a net-work of Global Ocean ObservingSystem (GOOS) centers. CICOR sci-entists are developing a real-timedata dissemination system drawingfrom data sources along the EastCoast from Maine to Florida, bothon the coast and at sea. NEOOSwill coordinate regional activities,establish mechanisms for data ex-change, encourage the develop-ment of coordinated, cooperativeactivities, identify and coordinateuser communities, and interpretGOOS user needs.

CICOR was also involved in theeffort to establish a global array ofprofiling floats, known as Argo (Ar-ray for Real-time GeostrophicOceanography). Argo’s goal is toprovide unprecedented global cov-erage of upper ocean temperatureand salinity structure in real time.This would allow scientists to trackthe evolving physical state of theocean and reveal the physical pro-cesses that balance the large-scaleheat and freshwater budgets of theocean. It will also provide a crucialdataset for initialization and data as-similation in seasonal to decadalclimate forecast models. The Argo

network is a major international ini-tiative in oceanography.

CICOR’s first Postdoctoral Scholar,Fiamma Straneo, arrived in Novem-ber from the University of Washing-ton where she completed her Ph.D.with a thesis titled Dynamics of Ro-tating Convection Including the Ef-fects of a Horizontal Stratificationand Wind. Working with AssociateScientist Bob Pickart, she is investi-gating the observed interannual vari-ability in the formation and exportof Labrador Sea water.

WHOI Scientists involved withthe three CICOR themes are en-couraged to visit NOAA laboratoriesand to invite NOAA and other sci-entists to visit WHOI in order tobuild toward future joint researchin CICOR’s areas of interest. Thefirst CICOR visitor, Fei-Fei Jin of theUniversity of Hawaii, arrived in De-cember 1999 to collaborate withWHOI physical oceanographers inthe subject areas of the equatorialthermocline, the equatorial under-current, and cross-equatorial flow.

CICOR hosts a Web page and anewsletter. The Web page

Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research

Dartmouth College (New Hampshire)

University of Maine

University of New Hampshire

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Martha’s Vineyard Observatory (WHOI)

University of Rhode Island

University of Connecticut

State University of New York, Stony Brook

Rutgers University (New Jersey)

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration

University of Maryland

University of Delaware

Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary

Old Dominion University (Virginia)

Duck, North Carolina

Skidaway Institute of Oceanography (Georgia)

Dania, Florida

NEOOS Data Collection Sites COCO Data Collection Sites


National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Joint Institutes Program staff membersMarilyn Moll, left, and Linda McLaughlin enjoyed the CICOR open house with JimLuyten, center, Bob Gagosian, and Maurice Tavares.

CICOR is part of the Northeast OceanObserving System (NEOOS), a regionalprototype for a network of Global OceanObserving System centers. COCO standsfor “Coalition of Coastal Observatories,”a subset of NEOOS.

Jim C

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The Marine Policy Center (MPC)conducts social scientific re-

search to advance the conservationand management of marine andcoastal resources. The work of MPCresearchers integrates economics,policy analysis, and law withWHOI’s basic strengths in theocean sciences and engineering.

Many MPC research projects re-flect the increasing demand for ap-proaches to environmental policythat are compatible with the goalsof economic efficiency andgrowth. Examples include astudy to identify cost-effectivestrategies for remediating PCBcontamination in the HudsonRiver, development of eco-nomic models for assessingthe socioeconomic impacts ofenvironmental regulation orecosystem change in particu-lar coastal regions and locali-ties, and a project that willprovide the first comprehen-sive analysis of the US oceaneconomy in 30 years.

In 1999, MPC researchers devel-oped a model for estimating thecost-effectiveness of various combi-nations of two general approachesto removing PCBs from the lowerHudson River: dredging PCB “hotspots” north of the Federal Dam atTroy, New York, and improving therate of PCB removal from wastewa-ter at treatment facilities that dis-charge into the Hudson furtherdownstream. The model is de-signed to be integrated with aphysical model of the region’s mul-tiple PCB sources, flows, and fates.It involves estimation of the costsof various remediation plans, wherethe objective is to minimize the to-

tal cost of achieving a specifiedmaximum level of PCB concentra-tion in sediments, water, or fish af-ter a given number of years.

Also in 1999, MPC launched twoprojects in an important new area ofresearch concentration that involvesthe use of “input-output” models toestimate the economic impacts ofenvironmental regulations or ecosys-tem disruptions. Input-output mod-els characterize the nature of inter-actions among sectors of the

economy, and thus capture the mar-ket value of goods and services pro-duced in different economic sectorsthat are linked to a marine sector,such as commercial fishing.

In one such project, MPC re-searchers are collaborating with in-vestigators from the National Oce-anic and Atmospheric Administra-tion’s Northeast Fisheries ScienceCenter in Woods Hole to estimatethe social economic impact of fish-eries regulation in New England.Using primary data collected as partof the project, the project team hasmodified and extended the standardIMPLAN modeling software anddataset to produce the MARFIN(Marine Fisheries Initiative) input-

output model, which captures anumber of fishing-related sectors in11 coastal subregions and one non-coastal subregion of New England.For each of the marine subregions,MARFIN includes seafood harvesters(subdivided according to 17 typesof fishing gear), dealers, processors,and other marine-related sectorssuch as water transportation, ship-building and repair, and warehous-ing. The MARFIN model will beused to assess the impact of various

management alternatives, suchas fisheries closures or restric-tions on the use of certaingear types, on the New En-gland economy and the econ-omies of specific subregions.

Another MPC project usesthe input-output methodologyto estimate local, regional, andnational economic impacts ofoutbreaks of harmful algalblooms (HABs). Over the pastseveral decades, HABs haveinvolved an increasing num-

ber of species and have occurred ina growing number of locations inUS coastal waters and around theworld. They can result in a range ofadverse public health and environ-mental effects, with significant eco-nomic consequences.

Nonetheless, very little work hasbeen done to account for the eco-nomic impacts of HABs in theUnited States. Only one study todate, conducted by MPC research-ers and collaborators from theWHOI Biology Department and theMassachusetts Maritime Academy,has attempted to integrate estimatesfrom disparate sources of the eco-nomic impacts of individual HABevents. Completed in 1998, the

Marine Policy Center

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(www.whoi.edu/science/cicor)links to current research projectsand supports NEOOS. The first is-sue of the CICOR Newsletter, TheBridge, was distributed in Novem-ber to the other joint institutes, af-

filiated NOAA research labs, andCICOR participants.

As an outreach project, CICOR,along with Sea Grant, supportedthe Blue Lobster Ocean SciencesBowl held in February at the New

England Aquarium. This competi-tion among Massachusetts highschools helps promote the marinesciences and feeds into the nationalOcean Sciences Bowl.

—Robert A. Weller, CICOR Director

Skin lesions in these menhaden from the Neuse River inNorth Carolina are thought to be caused by a bloom ofthe harmful algae Pfiesteria spp.



Economically Optimal Policy Response to a Harmful Algal Bloom

Level of Policy Response

Cost

s

HAB Damages

Total Costs

PR*

Costs ofPolicy Response

study conservatively estimated thatHAB outbreaks occurring from1987 through 1992 produced directeconomic impacts in the range ofonly $50 million annually.

Using the input-output method-ology, MPC researchers are now ex-tending the analysis toinclude HAB outbreaksthrough 1998 and to esti-mate impacts across eco-nomic sectors in variousregions and localities.

Upcoming MPC stud-ies call for coupling aregional input-ouputmodel of a coastaleconomy with a modelof a marine food web toenhance understandingof the relationship be-tween economic condi-tions and alternativeecosystem states. Merging the twotypes of models will permit esti-mation of both the economic im-pacts of changes in ecosystemstructure and the effects on theecosystem of expanding demandson coastal resources.

Policymakers increasingly ex-press interest in this type of studyapproach, reflecting a growing rec-ognition that ecosystem conserva-

tion depends upon political deci-sions and that political decisions, inturn, are influenced by their poten-tial economic consequences.

MPC researchers also recentlyparticipated in the planning phaseof a multi-year project to analyze

the size and composition of the USocean economy. Most previous ef-forts of this type have focusedmore narrowly on particular geo-graphic areas or ocean economicactivities and have produced esti-mates of the value of ocean-relatedgross domestic product (GDP) thatrange widely from 2.6 percent to 35percent of total GDP.

The project, a collaboration with

MPC researchers are studying ways to estimate both the economicdamages of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and the costs of alterna-tive public policy responses. A rational response is to minimize thesum of damages and response costs (PR*).

colleagues at the University ofSouthern California and the Univer-sity of Southern Maine, is designedas a meta-study that will utilize, andassess the reliability and relevanceof, hundreds of data sources. In ad-dition to data from the core Na-

tional Income and Prod-uct accounts used tomeasure GDP, the MPCstudy will incorporatedata from regional ac-counts for coastal states,counties, and other juris-dictional units, data onthe “capital value” of theoceans (the ability ofocean resources like fishand minerals to produceincome), and data onocean-generated valuesderived from outsidemarket transactions,

such as the value of recreationaland aesthetic amenities or the as-similative capacity of marine wa-ters. The study results will be animportant element of the US statisti-cal information infrastructure andwill aid in decisions that requirebalancing growth and conservationin coastal areas.

—Andrew R. Solow, Center Director

The Rinehart Coastal ResearchCenter (RCRC) bridges depart-

ment boundaries to encourage andinitiate coastal research activitieswithin the WHOI community. Withthe endowment established by thegenerous gift from Gratia HoughtonMontgomery, RCRC provides ap-proximately $200,000 per year tosupport coastal research efforts byWHOI scientists. In addition, theCenter houses first-rate laboratoryfacilities and a fleet of small vesselsfor access to coastal waters. TheCenter publishes a full-color news-letter twice per year to communi-cate WHOI’s coastal research activi-ties to the scientific community,

WHOI’s supporters, and the inter-ested public. The Center also spon-sors special seminars and work-shops and presents the BuckKetchum Award to distinguishedcoastal scientists.

Rinehart Coastal Research Center

Joint Program student Patrick Miller andhis research team record sounds of akiller whale using the towed beamform-ing array off Vancouver Island.

The Buck Ketchum Award isnamed for oceanographer BostwickH. “Buck” Ketchum, a scientist atWHOI for more than 40 years whohad a fervent commitment to inter-disciplinary research in the coastalenvironment. The 1999 recipient ofthe Buck Ketchum Award is Willard“Billy” Moore from the University ofSouth Carolina. Moore’s outstand-ing contributions to our under-standing of the coastal oceanthrough the study of radionuclidesand his use of radium isotopes tostudy the fate of terrestrial runoff inthe ocean have had broad impactacross all of the oceanographic dis-ciplines. His recent results sug-

Patri

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The WHOI Sea Grant Programsupports research, education,

and advisory projects to promotethe wise use and understanding ofocean and coastal resources for thepublic benefit. It is part of the Na-tional Sea Grant College Program ofthe National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration (NOAA), anetwork of 29 individual programslocated in each of the coastal andGreat Lakes states. The goal of the

gesting a major or evendominant role of groundwa-ter in the freshwater input tothe coastal ocean is one ofthe most exciting new devel-opments in coastal research.In the Buck Ketchum tradi-tion of interdisciplinary co-operation, Moore’s Juneseminars attracted scientistsfrom all disciplines, and hisinformal discussions helpedkindle excitement amongWHOI scientists for thestudy of groundwater in thecoastal ocean.

A recent RCRC research projectinvolved testing and demonstratinga new towed hydrophone arraysystem developed to study thesounds of marine mammals incoastal waters. Because humanscannot localize underwater sounds,it is notoriously difficult for re-searchers to locate or identify a sig-naling marine mammal. This diffi-culty complicates efforts to measurebasic features of marine mammalsounds such as signal source levelsor directionality and makes a de-tailed analysis of sound use by indi-vidual animals impossible in mostcases. Senior Scientist Peter Tyackand Joint Program student PatrickMiller developed a towed beam-forming array to measure the angle-of-arrival of underwater sounds,similar to what human ears do forin-air sounds. By towing one ortwo of these arrays near wild killer

whales in the waters off VancouverIsland, Tyack and Miller proved itpossible to measure the source lev-els of sounds and identify signalingindividuals in many cases. Millercompleted a final cruise with RCRCsupport in the summer of 1999 tocollect data for his Ph.D. disserta-tion that explores the design anduse of sounds produced by free-ranging killer whales. This newacoustic sampling system will be animportant component in future ef-forts by WHOI researchers to studythe acoustic behavior of free-rang-ing marine mammals and to assesspotential negative impacts of un-derwater noise.

RCRC flume facilities have seenconsiderable activity in the lastyear. Cheryl Ann Butman and Rich-ard Zimmer (University of Califor-nia, Los Angeles) are conducting aninnovative set of experiments on

the influence of flow on thebehavior and settlement oflarvae. Knowledge of thefactors determining whenand where larvae settle onthe bottom is critical for un-derstanding the life cycle ofa species and ultimately forpredicting adult populationsizes and distributions. Ex-periments are being con-ducted in the 17-meter flumeand a small annular flume atthe Coastal Research Labora-tory. Combining several newtechnologies for monitoring

the movements of individualswithin a flow field, these experi-ments address the relative impor-tance of passive transport versuslarval behavior in response tochemical or hydrodynamic cues indetermining suspended and benthiclarval distributions. Zimmer is usinglaser light sheets, highly sensitivevideo cameras, and a custom-builtComputer Assisted Video MotionAnalysis System to document themotion of larvae within theseflumes. This advanced instrumenta-tion is helping Butman and Zimmerunravel the complex interplay ofbehavior and flow that determinethe patterns of larval settlement. Itcould lead to improved theory onthe mechanisms that control larvalsupply to established populationsand new habitats.

—Wayne R. Geyer, Center Director

Center Director Rocky Geyer, right, and WHOI Director BobGagosian, left, (in the white shirts) chat with visitors during aRinehart Coastal Research Center open house in June.

WHOI Sea Grant Programprogram is to foster cooperationamong government, academia, andindustry. WHOI Sea Grant-sup-ported projects provide linkagesbetween basic and applied aspectsof research and promote communi-cation among the scientific commu-nity and groups that utilize informa-tion on the marine environmentand its resources.

During 1999 the WHOI SeaGrant Program supported 19 con-

current research projects and 10new initiative awards. The 1999–2000 research projects encompassthree theme areas: Estuarine andCoastal Processes, Fisheries andAquaculture, and EnvironmentalTechnologies. Many of the projectsaddress local and regional needs;some have national or even globalimplications. Investigators from theWoods Hole scientific community,universities throughout Massachu-

Tom

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among users and managers ofmarine resources, including mem-bers of the fishing community,aquaculturists, local officials, envi-ronmental regulatory agency man-agers, educators, and the generalpublic. Two areas of particularinterest in the marine extensionprogram are coastal processes andfisheries and aquaculture.

WHOI Sea Grant provides infor-mation to a broad audiencethrough a variety of means, includ-ing Web sites. The WHOI Sea GrantWeb site (www.whoi.edu/seagrant)provides access to information oncurrent research and outreachprojects and funding opportunities.In collaboration with other SeaGrant programs, we have devel-oped two new Web sites:• Marine Science Careers Web site(www.marinecareers.net) as a com-panion to the publication MarineScience Careers: A Sea Grant

Guide to OceanOpportunities, and• the Northeast RegionalSea Grant Program Web site(web.mit.edu/seagrant/northeast) to highlight top-ics of interest throughoutthe northeast region.

Publications are anotheroutreach vehicle for WHOISea Grant. Along with MITSea Grant, we publish thenewsletter Two if by Seathree times each year. Oureducational fact sheetscalled “Focal Points” aregeared for legislators andcoastal decision makers,and the “Marine ExtensionBulletins” are designed for

a more technical audience.Sea Grant’s low power radio

program, Sound Waves, targeted atauto passengers traveling fromWoods Hole to Martha’s Vineyardby ferry, continued throughout1999 and was selected for inclusionin an upcoming video highlightinginnovative uses of low power radioas a communications tool.

—Judith E. McDowell, Sea Grant Coordinator

setts, and scientists from industryand other states all participate inWHOI Sea Grant’s competitivefunding process. Examples of cur-rently funded projects include:• Dynamics of the Toxic Di-noflagellate, Alexandrium, in theGulf of Maine: Source Populationsand Downstream Impacts.• Impacts of Accelerated Sea LevelRise in Storm Induced Sedimenta-tion on Southern New EnglandCoastal Wetlands.• Laboratory Based Transmissionof the QPX Parasite in CulturedHard Clams and Studies on the Pro-gression of the Disease.• Understanding the Potential ofOffshore Mariculture: A Bioeco-nomic Approach.• Reproductive Strategies and TheirContribution to Genetic Diversityand Life Cycle Flexibility in theCommercially Important Squid,Loligo pealei.• Behavioral and Hydrody-namic Components of Post-larval Bivalve Transportwithin Coastal Embayments.• Molecular Biomarkers ofChemical Sensitivity.• Biochemical Toxicologyin Cetaceans.• Identifying Wastewater-Derived Nitrogen inAquatic Ecosystems UsingStable Isotope Tracers.• Detection and Quantifica-tion of Live Acan-thamoebae in MarineEcosystems Using Molecu-lar Genetic Methods.• Molecular Biological Ap-proaches for Non-Destruc-tive Assessment of Chemi-cal Effects on Marine Mammals.

In 1999, WHOI Sea Grant pro-vided 21 months of support forgraduate students through researchawards and also sponsored JenniferArnold, a doctoral candidate at theUniversity of Massachusetts–Boston,as a Dean John A. Knauss MarinePolicy Fellow with the National SeaGrant College Program.

In terms of informal education,WHOI Sea Grant maintains close

working relationships with the Mas-sachusetts Marine Educators, theNational Marine Educators Associa-tion, and the Woods Hole Scienceand Technology Education Partner-ship. At the local level, Sea Grant isan active participant in science fairs,with staff serving as project advisorsand judges. Each year, top sciencefair winners are guest speakers atthe opening night of the “OceansAlive” lecture series. For the seventhconsecutive year, WHOI Sea Grantsponsored “Sea Urchins,” a summerprogram for children ages five toseven. Perhaps Sea Grant’s most im-portant contribution to education inour region is the provision of edu-cational materials to numerous pro-grams, including Children’s Schoolof Science, Cape Cod Children’sMuseum, Cape Cod Museum ofNatural History, Association for thePreservation of Cape Cod, CapeCod National Seashore, Wellfleet

Audubon Sanctuary, New EnglandAquarium, Thornton W. Burgess So-ciety, and school districts through-out southeastern Massachusetts andthe world.

