dinner - avoice online...7 special message congressman walter e. fauntroy, chairman, congressional...

DINNER PROGRAM

MASTER OP CEREMONIESLeBARON TAYLOR

INVOCATION

WELCOMEMAYORMARION 5. BARRY

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENTCONGRESSMAN LOUIS STOKES, PRESIDENT

CONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUS FOUNDATION

PRESENTATION OP AWARDS

GEORGE W. COLLINS AWARDJ. LAMARHILL

ADAMCLAYTONPOWELL AWARDCOLEMAN YOUNG

HUMANITARIANAWARDPERCY SUTTON

WILLIAML.DAWSON AWARDCONGRESSWOMAN SHIRLEY CHLSHOLM

INTRODUCTION OF CONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUSMEMBERS AND CONGRESSIONAL

BLACKCAUCUS FOUNDATIONBOARD MEMBERS

CONGRESSMAN WALTER E. FVUNTROY

DENIECE WILLIAMSORCHESTRA CONDUCTED BYMR. WEBSTER LEWIS

SALUTE TO BLACKBUSINESSCONGRESSMAN PARREN J. MITCHELL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUS FOUNDATIONPATRONS

CONGRESSMAN LOUIS STOKESAND

CONGRESSMAN JULIANC DIXON

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HONORARY CHAIRPERSONS 6

HONORARY DINNER COMMITTEE 6

BOARD OFDIRECTORS 7

DINNERCOMMITTEE 7WELCOME MESSAGE FROM THEPRESIDENT 9

SPECIAL MESSAGE 11

CONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUS MEMBERS 12

CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS FOUNDATION:

ANEWMISSION FOR NEW TIMES 50THEGRADUATE LEGISLATIVEINTERNPROGRAM 55

1982 CONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUS AWARDS 60

LEGISLATIVEUPDATE 66

ANECONOMIC DETOUR TO SUCCESS 74

CONSOLIDATED BANKANDTRUST 76BEREAN SAVINGSASSOCIATION 76

THECONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUS ANDBLACKBUSINESS 77

BLACKBUSINESS ALIVEANDDOING QUITEWELL 78NON-TRADITIONALFINANCE FOR MINORITYBUSINESS ENTERPRISE 79

THEPHILADELPHIATRIBUNE 80

PARKERHOUSE SAUSAGE COMPANY 80

MINORITYBUSINESS ANDINTERNATIONALTRADE 81

OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO THEBLACKCOMMUNITY 81

BLACKBUSINESS INTHE1980S 83

E.E. WARD TRANSFER ANDSTORAGE COMPANY 84

MOTOWN 84

DENIECE WILLIAMS 87

ABOUT THEARTIST 89FINANCIALREPORT 92

PATRONS 107

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 108

CREDITS 109

FAREWELL SHIRLEY 11l

LIFTEVERT VOICEANDSING 112

4

HONORARY CHAIRPERSONS

Congressman Louis StokesPresident, CongressionalBlack Caucus Foundation

Congressman Walter E. FauntroyChairman,Congressional Black Caucus

HONORARY DINNER COMMITTEE

CongresswomanShirley Chisholm, N.Y.

CongressmanWilliam L. Clay, Mo.

CongresswomanCardiss Collins, 111.

CongressmanJohn Conyers, Jr., Mich.CongressmanGeorge W. Crockett, Jr., Mich.

CongressmanRonald V. Dellums, Calif.

CongressmanJulian C. Dixon, Calif.CongressmanMervyn M.Dymally, Calif.CongressmanHarold E. Ford, Term.

CongressmanWilliam H. Gray, 111, Pa.

CongressmanAugustus F. Hawkins, Calif.

CongressmanMickey Leland, Tex.

CongressmanParrenJ. Mitchell, Md.CongressmanCharles B. Rangel, N.Y.

CongressmanGus Savage, 111.CongressmanHarold Washington, 111.

5

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

PresidentCongressman Louis StokesVice PresidentMr.

