diplomacy presentation slide
TRANSCRIPT
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Background borne in Pulau Keladi, Pahang on
March 11th1922
Chief Leader of UMNO Youth
Minister of Education in 9th
August, 1955 fought hard alongside with Tunku
Abdul Rahman in retrieving theindependence of Malaya
May 11 incident, director ofMAGERAN
Second Prime Minister of Malaysia
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Malaysia Foreign Policy under Tun Abdul Razaks Era as
Deputy Prime Minister
In Tunkus era, Malaysia was aligned with the West
Tunku had taken approach more to informalnegotiations rather than formal discussion
In Tunkus era, Tun Razak acted as a mediator anddiplomat role.
Tun Razak had seen Tunkus foreign policy weaknessand showed dissatisfaction for Tunku
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Tunkus resignation due to the failure to attain goodmandate during the 1969 General Elections and theracial riots during May 13 incident had consequently
caused Tunkus resignation and Tun Abdul Razakssuccession.
had gained experiences as Tunku had handed majority
work regarding foreign affairs to Tun Razak during histime as Deputy Prime Minister.
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Tun Razaks decision on changing the direction ofMalaysias foreign policy that non-alignment, neutralityand equidistance
Malaysia was not unfriendly with communist countriesand that states, irrespective of political learnings, have
the right to coexist peacefully
had launched foreign policy which is more open andneutral.
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The confrontation had result the break of diplomaticrelations between both Malaysia and Singapore.
Malaysia was aware the importance of the relations withAfro-Asia.
learnt a lesson from the incident of the United State hadchoose to side Indonesia instead of Malaysia
Tun Abdul Razak, along with Lee Kuan Yew had takenapproach in result to regain good relations with respectivecountries by visiting North and East African.
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concluded that Malaysia should had more pragmaticdiplomatic principle with foreign nations in the form of Southeast Asia Neutralization.
Principle known as a regional concept and as a way toprotect the country.
successfully gained attention and support from theSoutheast Asia countries to join the principle.
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had launched some renewal on Malaysias foreign policy.
The recruitment of Tun Ghazali Shafie in cabinet had
facilitated his process on executing the neutralization policies.
The visiting to the People Republic of China in 1974 was ahuge step made by Malaysia further from its previous policy.
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Tun Razak had made a brave move to develop
diplomatic relationship with China when Chinasupported his neutralization in ASEAN.
Consistent with neutralization concept introduced byTun Razak, which stated to befriend any countrieswithout concerning its political ideology.
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-facing national security problems-communist insurgency
-security from external threats
-Vietnam War
-first established diplomatic relations with countries in the Afro-Asia and also with communist countries like China due to the
adoption of a neutral and impartial basis as a new direction in
foreign policy in Malaysia
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-internal security in the country was one of the biggest
problem
-The Parti Komunis Malaya( PKM) still active
-lauched a few attacks
-launched a rocket attack towards the Malaysias military air
base in Kuala Lumpur
-blew up a bulldozer in the East-West Highway nearby the
Grik
-moved towards Lipis and Raub in Pahang and killed three
members from the security group and wounded a few secutity
members
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-In order to check the communism, Tun Razak had took
approaches either to strengthen military forces in domestic
region or allied with foreign countries.
-In 1973, Malaysia had cooperated with Thailand- establish a military alliance with neighboring countries
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*-an external defense treaty with the British government in 12th
of August 1957 that was known as the Anglo-Malayan DefenseAgreement (AMDA)
-had played a major in Malayas defense and acted as the
backbone of the country if the country is invaded by any
foreign country
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-In 1967, replaced with the Five Power Defense Arrangements (
FPDA)
-FPDA provides for the defense cooperation and for an
Integrated Air Defense System ( IADS) for Malaysia andSingapore based in RMAF (Royal Malaysia Air Force)
Butterworth under the command of an Australia Air Vice-
Marshall (2 Star)
-Tun Razak agreed to join the FPDA because it gives a
guarantee on security and defense of the country and
encourages the cooperation between Malaysia and Singapore
-FPDA was an unsatisfactory arrangement as it marked
different provision from AMDA under Britain which had gave
explicit defense guarantee to Malaysia against externalaggression
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Tuan Razak was one of the founding member of the Association ofsoutheast Asia Nation (ASEAN) in 1967. Tuan Razak either directly or
indirectly developed diplomatic relationship with countries in thesoutheast Asia region. The purpose of establishing AEAN was mainly
due to the safety of the southeast Asia countries. Actually the southeastAsia was always exposed external threat especially among the world
superpowers such as the United States, the Soviet Union and theCommunist China and the fact was realized by leaders in Southeast Asia
countries.