Transferring the results of re-search and providing general ma-rine-related information are impor-tant components of the WHOI SeaGrant Marine Extension and Com-munications Program. Both pro-grams facilitate communication

Larry Costello, left, and Will Ostrom examine 18 months’growth on a “mussel sock” or collector at an experimental siteoff Martha’s Vineyard for Sea Grant-sponsored work on abioeconomic approach to offshore mariculture.

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Dean’s Report

1999. Thirty-two new graduates(see box on degrees awarded)joined the alumni/ae body, whichnow numbers 580.

The international nature of oureducation programs was enhancedon July 21, 1999, when WHOI Di-rector Bob Gagosian and Universityof Concepción Rector SergioLavanchy Merino signed a Memo-randum of Understanding for coop-eration between the two institutionsto enhance graduate education andresearch in ocean sciences in Chile.

The postdoctoral program con-tinues to attract excellent early ca-reer scholars to Woods Hole. In1999, nine postdoctoral Scholarsand one Marine Policy Fellow wereselected from 119 applicants.

Thirty Summer Student Fellow-ships were awarded from an appli-cant pool of 255, with annual giftsand endowed funds supporting 15fellowships and a grant from theNational Science Foundation pro-viding another 15 fellowships.Three Minority Traineeships weresupported by endowed funds andthe US Geological Survey, and 45guest students were in residenceduring the summer of 1999. A sum-mer lecture series sponsored by the

he 1998 External Review ofthe Joint Program providedexceptional compliments

about the Joint Program and alsoset forth some challenges to bemet. During 1999, faculty, staff, andstudents in the Joint Program atWHOI and at MIT addressed thesechallenges. Actions taken tostrengthen the program included:• Improving financial support forgraduate students with fundingfrom both institutions in order todecrease the substantive graduatestudent burden on advisors’ grantsand contracts.• Curriculum modifications to pro-vide greater flexibility for physicaloceanography students and revi-sions to the Student Guide for ap-plied ocean science and engineer-ing students.• More attention to preparationof faculty for teaching, advising,and mentoring.• Enhanced career counseling, in-cluding more formal feedback andparticipation from alumni andalumnae of the Joint Program.

The Report on the Response ofthe MIT/WHOI Joint Program to theExternal Review Committee reaf-firmed the 1968 Memorandum of

Understanding between MIT andWHOI that established the Joint Pro-gram. It notes that high quality edu-cation in oceanography and oceanengineering may well be more im-portant today than it was in 1968:

“Improved understanding of theoceans, and the interactions of theoceans with the atmosphere, with land,and with human civilizations is essen-tial to inform policies that will ensure abetter quality of life for present and fu-ture generations…

“The combined faculties and re-sources of both institutions provide abreadth and depth of teaching, advis-ing, research and mentoring in the ma-jor efforts underpinning advances inunderstanding the oceans: observation,experimentation, theory and modeling.This is stimulating to colleagues partici-pating in the Joint Program at both in-stitutions and simultaneously attractsthe very best students to graduatestudy. In turn, in a powerful and posi-tive synergy, these students add signifi-cantly to the intellectual vitality of bothinstitutions. The contributions of thestudents and the graduates of the JointProgram add significantly to the na-tional and international reputations ofboth institutions.”

Twenty-six new students en-rolled in the Joint Program, bring-ing total enrollment to 128 for fall

Dean’s Report

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Students, friends, relatives, and Education Office staff gathered for an informal graduation celebration under a tent on theQuissett Campus in June 1999.

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Dean’s Report

Education Office provides an intro-duction and overview of Institutionresearch as well as a special ethics-in-science session. WHOI Scientificand Technical Staff members pre-sented 27 of these talks duringsummer 1999.

The 41st Geophysical Fluid Dy-namics Program summer sessionmet at Walsh Cottage to consider“Stirring and Mixing” with 72 staffand visitors plus 10 Fellows at thegraduate and postdoctoral levels.This program is funded by the Na-tional Science Foundation and theOffice of Naval Research.

The Institution’s long-standingtradition of support for science andmathematics in local schools con-tinued in 1999. Activities in thisarena include support of the WoodsHole Science and Technology Edu-cation Partnership (WHSTEP),countless volunteer efforts ofWHOI employees that include serv-ing as science fair advisors andjudges, and scholarship prizesawarded at the Falmouth Academyand Falmouth Public Schools sci-ence fairs. In 1999, the scholarshipoffered to the overall winner of theFalmouth Public Schools sciencefair was named for Mary Sears inmemory of her exceptional contri-butions to ocean sciences, the Insti-tution, and the local community. Inaddition to an outstanding career asa perceptive WHOI scientist andrigorous scientific editor, Mary Searsserved as amember of theFalmouth SchoolCommittee from1952 to 1973, in-cluding nineyears as commit-tee chair. Wewere pleased topresent the firstMary SearsScholarship toJoe Rago.

Building on these local efforts,WHOI scientists and engineers initi-ated some new approaches to theInstitution’s contributions to the na-tional K-12 science and math edu-

Dean John Farrington, left, and David Game, Turnstone Publish-ing Group’s Vice President of Internet Development, discuss Turn-stone products during the National Science Teacher’s Associa-tion spring 1999 meeting where the books and associated ma-terials were introduced. Three of the Turnstone titles in theOcean Pilot (grades 4–6) and Ocean Explorer (grades 6–8)series are shown above.

cation effort.Debbie Smith,Associate Sci-entist in theGeology andGeophysicsDepartment,shared the ad-venture of aresearch cruiseshe led toPuna Ridge offHawaiithrough aWorld WideWeb site called“Voyage toPuna Ridge,”and Senior Sci-entists DanFornari andSusanHumphris, alsomembers ofthe G&G De-partment,launched an-other Web ef-fort that invitesstudents and the public to join sev-eral cruises to explore the earth’smid-ocean ridges.

Two series of oceanographybooks targeted for children ingrades four though eight were pro-duced in 1999 through the collabo-rative efforts of Turnstone Publish-ing Group and the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution. Pub-

lished by SteckVaughn, a sub-sidiary ofHarcourt Gen-eral, the titles inthe Ocean Pilotseries, for gradesfour to six, areBenjaminFranklin and theMysterious OceanHighway, Off to

Sea, Arctic Investigations, and Fol-low That Fin! For grades six toeight, the Ocean Explorer series in-cludes Dive to the Deep Ocean,Ocean Detectives, Meteorite!, andDown to the Sunless Sea. Associate

Degrees Statistics1999 1968–99

WHOI Ph.D. 0 4

MIT/WHOI Ph.D. 18 376

MIT/WHOI Sc.D. 1 31

MIT/WHOI Engineer 1 55

MIT/WHOI S.M. 9 110

MIT/WHOI M.Eng. 1 4

Total Degrees Granted 30 580

Scientist Richard Norris, CurriculumCoordinator Katherine Madin, andJoint Program Graduate AmySamuels authored three of thesebooks, and many, many WHOIstaff contributed to them.

The WHOI education programsand the Institution lost a valuedparticipant and supporter in Augustwith the tragic accidental death ofCharley Hollister, Dean from 1979to 1989. His infectious enthusiasmcontinues to influence ocean sci-ence research and education inmany ways, especially through thecareers of students he advised. Weare grateful to the many contribu-tors to a growing scholarship fundthat will provide a permanent me-morial to this special oceano-graphic educator.

—John W. Farrington, Associate Director forEducation and Dean of Graduate Studies

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Research Voyages

R/V Atlantis& DSV AlvinTotal Nautical Miles in 1999—21,951

Total Days at Sea—287

Total Number of Alvin Dives—188

A tlantis crew and scientific partymembers welcomed 1999 at

sea in the vicinity of Easter Islandduring studies of the ecology, biol-ogy, and geology of the “superfast”mid-ocean ridge spreading centeralong the Southeast Pacific Rise.Continuing the scientific communi-ty’s effort to investigate global hy-drothermal vents, the ship then

moved to theEast PacificRise at 18°South for workthat includedinvestigationsof lava flows,geologic sur-veys with ABE(WHOI’s Au-tonomousBenthic Ex-plorer), andextensive mus-sel bed sam-pling. Otherhydrothermal

vent work during 1999 included in-vestigations on the Juan de FucaRidge and studies under the Life inEXtreme ENvironments (LEXEN)and Larvae At Ridge VEnts (LARVE)programs on the East Pacific Rise.

During March and April, imag-ing, observation, and sampling ofthe uppermost oceanic crust ex-posed in the walls of the HessDeep Rift centered at 2°N, 101°Wwere undertaken using the DSL-120and Argo II towed systems alongwith Alvin. Seamounts were alsothe object of Atlantis-based studiesduring the year. Two summer re-search voyages in the Gulf of

Alaska examined the volcanic andtectonic evolution of the Patton-Murray seamounts along with theirbiological communities and meth-ane seeps.

In September, Atlantis visited aninstrumented Ocean Drilling Pro-gram borehole to collect data andrecover instruments, and Octoberwork included sampling and photo-graphing biotic communities basedon whale carcasses on the seaflooras well as investigations at the SanClemente Seep and along the SanClemente Fracture Zone.

Further hydrothermal vent studiesthrough December found the ship atsea again for part of the year-endholidays, concluding with arrival inSan Diego on December 27.

Chief scientists for 1999 were: R.Vrijenhoek, Rutgers Univ. (Voyage 3, Leg XXX,with 15 Alvin dives); J. Sinton, Univ. of Ha-waii (Leg XXXI, 23 dives); J. Karson, DukeUniv. (Leg XXXII, 15 dives); C. Fisher, Penn.State Univ. (Leg XXXIII, 13 dives; and LegXXXVIII, 12 dives); C. Cary, Univ. of Dela-ware (Leg XXXIV, 22 dives); B. Carson, LehighUniv., and M. Torres, Oregon State Univ. (LegXXXV, 15 dives) R. Duncan, Oregon StateUniv. (Leg XXXVI, 8 dives); L. Levin, ScrippsInst. of Oceanography (Leg XXXVII, 14 dives);K. Becker, Univ. of Miami (Leg XXXIX, 15dives); B. Walden (Leg XL, 1 dive); C. Smith,Univ. of Hawaii (Leg XLII, 7 dives); R. Lutz,Rutgers Univ. (Leg XLIII, 15 dives); and L.Mullineaux (Leg XLIV, 13 dives).*

R/V OceanusTotal Nautical Miles in 1999—22,296

Total Days at Sea—180

Oceanus was a principal plat-form for GLobal Ocean

ECosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC)investigations on Georges Bank.GLOBEC scientists staged some 100research cruises from 1994 through1999, largely using Oceanus and itssister ship Endeavor operated bythe University of Rhode Island.Their objective was to develop afundamental understanding of theunderlying physical and biologicalprocesses that control the abun-dance of key populations, focusing

Atlantis and Alvin spent 1999 in the Pacific largely working athydrothermal vents.

The Oceanus deck bristles with gear for December 1999 US Geological Survey work.

Research Voyages

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Research Voyages

on certain species of fish and thezooplankton that are their primaryfood source. The field work gener-ally included two approaches: 1)Broad-scale field surveys werestructured to follow cod and had-dock through their early larvalstages with sampling and measure-ments at a grid of 50 to 80 stationsoccupied repeatedly during the six-year field program. 2) Processstudies focused on both the linksbetween the target species and ontheir physical environment. TheGLOBEC work in 1999 extendedfrom February through August andalso took Oceanus to GeorgesBank in November.

On September 8, Oceanus left

R/V KnorrTotal Nautical Miles in 1999—13,060

Total Days at Sea— 61

This was a short operating yearfor Knorr as the ship was in lay-upstatus at the WHOI pier in the earlyand later months of 1999. OnMarch 2, the ship traveled toPanama City, Florida, to mobilizefor the U.S. Navy’s “Kernal Blitz”exercise off San Diego. From thenthrough early May, Knorr was en-gaged in equipment tests and othertasks for the Navy’s Coastal SystemStation, returning to Woods Holeon May 12.

The Chief Scientist for Voyage 160, LegsI-IV, was C. Witten, Office of Naval Research.

Woods Hole to begin the ShoalingWaves Experiment to investigatewind input, surface dissipation, anddirectional properties of shoalingwaves using air-sea interaction andacoustical spar buoys as well as di-rectional wave rider moorings.When Hurricane Floyd headed forthe study area located on the conti-nental shelf around 36°N, 75° W,the ship took shelter in BostonHarbor. The shoaling wave workwas taken up again in late Octoberand December.

During September and early Oc-tober, Oceanus was engaged instudies of metal speciation and cy-anobacterial ecology in the Sar-gasso Sea and testing of an imag-

ing-in-flow cytometer. In early De-cember, deployment of a six-ele-ment moored array to investigateresuspension, transport, and depo-sition of sediments in the vicinity ofthe New York Bight was under-taken for a team of US GeologicalSurvey scientists.

Chief scientists for 1999 were: M. Taylor,NOAA (Voyage 336), R. Limeburner (Voyages337 & 345); J. Irish (Voyages 338, 344, & 346);R. Schlitz, NOAA (Voyage 339, 347, & 353); D.Hebert, URI (Voyages 340 & 343); C. Miller,Oregon State Univ. (Voyage 341); R.Houghton, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory(Voyage 342); H. Graber, Univ. of Miami (Voy-ages 348, 351, 352 & 355); J. Moffett (Voyage349-I); K. Barbeau, US Geological Survey(Voyage 349-II); M. Sieracki, Bigelow Labora-tory for Oceanography (Voyage 350); and B.Butman, US Geological Survey (Voyage 354).*

*Gaps in cruise numbers generally indicatetransits or short trips for engineering testswhere no chief scientist was named.Ja

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1999 Cruise Tracks

R/V Atlantis

R/V OceanusR/V Knorr

R/V Atlantis

R/V OceanusR/V Knorr

Snow blankets R/V Knorr at the WHOI pier.

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Officers Of TheCorporationJames E. Moltz

Chairman of the Boardof Trustees

James M. ClarkPresident of the Corporation

Robert B. GagosianDirector

Peter H. McCormickTreasurer

Edwin W. HiamAssistant Treasurer

Paul ClementeClerk of the Corporation

Board Of TrusteesArthur Yorke Allen

Hovey, Youngman Associates,Inc., New York, NY

Rodney B. BerensMezzacappa Berens, L.L.C.New York, NY

Joan T. BokNEES CompaniesBoston, MA

Robert A. DayTrust Company of the West,Inc., Los Angeles, CA

Joseph Z. Duke, IIIArc International, Inc.Jacksonville, FL

Sylvia A. EarleDeep Ocean Engineering, Inc.San Leandro, CA

Robert D. Harrington, Jr.Printers Express Co., Inc.Greenwich, CT

Lisina M. HochIrvington, NY

Robert F. HoerleReich & TangNew York, NY

James B. HurlockWhite & CaseNew York, NY

Robert L. JamesMcCann-Erickson WorldwideNew York, NY

William J. KealyKitty Hawk, NC

Paul J. KeelerMorgan Stanley& Company, Inc.New York, NY

Newton P. S. MerrillThe Bank of New YorkNew York, NY

Richard S. Morse, Jr.Morse, Barnes-Brown &Pendleton, P.C., Waltham, MA

George K. MossRallye Motors, Inc.Roslyn, NY

David G. MugarMugar Enterprises, Inc.Boston, MA

Thomas D. MullinsCMES - Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Reuben F. RichardsFar Hills, NJ

Kenneth S. Safe, Jr.Welch & ForbesBoston, MA

John A. ScullyBernardsville, NJ

John M. StewartMcKinsey & Company, Inc.New York, NY

Maurice TempelsmanLeon Tempelsman & SonNew York, NY

Cecil B. ThompsonCYGNUS CorporationMcLean, VA

Thomas J. TierneyBain & Company, Inc.Boston, MA

Marjorie M. von StadeLocust Valley, NY

John J. WiseMobil Technical CenterPaulsboro, NJ

Alfred M. ZeienThe Gillette CompanyBoston, MA

Board Of Trustees Terms

Class of 2000Arthur Yorke Allen

Robert A. Day

Joseph Z. Duke, III

James B. Hurlock

William J. Kealy

Kenneth S. Safe, Jr.

Cecil B. Thompson

Class of 2001Joan T. Bok

Robert L. James

Newton P. S. Merrill

Richard S. Morse, Jr.

John A. Scully

John M. Stewart

Thomas J. Tierney

Class of 2002Rodney B. Berens

Lisina M. Hoch

Paul J. Keeler

Thomas D. Mullins

Reuben F. Richards

Daniel H. Stuermer

Marjorie M. von Stade

Alfred M. Zeien

Class of 2003Sylvia A. Earle

Robert D. Harrington, Jr.

Robert F. Hoerle

George K. Moss

David G. Mugar

Maurice Tempelsman

John J. Wise

Ex Officio TrusteesJames E. Moltz

Chairman of the Board ofTrustees





Honorary TrusteesRuth M. Adams

Hanover, NH

Arnold B. AronsUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Gerald W. BlakeleyBlakeley Investment CompanyBoston, MA

Lewis M. BranscombHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Edwin D. Brooks, Jr.Falmouth, MA

Harvey BrooksHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Louis W. CabotCabot-Wellington, LLCBoston, MA

Melvin A. ConantLusby, MD

Kathleen S. CrawfordCleveland, OH

Joel P. DavisSeapuit, Inc.Brooksville, ME

Thomas J. DevineNew York, NY

William EverdellGlen Head, NY

Robert A. FroschHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Ruth E. FyeFalmouth, MA

W.H. Krome GeorgeSewickley, PA

Cecil H. GreenDallas, TX

Daniel S. GregoryGreylock ManagementCorporation, Boston, MA

Caryl P. HaskinsHaskins Labs, Inc.Washington, DC

William R. HewlettHewlett-Packard CompanyPalo Alto, CA

Edwin W. HiamFoster, Dykema, Cabot & Co.,Inc., Boston, MA

Frank W. HochBrown Brothers Harriman& Co., New York, NY

Lilli S. HornigLittle Compton, RI

Weston Howland, Jr.Howland Capital Manage-ment, Inc., Boston, MA

Howard W. JohnsonMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA

Breene M. KerrBrookside CompanyEaston, MD

Harvey C. KrentzmanAdvanced Management Associ-ates, Inc., Chestnut Hill, MA

Karen G. LloydThe Lloyd CenterSouth Dartmouth, MA

John F. MageeArthur D. Little, Inc.Cambridge, MA

Frank E. MannAlexandria, VA

Nancy S. MilburnWinchester, MA

Gratia H. MontgomerySouth Dartmouth, MA

Guy W. NicholsNEES CompaniesWestborough, MA

C. W. Nimitz, Jr.Boca Grande, FL

Emanuel R. PioreNew York, NY

Frank PressWashington, DC

David D. ScottSan Francisco, CA

Robert C. Seamans, Jr.Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA

Cecily C. SelbyNew York, NY

Frank V. SnyderGreenwich, CT

Robert M. SolowMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA

John H. SteeleWoods Hole OceanographicInstitution, Woods Hole, MA

H. Guyford SteverGaithersburg, MD

E. Kent Swift, Jr.Harborside Marine & SportsFalmouth, MA

Charles H. TownesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA

Sidney J. WeinbergThe Goldman Sachs Group,Inc., New York, NY

F. Thomas WestcottAttleboro, MA

Members Of TheCorporationRichard D. Abrams

Tom Snyder Productions, Inc.Watertown, MA

Rex D. AdamsThe Fuqua School of BusinessDurham, NC

Tenley E. AlbrightBoston, MA

Richard I. ArthurSippican, Inc.Marion, MA

Members and Trustees gathered in the Clark 5th floor conference room for their1999 October meetings.