(Albert L.Nellum

A.L.Nellum &Associates

Secretary-TreasurerAttorney Nira Hardon Long

Congressman WilliamL. ClayCongresswoman Cardiss Collins

Congressman George W. Crockett, Jr.Mr.Larry DossCoopers &Lyhrand

Mr. Ofield DukesOfield Dukes &Associates

Congressman MervynM.Dymally

Congressman Walter E. FauntroyCol. Ernest Frazier (USA, Ret.)ITTCorporationDr. Bernard GiffordUniversity ofRochester

Congressman William H. Gray, 111

Mr. W. Mitchell HinesCentury National Bank

Mrs. Joan B.JohnsonJohnson Products Company, Inc.

Congressman Parren J. MitchellMr.Addison Barry RandXerox Corporation

Mrs. Alma RangelCBC Spouses

Mrs. Jay StokesCBC SpousesMr.Leßaron TaylorCBS RecordsMrs. Barbara Williams-SkinnerTom Skinner Associates, Inc.

Ex OfficioCongressman Julian C. DixonMs. Sheryl WebberMrs. Amy Robertson GoldsonGeneral Counsel

DINNER COMMITTEE

Congressman Julian C. DixonChairman

Congressman William L. ClayCongressman Mervyn M. DymallyCongressman Walter E. FauntroyAttorney Amy Robertson GoldsonMrs.Joan B. JohnsonMrs.Barbara Williams-SkinnerMrs. Jay StokesMr.Leßaron Taylor

9

WELCOME MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

Dear Friends:Onbehalf ofthe Board ofDirectors ofthe Congressional Black Caucus

Foundation, Iwelcome you to the Twelfth Annual Legislative Weekend. Weask you to joinwithus as we focus on what webelieve tobe the centralelement inthe struggle for economic survival inthe Black community —Black businesses.

Last year, the Congressional Black Caucus used as the Eleventh LegislativeWeekend theme, "Addressing the Challenge —Implementing the Plan."Together, we forged new coalitions and constructed a strong foundation forconcrete action to ensure the progress and active participation ofBlackAmericans inthis nation.

Black Americans cannot progress without economic development. Duringthis Twelfth Legislative Weekend, wewillmove to the next level ofactionby addressing key issues facing the economic structure of the Blackcommunity through our "Salute toBlack Business."

Economic growth inthe Black community and the economic growth ofBlack businesses have been synonymous since the days ofour early pioneerssuch as Madam CJ. Walker and A.G. Gaston. This dual economic thrust willinevitably take oneven more significance as weapproach the mid-1980s andthe reality ofincreasing economic hardship inAmerica. We must realizethat ourgovernment and lawmakers willnot necessarily be willingpartnersinour quest for economic survival.

Allofthe indicators are there. The federal social safety net is rapidlydisintegrating for many Black families. At the same time, the federalgovernment commitment toBlack businesses is also shrinking. The currentAdministration has taken no leadership inproposing initiatives to resolvethe problems and strengthen Black businesses. Indeed, federal agencies havestarted anassault onBlack-owned companies.

The most revealing example of this warfare onBlack businesses was therecent attempt by the Small Business Administration to cut 23 of the mostsuccessful Black firms from the vitalSection 8(a) program. InFY1981, 42percent of the federal contract funds toBlack businesses came through theSection 8(a) program.| The Small Business Administration tried toforce many successful Black

businesses outof the Section 8(a) program by establishing anunreasonablestandard withreference to size. This action would have dealt a crippling

ijblow to these firms and their 7500 employees. This was an intolerableNgL assault onBlack businesses by our government.Hf With that action inthe forefront ofour minds, the challenge is clear. ToW ensure that our communities and Black businesses survive thisperiod ofIeconomic crisis and assault, we must work together aggressively. We ask

H you tobecome an active participant inimplementing the survival strategy as

/ the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation salutes the key to our economic

development —Black businesses.