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Four main principles in his foreign policy i) The non-aligned policy
ii) The neutralization policy of Southeast Asia
iii) The integrity and peaceful co-existence
iv) regionalism which encourages cooperation in ASEAN countries
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The main objectives that Malaysia
supporting the conceptMalaysia had assured the other ASEAN members the three main objectives that
Malaysia is supporting the concept was due to three main reasons.
i) Southeast Asia countries should settle the conflict in Cambodia which was thecaused by the interference of foreign powers.
ii) The external military forces should retreat from Cambodias land.
iii) Malaysia criticized and rejected the puppet government of Heng Samrin
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The ZOPFAN
In 1971, at a special meeting of the ASEAN foreign ministers in Kuala Lumpur,
Tun Razak further reinforced his policy of neutrality though the adoption of the
Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) for southeast Asia to Tun Abdul
Razak, ZOPFAN would reinforce the principle of non-alignment and the spirit of the
1966 Bangkok declaration which underlined the presence of foreign bases on theregion was temporary.
Tun Razak was fully aware that an equidistance relationship with all the majorworld powers was thesine qua nonin realizing ZOPFAN . The major powers have torecognize and quarantee the declaration and they should not make the region as their
battlefield to gain hegemony.
The declaration of Kuala Lumpur had made the concept of ZOPFAN into reality
with the objective to establish the political linkage between countries in thesoutheast Asiain order to have cooperation and relations on economic and socialaspects.
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The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation(OIC)
is the second largest inter-governmental
organization after the United Nations (UN) which
has membership of 57 states spread over fourcontinents.
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Members 57 countries four continents
-AZERBAIJAN -JORDAN -AFGHANISTAN -ARAB EMIRATES INDONESIA
-UZBEKISTAN -IRAN -PAKISTAN -BAHRAIN -BRUNEI-DARUSSALAM
-BANGLADESH -TAJIKISTAN -TURKEY -TURKMENISTAN -SAUDI ARABIA
-SYRIAN -IRAQ -OMAN -PALESTINE KYRGYZ -QATAR -KAZAKHSTAN
-KUWAIT -LEBANON -MALDIVES -MALAYSIA -YEMEN AFRICA-UGANDA - BENIN -BURKINA -FASO -CHAD - TOGO TUNISIA
-ALGERIA -DJIBOUTI -SENEGAL - ALBANIA -SUDAN -SURINAME
-SIERRA LEONE -SOMALIA -GABON -GAMBIA -GUINEA -GUNEA -BISSAU
-COMOROS -CAMEROON -COTEDIVOIRE -LIBY -MALI -EGYPT
-MOROCCO - GUYANA -MOZAMBIQUE -NIGER
-NIGERIA
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In the period 1970 -1976,
under Tun Abdul Razak, as a member of the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
Malaysia began to identify itself as a
Muslim nation
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in the Third Conference of Foreign Ministers in
Islamic Countries, held in Jeddah, headquartersof OIC, TunRazak had acted as the Chief ofMalaysias Representative in that conference.TunRazak had related a few issues that was
debated on the agenda in the Conference in Rabatregarding the invasion of Al-Aqsa Mosque onAugust 21,1969. Jerusalems issues and thecolonies law of Israel.
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During TunRazaks Era, he continued Tunkus work indeveloping good relationships with Islamic country.Malaysia was formed as an Islamic country and Islamwas already declared as the official religion of thecountry.
example: In 19thuntil 22nd of January 1975, TunRazak
had visited Kuwait and was welcomed by PrinceSkeikhJabar Al- Ahmad Al Sabah. Tun Abdul Razakalso visited Oman in 22nd-23rdof January 1975 and alsoQatar in 23rd-25thJanuary in the same year.
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The relation betweenMalaysia and Arabic countries
had contributed in the field of
educationfield.
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The turbulence of Indochina
The war in Vietnam and
Cambodia are political issues thatconcern the region of SoutheastAsia Malaysia
two world superpowers, UnitedStates Soviet Union
The retreat of British and UnitedStates militaries from Indochinaand the repeal of SEATO hadfurther worried ASEAN leaderswarning Malaysia that thecommunists threat had drove
nearer.
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Tun Razak had made an important suggestion, that wasASEAN countries need guarantee and protection of thegreat forces in the
China was the only country that supported theneutralization concept and Tun Razak tried to gain supportfrom China as a shield by having diplomatic relationship
with China.
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Malaysia and East Asia and East Europe
In September 1971, Tun Razak had announced the Malaysia foreign policy
towards Malaysia. Initial stage: trade relations
In May 1974, Malaysia had become the first ASEAN country thatdeveloped diplomatic relations with the People Republic of China whenTun Razak had officially visited the country.
Tun Razak also developed diplomatic relationship with South Korea andJapan, especially in the field of science and technology
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Along the year 1973,Malaysia relationship with East Europe countrieshad been justified as pleasant and cooperate in the relations of politics,economics and social.
Tun Razak had organized series of visits to Yugoslavia and Romania touncover new fields with the regarding countries.
Soviet Union also had shown interest in developing diplomaticrelationship with Malaysia.
Besides that, Malaysia also had developed diplomatic relationship with
Bulgaria especially in spices trading
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Comparison with Tunku Compare to Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Razak was more open minded
in executing his foreign policy
Unlike Tunku, Tun Razak tried to bring any matter regarding foreignpolicy to the cabinet and discussed with the members in it
Tun Razaks foreign policy was considered a more successful and morepragmatic.
Unlike Tun Razak,Tunku had no better choice but to align with theWest.
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Malaysias foreign policy experienced a total shift whenTun Razak
New Directions under New Order that Tun Razak had set a clear direction in Malaysias
foreign policy for the next few generations ofMalaysias leader