Trustees & Corporation Members

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James A. Austin, Jr.The University of Texas atAustin, Austin, TX

John M. BaitsellJupiter, FL

George F. BakerBaker, Nye, GreenblattNew York, NY

William N. BancroftJ.M. Forbes & Co.Boston, MA

Joseph S. Barr, Jr.Orthopedic Associates, Inc.Boston, MA

Samuel M. BemissEwing Monroe Bemiss & Co.Richmond, VA

James Benenson, Jr.Vesper Corporation/ArrowheadManagement CorporationNewtown Square, PA

Philip L. BernsteinJacob Stern & Sons, Inc.Santa Barbara, CA

John P. BirminghamEel River RacingBoston, MA

Lillian C. BorronePort Authority of New Yorkand New Jersey, New York, NY

Edward C. Brainard, IIBRAINWAVEMarion, MA

William BrasharesMintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris,Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C.Washington, DC

Coleman P. BurkeWaterfront NY, L.P.New York, NY

Richard M. Burnes, Jr.Charles River VenturesWaltham, MA

Truman S. CasnerRopes & GrayBoston, MA

Philip W. CheneyRaytheon CompanyLexington, MA

Percy ChubbChubb & Son Inc.Warren, NJ

James M. Clark, Jr.Elm Ridge Resources, Inc.Dallas, TX

Ruth P. ClarkPalm Beach, FL

Jill Ker ConwayBoston, MA

William C. Cox, Jr.Hobe Sound, FL

Trudy CoxePreservation Society of NewportCounty, Newport, RI

Gorham L. Cross, Jr.Wellesley, MA

Molly M. CrowleyPiedmont, CA

Victoria R. CunninghamSouth Dartmouth, MA

Nancy W. CushingSquaw Valley Ski CorporationOlympic Valley, CA

J.H. Dow DavisHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Gail E. DeeganHoughton Mifflin CompanyBoston, MA

Michael R. DelandAmerican Flywheel Systems,Inc., Washington, DC

Alfred T. Dengler, Jr.Deutsche Bank North AmericaNew York, NY

Craig E. DormanOffice of Naval ResearchArlington, VA

Paul A. DowneyDowney Capital IncorporatedSan Francisco, CA

Mildred S. DresselhausMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA

Joseph W. Hill, IIZero Hour RecordsNew York, NY

Ann L. HollickBureau of Oceans, Environ-ment and Scientific AffairsWashington, DC

Kinnaird HowlandEdwards and AngellProvidence, RI

Weston Howland, IIIHowland Capital Manage-ment, Inc., Boston, MA

Columbus O. IselinSt. Croix, VI

Eric H. JostromBeacon Fiduciary Advisors,Inc., Boston, MA

John E. KellyJK Research Associates, Inc.Breckenridge, CO

Richard J. MahoneyMonsanto CompanySt. Louis, MO

William J. MarshallVantagePoint Venture PartnersStamford, CT

C. Russell McKeeMcKee AssociatesOld Greenwich, CT

Dodge D. MorganMaine Publishing CorporationPortland, ME

Giles E. Mosher, Jr.BankBostonBurlington, MA

Joyce L. MossTurner Moss CompanyNew York, NY

Carolyn M. OsteenRopes & GrayBoston, MA

George E. StuartNational Geographic SocietyWashington, DC

Kathryn D. SullivanCenter of Science and Industry,Columbus, OH

Stephen P. SwopeKidder Peabody and Co., Inc.New York, NY

Richard F. SyronThermo ElectronWaltham, MA

Christopher R. TapscottExxon Production ResearchCo., Houston, TX

Stephen E. TaylorGlobe Newspaper CompanyBoston, MA

George E. ThibaultBooz Allen & Hamilton, Inc.McLean, VA

Geoffrey A. ThompsonKohlberg & CompanyMount Kisco, NY

Keith S. ThomsonOxford University Museumof Natural HistoryOxford, England

Charles M. VestMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA

Malte von MatthiessenYellow Springs Instrument Co.,Inc., Yellow Springs, OH

Warren M. WashingtonNational Center for Atmo-spheric ResearchBoulder, CO

Thomas B. WheelerMassachusetts Mutual Life Insurance CompanySpringfield, MA

Eric A. WittenbergWittenberg-Livingston, Inc.Newport Beach, CA

Edmund B. WoollenRaytheon CompanyArlington, VA

Arthur ZeikelMerrill Lynch Asset Manage-ment, Inc., Princeton, NJ

Ex Officio MembersJames E. Moltz

Chairman of the Boardof Trustees




Edwin W. HiamAssistant Treasurer

Robert D. Harrington, Jr.President of the Associates


Jacqueline M. HollisterAssociate Director for Commu-nications and Development

John R. Drexel, IVNew York, NY

Ariana A. FairbanksWoods Hole, MA

Michele S. FosterFoster AssociatesPortsmouth, RI

Nelson S. GiffordFleetwing CapitalBoston, MA

Prosser GiffordLibrary of CongressWashington, DC

Bernard A. GoldhirshInc. MagazineBoston, MA

H. David GreenwayThe Boston GlobeBoston, MA

Halsey C. HerreshoffHerreshoff Marine MuseumBristol, RI

Lily R. KendallSouth Hamilton, MA

Kevin W. KennedyGoldman, Sachs & Co.New York, NY

Lee A. KimballWashington, DC

Charles R. LaMantiaLexington, MA

Louis J. LanzerottiAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Timothea S. LarrOyster Bay, NY

Wendy B. LawrenceNASAHouston, TX

William K. MackeyMackey & Foster PAOsterville, MA

John F. MaherLos Angeles, CA

Robert M. RaiffCenturionNew York, NY

Anthony W. RyanState Street Global AdvisorsBoston, MA

Lisa F. SchmidCambridge, MA

John S. SculleySculley BrothersNew York, NY

Carolyn W. SlaymanYale University School ofMedicine, New Haven, CT

William T. SpeckThe Presbyterian HospitalNew York, NY

Peter J. SteinScientific Solutions Inc.Hollis, NH

Carol T. StuartUniversity of MassachusettsBoston, MA

Trustees and Members of the Corporation shared lunchtime discussions atthe May 1999 meetings. In the foreground, Senior Scientist Bob Beardsleydiscusses his work with Trustee Bill Kealy.

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* Ex Officio committee members

James LuytenSenior Associate Director andDirector of Research

John W. FarringtonAssociate Director forEducation and Deanof Graduate Studies

Richard F. PittengerAssociate Director forMarine Operations

Daniel H. StuermerDirector of Development

Honorary MembersRichard F. Alden

Los Angeles, CA

Marjorie AtwoodNewport, RI

Glenn W. BaileyHobe Sound, FL

George F. BennettState Street Investment TrustBoston, MA

Charles A. BlackWoodside, CA

Randolph W. BromeryAmherst, MA

Richard W. CallPasadena, CA

Hays ClarkHobe Sound, FL

James D. EbertThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD

Charles GoodwinBaltimore, MD

William P. E. GravesChilmark, MA

Donald R. GriffinHarvard UniversityBedford, MA

Richard D. HillBank of Boston CorporationBoston, MA

D. Brainerd HolmesWellesley Hills, MA

Townsend HornorWest Bay Marine Corp.Osterville, MA

Kosaku InabaIshikawajima-Harima HeavyIndustries Co., Ltd.Chiyoka-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Mary D. JanneyWashington, DC

George F. Jewett. Jr.San Francisco, CA

Eugene H. KummelMcCann-Erickson WorldwideNew York, NY

A. Dix LeesonWestwood, MA

Stanley Livingston, Jr.Bristol, RI

Norman E. MacNeilArk-Les CorporationStoughton, MA

Francis K. McCuneBradenton, FL

Renville H. McMann, Jr.New Canaan, CT

Richard G. MintzMintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris,Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.Boston, MA

George L. MosesEast Falmouth, MA

Frank L. NickersonPlymouth Savings BankLakeville, MA

Phyllis M. OrbGreenwich, CT

Susanne L. PhippenWenham, MA

Allen E. PuckettHughes Aircraft CompanyLos Angeles, CA

Willis B. RealsFalmouth, MA

Walter N. Rothschild, Jr.New York, NY

Anne W. SawyerWoods Hole, MA

David S. SaxonUniversity of California, LosAngeles, Los Angeles, CA

Charles W. SchmidtWeston, MA

Charles N. ShaneThe Fletcher School of Lawand DiplomacyMedford, MA

Charles P. SlichterUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL

Hope N. SmithHamilton, MA

David B. StoneNorth American ManagementCorp., Boston, MA

Wm. Davis TaylorBrookline, MA

Richard F. TuckerMobil CorporationNew York, NY

Emily V. WadeMuseum Institute for Teachingand Science, Boston, MA

Henry G. Walter, Jr.New York, NY

Elizabeth S. WarnerOsterville, MA

1999/2000Standing Committees

Audit CommitteeStephen E. Taylor, Chair

Edward C. Brainard

J.H. Dow Davis

Gail E. Deegan

Kinnaird Howland

Anthony W. Ryan

Development CommitteeJames B. Hurlock, Chair

Frank W. Hoch

Robert L. James

John M. Stewart

Thomas J. Tierney

Sidney J. Weinberg, Jr.

Executive CommitteeJames E. Moltz, Chair

Louis W. Cabot

Robert A. Frosch

Robert B. Gagosian

Weston Howland, Jr.

Robert L. James

Nancy S. Milburn

George K. Moss

Robert M. Solow

James M. Clark*

Robert D. Harrington, Jr.,*

Peter H. McCormick*

Finance & BudgetCommitteePeter H. McCormick, Chair

Arthur Yorke Allen

Edwin W. Hiam

Robert F. Hoerle

Breene M. Kerr

Reuben F. Richards

Kenneth S. Safe, Jr.

Investment CommitteeF. Thomas Westcott, Chair

Daniel S. Gregory

James B. Hurlock

William J. Kealy

Thomas D. Mullins

Arthur Zeikel

Peter H. McCormick*

James E. Moltz*

Member OrientationCommitteeWilliam P. Graves, Chair

James A. Austin, Jr.

Ruth P. Clark

Charles Goodwin

C. Russell McKee

Joyce L. Moss


Elizabeth S. Warner

Nominating CommitteeJohn F. Magee, Chair

Trudy Coxe

H. David Greenway

Lisina M. Hoch

Paul J. Keeler

Kevin W. Kennedy

Richard G. Mintz


James M. Clark*

Robert B. Gagosian*

Robert D. Harrington, Jr.,*

James E. Moltz*

Trustees of the Employ-ees’ Retirement TrustRodney B. Berens (2001)

Newton P. Merrill (2002)

John A. Scully (2000)

1999/2000Ad Hoc Committees

Appointment & PromotionPolicy CommitteeKeith S. Thomson, Chair

Mildred S. Dresselhaus

Education CommitteeNancy S. Milburn (Chair)

Arnold B. Arons

Lewis M. Branscomb

Joel P. Davis

Mildred S. Dresselhaus

John W. Farrington

Lilli S. Hornig

Cecily C. Selby

Robert M. Solow

Carol T. Stuart

Daniel H. Stuermer

Christopher R. Tapscott

Keith S. Thomson

Ships CommitteeE. Kent Swift, Jr. (Chair)

Richard I. Arthur

Edwin D. Brooks

Louis W. Cabot

James M. Clark

Joel P. Davis

Thomas J. Devine

Joseph Z. Duke

Robert B. Gagosian

Charles Goodwin

Robert D. Harrington

Robert L. James

Paul J. Keeler

Peter H. McCormick

James E. Moltz

Dodge D. Morgan

George K. Moss

Thomas D. Mullins

Guy W. Nichols

Richard F. Pittenger

Kenneth S. Safe

Robert C. Seamans

David B. Stone


F. T. Westcott

1999/2000Special Committees

Business DevelopmentCommitteeRobert A. Frosch, Chair

Philip L. Bernstein

Daniel S. Gregory

Harvey C. Krentzman

Richard S. Morse, Jr.

David G. Mugar

Paul Clemente*

Robert B. Gagosian*

James R. Luyten*

Bylaw Review CommitteeJohn F. Magee, Chair

James M. Clark

Robert A. Frosch

Richard G. Mintz

James E. Moltz

Robert C. Seamans

Secretary of the Navy Richard Danzig (tan cap) touredR/V Oceanus during a spring visit to WHOI. Associ-ate Directors Jim Luyten, right, and Dick Pittenger flankthe Secretary, and Andy Danzig is at left.


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As of December 31, 1999


James R. LuytenSenior Associate Directorand Director of Research

John W. FarringtonAssociate Director forEducation and Deanof Graduate Studies

Paul ClementeAssociate Director forFinance and Administration

Richard F. PittengerAssociate Director forMarine Operations

Jacqueline M. HollisterAssociate Director forCommunications, Develop-ment, and Media Relations

Pamela C. HartExecutive Assistantto the Director

Karen P. RaussOmbudsperson andEEO Officer

Applied Ocean Physicsand EngineeringDepartmentTimothy K. Stanton

Department Chairand Senior Scientist

Lane J. AbramsResearch Engineer

John J. AkensSenior Engineer

Ben G. AllenResearch Engineer

Laurence A. AndersonResearch Associate II

Thomas C. AustinSenior Engineer

Robert D. BallardScientist Emeritus

Stacey E. BeaulieuPostdoctoral Scholar

Andrew D. BowenResearch Specialist

Martin F. BowenResearch Associate II

Albert M. BradleyPrincipal Engineer

Neil L. BrownOceanographer Emeritus

Robert S. BrownResearch Associate II

Cheryl Ann ButmanSenior Scientist andStanley W. Watson Chair forExcellence in Oceanography

William M. CareyAdjunct Scientist

Megan M. CarrollVisiting Investigator

Rodney M. CatanachEngineer II

Alan D. ChaveSenior Scientist

Dezhang ChuResearch Associate III

John A. ColosiAssistant Scientist

Richard E. CrawfordVisiting Investigator

Kenneth W. DohertySenior Engineer

James A. DouttResearch Associate III

Timothy F. DudaAssociate Scientist

Alan R. DuesterEngineer II

Robert L. EastwoodResearch Engineer

Calvert F. EckResearch Engineer

James B. EdsonAssociate Scientist

Robert L. ElderEngineer II

Steve ElgarSenior Scientist

Benjamin K. EvansVisiting Investigator

Kenneth G. FooteSenior Scientist

Ned C. ForresterSenior Engineer

Dudley B. FosterResearch Specialist

Janet J. FredericksInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Lee E. FreitagSenior Engineer

George V. FriskSenior Scientist

Daniel E. FryeSr. Research Specialist

Stephen R. GeggInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Wayne R. GeyerAssociate Scientist

Denzel E. GleasonResearch Associate II

Robert G. GoldsboroughResearch Engineer

Mark A. GrosenbaughAssociate Scientist and J.Seward Johnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Matthew D. GrundEngineer II

Robert T. GuzaVisiting Investigator

Terence R. HammarResearch Associate II

Edward L. HobartEngineer II

Jonathan C. HowlandResearch Engineer

Kelan HuangResearch Associate II

James D. IrishResearch Specialist

Mark P. JohnsonResearch Engineer

Gail C. KinekeAdjunct Scientist

Peter A. KoskiVisiting Investigator

Valery K. KosnyrevResearch Associate II

Andone LaveryPostdoctoral Scholar

James R. LedwellAssociate Scientist

Steven A. LernerResearch Engineer

Stephen P. LiberatoreResearch Engineer

Daniel R. LynchAdjunct Scientist

James F. LynchSenior Scientist

Ann MartinInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Glenn E. McDonaldEngineer II

Dennis J. McGillicuddyAssociate Scientist

Wade R. McGillisAssistant Scientist

David A MindellVisiting Investigator

The Hawaii 2 Observatory junction box goes over the side of R/V Thompson (Univ. of Washington) duringnighttime operations in the Pacific. Alan Chave was Chief Scientist.

Joint Program student Astri Kvassnes photographsseafloor samples in the McLean Lab atrium.