Sincerely,

LOUIS STOKESPresidentCongressional BlackCaucus Foundation

7

SPECIAL MESSAGE

CongressmanWalter E. Fauntroy,Chairman, CongressionalBlack Caucus

At the close of the 97th Congress, the Honorable Shirley Chisholm, ahousehold name in the twelve year history of the Congressional Black Caucus,moves on to a field ofbroader relevance in the struggle of our people forsocial, political and economic justice. That fact reminds us of the transitionthat we inBlack America and we inthe CBC have had to make in the 97thCongress to answer the most formidable challenge in this century to our rightto fullparticipation in the economic, social, and political life of this nation.

At the 1981 CBC Dinner Weekend, we highlighted the opening of theReagan Era, an era which we warned would bring America and the Blackcommunity record unemployment, record business failures and an un-precedented assault on programs that have improved the quality of life forBlack Americans. With unemployment among Black workers now at recordlevels of 18.5% overall and 60% among our teenagers, those predictions havecome to pass.

In1981, the Congressional Black Caucus began addressing the challenge ofthe Reagan Era with the most comprehensive legislative approach to our con-dition that wehave ever undertaken. We fashioned a "Constructive Alter-native Budget" that covered every function of government inan effort to leadthe nation inrevolving the basic problems confronting the country, problemsthat just happen to be reflected most acutely in the Black experience. Hadthat budget been adopted, we would not be in the trouble we are in today,and even now key features of the CBC budget are being lifted by the Congressfor enactment. The Democratic Study Group was right when it said that theCBC budget "takes the boldest step ofany proposal being offered ...to dealwith the federal deficit," and that itopened "the largest and fairest tax cut ofany proposal before the House."

Inaddition to a program and plan for the nation, we hammered out a"Black Leadership Family Plan for the Unity, Survival, and Progress ofBlackPeople.

"

The 1982 Dinner Weekend completes the transitional nature of the 97thCongress for us. New rules of the House of Representatives which now pro-hibit the Caucus from receiving outside contributions to our legislativeadvocacy work have forced us to call upon new research resources. Thus,the '82 Dinner Weekend is sponsored by the CBC Foundation under theable leadership of its President, the Honorable Louis Stokes. Our legislativeadvocacy work must now be carried out by the CBC Legislative Service

Organization which the eighteen of us maintain withcontributions from our own congressional allowances,

\u25a0^fP^f and the CBC Political Action Committee which canjMjfll. receive mdi\ridual contributions to our efforts to organize

H? an effective network nationwide to move decisivelyjfl on partisan, political issues.

We close out the transitional nature of the 97th CongressM with a "Salute to Black Business" to highlight our need tojfl support our businesses now as never before as a key to the

? m development ofjobs and economic security for Black people.p jfl Let us ponder how, given present economic conditions, weififea^^l can see to it that Black business persons have access to the

|Sf venture capital necessary to get started, survive, and grow.

B^ We urge you to pay particular attention to ourflp^l^ recommendations for a Black Development Fund, and the

establishment of a national Reconstruction FinanceCorporation similar to that which lifted our nation

from the throes of theDepression in the Thirties.

98th Congress, look out;here we come!

WALTER E. FAUNTROY

8

Congressional Black Caucus Members

9

SHIRLEY A. CHISHOLM

12th Congressional District,New York

Shirley A. Chisholm is the seniorDemocratic woman in the U.S. Houseof Representatives. She is the onlywoman, and the only Black American,to sit on the powerful House RulesCommittee, and she is a leading mem-ber of the Congressional Black Caucus.

Born inBrooklyn, New York, Shir-ley Chisholm spent her early child-hood on the island ofBarbados, intheWest Indies. She credits a stable fami-ly life, strict indiscipline, and an edu-cational milieu where excellence wasdemanded, for her early achievements.

Mrs. Chisholm was first elected tothe 91st Congress in1968. Her con-stituency is the 12th CongressionalDistrict inthe borough of Brooklyn.The center of her district isBedford-Stuyvesant, and it also includes partsofBushwick, Brownsville, East NewYork, and Greenpoint. Blacks andPuerto Ricans comprise more than85% of the population. The rest areJewish, Polish, Ukrainian and Italian.No other Congressional district is sodiverse inits constituents.

Representative Chisholm is a special-ist inearly childhood education andchild welfare. She earned her B.A. de-gree (Cum Laude), M.A.ineducationand diploma in Administration fromColumbia University. She has beenawarded honorary degrees frommany prestigious colleges and univer-sities. She writes and speaks fluentSpanish, which has been a tremen-dous asset indeveloping the wonder-ful rapport she enjoys with herSpanish speaking constituents.

Congresswoman Chisholm hasearned praise forher efforts onbehalfofblack colleges, compensatory educa-tion, minimum wage for domestics,American Indians, the Haitian refu-gees, migrant farmworkers, and thepoor. Her fierce individualism has re-sulted ina reputation as a 'maverick'and 'unpredictable,' terms which de-note that she has been a power inherown right in the House of Repre-sentatives.

InFebruary, 1982, RepresentativeChisholm announced that she wouldnot seek reelection to the Congress.She cited her longstanding intentionnever to remain inpolitics throughouther productive and creative life,andshe revealed the frustration and diffi-culty of serving her constituents while

conservatives controlled governmentin Washington. By writing, teaching,lecturing and traveling around thenation, Mrs. Chisholm hopes to createa new national state ofmind that de-mands peace, prosperity and equalityfor all Americans.

11

WILLIAM"Bill"CLAY

1st Congressional District,Missouri

Congressman William "Bill"Clayrepresents the IstCongressional Dis-trict ofMissouri comprising most ofSt. Louis and part ofSt. Louis County.

He serves as the 2nd ranking mem-ber of the Committee onPost Officeand CivilService, where he is Chair-man of the Subcommittee on PostalOperations and Civil Service; he is sthranking member of the House Educa-tion and Labor Committee.

After serving two years active dutyin the military, Mr.Clay embarkedupon a diverse professional career, in-cluding positions as a real estatebroker, a business representative forthe American Federation of State,County and Municipal Employees andmanager ofa life insurance company.Simultaneously, he began his politicalcareer by unseating a veteran politi-cian for the position of Alderman inthe 26th Ward of St. Louis in1959. Asan Alderman, he sponsored the St.Louis Fair Employment Bill,which heused to open the doors for employ-ment ofBlacks inbakeries, breweries,the construction industry and banks.He resigned from that office in1964 tobecome Committeeman for the 26thWard, a position he continues to hold.

Since 1968, "when he "was elected toCongress, Representative Clay hassponsored 592 pieces oflegislation in-cluding the Hatch Act Reform Bill,theCityEarnings Tax Billand the IRSReform Bill.Instrumental in the or-ganization of the Congressional BlackCaucus in1970, BillClay has estab-lished a strong link withBlack com-munications experts around the nationand helped to establish a Communica-tions Braintrust and CommunicationsLegislative Workshop.

Representative Clay is a graduate ofSt. Louis University with Bachelor'sdegrees inArts and Science, Historyand Political Science.

13

CARDISS COLLINS

7th Congressional District,Illinois

numerous other awards for her manyoutstanding accomplishments.

She isCommitteewoman ofChicago's 24th Ward Regular Demo-cratic Organization.

OnJune 5, 1973, CongresswomanCardiss Collins was elected to filltheseat from the 7th Congressional Dis-trict ofIllinois left vacant by the deathof her husband, George.

Mrs. Collins is the first woman andfirst Black to chair the House Govern-ment Operations Subcommittee onManpower and Housing, which hasmajor oversight responsibility for theDepartment ofLabor, the DepartmentofHousing and Urban Development,ACTION,Community Services Admin-istration, and the Railroad RetirementBoard. She currently sits on the verypowerful Energy and Commerce Com-mittee and is a member of three ofitssubcommittees: Subcommittee onEnergy Conservation and Power; Sub-committee on Fossil and SyntheticFuels; and the Subcommittee on Tele-communications, Consumer Protectionand Finance.