Director’s Council

Scientific & Technical Staff

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A. Todd MorrisonVisiting Investigator

Robert W. MorseScientist Emeritus

Matthew L. NaimanEngineer II

Arthur NewhallResearch Specialist

Walter PaulSenior Engineer

Kenneth R. PealSenior Engineer

Donald B. PetersResearch Engineer

Robert A. PetittResearch Engineer

James C. PreisigAssistant Scientist

Michael J. PurcellResearch Engineer

Britt RaubenheimerAssistant Scientist

Edward K. ScheerInfo. Systems Assoc. III

Cynthia J. SellersResearch Associate III

Arnold G. SharpSenior Engineer

William J. ShawPostdoctoral Investigator

Robin C. SingerEngineer II

Hanumant SinghAssistant Scientist

Sandipa SinghEngineer II

Jean-Jacques E. SlotineVisiting Investigator

Christopher K. SommerfieldPostdoctoral Scholar

Brian J. SperryPostdoctoral Investigator

Victoria R. StarczakResearch Associate II

Roger P. StokeySenior Engineer

Eugene A. TerrayResearch Specialist

Fredrik T. ThwaitesResearch Engineer

Peter A. TraykovskiPostdoctoral Investigator

John H. TrowbridgeAssociate Scientist

Christopher J. von AltPrincipal Engineer

Keith von der HeydtSenior Engineer

Barrie B. WaldenPrincipal Engineer

Jonathan D. WareEngineer II

Louis L. WhitcombVisiting Investigator

Albert J. Williams 3rdSenior Scientist

Warren E. Witzell, Jr.Engineer II

Jonathan D. WoodruffVisiting Investigator

Dana R. YoergerAssociate Scientist

Christopher J. ZappaPostdoctoral Scholar

Jack ZhangEngineer II

Biology DepartmentLaurence P. Madin


Philip AlataloResearch Associate II

Donald M. AndersonSenior Scientist

Carin AshjianAssistant Scientist

Richard H. BackusScientist Emeritus

Hal CaswellSenior Scientist andRobert W. Morse Chair

James E. CraddockResearch Specialist

John W.H. DaceyAssociate Scientist

Cabell S. Davis IIISenior Scientist

Mark R. DennettResearch Specialist

Michele D. DuRandVisiting Investigator

Yoshinari EndoInstitution Visiting Scholar

Iris FischerResearch Associate I

Deborah FrippPostdoctoral Investigator

Scott GallagerAssociate Scientist

Rebecca J. GastAssistant Scientist

Joel C. GoldmanScientist Emeritus

Charles H. GreeneVisiting Investigator

Robert C. GromanInformation Systems Specialist

Mark E. HahnAssociate Scientist

Kenneth M. HalanychAssistant Scientist

George R. HampsonOceanographer Emeritus

G. Richard HarbisonSenior Scientist

Robert HaselkornAdjunct Scientist

Erich F. HorganResearch Associate II

Qiao HuVisiting Investigator

Heather L. HuntPostdoctoral Investigator

Sibel I. KarchnerResearch Associate III

Bruce A. KeaferResearch Associate III

Darlene R. KettenAssociate Scientist

Dale F. LeavittResearch Associate III

James LeichterPostdoctoral Investigator

Aishao LiPostdoctoral Investigator

Frank J. Mather IIIScientist Emeritus

Judith E. McDowellSenior Scientist andSea Grant Coordinator

Stephen J. MolyneauxResearch Associate II

Michael J. MooreResearch Specialist

J. Ru MorrisonPostdoctoral Investigator

Lauren S. MullineauxAssociate Scientist and J.Seward Johnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Michael G. NeubertAssistant Scientist

Douglas P. NowacekPostdoctoral Investigator

James F. O’ConnellResearch Associate III

Robert J. OlsonAssociate Scientist

Jesús G. PinedaAssociate Scientist

Pamela PolloniVisiting Investigator

John H. RytherScientist Emeritus

Howard L. SandersScientist Emeritus

Kersten SchanderVisiting Investigator

Amélie ScheltemaInstitution Visiting Scholar

Rudolf S. ScheltemaScientist Emeritus

Anne SellPostdoctoral Investigator

Alexi ShalapyonokResearch Associate III

Heidi M. SosikAssociate Scientist

John J. StegemanSenior Scientist

Craig D. TaylorAssociate Scientist

John M. TealScientist Emeritus

Andreas P. TeskeAssistant Scientist

Sanjay TiwariVisiting Investigator

Linda Martin TraykovskiPostdoctoral Investigator

Peter L. TyackSenior Scientist

Frederica W. ValoisOceanographer Emeritus

John B. WaterburyAssociate Scientist

William A. WatkinsOceanographer Emeritus

Peter H. WiebeSenior Scientist and AdamsChair

Carl O. Wirsen, Jr.Senior Research Specialist

Bruce R. WoodinResearch Associate III

Geology & GeophysicsDepartmentRobert S. Detrick


David G. AubreyAdjunct Scientist

Mary BellinoResearch Associate II

William A. BerggrenScientist Emeritus

Karen BiceAssistant Scientist

Jurek BlusztajnResearch Associate III

S. Thompson BolmerInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Carl O. BowinScientist Emeritus

James E. BrodaResearch Specialist

Wilfred B. BryanSenior Scientist (Retired)

Elizabeth T. BunceScientist Emeritus

Juan Pablo CanalesCisneros

Research Associate III

Joseph R. CannAdjunct Scientist

Peter D. CliftAssistant Scientist

John A. CollinsAssociate Scientist

William B. CurrySenior Scientist

Henry J.B. DickSenior Scientist

Joanne C. DonoghueEngineer II

Neal W. DriscollAssociate Scientist

Kathryn L. ElderResearch Associate II

Robert L. EvansAssociate Scientist

John I. EwingScientist Emeritus

Daniel J. FornariSenior Scientist

Alan R. GagnonResearch Associate III

Graham S. GieseOceanographer Emeritus

Kathryn GillisAdjunct Scientist

Tracy K.P. GreggAdjunct Scientist


Geologist Henry Dick examines seafloor rocksamples at the McLean Laboratory.

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Stanley R. HartSenior Scientist andColumbus O’Donnell IselinChair for Excellencein Oceanography

John M. HayesSenior Scientist

Richard HealyInfo. Systems Assoc. II

James G. HirthAssociate Scientist

Susumu HonjoSenior Scientist

Susan E. HumphrisSenior Scientist andJ. Seward Johnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Lloyd D. KeigwinSenior Scientist

Peter B. KelemenAssociate Scientist

Richard A. KrishfieldResearch Associate III

Peter B. LandryEngineer II

Graham D. LayneResearch Specialist

Peter LemmondResearch Associate III

Jian LinAssociate Scientist

George P. LohmannAssociate Scientist

John MadsenAdjunct Scientist

Steven J. ManganiniResearch Specialist

Daniel C. McCorkleAssociate Scientist

Jerry F. McManusAssistant Scientist

Ann P. McNicholResearch Specialist

Peter S. MeyerAdjunct Scientist

Richard D. NorrisAssociate Scientist

Delia W. OppoAssociate Scientist

Dorinda R. OstermannResearch Associate III

Gregory E. RavizzaAssociate Scientist

David A. RossScientist Emeritus

Robert J. SchneiderSenior Research Specialist

Hans SchoutenSenior Scientist

Nobumichi ShimizuSenior Scientist andW. Van Alan Clark, Jr., Chair

Kenneth W.W. SimsAssistant Scientist

Deborah K. SmithAssociate Scientist

Robert A. SohnAssistant Scientist

Wayne D. SpencerResearch Associate II

Ralph A. StephenSenior Scientist

Stephen A. SwiftResearch Specialist

Maurice A. TiveyAssociate Scientist

Brian E. TucholkeSenior Scientist andHenry Bryant Bigelow Chair forExcellence in Oceanography

Elazar UchupiScientist Emeritus

Richard P. Von HerzenScientist Emeritus

Karl F. Von RedenResearch Specialist

Cecily WolfeAssistant Scientist (LOA)

Frank B. WoodingResearch Specialist

Wen-Lu ZhuAssistant Scientist

Marine Chemistry& GeochemistryDepartmentMark D. Kurz

Department Chair, SeniorScientist, and Edward W.and Betty J. Scripps Chair

Lihini AluwiharePostdoctoral Investigator

John E. AndrewsResearch Associate II

Wolfgang BachAssistant Scientist

Michael P. BaconSenior Scientist

Lary A. BallResearch Specialist

Gry Mine BergVisiting Investigator

Ken O. BuesselerAssociate Scientist

Cynthia L. ChandlerInfo. Systems Assoc. I

Matthew CharettePostdoctoral Investigator

Robert ChenAdjunct Scientist

Christine CoatanoanGuest Investigator

Maureen H. ConteAssociate Scientist

Joshua M. CurticeResearch Associate II

Minhan DaiResearch Associate III (LOA)

Michael D. DeGrandpreAdjunct Scientist

Werner G. DeuserScientist Emeritus

Katrina EdwardsAssistant Scientist

Geoffrey EglingtonAdjunct Scientist

Lorraine EglintonResearch Associate III


During the 11th annual Employee Recognition ceremony, the securityguards represented by (top photo, left to right) Vasco Pires, Bill Sparks,and Allan Brierley, received the Penzance Award for overall exceptionalperformance, WHOI spirit, and contributions to the personal and profes-sional lives of Institution staff. The Vetlesen Award for a variety of excep-tional contributions to the WHOI community over a long period of timewent to Aggie Collins, whose network installation work for the Computerand Information Services group has taken him to every WHOI office andattic, always with a big smile. Susan Mills received the Linda Morse-Porteous Award for leadership, mentoring, dedication to work and in-volvement in the WHOI community.

Timothy I. EglintonAssociate Scientist

Alan P. FleerResearch Associate III

Roger FrançoisAssociate Scientist

Nelson M. FrewSenior Research Specialist

David M. GloverResearch Specialist

Alexandria GogouPostdoctoral Investigator

Christine HammondInformation Systems Specialist

Eric HintsaAssistant Scientist

Leah HoughtonResearch Associate II

John M. HuntScientist Emeritus

William J. JenkinsSenior Scientist (LOA)

Carl G. JohnsonResearch Associate III

Karl KreutzPostdoctoral Scholar

Dempsey E. Lott IIISenior Research Specialist

William R. MartinAssociate Scientist andJ. Seward Johnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Thomas McCollomPostdoctoral Investigator

Scott J. McCueInfo. Systems Assoc. II

James W. MoffettAssociate Scientist

Daniel MontluconResearch Associate II

Peter MuelbroekGuest Investigator

Robert K. NelsonResearch Associate III

Nanako Ohkouchi OgawaGuest Investigator

Naohiko OhkouchiPostdoctoral Fellow

Ann PearsonPostdoctoral Investigator

Edward PeltzerAdjunct Oceanographer

Steven PetschPostdoctoral Scholar

Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink

Assistant Scientist

Christopher ReddyPostdoctoral Investigator

Daniel J. RepetaSenior Scientist

Kathleen C. RuttenbergAssociate Scientist

Peter SauerPostdoctoral Investigator

Frederick L. SaylesSenior Scientist andHolger W. Jannasch Chair

David L. SchneiderResearch Associate III

Jeffrey S. SeewaldAssociate Scientist

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os: J

ayne

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Wayne C. ShanksAdjunct Scientist

Edward R. SholkovitzSenior Scientist

Derek W. SpencerScientist Emeritus

Geoffrey ThompsonScientist Emeritus

Margaret K. TiveyAssociate Scientist

Thomas TrullAdjunct Scientist

Wei WangPostdoctoral Investigator

John C. WeberResearch Associate II

Jean K. WhelanSenior Research Specialist

Mark WoodworthGuest Investigator

Huixiang XiePostdoctoral Scholar

Oliver C. ZafiriouSenior Scientist

Physical OceanographyDepartmentTerrence M. Joyce


Carol A. AlessiInfo. Systems Assoc. II (LOA)

Geoffrey P AllsupEngineer II

Steven P. AndersonAssociate Scientist

Frank BahrResearch Associate III

Mark F. BaumgartnerResearch Associate II


Robert C. BeardsleySenior Scientist andWalter A. and Hope NoyesSmith Chair

Amy S. BowerAssociate Scientist

Alvin L. BradshawResearch Specialist

Kenneth H. BrinkSenior Scientist

Michael J. CarusoInformation Systems Specialist

David C. Chapman Senior Scientist

James H. ChurchillResearch Specialist

Ruth G. CurryResearch Specialist

Jerome P. DeanOceanographer Emeritus

Nicholas P. FofonoffScientist Emeritus

David M. FratantoniAssistant Scientist

Paul D. FucileResearch Engineer

Peter W. FureyResearch Associate II

Nancy R. GalbraithInfo. Systems Assoc. III

Glen W. GawarkiewiczAssociate Scientist

Melinda H. HallResearch Specialist

Karl R. HelfrichAssociate Scientist

Nelson HoggSenior Scientist andW. Van Alan Clark, Sr., Chair

David S. HosomSenior Engineer

Rui Xin HuangSenior Scientist

Heather D. HuntResearch Associate II

Joseph H. LaCasceAssistant Scientist

Sonya A. LeggAssistant Scientist

Steven J. LentzAssociate Scientist

Richard LimeburnerResearch Specialist

Craig D. MarquetteEngineer II

Cecilie MauritzenAssistant Scientist

Michael S. McCartneySenior Scientist

Robert C. Millard, JrSenior Research Specialist

Ellyn T. MontgomeryResearch Specialist

W. Brechner OwensSenior Scientist

Gwyneth H. PackardResearch Associate II

Richard E. PayneResearch Specialist

Joseph PedloskySenior Scientist andHenry L. and Grace DohertyOceanographer

Robert S. PickartAssociate Scientist

Albert J. PlueddemannAssociate Scientist

Kurt L. PolzinAssociate Scientist

Lawrence J. PrattSenior Scientist

James F. PriceSenior Scientist and J. SewardJohnson Chair as EducationCoordinator

Philip L. RichardsonSenior Scientist

Audrey M. RogersonAssistant Scientist (LOA)

John F. SalzigResearch Associate II

Raymond W. SchmittSenior Scientist

William J. Schmitz, Jr.Scientist Emeritus

Vitalii SheremetAssistant Scientist

Michael A. SpallAssociate Scientist

H. Marshall Swartz, Jr.Research Associate III

John M. TooleSenior Scientist

Daniel TorresResearch Associate II

Richard P. TraskResearch Specialist

George H. TupperResearch Associate II

James R. ValdesSenior Engineer

Bruce A. WarrenSenior Scientist

Robert A. WellerSenior Scientist

Deborah E. West-MackResearch Associate II

John A. WhiteheadSenior Scientist andPaul M. Fye Chair

Geoffrey A. Whitney, Jr.Research Associate II

Christine M. WoodingResearch Associate II

Jiayan YangAssociate Scientist

Lisan YuAssistant Scientist

Marine Policy CenterAndrew R. Solow

Director and Associate Scientist

Jesse H. AusubelAdjunct Scientist

Grete Hovelsrud-BrodaResearch Fellow

Diane F. CowanResearch Fellow

Daniel A. CurranSenior Research Fellow

Scott FarrowSenior Research Fellow

Arthur G. Gaines, Jr.Research Specialist

Hillel GordinSenior Research Fellow

Porter Hoagland IIIResearch Associate

Denise M. JarvinenAssistant Scientist

Di JinAssociate Scientist

Hauke L. Kite-PowellResearch Specialist

Robert RepettoSenior Research Fellow

Leah SmithSenior Research Fellow

John H. SteeleScientist Emeritus

Wayne K. TalleySenior Research Fellow

Reinhart CoastalResearch CenterWayne R. Geyer

Director and Associate Scientist

Bruce W. TrippAssistant Director andResearch Associate

Cheryl Ann ButmanFlume Science Coordinatorand Senior Scientist

Computer andInformation ServicesJulie M. Allen

Information Systems Specialist

Anjan ChakrabartyInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Eric F. CunninghamInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Roger A. GoldsmithInformation Systems Specialist

Helen GordonInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Hartley HoskinsResearch Associate

Robert W. KatcherInfo. Systems Assoc. II

John KrauspeInfo. Systems Assoc. III

William S. LittleInformation Systems Specialist

Andrew R. MaffeiInformation Systems Specialist

Scott A. McIntyreInfo. Systems Assoc. III

Elizabeth B. OwensInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Warren J. SassInformation Systems Specialist

Deborah K. ShaferInfo. Systems Assoc. II

Suzanne B. VolkmannInfo. Systems Assoc. II

MBL/WHOI LibraryMargot Brown Garritt

Info. Systems Assoc. II

Colleen D. HurterInfo. Systems Assoc. III

Melissa LamontInfo. Systems Assoc. III

Margaret A. RiouxInfo. Systems Assoc. III

Vicke Starczak, left, and Nan Trowbridge smile for the camera while conduct-ing a flume study of the dispersal and settlement of marine larvae at RCRC.

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Applied Ocean Physics &Engineering DepartmentJohn W. Bailey

Shirley J. Barkley

Philip J. Bernard

Anthony H. Berry

Andrew S. Billings

Paul R. Bouchard

Dolores H. Chausse

Charles E. Corwin

Thomas Crook

Steven M. Cross

Edward A. Denton

Betsey G. Doherty

James M. Dunn

Joshua N. Eck

Kenneth D. Fairhurst

Gloria B. Franklin

Andrew P. Girard

Kristen E. Gordon

Matthew R. Gould

Carlton W. Grant

Susan M. Grieve

Sheila K. Hurst

Thomas P. Hurst

Craig E. Johnson

John N. Kemp

Jeffrey B. Lord

Christopher Lumping

Marguerite K. McElroy

Neil M. McPhee

George A. Meier

Charles J. Melchin

Marlene B. Messina

Stephen D. Murphy

Anita D. Norton

Gregory J. Packard

Stanley G. Rosenblad

David S. Schroeder

John J. Schwind, Jr.

William J. Sellers

John D. Sisson

Linda M. Skiba

Gary N. Stanbrough

Nancy W. Stedman

Nancy Y. Trowbridge

Karlen A. Wannop

Judith A. White

Biology DepartmentNikolaus Abisla

Ellen Bailey

Nicoletta Biassoni

Iska Blusztajn

Mari Butler

Anne C. Canaday

Marjorie K. Clancy

Nancy J. Copley

Scott R. Cramer

Mary Ann Daher

Sheri D. DeRosa

Nancy A. DiMarzio

Christopher Franks

Diana G. Franks

Linda G. Hare

Andrew Girard

Kristin E. Gribble

David M. Kulis

Bruce A. Lancaster

Ethel F. LeFave

Jane E. Marsh

Susan W. Mills

Dawn M. Moran

Kristina M. Mullin

Samuel H. Patterson III

Rebecca Schaffner

Daniel W. Smith

Lisa G. Taylor

Mary Jane Tucci

Margaret M. Walden

Matthew Williams

Geology & GeophysicsDepartmentLinda Angeloni

Andrew Aubrey

John W. Bailey

Ross Beaudette

Katherine W. Brown

Karen L. Coluzzi

Lori A. Dolby

David L. DuBois

Pamela V. Foster

C. Eben Franks

Charlene Gibson

Parker Hackett

C. Frances Halbrooks

Robert E. Handy

Seth H. Hitchings

Marleen H. Jeglinski

Janet M. Johnson

Huichan Lin

Karen Littlefield

Jill Murawski

Patricia Long

Teresa A. Norris

Julianne Palmieri

Kari Paro

Kira Pratt

Ellen R. Roosen

Brian Schroeder

Dana R. Stuart

Sean Sylva

Susan Trimarchi

Elaine A. Tulka

Shirley Waskilewicz

LuPing Zou

Marine Chemistry& GeochemistryDepartmentTracy Abbruzzese

Rebecca A. Belastock

Scot P. Birdwhistell

L. Susan Brown-Leger

Sheila A. Clifford

Kate Doyle

Justin Dumouchelle

Hannah Gaines

Joanne E. Goudreau

Joanna F. Ireland

Judith Kelley

Kathleen Kucharski

Donna Mortimer

Melissa Peterson

Stephen Pike

Margaret M. Sulanowska

Carly H. Tarr

Max von der Heyt

Mary Zawoysky

Physical OceanographyEleanor M. Botelho

Kenton M. Bradshaw (LOA)

Nancy J. Brink

Margaret F. Cook

Lawrence P. Costello

Jane A. Dunworth-Baker

Penny C.Foster

Rosanna R. Fucile

Barbara Gaffron

Erica Greeley

Veta M. Green

Brian J. Guest

William H. Horn

George P. Knapp III

Ellen Levy

Mary Ann Lucas

Theresa K. McKee

Gail McPhee

Ann-Marie Michael

William M. Ostrom

Maren Plueddemann

John B. Reese

Hazel Salazar

Ryan Schrawder

Susan A. Tarbell

Robert D. Tavares

Deborah A. Taylor

Rochelle Ugstad

Brian S. Way

W. David Wellwood

Scott E. Worrilow

Jeanne A. Young

Marquerite E. Zemanovic

Marine Policy CenterAndrew Beet

Gretchen McManamin

Mary E. Schumacher

Rinehart CoastalResearch CenterJohn D. Sisson

Boat Operations andSenior Research Assistant I

Bruce A. LancasterCRL Operations andSenior Research Assistant I

Matthew R. GouldBoat Operations Assistant andEngineering Assistant III

Olimpia L. McCallStaff Assistant

Computer andInformation ServicesMichael Bishop

Bruce R. Cole

Edward F. Dow

Timothy Gage

Channing N. Hilliard, Jr.

Dennis Ladino

James MacConnell

David MacDonald

Clara Y. Pires

MBL/WHOI LibraryMaureen E. Carragher

Barbara LaCasce

Lisa M. Raymond

Nancy Stafford

Administrative StaffDeborah Aimone

Senior Acountant II

Nancy E. BarryAssistant Human ResourcesManager

Marie BasileProcurement Representative II

Peggy A. BillingsCommunications,Development, and MediaRelations Administrator

Karin BohrDepartment Administrator,Physical Oceanography

Jane R. BradfordDirector of Planned Giving

Stella A. CallageeEducation Planning andFinance Administrator

Support Staff

Mark St. Pierre works at the precision lathe in Clark Laboratory South.

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Susan A. CassoDepartment Administrator,Marine Chemistry andGeochemistry

Christine CharetteDevelopment Officer

Linda L. ChurchAccountant

Tracey CragoSea Grant Communicator

Vicky CullenCommunications Director

Cheryl C. DanielsAccountant

Mary EvansDevelopment Officer

Judith FenwickDepartment Administrator,Biology

Dana FernandezManager of Budgets andFinancial Analysis

Maryanne F. FerreiraDepartment Administrator,Geology & Geophysics

Susan FerreiraGrants Administrator II

Danielle M. FinoWeb Communications Manager

Patricia A. FiskAdministrator, Office Programsand Constituency Management

Karen E. FlahertyBusiness Systems Representative

Larry D. FlickCenter Administrator, DeepSubmergence Laboratory,and Security Officer

Annda W. FlynnCenter Administrator, Com-puter and Information Services

Dennis J. FoxProcurement Manager

David G. GalloDirector of Special Projects

Justine Gardner-SmithMedia Relations Officer

Ellen GatelyCenter Administrator, MarinePolicy Center

Arthur GaylordComputer and InformationServices Director

Monika GrinnellSenior Grants Administrator

K.I. Faith HampshireCenter Administrator,Alvin Group

Susan K. HandworkCenter Administrator, NationalOcean Sciences AcceleratorMass Spectrometry Facility

Frederic R. HeideManager, Graphic Services

Penelope HilliardProperty Administrator

Kathleen HudockAdministrator of Financeand Administration

Kevin F. HudockBenefits Manager

Richard B. KendallProcurement Representative II

Judith L. KleindinstCenter Administrator, Biology

Kathleen P. LaBernzHuman Resources Manager

Michael P. LagrassaAssistant Procurement Manager

Shelley M. LauzonMedia Relations Director

Laurence S. LippsettScience Editor

John LombardiBusiness Systems Representative

Katherine MadinCurriculum Coordinator

Judith E. McDowellAssociate Dean

Stacey L. MedeirosController

Joseph Messina IIIDesktop Systems Analyst

Laura A. MurphyPayroll Manager

Stephanie A. MurphyInformation Officeand Exhibit Center Manager

Steven M. MurphyGrants Administrator II

Thomas NemmersDepartment Administrator,Applied Ocean Physics & Engi-neering

Jane B. NeumannDirector of Principal Gifts

Catherine N. NortonDirector, MBL/WHOI Library

James RakowskiDirector of Major Gifts

Claire L. ReidExecutive Assistantto Director of Research

Leslie M. ReillyDevelopment Officer

Dena RichardAssistant Payroll Manager

Peggy A. RoseExecutive Secretaryto the Director

R. David Rudden, Jr.Assistant Controller

Emily H. SchorerHuman ResourcesAdministrator

Sandra A. SherlockSenior ProcurementRepresentative

Marcella R. SimonRegistrar and EducationOffice Administrator

David StephensManager of AccountsReceivable and GovernmentRegulations

Michèle Stokes-MatteraInstitution Meetings andOffice Systems Coordinator

Katrina A. StrozikManagement InformationServices Manager

Daniel StuermerDirector of Development

Maurice J. TavaresManager of Grants & Contracts

Julia G. WestwaterAssociate Registrar

Mary Ann WhiteTravel Coordinator

William WolfEndowment and FinanceAdministrator

John A. Wood, Jr.Procurement Representative II

Dianna M. ZaiaManager of TreasuryOperations

AdministrativeSupport StaffPierrette M. Ahearn

Steven W. Allsopp

Mary Andrews

Lisa Arnold

Ellen M. Bailey

Linda Benway

Katherine Billings

Marsha Bissonette

Colleen Blanchard

Suzanne M. Bolton

Eleanor Botelho

Sandra L. Bothelho-Sherlock

Marilynn Brooks

Gail F. Caldeira

James Canavan

Sherry H. Carton

Leonard Cartwright

John Cook

Katherine M. Davis

Pearl R. Demello

Dina M. DiCarlo

Jayne H. Doucette

Stacey Drange

Kittie E. Elliott

Lynne M. Ellsworth

Glenn Enos

Janet Fields

Ruth E. Goldsmith

Pamela Goulart

David L. Gray

Deborah Hamel

Mark V. Hickey

Jane A. Hopewood

Robin L. Hurst

Katherine Joyce

Thomas N. Kleindinst

Lynn Ladetto

Donna L. Lamonde

Samuel J. Lomba

Helene J. Longyear

Jeanne Lovering

Richard C. Lovering

Molly M. Lumping

Jennifer Lynch

Patricia A. McKeag

Sandra E. Murphy

E. Paul Oberlander

Sharon Omar

Kathleen Patterson

Wendy Patterson

Isabel M. Penman

Jeanne A. Peterson

Jeannine M. Pires

John Porteous

Edward Reardon

Tariesa A. Reine

Tariesa J. Reine

Brenda M. Rowell

Timothy M. Silva

Anne Stone

June Taft

Mildred Teal

Judith A. Thrasher

Alison Tilghman

Susan Tomeo

Joanne Tromp

Rachelle Tucholke

Susan E. Vaughan

Robert J. Wilson

Facilities, Services,Alvin and MarineOperations StaffJonathan Alberts

Marine Operations Coordinator

Lawrence T. BearseMaster, R/V Oceanus

Richard ChandlerSubmersible OperationsCoordinator

Ernest G. CharetteAssistant Facilities Manager

Gary B. ChiljeanMaster, R/V Atlantis

Arthur D. Colburn IIIMaster, R/V Knorr

Joseph L. Coburn, Jr.Ship Operations Manager

Stephen M. FaluoticoDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Kevin FiskChief Engineer, R/V Atlantis

Support Staff

Three photos taken very early in the year, in July, and in November followprogress on the new wing for Fenno House through 1999. It accommodatesthe Director’s suite and offices as well as conference facilities for Communica-tions, Development, and Media Relations.

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Richard E. GalatFacilities Engineer

Robert GreeneDistribution Manager

Matthew C. HeintzDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

J. Patrick HickeyDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Lewis E. KarchnerSafety Officer

William N. LangeResearch Specialist

Barbara J. MartineauMarine OperationsAdministrator

William E. McKeonFacilities Manager

Theophilus Moniz IIIMarine Engineer

Richard MorrisChief Engineer, R/V Oceanus

David I. OlmstedBoat Operator

Terrence M. RiouxDiving Safety Officer

Manuel A. SubdaMarine Personnel Coordinator

Barrie B WaldenManager, OperationalScience Services

Steven WalshChief Engineer, R/V Knorr

Robert A. WatersDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Ernest C. WegmanPort Engineer

Robert L. WilliamsDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Facilities, Services,Alvin, and MarineOperations Support StaffMichael T. Aiguier

Esmail Ali

John Allison

Douglas H. Andrews

Wayne A. Bailey

Coutenay Barber III

Linda J. Bartholomee

Harold A. Bean

Richard C. Bean

Jeffrey Benitz

Robert Bossardt

Thomas A. Bouche

John R. Bracebridge

Allan Brierley

John Broadford

Edmund K. Brown

Mark F. Buccheri

Barbara Callahan

Henry Carlisle

Richard Carter

John Cartner

Gary S. Caslen

John A. Cawley

Richard Chase

Margaret Crane

John Clement

Charles Clemishaw

Alberto Collasius, Jr.

Alden H. Cook

Torii M. Corbett

Marc A. Costa

John A. Crobar

Rowland Cummings

Judith O. Cushman

Sallye A. Davis

Elizabeth Delaney

Mark DeRoche

Jeffrey DeSouza

Craig D. Dickson

John Donovan

Mark Drewery

James H. Dufur, Jr.

William J. Dunn, Jr.

Geoffrey K. Ekblaw

Deidra L. Emrich

John Fetterman

Michael J. Field

Robert Flynn

Philip Forte

Damon Gayer

Joseph Giacobbe

Laura W. Goepfert

Edward S. Good

Allan G. Gordon

Edward F. Graham, Jr.

Jerry M. Graham

Billy Guest

Cecile Hall

William H. Handley

Patrick J. Harrington

Craig Henderson

Robert W. Hendricks

Patrick J. Hennessey

Marjorie M. Holland

Alan J. Hopkins

Sharon L. Hunt

Phillip M. Hurlbutt

J. Kevin Kay

Paul A. Kay

Fred W. Keller

Orville Kenerson

Raymond Kimball

Sara J. Kustan

James LaBreck

Robert S. Laird

Marc Leandro

Support Staff

Donald C. LeBlanc

Paul E. LeBlanc

Charles Lewis

Pete Liarikos

Jeffrey Little

Tim Logan

Glen R. Loomis

Brett Maloney

Piotr Marczak

Kenneth Martin

Paul Martin

Eduigez L. Martinez

Douglas L. Mayer

Joseph Mayes

Robert McCabe

Napoleon McCall, Jr.

Robert H. McMurray

Horace M. Medeiros

Anthony D. Mello

Antonio Mello

Mirth N. Miller

Maureen Moan

Patrick S. Mone

Christopher D. Morgan

Jaimie Morlett

Norman E. Morrison

Jose S. Mota

Jay R. Murphy

John R. Murphy, Jr.

Bruce Mushet

Matthew G. O’Donnell

David W. Olds

Charles A. Olson

Brian M. O’Nuallain

Griffith Outlaw

Stephen G. Page

Sheila T. Payne

David Peterson

Vasco Pires

Ed Popowitz

Douglas R. Quintiliani

Ken Rand

Dennis Reardon

John P. Romiza

James R. Ryder

Lewis J. Saffron

Michael J. Sawyer

Robert Schreiter

Emily Sheasley

Kent D. Sheasley

George P. Silva

David Sims

Daniel Slevin

Debra Snurkowski

Steven P. Solbo

William F. Sparks

Robert G. Spenle

Jeffrey M. Stolp

William Strickrott

Wayne A. Sylvia

Mark L. St. Pierre

William R. Tavares, Jr.

Anne M. Taylor

Kevin D. Thompson

Maeve Thurston

Anne Toal

Phil M. Treadwell

Herman Wagner

Colin Walcott

Robert Wichterman

Eileen R. Wicklund

Lance Wills

Kathleen D. Wilson

Carl O. Wood

Bonnie L. Woodward

1999 RetireesGunter H. Bauerlien

Patricia Brennan

Katherine Brown

C. Hovey Clifford

Aganoris Collins

James Craddock

William B. Cruwys

James A. Davis

Robert G. Drever

Daniel B. Dwyer

Arthur Gaines, Jr.

Channing N. Hilliard, Jr.

Dennis R. Lander

Daniel M. Lewis

Linda E. Lucier

Anita M. Palm

May A. Reed

David A. Ross

Edith H. Ross

R. David Simoneau

Geoffrey Thompson

N. Joye Wirsen

Jack Reese spray paints a winch part in the rigging shop of the Mooring Opera-tions and Field Support Group.

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Doctor of PhilosophyLihini I. Aluwihare

Mt. Holyoke CollegeSpecial Field: Chemical OceanographyDissertation: High Molecular WeightDissolved Organic Matter in Seawater:Chemical Structure, Sources and Cycling

Jay A. AustinCalifornia Polytechnic Institute,San Luis ObispoSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Wind-Driven Circulationon a Shallow, Stratified Shelf

Natalia Y. BeliakovaMoscow State UniversitySpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Generation andMaintenance of Recirculations by GulfStream Instabilities

Susan M. BelloMichigan State UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Characterization ofResistance to Halogenated AromaticHydrocarbons in a Population ofFundulus herteroclitus from a MarineSuperfund Site

Claudia R. Benitez-NelsonUniversity of WashingtonSpecial Field: Chemical OceanographyDissertation: Phosphorus Cycling in theGulf of Maine: A Multi-Tracer Approach

Sean M. CallahanPrinceton UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: The Quorum SensingRegulon of Vibrio fischeri: NovelComponents of the Autoinducer/LuxRRegulatory Circuit

Michael Y. ChechelnitskyUpsala CollegeSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Adaptive Error Estimationin Linearized Ocean GeneralCirculation Models

Yuriy V. DudkoMoscow Physical Technical InstituteSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Analysis of Seismo-acousticEmission from Ice Fracturing EventsDuring SIMI ‘94

Deborah M. FrippStanford UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Techniques for StudyingVocal Learning in Bottlenose Dolphins,Tursiops truncatus

Deborah R. HasslerUniversity of KansasUniversity of Georgia, MSSpecial Field: Marine Geologyand GeophysicsDissertation: Plume-LithosphereInteraction: Geochemical Evidence fromUpper Mantle and Lower CrustalXenoliths from the Kerguelen Islands

Kelsey A. JordahlEckerd CollegeSpecial Field: Marine Geologyand GeophysicsDissertation: Tectonic Evolution andMidplate Volcanism in the South Pacific

Douglas P. NowacekOhio Wesleyan UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Sound Use, SequentialBehavior and Ecology of ForagingBottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus

Edward R. SnowCornell UniversityMIT/WHOI Joint Program, SMSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Advances in Grasping andVehicle Contact Identification: Analysis,Design and Testing of Robust Methodsfor Underwater Robot Manipulation

Mikhail A. SolovevMoscow State UniversitySpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Assessment of MesoscaleEddy Parameterizations for CoarseResolution Ocean Models

Brian J. SperryUniversity of IowaSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Analysis of AcousticPropagation in the Region of the NewEngland Continental Shelfbreak

Louis C. St. LaurentUniversity of Rhode IslandSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Diapycnal Advection byDouble Diffusion and Turbulencein the Ocean

Richard M. WardleUniversity of York, UKSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Representation ofQuasigeostrophic Eddies by a PotentialVorticity Flux

Sandra R. WernerDartmouth CollegeTechnical University of Aachen,Germany, MSMIT/WHOI Joint Program, SMSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: The Tidal Bottom BoundaryLayer and the Wind-Driven Circulationon the Southern Flank of Georges Bank

Doctor of ScienceSteven R. Jayne

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologySpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Dynamics of Global OceanHeat Transport Variability

Master of ScienceKatie Rose Boissonneault

University of Massachusetts, DartmouthSpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Microbial Food WebInteractions in Two Long IslandEmbayments

Benjamin T. GutierrezCollege of William & MarySpecial Field: Marine Geologyand GeophysicsDissertation: Relative Sea-Level Rise andthe Development of Channel-FillSequences on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Michael J. HorowitzOberlin CollegeUniversity of Massachusetts, AmherstSpecial Field: Marine Geologyand GeophysicsDissertation: Western South AtlanticHolocene and Glacial DeepwaterHydrography Derived from BenthicFormaniferal Cd/Ca and Stable CarbonIsotope Data

Gwenaelle C. JeunhommeEcole Nationale Superieure deTechniques Avancees, FranceSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Injection and Movementof Tritium-3He in the Eastern NorthAtlantic

Carlos H. TrevinoInstituto Technologico y de EstudiosSuperiores de Monterrey, MexicoSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Effects of the ChaoticBehavior of a Superposition of Waves inthe Flux Across a Channel

Caixia WangOcean University of Qingdao, ChinaOcean University of Qingdao, China, MSSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Diagnosis of Physical andBiological Controls on PhytoplanktonDistributions in the Gulf of Maine –Georges Bank Region

Qiang WangUniversity of Science & Technology ofChina, Peoples Republic of ChinaSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Underwater ObjectLocalization Using a BiomimeticBinural

Jonathan D. WoodruffTufts UniversitySpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: The Contribution of HighRiver Discharge Events to Deposition inthe Lower Hudson River Estuary

Kevin XuHarbin Shipbuilding EngineeringInstitute, Peoples Republic of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences, PeoplesRepublic of China, MSSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Maximum LikelihoodTime-Domain Beamforming UsingSimulated Annealing

Master of EngineeringRachel H. Levine

Wesleyan UniversitySpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Model of PAH and PCBBioaccumulation in Mya arenariaand Application for Site Assessment inConjunction with Sediment QualityCriteria

Engineer’s DegreeBenjamin K. Evans

Williams CollegeSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: The Effect of Coded Signalson the Precision of AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle Acoustic Navigation

Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionJoint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering

Degree Recipients

Dean John Farrington presides as Director Bob Gagosian andAssociate Dean Judy McDowell present new graduate KelseyJordahl with the traditional graduate’s plaque. Associate RegistrarJulia Westwater is at right.

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Fellows, Students, & Visitors

MIT/WHOIJoint Program1999–2000 Fall TermAmyMarie Accardi

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Robert P. AckertUniversity of MaineUniversity of Maine, MS

Erik J. AndersonGordon College

Brian K. ArbicUniversity of Michigan

Juli K. AthertonMcGill University

Michael S. AtkinsUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

Forest AtkinsonReed College

Shannon M. BardStanford UniversityUniversity de Nantes, France

Kyle M. BeckerBoston UniversityPennsylvania StateUniversity, MS

Mark D. BehnBates College

Bridget A. BergquistUniversity of Wisconsin

Margaret S. BoettcherBrown University

Katie R. BoissonneaultUniversity of Massachusetts,Dartmouth

Juan BotellaLa Universidad Autonoma deBaja California, MexicoCICESE, Mexico, MSc

Melissa M. BowenStanford University, BS, MS

Michael G. BraunBrown University

Rosemarie E. CameBoston College, BS, MS

Susan J. CarterHarvard University

Mea Young CookPrinceton University

Anna M. CruseUniversity of Missouri, BS, MS

Heather E. DeeseGeorgetown University

Amy G. DrautTufts University

Donald P. EickstedtMichigan TechnologicalUniversityJohns Hopkins University, MS

Ryan M. EusticeMichigan State University

Albert S. FischerMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Baylor T. Fox-KemperReed College

Annette M. FreseUniversity of Connecticut,BS, MS

J. Steve FriesCarnegie Mellon University

Heidi L. FuchsUniversity of Wyoming, BSUniversity of Wisconsin,Madison, BS

Masami FujiwaraUniversity of Alaska, BA, MS

Alexandre S. GanachaudUniversité Paul Sabatier,France

Elizabeth D. GarlandFlorida Institute of Technology

Geoffrey A. GebbieUniversity of California,Los Angeles

Sam R. GeigerLouisiana Technical University

Jennifer E. GeorgenUniversity of Virginia,Charlottesville

Jason I. GobatColorado School of Mines

Jared V. GoldstoneYale UniversityMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, SM

Christie L. GowUniversity of Minnesota

Carolyn M. GramlingFlorida InternationalUniversity

Rebecca E. GreenCalifornia Institute ofTechnology

Lara K. GulmannUniversity of California,Berkeley

M. Robert HamersleyUniversity of Victoria, CanadaUniversity of Calgary,Canada, ME

Jennifer A. HammockMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Heather M. HandleyJames Cook University,Australia

Adam T. HarterYale University

Eli V. HestermannPurdue University

Mark F. HillUniversity of Massachusetts,Boston, BS, MS

Fernanda G. HoefelUniversidade Federal do Rio DeJaneiro, Brazil, BS, MS

Allegra HosfordBrown University

Robert M. JenningsUniversity of Michigan

Brenda A. JensenEckerd College

Markus JochumUniversitat Des Saarlandes,Germany

Linda H. KalnejaisUniversity of Western Australia,Australia, BE, BS

Patricia A. KassisWillamette University

Jody M. KatreinMaine Maritime Academy

Robyn K. KellyUniversity of South Carolina

Timothy C. KennaVassar College

Daniel B. KilfoyleUniversity of California,San Diego, MSMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, SB, SM

Vanya KlepacBeloit College

Kenneth T. KogaRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Jun KorenagaUniversity of Tokyo, Japan,BS, MSc

Elizabeth KujawinskiMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Astri KvassnesUniversity of Bergen, Norway,BS, MS

Kirsten L. LaarkampPennsylvania State University

Emily LeinonenDuFresneSmith College

Xingwen LiUniversity of Science andTechnology of China

Ana L. LimaUniversidade do Estado do Riode Janeiro, BrazilUniversidad Politecnica deCatalunya, Spain, MS

William J. LyonsConnecticut CollegeUniversity of Wyoming, MS

Daniel G. MacDonaldUniversity of New Hampshire

Matthew C. MakowskiState University of New York,Binghamton

Elizabeth L. MannBowdoin College

Thomas MarchittoYale University

Sarah MarshRice University

Sean P. McKennaRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Amy R. McKnightColgate University

Patrick J. MillerGeorgetown University

Jennifer A. MunroUniversity of Massachusetts,Amherst, BSEE, MSEE

Rajesh R. NadakuditiLafayette College

Payal P. ParekhUniversity of Michigan

Susan E. ParksCornell University

James W. PartanUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Yale J. PassamaneckUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

Ann PearsonOberlin College

Oscar R. PizarroUniversidad de Concepcion,Chile, BS, MS

Nicole PoultonVirginia Polytechnic Institute

Timothy J. PresteroUniversity of California, Davis

Tracy M. QuanUniversity of California,San Diego

Rebecca A. RapozaDartmouth CollegeHumboldt State University, MA

Linda L. RasmussenCalifornia State UniversityNew Mexico StateUniversity, MA

D. Benjamin ReederClemson University

Matthew K. ReuerCarleton College

Anna G. RhodesMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Gabrielle RocapMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, SB, SM

Christopher N. RomanVirginia Polytechnic InstituteUniversity of California,San Deigo, MS

Hua RuWu Han University, PeoplesRepublic of ChinaUniversity of Houston, MS

Sarah L. RussellPomona College

James J. RuzickaOregon State UniversityUnivesity of Hawaii, MS

Alberto E. SaalMassachusetts Institute ofTechnologyUniversidad National deCordoba, Spain, Ph.D.

Makoto SaitoOberlin College

Paulo SallesNational AutonomousUniversity of Mexico, Mexico

Mario R. SengcoLong Island University,Southampton

William J. ShawPrinceton University

Li ShuThe Cooper Union, BE, ME

Emily F. SlabyCarnegie Mellon University

Luiz A. SouzaFaculdade da Cidade, BrazilNaval Postgraduate School,Brazil, MS

Jared J. StandishColgate UniversityUniversity of Idaho, MS

Charles A. StockPrinceton UniversityStanford University, MSE

Matthew B. SullivanLong Island University

Nicole M. SuojaWashington State University

Erin N. SweeneyVirginia Polytechnic Institute

Fabian J. TapiaUniversity of Concepción,Chile, BS, MS

Alexandra H. TechetPrinceton University

Rebecca E. ThomasDuke University

Janelle R. ThompsonStanford University, BS, MS

John D. TolliSan Diego State University

Andrew C. TolonenDartmouth College

Caroline B. TuitBeloit College

Kathleen E. WageUniversity of Tennessee,KnoxvilleMIT/WHOI Joint Program, SM

Alison E. WalkerUniversity of Sydney, AustraliaFlinders University,Australia, MS

Joseph D. WarrenHarvey Mudd College

Stephanie L. WatwoodUniversity of Nebraska, Lincoln

Judith R. WellsUniversity of Massachusetts,BostonUniversity of California,Berkeley, MCP

Sheri N. WhitePurdue University

Joanna Y. WilsonMcMaster University, CanadaUniversity of Victoria,Canada, MS

Joshua D. WilsonUniversity of Idaho

Rhea K. WorkmanUniversity of Missouri

Wen XuUniversity of Science andTechnology of China, PeoplesRepublic of ChinaInstitute of Acoustics, PeoplesRepublic of China, MS

Xiaoyun ZangNanjing Institute ofMeteorology, Peoples Republicof ChinaInstitute of AtmosphericPhysics, Peoples Republic ofChina, MS

Yanwu ZhangNorthwestern PolytechnicUniversity,BS, MS



Summer Student FellowsAmy M. Apprill

University of San Diego

Jenifer E. AustinFlorida State University

Christopher J. BrueskeSaint John’s University

Jessica E. CherryColumbia University

Jesse D. ChuhtaColorado School of Mines

Alice P. CookStanford University

Katherine Ann CoxUniversity of Central Florida

Zobeida Cruz-MonserrateUniversity of Puerto Rico

Catherine R. EdwardsUniversity of North Carolina atChapel Hill

Pamela M. FlanaganBrown University

Kristin E. FranceWilliams College

Patricia M. GreggUniversity of Missouri-Rolla

Stephanie L. HealeySalem State College

Erica C. KeenYale University

Petra KlepacUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia

Elizabeth A. MagnoUniversity of Chicago

Kevin B. McKenneyMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Peshala V. PahalawattaLafayette College

Travis L. PooleLuther College

Julie M. RoseLa Salle University

Jill A. SakaiUniversity of Rochester

Richard SplivalloOhio State University

Rachel H. StanleyMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Charlene M. SullivanBridgewater State College

Mark C. SzigetyMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Andrew F. ThompsonDartmouth College

Daniel J. ThornhillMichigan State University

Jordan T. WatsonUniversity of California,Santa Barbara

Christopher WhiteUniversity of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign

Alexandra R. WilliamsonColumbia College,Columbia University

Minority TraineesAndrew L. King

University of California,San Diego

Diane K. PoehlsUniversity of California,Santa Barbara

Jason B. YonehiroUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

Geophysical FluidDynamics Seminar FellowsJennifer E. Curtis

University of Chicago

Raffaele FerrariScripps Institutionof Oceanography,University of California,San Diego

Pascale GaraudUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Jennifer A. MacKinnonUniversity of Washington

Meredith M. MetzgerUniversity of Utah

Jeffrey M. MoehlisUniversity of California,Berkeley

David I. OsmondThe Australian NationalUniversity, Australia

Roberto SassiPolitecnico di Milano, Italy

Yuan-nan YoungUniversity of Chicago

Geophysical FluidDynamics SeminarStaff and VisitorsAlistair J. Adcroft

Massachusetts Instituteof Technology

James L. AndersonStevens Institute of Technology

Hassan ArefUniversity of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign

Neil J. BalmforthScripps Institutionof Oceanography,University of California,San Diego

Andrew J. BernoffHarvey Mudd College

Emmanuel BossOregon State University

John BushMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Paola CessiScripps Institutionof Oceanography,University of California,San Diego

Claudia CenedeseWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Eric P. ChassignetUniversity of Miami

Misha ChertkovLos Alamos NationalLaboratory

Predrag CvitanovicNorthwestern University

Sarah L. DanceBrown University

Charles DoeringUniversity of Michigan

Glenn FlierlMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Rupert FordImperial College, UK

Christopher GarrettUniversity of Victoria, Canada

Sarah GilleUniversity of California, Irvine

Anand GnanadesikanPrinceton University

Jost-Diedrich Graf vonHardenberg

Istituto di Cosmogeofisica, Italy

Steve GriffiesPrinceton University

Alonso Hernandez-GuerraUniversidad de Las Palmas,de Gran Canaria, Spain

Louis N. HowardFlorida State University

Yongyun HuUniversity of Chicago

Rui Xin HuangWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Eric ItsweireNational Science Foundation

Joseph B. KellerStanford University

Eric KunzeUniversity of Washington

Joseph H. LaCasceWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Norman R. LebovitzUniversity of Chicago

James R. LedwellWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Sonya A. LeggWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Stefan G. Llewellyn SmithUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Manuel LopezCicese, Mexico

Willem V.R. MalkusMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Trevor McDougallCSIRO Div. of MarineResearch, Australia

Richard L. Mc LaughlinUniversity of North Carolina,Chapel Hill

Philip J. MorrisonUniversity of Texas at Austin

Bruce R. MortonFitzroy North, Australia

Walter MunkScripps Institutionof Oceanography,University of California,San Diego

Joseph PedloskyWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Francesco PaparellaWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Jeffrey D. ParsonsMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Claudia PasqueroIstituto diCosmogeofisica/CNR, Italy

Raymond T. PierrehumbertUniversity of Chicago

Kurt L. PolzinWoods Hole OceanographicInstitution

Antonello ProvenzaleIstituto diCosmogeofisica/CNR, Italy

Anthony J. RobertsUniversity of SouthernQueensland, Australia

Claes G. RoothUniversity of Miami

Richard L. SalmonScripps Institutionof Oceanography,University of California,San Diego

Roger SamelsonOregon State University

Raymond W. SchmittWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Edwin SchneiderCenter for Ocean-LandAtmospheric Studies

Vitalii SheremetWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Edward A. SpiegelColumbia University

Melvin SternFlorida State University

Esteban TabakNew York University

Amit TandonUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

Louis TaoColumbia University

Jean-Luc ThiffeaultColumbia University

John M. TooleWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

J. Stewart TurnerAustralian NationalUniversity, Australia

Eli TzipermanWeizmann Instituteof Science, Israel

Geoffrey K. VallisPrinceton University

George VeronisYale University

Martin VisbeckLamont-Doherty EarthObservatory,Columbia University

Judith WellsWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

John WettlauferUniversity of Washington

John A. WhiteheadWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Jonathan WylieWoods HoleOceanographic Institution

Huijun YangUniversity of South Florida

William R. YoungScripps Institutionof Oceanography,University of California,San Diego

PostdoctoralScholars/FellowsStace E. Beaulieu

Scripps Institution ofOceanography, University ofCalifornia, San DiegoExxon FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Claudia CenedeseUniversity of Cambridge,DAMTP, UKDoherty FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Matthew A. CharetteUniversity of Rhode IslandPostdoctoral Fellow in MarineChemistry and Geochemistryand Vetlesen FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Diane F. CowanBoston UniversityMarine Policy Fellow, J.Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar and JohnE. Sawyer Endowed FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Deborah FrippMIT/WHOI Joint ProgramNRSA/NIH Postdoctoral Fellow

Brenda L. HallUniversity of MaineUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Robyn E. HanniganUniversity of RochesterDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Heather HuntDalhousie University, CanadaNSERC Postdoctoral Fellowand Rinehart Coastal ResearchCenter Postdoctoral Fellow

Vincent JanikUniversity of St. Andrews,ScotlandGerman Academic ExchangeService Postdoctoral Fellowand BASF PostdoctoralFellowship of the GermanNational Merit Foundation



Sonke JohnsenUniversity of North Carolina,Chapel HillVetlesen FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Daniel Clay KellyUniversity of North Carolina,Chapel HillDoherty FoundationPostdoctoral Scholarand USGS Psotdoctoral Scholar

Raquel OlguinKelly-Jaakkola

Massachusetts Instituteof TechnologyNSF MinorityPostdoctoral Fellow

Karl J. KreutzUniversity of New HampshireDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Andone LaveryCornell UniversityJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

James LeichterStanford UniversityExxon FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Thomas McCollomWashington University,St. LouisNSF Postdoctoral Fellowand J. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Anna MetaxasDalhousie UniversityDoherty FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Laura J. MooreUniversity of California,Santa CruzAndrew W. Mellon FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Ann E. MulliganUniversity of ConnecticutUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Naohiko OhkouchiUniversity of Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for thePromotion of SciencePostdoctoral Fellow

Kalle OlliUniversity of Tartu, EstoniaNSF-NATO PostdoctoralScholar and DevonshireFoundation PostdoctoralScholar

Francesco PaparellaUniversity of Genoa, ItalyDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Silvio C. PantojaState University of New York,Stony BrookJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Steven T. PetschYale UniversityUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Mircea PodarUniversity of Texas,Southwestern Medical CenterTownsend FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Wade H. PowellEmory UniversityNIH Postdoctoral Fellow andDonaldson FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Christopher ReddyUniversity of Rhode IslandJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Karin E. RengeforsUppsala University, SwedenSwedish Foundation forInternational Cooperation inResearch and HigherEducation Postdoctoral Fellow

Estelle F. RoseNationale Polytechnique deLorraine, FranceLavoisier FoundationPostdoctoral Fellowand J. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Christoffer SchanderGöteborg University, SwedenNSF Partnerships forEnhancing Expertise inTaxonomy (PEET)Postdoctoral Fellow

Alberto ScottiJohns Hopkins UniversityJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Anne F. SellUniversity of Technology,Dresden, GermanyGerman Academic ExchangeService Postdoctoral Fellowand Seaver FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Timothy M. ShankRutgers UniversityDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Robert K. ShearmanOregon State UniversityDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Christopher SommerfieldState University of New York,Stony BrookUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Fiammetta StraneoUniversity of WashingtonCooperative Institute forClimate and Ocean Research(CICOR) Postdoctoral Scholarand Vetlesen FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Wei WangBrandeis UniversityMarine Chemistryand GeochemistryPostdoctoral Fellow

Eric A. WebbUniversity of Wisconsin,MadisonJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Jonathan J. WylieKing’s College, Cambridge, UKDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Huixiang XieDalhousie University, CanadaWoods Hole OceanographicInstitution Postdoctoral

Scholar

Christopher J. ZappaUniversity of WashingtonJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Guest Students 1999Cyril Ajuzie

Université Libre de Brussels,Belgium

Jennifer M. ArnoldUniversity of Massachusetts,Boston

Oladipo M. AshiruFranklin and Marshall College

Regina Asmutis-SilviaBridgewater State College

Karen Badaraco CostaUniversidade Federaldo Rio Gra, Brazil

Caleb BeckfordWesttown School

Stephane BergerÉcole Polytechnique, France

Rachel BrightHaverford College

Paul BurtRoger Williams University

Christopher J. CassidyMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Kathryn ClaibornWellesley College

Heidi J. ClarkUniversity of Massachusetts,Amherst

Bruce M. ColemanItawamba Community College

Christopher CostelloOregon State University

Michael J. DeLeo IIIMiddlebury College

Ashwini DeshpandeMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Daniel DeSousaBridgewater State College

Patrick DonnellySouthampton College of LongIsland University

Barry J. DoustUniversity of Buffalo

Nicholas DrenzekRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Colleen DuganColby College

Wendell EdwardsVassar College

Jonathan FingerutUniversity of California,Los Angeles

Karen FisherDalhousie University

Pedro dos Santos FrazaoUniversidade do Algarve,Portugal

Thomas FultonMassachusetts Institute

of Technology

Barbara GainswinUniversity College,London, England

Damion GastelumUniversity of California

Wendy GentlemanDartmouth College

Celine GodardClemson University

Magda HannaNorthwestern University

Stephanie HealeySalem State College

Matina HeislerMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Qiao HuUniversity of Science andTechnology, China

Karen HurleyBridgewater State College

Paal Erik IsachsenUniversity of BritishColumbia, Canada

Hannah Agnes KnorrFreie Universität Berlin,Germany

Erine KupetskyRutgers University

Nell KurzFalmouth Academy

David LawrenceBoston University

Jean-Paul K. LiptonColby College

Charles LugomelaUniversity of Dar es Salaam

Pernilla LundgrenStockholm University, Sweden

Carolina LuxoroUniversity of Chile, Chile

Sheri MartinelliRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Kevin McCarthySalem State College

Kurtis McKenneyMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Jennifer L. MiksisHarvard Radcliffe College

Carolyn A. MillerBoston UniversityMarine Program

Jared MillerMiddlebury College

Tracey MorinUniversity of Massachusetts,Boston

Marylee MurphyColby College

Barbara NewmanBoston University

Akiko OkusuHarvard University

Francisco J. OllervidesTexas A&M University

Graziela da Rosa PersichFundacao Universidade

do Rio Grande, Brazil

Steven PetschYale University

Sylvain PichatÉcole Normale Superieurede Lyon, France

Kristopher PicklerDuke University

Stephane PlourdeUniversité Laval, Canada

Gaud PouliquenUniversity of Paris VII, France

Tracy QuanUniversity of California,San Diego

Daniel RenziRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Maria G. ReznikoffRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Susan RichardsonYale University

Angela RymszewiczUniversity of Massachusetts,Dartmouth

Maya SaidMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Angela L. SeneseSandwich High School

Alex SessionsDartmouth College

Kenneth A. ShorterUniversity of Colorado

Ryuji SuzukiUniversity of Massachusetts,Dartmouth

Timothy B. TalmadgeCentral Connecticut College

Nhi TanMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Felipe ToledoUniversidade de Federal,Brazil

Julika WocialUniversity of Gdansk, Poland

Henk ZemmelinkUniversity of Groningen,The Netherlands

Robert ZiemianMassachusetts Instituteof Technology


Financial Statements

he Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution hascompleted another successful year with full recov-ery of overhead, an increase in unrestricted net as-

sets, and impressive growth of endowment. Including thenet asset value of the defined benefit retirement plan(Note G), the Institution, for the first time, exceeded $500million in total assets. The Institution’s success wasachieved in the face of another decline in government-sponsored research, a trend that has been occurring since1997 but hopefully will reverse in 2000.

The financial markets continued strong during 1999 andWHOI’s endowment increased in market value to $270.5million compared to $231.6 million atthe end of 1998. During 1998, invest-ments in emerging markets and thetransition to investing in alternative as-sets resulted in reduced returns; how-ever, during 1999, WHOI’s patiencewith its investment strategy resulted ina return of 19.5 percent.

For the first time, the financialstatements include $3 million in long-term debt. The borrowings were usedfor the construction of the Fenno ad-dition and a significant upgrade to theWHOI computer network infrastruc-ture. The projects could have beenfunded internally, but the use of debthas a substantial financial benefit toWHOI based on the application ofgovernment regulations and the lowcost of borrowing. It is anticipatedthat this round of borrowing will re-sult in an additional $2 million in debtduring 2000. The institution is em-barking on a comprehensive campusplanning effort, which may result inan aggressive construction schedule infuture years, funded by additional tax-exempt debt.

Total sponsored research revenuewas $69.2 million in 1999 compared with $73.3 million in1998. The majority of the comparative decline resultedfrom a nonrecurring and non-overhead-bearing post-shakedown refit of Atlantis that occurred in 1998. Govern-ment sponsored research, excluding ship and submersibleoperations, was $45.6 million in 1999 compared to $46.3million in 1998. Although these results represented de-clines of 6 percent and 2 percent, respectively, theInstitution’s labor bases, against which fringe benefits andoverhead are recovered, finished the year ahead of bud-get, resulting in a modest over recovery of overhead ex-penses. Over recoveries are like “money in the bank” andhelp to reduce future overhead rates, contributing toWHOI’s continued competitiveness. The Institution is in

full compliance with all federal regulations, and, in 1999,for the fifth consecutive year, all government audits arecurrent.

Unrestricted income from gifts and pledges was in ex-cess of budget while the expense for “bridge support” thatcovers scientists’ salaries between funding again came inunder budget, contributing to the increase in unrestrictednet assets. During 1999, the Institution used reserves, asplanned, for the education program and for the operationof the Cotuit property.

Gifts, grants, and pledges from private sources totaled$9.4 million in 1999, making it the best noncampaign

year ever. Previous to 1999, the bestnoncampaign year had been 1998with $8.5 million. Outstandingpledges at the end of 1999 were$5.4 million, as compared to $4.8million in 1998 and $3.8 million in1997.

The transition to Year 2000 oc-curred without any noticeable impacton the Institution or its functions.

To remain competitive in both theconduct of research and graduateeducation to recruitment of the bestscientists, research facilities must bereplaced and modernized. An archi-tectural firm has been hired to assistthe Institution with the preparationof a master plan, and alternative fi-nancing plans are being developed.The planning process is made morecomplex by the disappointing trendsin government research support,and, accordingly, WHOI must con-tinue to build endowment, seekother sources of funding, aggres-sively pursue nongovernmentprojects, and generate unrestrictedrevenues from business developmentand other activities. Management is

continuing to follow a strategy of improving service to sci-ence while reducing administrative costs. An “Internetstrategy” has been developed that seeks to provide infor-mation, transactions, and services using the Internet andIntranet. The results have been very satisfactory, resultingin service improvements and labor and cost savings.

In summary, WHOI is building on the financialstrength it has enjoyed for the past several years. Costsharing on federal and foundation grants, the need formajor new and renovated facilities, maintaining a state-of-the-art technology infrastructure, and funding the educa-tion program remain the biggest challenges.

—Paul Clemente, Associate Director for Finance and Administration


T

0

20

40

60

$80

Other

Navy

NSF

1990

Tota

ls in

Mill

ion

s o

f D

olla

rs

Sources of Research Funding

$59.5

$12.4 20%

$20.5 35%

$26.6 45%

Table 1

1996

$72.0

$18.6 26%

$20.1 28%

$33.3 46%

1998 19991997

$76.4

$18.2 24%

$20.5 27%

$37.7 49%

$73.3

$17.1 15%

$17.8 24%

$38.4 61%

$69.2

$18.0 26%

$15.2 22%

$36.0 52%

1995

$78.9

$16.3 21%

$22.0 28%

$40.6 51%

0

60

40

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

$280

19951990

Tota

ls in

Mill

ions

of

Dol

lars

120

100

80

20

Endowment Market Value(excluding supplemental

retirement plan)

$165.8

$97.6

1996 1998 19991997

$189.2

$231.6

$270.5

$215.5

Table 2



Statements of Financial Position as of December 31,1999(with comparative information as of December 31, 1998)

1999 1998AssetsCash and cash equivalents:

Operating $10,304,606 $16,217,878Sponsored research prepayment pool 607,163 1,694,628Endowment 6,303,468 5,999,926

17,215,237 23,912,432

Reimbursable costs and fees:Billed 1,925,005 1,146,056Unbilled 3,775,094 3,689,810

Receivable for investments sold 152,708 1,279,721Accrued interest and dividends 533,861 1,136,902Other receivables 355,502 432,092Pledges receivable 5,408,983 4,814,062Inventory 808,919 692,957Deferred charges and prepaid expenses 59,636 323,319Investments, pooled 270,852,643 230,551,497Investments, nonpooled 5,781,811 6,102,375Prepaid pension cost 2,228,384 2,211,323Supplemental retirement 7,733,931 6,892,383Other assets 4,889,752 4,387,928

321,721,466 287,572,857

Property, plant and equipment:Land, buildings and improvements 48,794,999 47,069,200Vessels and dock facilities 2,654,406 2,754,406Laboratory and other equipment 9,641,619 8,355,383Construction in process 5,351,347 421,575

66,442,371 58,600,564

Accumulated depreciation (34,770,021) (32,163,272)

Net property, plant and equipment 31,672,350 26,437,292

Remainder trusts 846,630 1,216,667

Total assets $354,240,446 $315,226,816

LiabilitiesAccounts payable and other liabilities $7,912,400 $8,903,204Accrued payroll and related liabilities 5,298,557 4,824,765Payable for investments purchased - 2,845,856Accrued supplemental retirement benefits 7,733,931 6,892,383Deferred revenue and refundable advances 4,082,935 5,117,606Deferred fixed rate variance 3,070,141 3,568,392Loan payable 2,999,214 -

Total liabilities 31,097,178 32,152,206

Commitments and contingenciesNet Assets

Temporarily PermanentlyUnrestricted restricted restricted

Undesignated $4,543,295 $ 4,543,295 4,469,831Designated 2,829,597 $ 4,907,217 7,736,814 6,868,599Pledges 4,654,402 2,261,834 6,916,236 6,246,356Plant and facilities 30,499,805 242,131 30,741,936 31,058,824Education 2,679,119 2,679,119 2,859,995Endowment

and similar funds 68,501,035 164,709,242 37,315,591 270,525,868 231,571,005

Total net assets (Note B) $106,373,732 $177,192,111 $39,577,425 323,143,268 283,074,610

Total liabilities and net assets $354,240,446 $315,226,816

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31,1999(with comparative information for the year ended December 31, 1998)

1999 1998Cash flows from operating activities:

Total change in net assets $40,068,658 $17,503,355

Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities:

Depreciation 2,706,749 2,935,236Net realized and unrealized gain on investments (41,229,880) (14,241,327)Contributions to be used for long-term investment (4,262,220) (4,841,563)(Increase) decrease in assets:

Supplemental retirement (841,548) (695,287)Accrued interest and dividends 603,041 (140,635)Reimbursable costs and fees:

Billed (778,949) 1,136,208Unbilled (85,284) 49,066

Receivable for investments sold 1,127,013 -Other receivables 76,590 (23,963)Pledges receivable (594,921) (1,003,085)Inventories (115,962) (52,340)Deferred charges and prepaid expenses 263,683 (150,631)Prepaid pension cost (17,061) (278,107)Other assets (501,824) (28,046)Remainder trusts 370,037 (41,576)

Increase (decrease) in liabilities:Accounts payable and other liabilities (990,804) (1,352,546)Accrued payroll and related liabilities 473,785 (73,560)Payable for investments purchased (2,845,856) 1,416,897Deferred revenue and refundable advances (1,034,671) (598,238)Accrued supplemental retirement benefits 841,548 695,287Deferred fixed rate variances (498,244) 1,811,780

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (7,266,120) 2,026,925

Cash flows from investing activities:Capital expenditures:Additions to property and equipment (7,941,807) (3,356,684)Endowment:Proceeds from the sale of investments 126,094,954 464,439,261Purchase of investments (124,845,656) (479,259,097)

Net cash (used in) investing activities (6,692,509) (18,176,520)

Cash flows from financing activities:Proceeds from loan payable 2,999,214 -Contributions to be used for long-term investment 4,262,220 4,841,563

Net cash provided by financing activities 7,261,434 4,841,563

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (6,697,195) (11,308,032)

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 23,912,432 35,220,464

Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $17,215,237 $23,912,432




Statements of Activities for the year ended December 31, 1999(with summarized financial information for the year ended December 31, 1998)

Unrestricted␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣Sponsored Temporarily Permanently

Operating Research Restricted Restricted 1999 1998Operating:Revenues:

Fees $294,132 $␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ $␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ $␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ $294,132 $373,399Sponsored research:Government 58,747,647 58,747,647 62,809,830Nongovernment 10,476,229 1,075,361 11,551,590 10,726,503Sponsored research assets released to operations 69,223,876 (69,223,876) - -

Education:Tuition 2,335,701 2,335,701 2,652,371Endowment income 3,183,141 1,275,385 4,458,526 3,676,520Sponsored research 9,879 9,879 11,284Gifts and transfers 597,886 597,886 867,189Education funds released from restriction 2,054,147 (2,054,147) - -

Investment return designated for current operations 3,732,750 3,732,750 2,541,019Contributions and gifts 2,038,038 1,256,786 3,549,486 6,844,310 6,563,933Contributions and gifts released - (2,848,740) 2,848,740 - -Rental income 759,364 759,364 774,880Communication and publications 207,211 207,211 318,615Other 59,220 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 59,220 565,387

Total revenues 83,897,459 - (697,469) 6,398,226 89,598,216 91,880,930

Expenses:Sponsored research:National Science Foundation 36,027,556 36,027,556 38,488,430United States Navy 15,267,680 15,267,680 17,840,136Subcontracts 5,356,734 5,356,734 5,835,413National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration 4,298,691 4,298,691 3,277,420Department of Energy 653,341 653,341 778,412United States Geological Survey 1,020,772 1,020,772 546,070National Aeronautics & Space Administration 654,835 654,835 992,714Other 5,944,267 5,944,267 5,514,756

Education:Faculty expense 2,303,217 2,303,217 2,238,580Student expense 3,059,049 3,059,049 2,953,751Postdoctoral programs 512,404 512,404 510,402Other 540,347 540,347 495,287

Business development 92,119 92,119 527,467Rental expenses 458,444 458,444 418,649Communication publications and development 2,751,471 2,751,471 2,592,063Unsponsored programs 2,867,766 2,867,766 2,178,658Other expenses 1,868,945 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 1,868,945 1,670,942

Total expenses 83,677,638 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 83,677,638 86,859,150

Change in net assets from operating activities 219,821 ␣ ␣ - (697,469) 6,398,226 5,920,578 5,021,780

Nonoperating income:Investment return in excess of amounts designated for sponsored research, education and current operations 8,148,762 26,299,144 34,447,906 11,978,925Other nonoperating revenue 17,061 125,828 142,889 1,177,915Nonoperating expenses:Other nonoperating expenses 200,776 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 241,939 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 442,715 675,265

Change in net assets from nonoperating activities 7,965,047 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 26,183,033 ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 34,148,080 12,481,575

Total change in net assets 8,184,868 25,485,564 6,398,226 40,068,658 17,503,355Net assets at beginning of year, as restated (Note B) 98,188,864 - 151,706,547 33,179,199 283,074,610 265,571,255

Net assets at end of year $106,373,732 $ - $177,192,111 $39,577,425 $323,143,268 $283,074,610




A. BackgroundWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (the “Institution) is a private,

independent not-for-profit research and educational institution dedicated toworking and learning at the frontier of ocean science and attainingmaximum return on intellectual and material investments in oceanographicresearch located in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The Institution was foundedin 1930.

The Institution is a qualified tax-exempt organization under Section501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code as it is organized and operatedexclusively for education and scientific purposes.

B. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesBasis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on the accrualbasis and in accordance with the reporting principles of not-for-profitaccounting as defined by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards(“SFAS”) No. 116, Accounting for Contributions Received andContributions Made, and No. 117, Financial Statements of Not-for-ProfitOrganizations. SFAS No. 116 requires that unconditional promises to give berecorded as receivables and revenues within the appropriate net assetcategory. SFAS No. 117 requires that the Institution display its activities andnet assets in three classes as follows: unrestricted, temporarily restricted, andpermanently restricted. Additionally, it requires the presentation of astatement of cash flows.

The financial statements include certain prior-year summarizedcomparative information, but do not include sufficient detail to constitute apresentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.Accordingly, such information should be read in conjunction with theInstitution’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31,1998, from which the summarized information was derived.

Net assets, revenues, and realized and unrealized gains and losses are clas-sified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions and le-

gal restrictions imposed under Massachusetts State law. Accordingly, net as-sets and changes therein are classified as follows:

Permanently Restricted Net AssetsPermanently restricted net assets are subject to donor-imposed stipulations

that they be maintained permanently by the Institution. Generally the donorsof these assets permit the Institution to use all or part of the income earnedand capital appreciation, if any, on related investments for general or specificpurposes.

Temporarily Restricted Net AssetsTemporarily restricted net assets are subject to donor-imposed stipulations

that may or will be met by actions of the Institution and/or the passage oftime. Unspent endowment gains are classified as temporarily restricted untilthe Institution appropriates and spends such sums in accordance with theterms of the underlying endowment funds at which time they will bereclassified to unrestricted revenues.

Unrestricted Net AssetsUnrestricted net assets are not subject to donor-imposed stipulations.

Revenues are reported as increases in unrestricted net assets unless use of therelated assets is limited by donor-imposed restrictions. Expenses are reportedas decreases in unrestricted net assets. Gains and losses on investments andother assets or liabilities are reported as increases or decreases in unrestrictednet assets unless their use is restricted by explicit donor stipulations or law.Expirations of temporary restrictions on net assets, that is, the donor-imposedstipulated purpose has been accomplished and/or the stipulated time periodhas elapsed, are reported as reclassifications between the applicable classes ofnet assets. Amounts received for sponsored research (under exchangetransactions) are reflected in unrestricted sponsored research until spent forthe appropriate purpose.

ContributionsContributions, including unconditional promises to give, are recognized as

In our opinion, the accompanying statement of finan-cial position and the related statements of activities andof cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, thefinancial position of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu-tion (the “Institution”) as of December 31, 1999 and thechanges in its net assets and its cash flows for the yearthen ended, in conformity with accounting principlesgenerally accepted in the United States. These financialstatements are the responsibility of the Institution’s man-agement; our responsibility is to express an opinion onthese financial statements based on our audit. The prioryear summarized comparative information has been de-rived from the Institution’s 1998 financial statements,and in our report dated March 12, 1999, we expressedan unqualified opinion on those financial statements.We conducted our audit of these statements in accor-dance with auditing standards generally accepted in the

United States, which require that we plan and performthe audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whetherthe financial statements are free of material misstate-ment. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evi-dence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the fi-nancial statements, assessing the accounting principlesused and significant estimates made by management,and evaluating the overall financial statement presenta-tion. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable ba-sis for the opinion expressed above.

The financial statements for the years ended Decem-ber 31, 1998 and 1997 have been restated as describedin Note B.

March 10, 2000

Report of Independent Accountants

To the Board of Trustees of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution:



revenues in the period received. Contributions subject to donor-imposedstipulations that are met in the same reporting period are reported asunrestricted support. Promises to give that are scheduled to be received afterthe balance sheet date are shown as increases in temporarily restricted netassets and are reclassified to unrestricted net assets when the purpose oritems’ restrictions are met. Promises to give, subject to donor-imposedstipulations that the corpus be maintained permanently, are recognized asincreases in permanently restricted net assets. Conditional promises to giveare not recognized until they become unconditional, that is, when theconditions on which they depend are substantially met. Contributions otherthan cash are generally recorded at market value on the date of the gift (oran estimate of fair value), although certain noncash gifts, for which a readilydeterminable market value cannot be established, are recorded at a nominalvalue until such time as the value becomes known. Contributions to bereceived after one year are discounted at the appropriate rate commensuratewith risk. Amortization of such discount is recorded as additionalcontribution revenue in accordance with restrictions imposed by the donoron the original contribution, as applicable. Amounts receivable forcontributions are reflected net of an applicable reserve for collectibility.

The Institution reports contributions in the form of land, buildings, orequipment as unrestricted operating support unless the donor placesrestrictions on their use.

Dividends, interest and net gains on investments of endowment and similarfunds are reported as follows:• as increases in permanently restricted net assets if the terms of the giftrequire that they be added to the principal of a permanent endowment fund;• as increases in temporarily restricted net assets if the terms of the gift or theInstitution’s interpretation of relevant state law impose restrictions on thecurrent use of the income or net realized and unrealized gains; and• as increases in unrestricted net assets in all other cases.

OperationsThe statements of activities report the Institution’s operating and

nonoperating activities. Operating revenues and expenses consist of thoseattributable to the Institution’s current annual research or educationalprograms, including a component of endowment income appropriated foroperations (see Note C). Unrestricted endowment investment income andgains over the amount appropriated under the Institution’s spending planare reported as nonoperating revenue as investment return in excess ofamounts designated for sponsored research, education and currentoperations.

Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market accounts and

overnight repurchase agreements with initial maturities of three months orless when purchased which are stated at cost, which approximates marketvalue. At times the Institution maintains amounts at a single financialinstitution in excess of federally insured limits.

Included in cash at December 31, 1999 and 1998 is $607,163 and$1,694,628, respectively, representing advances received from the UnitedStates Navy and other U.S. Government and state agencies (the sponsoredresearch prepayment pool). Such amounts are restricted as to use forresearch programs. Interest earned on unspent funds is remitted to thefederal government. Cash and cash equivalents also include uninvestedamounts from each classification of net assets (e.g., endowment).

InvestmentsInvestment securities are carried at market value determined as follows:

securities traded on a national securities exchange are valued at the lastreported sales price on the last business day of the year; securities traded inthe over-the-counter market and listed securities for which no sales priceswere reported on that day are valued at closing bid prices. For investments inventure capital and investment partnerships, the Institution relies onvaluations reported to the Institution by the managers of these investmentsexcept where the Institution may reasonably determine that additionalfactors should be considered.

Purchases and sales of investment securities are recorded on a trade datebasis. Realized gains and losses are computed on a specific identificationmethod. Investment income, net of investment expenses, is distributed on theunit method.

Options and FuturesAn option is a contract in which the writer of the option grants the buyer the

right to purchase from (call option) or sell to (put option) the writer adesignated instrument at a specified price within a period of time. Premiumsreceived on written options are recorded as negative cost basis until thecontract is closed. The liability representing the Institution’s obligation undera written option or the Institution’s investment in a purchase option is valuedat the last sale price or, in the absence of a sale, the mean between the closingbid and asked price or at the most recent asked price (bid for purchaseoption) if no bid and asked price are available. Over-the-counter written orpurchased options are valued using dealer supplied quotations. Over-the-counter options have the risk of the potential inability of counterparties tomeet the terms of their contracts. The Institution’s maximum exposure forpurchased options is limited to the premium initially paid.

A futures contract is an agreement between a buyer or seller and anestablished futures exchange or clearinghouse in which the buyer or selleragrees to take (or make) delivery of an amount of an item at a specific priceon a specific date (settlement date). Upon entering into a futures contract,the Institution deposits with a financial intermediary an amount (“initialmargin”) equal to a percentage of the face value of the futures contract.Subsequent payments are made or received by the Institution each day,dependent on the daily fluctuations in the value of the underlying security,and are recorded as unrealized gains or losses. The Institution will realize again or loss equal to the difference between the value of the futures contractto sell and the futures contract to buy at settlement date or by closing thecontract. Futures contracts are valued at the most recent settlement price.

Investment Income UtilizationThe Institution’s investments are pooled in an endowment fund and the

investments and allocation of income are tracked on a unitized basis. TheInstitution distributes to operations for each individual fund an amount ofinvestment income earned by each of the fund’s proportionate share ofinvestments based on a total return policy (a percentage of the prior threeyears’ endowment market values).

The Board of Trustees has appropriated all of the income and a specifiedpercentage of the net appreciation (depreciation) to operations as prudentconsidering the Institution’s long and short-term needs, present andanticipated financial requirements, expected total return on its investments,price level trends, and general economic conditions. Under the Institution’scurrent endowment spending policy, which is within the guidelines specifiedunder state law, between 4 percent and 5.5 percent of the average of themarket value of qualifying endowment investments at September 30 of eachof the previous three years is appropriated. This amounted to $9,608,901 and$7,588,902 for the years ending December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively,and is classified in operating revenues (research, education, and operations).



The Institution has interpreted relevant state law as generally permitting thespending of gains on endowment funds over a stipulated period of time.

InventoriesInventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined

using the first-in, first-out method.

Contracts and GrantsRevenues earned on contracts and grants for research are recognized as

related costs are incurred.

Property, Plant and EquipmentProperty, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is provided

on a straight-line basis at annual rates of 8 to 50 years on buildings andimprovements, 28 years on vessels and dock facilities, and 3 to 5 years onlaboratory and other equipment. Depreciation expense on property, plant,and equipment purchased by the Institution in the amounts of $2,605,973and $2,834,460 in 1999 and 1998, respectively, has been charged to operatingactivities.

Depreciation on certain government-funded facilities (the Laboratory forMarine Science and the dock facility) amounting to $100,776 in 1999 and1998, respectively, has been charged to nonoperating expenses as these assetsare owned by the Government. There were no gains on the disposal ofproperty, plant and equipment in 1999 and 1998.

Use of EstimatesThe preparation of the financial statements in accordance with generally

accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates andassumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and thedisclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of December 31, 1999 and1998, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during theyears then ended. Actual results could differ from the estimates included inthe financial statements.

Reclassification of AmountsCertain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the

December 31, 1999 presentation.

RestatementIn 1999, the Institution restated net assets as of December 31, 1997 to

properly reflect pension and postretirement benefit costs in accordance withStatements of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 87, “Employers’Accounting for Pensions” and SFAS No. 106, “Employers’ Accounting forPostretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions” and to properly reflecttemporarily restricted investment income when earned in accordance withSFAS No. 117, “Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations.” Priorto the restatement, the Institution recorded pension costs based on cash paidfor employer contributions and recorded temporarily restricted investmentincome as deferred revenue until expenditures were incurred.

The effect of the restatement is presented below:Temporarily Permanently

Unrestricted restricted restrictednet assets net assets net assets Total

Net assets at December 31, 1997,as previously reported $92,625,768 $138,205,953 $29,237,444 $260,069,165

Recording of prepaid pension costs 1,933,216 - - 1,933,216

Recording of temporarily restrictedinvestment income - 3,568,874 - 3,568,874

Net assets at December 31, 1997,as restated $94,558,984 $141,774,827 $29,237,444 $265,571,255

Total change in net assets at December31, 1998, as previously reported $3,351,773 $9,668,738 $3,941,755 $16,962,266

Recording of prepaid pension costs 278,107 - - 278,107

Recording of temporarily restricted investment income - 262,982 - 262,982

Total change in net assets at December 31, 1998, as restated $3,629,880 $9,931,720 $3,941,755 $17,503,355

C. InvestmentsThe cost and market value of investments held at December 31 are as follows:

␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 1999␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ 1998␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣Cost/(premium Cost/(premium

received) Market received) MarketU.S. Government and government agencies $9,115,196 $8,649,788 $9,455,685 $9,569,265Corporate bonds 23,495,708 22,190,605 15,655,157 16,014,417Other bonds 6,259,492 5,923,533 5,374,862 5,093,275Equity securities and mutual funds 99,099,911 135,345,966 100,109,271 123,803,114International mutual funds 60,951,945 69,160,320 56,647,950 50,363,401Venture Capital and

Investment Partnerships 20,326,919 29,304,320 19,103,213 25,219,328Other 325,729 325,729 1,121,854 1,284,992

Subtotal investments 219,574,900 270,900,261 207,467,992 231,347,792

Purchased call options 13,913 3,297 57,203 23,311Written call options (7,168) (4,699) (25,625) (783,701)Written put options (15,188) (46,216) (21,000) (35,905)

Total investments $219,566,457 $270,852,643 $207,478,570 $230,551,497

Amounts held in Venture Capital and Investment Partnerships and otherinvestments are invested in securities or other assets for which there is notnecessarily a publicly-traded market value or which are restricted as todisposition. The return on such investments was $2,698,148 and $2,241,146for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively, includingdividends, distributions and changes in the estimated value of suchinvestments.

At December 31, 1999, open future contracts sold short were as follows:Expiration Aggregate Market

Futures date face value value10 Year U.S. Treasury Note 3/22/00 $187,293 $181,87530 Year U.S. Treasury Bond 3/22/00 $1,274,175 $1,246,172


The following schedule summarizes the investment return and itsclassification in the statements of activities:

Temporarily 1999 1998Unrestricted restricted Total Total

Dividend and interest income $3,798,405 $1,275,385 $5,073,790 $6,715,677Investment management costs (1,075,321) - (1,075,321) (692,340)Net realized gains 2,612,445 10,404,176 13,016,621 36,155,279Change in unrealized appreciation 12,318,291 15,894,968 28,213,259 (21,913,952)

Total return on investments 17,653,820 27,574,529 45,228,349 20,264,664

Investment return designated for:Sponsored research (2,589,167) - (2,589,167) (2,068,200)Education (3,183,141) (1,275,385) (4,458,526) (3,676,520)Current operations (3,732,750) - (3,732,750) (2,541,019)

(9,505,058) (1,275,385) (10,780,443) (8,285,739)

Investment return in excess of amountsdesignated for sponsored research,education and current operations $8,148,762 $26,299,144 $34,447,906 $11,978,925

Endowment income is allocated to each individual fund based on a per unitvaluation. The value of an investment unit at December 31, is as follows:

1999 1998Unit value, beginning of year $3.9089 $3.6785Unit value, end of year 4.5884 3.9089

Net change for the year .6795 .2304Investment income per unit for the year .0824 .0868

Total return per unit $ .7619 $ .3172

D. Pledges ReceivablePledges receivable consist of the following at December 31:

1999 1998Unconditional promises expected to be collected in:

Less than one year $4,125,666 $2,615,729One year to five years 1,283,317 2,198,333

$5,408,983 $4,814,062

E. Deferred Fixed Rate VarianceThe Institution receives funding or reimbursement from federal

government agencies for sponsored research under government grants andcontracts. The Institution has negotiated with the federal government fixedrates for the recovery of certain fringe benefits and indirect costs on thesegrants and contracts. Such recoveries are subject to carryforward provisionsthat provide for adjustments to be included in the negotiation of future fixedrates. The deferred fixed rate variance accounts represent the cumulativeamount owed to or due from the federal government. The Institution’s ratesare negotiated with the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Institution’scognizant agency.

The composition of the deferred fixed rate variance is as follows:

Deferred Fixed Rate Variance (liability), December 31, 1997 $(1,756,612)1998 indirect costs 30,307,0841998 adjustment 11,669Amounts recovered (32,130,533)

1998 (over)/under recovery (1,811,780)

Deferred Fixed Rate Variance (liability), December 31, 1998 (3,568,392)

1999 indirect costs 33,084,491Amounts recovered (32,586,240)

1999 (over)/under recovery 498,251

Deferred Fixed Rate Variance (liability), December 31, 1999 $(3,070,141)

As of December 31, 1999, the Institution has recovered a cumulativeamount in excess of expended amounts of $3,070,141 which will be reflectedas a reduction of future year recoveries. This amount has been reported as aliability of the Institution.

F. Loan PayableOn May 27, 1999, the Institution entered into a $3,000,000 loan agreement

with the Massachusetts Health and Educational Facilities Authority (the“Authority”) to finance various capital projects. The loan matures on June 1,2010. Interest is computed at a rate established by the Authority and this ratewas 3.75% for the year ended December 31, 1999.

The loan agreement has covenants, the most restrictive of which requiresthe Institution to maintain unrestricted net assets at a market value equal toat least 1.0x outstanding indebtedness.

Principal payments during the term of the loan are as follows:Year2000 $22,5472001 47,5242002 50,9602003 54,6442004 58,5942005 and thereafter 2,764,945

Total $2,999,214



G. Retirement PlansThe Institution maintains a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan

covering substantially all employees of the Institution, as well as asupplemental benefit plan which covers certain employees. Pension benefitsare earned based on years of service and compensation received. TheInstitution’s policy is to fund at least the minimum required by the EmployeeRetirement Income Security Act of 1974.

Qualified PlanPension Benefits

1999 1998Change in Benefit Obligation

Benefit obligation at beginning of year $117,287,816 $107,000,311Service cost 4,180,879 3,213,476Interest cost 8,208,944 7,332,679Amendments 10,584,215 -Actuarial (gain)/loss (17,180,701) 4,222,921Benefits paid (7,111,475) (4,481,571)

Benefit obligation at end of year $115,969,678 $117,287,816

Change in Plan AssetsFair value of plan assets at beginning of year 158,790,517 149,537,244Actual return on plan assets 27,894,511 13,734,844Benefits paid (7,111,475) (4,481,571)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year $179,573,553 $158,790,517

Qualified PlanPension Benefits

1999 1998Funded status $63,603,875 $41,502,701Unrecognized actuarial (gain)/loss (73,106,806) (40,896,168)Unrecognized portion of net obligation/(asset)

at transition (1,289,293) (1,936,363)Unrecognized prior service cost/(credit) 12,160,543 2,752,327

Net amount recognized $1,368,319 $1,422,497

Amounts Recognized in the Statement of Financial Position Consist of:

Prepaid benefit cost $1,368,319 $1,422,497

Weighted-Average AssumptionsDiscount rate as of December 31 8.00% 6.75%Expected return on plan assets for the year 10.00% 9.00%Rate of compensation increase as of December 31 3.50% 4.50%

Components of Net Periodic Benefit CostService cost $4,180,879 $3,213,476Interest cost 8,208,944 7,332,679Expected return on plan assets and reserves (12,688,120) (10,546,822)Amortization of:

transition obligation/(asset) (647,070) (647,070)prior service cost/(credit) 1,175,999 311,982actuarial loss/(gain) (176,454) -

Net periodic benefit cost/(income) $54,178 $(335,755)

Effective January 1, 1999, the qualified plan was amended to improvebenefits for service over 25 years, reduce the vesting period, expand thelump sum option and eliminate certain early retirement subsidies fornewly hired employees.

Supplemental PlanPension Benefits

1999 1998Change in Benefit Obligation

Benefit obligation at beginning of year $3,685,379 $3,576,307Service cost 109,906 111,913Interest cost 221,296 235,860Actuarial (gain)/loss (407,215) 127,325Benefits paid (332,342) (366,026)


Change in Plan AssetsFair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ - $ -Employer contribution 332,342 366,026Benefits paid (332,342) (366,026)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ -␣ $ -

Funded status (3,277,024) (3,685,379)Unrecognized actuarial (gain)/loss (524,676) (254,120)Unrecognized portion of net obligation/(asset)

at transition 256,950 385,907

Net amount recognized (3,544,750) (3,553,592)True up to earmarked reserves (4,189,181) (3,338,791)

Total earmarked reserves $(7,733,931) $(6,892,383)

Amounts Recognized in the Statement of Financial Position Consist of: Accrued benefit liability $(7,733,931) $(6,892,383)

Weighted-Average AssumptionsDiscount rate as of December 31 8.00% 6.75%Expected return on plan assets for the year 10.00% 9.00%Rate of compensation increase as of December 31 3.50% 4.50%

Components of Net Periodic Benefit CostService cost $109,906 $111,913Interest cost 221,296 235,860Expected return on plan assets and reserves (291,188) (281,087)Amortization of:transition obligation/(asset) 128,957 128,957actuarial loss/(gain) (11,375) (1,280)

Net periodic benefit cost/(income) 157,596 194,363Investment return on invested reserves 165,904 154,530

Total periodic cost $323,500 $348,893

The earmarked reserves are matched by a “Rabbi” Trust with $7,733,931 and$6,892,383, respectively as of December 31, 1999 and 1998.



H. Other Postretirement BenefitsIn addition to providing retirement plan benefits, the Institution provides

certain health care benefits for retired employees and their spouses.Substantially all of the Institution’s employees may become eligible for thebenefits if they reach normal retirement age (as defined) or elect earlyretirement after having met certain time in service criteria.

OtherPostretirement Benefits1999 1998

Change in Benefit ObligationBenefit obligation at beginning of year $21,998,913 $18,675,643Service cost 490,210 441,396Interest cost 1,420,108 1,295,184Plan participants’ contributions * - -Actuarial (gain)/loss (4,091,749) 2,340,048Benefits paid net of plan participants’

contributions (787,039) (753,358)


Change in Plan AssetsFair value of plan assets at beginning of year 13,701,233 11,621,126Actual return on plan assets 2,021,124 1,879,465Employer contribution 930,995 954,000Plan participants’ contributions * - -Benefits paid net of plan participants’

contributions (787,039) (753,358)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year $15,866,313 $13,701,233

* plan participants’ contributions are netted out of benefit claims

Funded status $(3,164,130) $(8,297,680)Unrecognized actuarial (gain)/loss (2,859,332) 1,876,007Unrecognized portion of net obligation/(asset)

at transition 11,096,143 11,949,692Unrecognized prior service cost/(credit) (4,212,616) (4,739,193)

Net amount recognized $860,065 $788,826

Amounts Recognized in the Statement of Financial Position Consist of:Prepaid benefit cost $860,065 $788,826

Weighted-Average AssumptionsDiscount rate as of December 31 8.00% 6.75%Expected return on plan assets for the year 10.00% 9.00%

For measurement purposes, a 7.0% and 5.5% annual rate of increase in theper capita cost of covered healthcare benefits was assumed in 2000 for pre-65and post-65 benefits, respectively.

These were assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5% and 5.0% respectively,and remain at that level thereafter.

Components of Net Periodic Benefit CostService cost $490,210 $441,396Interest cost 1,420,108 1,295,184Expected return on plan assets and reserves (1,377,533) (1,051,904)Amortization of:transition obligation/(asset) 853,549 853,549prior service cost/(credit) (526,577) (526,577)

Net periodic benefit cost/(income) $859,757 $1,011,648

Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on theamounts reported for the health care plan. A one-percentage-point change inassumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:

1-Percentage 1-PercentagePoint Increase Point Decrease

Effect on total of service cost and interest cost $352,914 $(277,215)Effect on the postretirement benefit obligation: 2,885,965 (2,342,592)

I. Commitments and ContingenciesThe Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) is responsible for auditing both

direct and indirect charges to grants and contracts on behalf of the ONR. TheInstitution and the ONR had settled the years through 1998. The currentindirect costs recovery rates, which are fixed, include the impact of prior yearsettlements. While the 1999 direct and indirect costs are subject to audit, theInstitution does not believe settlement of this year will have a materialimpact on its results of operations (change in net assets) or its financialposition.

The Institution through its endowment fund is committed to invest$26,000,000 in certain venture capital and investment partnerships.

The Institution is a defendant in a legal proceeding incidental to thenature of its operations. The Institution believes that the outcome of theseproceedings will not materially affect its financial position.


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