As a result ofher dedication and anundisputed ability to perform herduties with excellence, her colleaguesin the Congressional Black Caucuselected her Chairwoman for the 96thCongress onJanuary 24, 1979. She hadpreviously served the CongressionalBlack Caucus as Secretary during the94th Congress, and Treasurer duringthe 95th. Congresswoman Collins isalso a past Chairwoman of the Mem-bers ofCongress for Peace ThroughLaw Subcommittee on African Affairsand has been inthe forefront of theworldwide crusade for human rightsas well as the struggle against poverty.She is also the immediate past Chair-woman of the Task Force on Womenof the Select Committee onNarcoticsAbuse and Control.

OnJanuary 23, 1975, Speaker of theHouse, Thomas P. O'Neill, appointedher to become a Whip-At-Large; andthus, the firstBlack and first womanever to hold that office within theleadership structure of the U.S. HouseofRepresentatives.

The Congresswoman was born inSt.Louis, Missouri, and moved to Detroit,Michigan, at the age of ten. Aftergraduating from the Detroit HighSchool of Commerce, Mrs. Collinsmoved to Chicago where she attendedNorthwestern University. She hasreceived honorary degrees from Win-ston Salem State University andSpelman College and is the recipient of

15

JOHN CONYERS, JR.Ist Congressional District,Michigan

John Conyers was first elected fromthe Ist Congressional District ofMichi-gan inJanuary of 1965. He is currentlyserving his 9th term inCongress.

Mr.Conyers is a senior member ofthe Judiciary Committee and as such,played a critical role this year in thesuccessful passage oflegislation to re-authorize the Voting Rights Act of1965. He chairs the Subcommittee onCriminal Justice of the Judiciary Com-mittee which has jurisdiction over thecriminal code, and is a ranking mem-ber on the Crime Subcommittee. Healso serves on the Commerce, Con-sumer and Monetary Affairs,andManpower and Housing Subcommit-tees of the Government OperationsCommittee.

Congressman Conyers is a leader inthe fullemployment movement andwas a principal architect of the Hum-phrey-Hawkins Full Employment andBalanced Growth Act,which becamelaw in1978. He is a leading criticoffederal budget priorities, inparticularthe growth inmilitary spending atthe expense ofdomestic human re-sources programs, the subsidiesawarded to business corporations, andthe failure to overhaul .and reform thetax structure. He also is actively in-volved in civilrights and civillibertiesissues, consumer affairs, and urbanpolicy.

In the 97th Congress, CongressmanConyers was the principal sponsor oflegislation to shorten the workweekand eliminate compulsory overtime, as\u25a0well as the MartinLuther King,Jr.National Holiday Bill,and three ener-gy bills to create a federal oil importauthority. Moreover, he sponsoredlegislation to establish a public agencyto develop and manage oil resourceson federal lands, and to reimposeprice controls on domestic oil. He hasalso sponsored legislation to create anational health system, institute a sys-tem ofnational economic planning,and establish a single six-year presi-dential term withpublic campaignfinancing.

Mr.Conyers was born May 16, 1929inDetroit, Michigan. He served in theU.S. Army from 1950 until 1954, ob-taining the rank ofSecond Lieutenantinthe Corps of Engineers. Addition-ally,Mr.Conyers earned combat andmerit citations inthe Korean War. He

was educated inDetroit's publicschools and received his Doctor ofLaws degree from Wayne State Uni-versity. Prior to entering Congress,Mr.Conyers was legislative assistantto Congressman John Dingell, a ref-eree inMichigan's Workman's Com-pensation Department, Director ofEducation for Local 900 United AutoWorkers Union and General Counselfor the Detroit Trade Union Leader-ship Council.

17

GEORGE W. CROCKETT,JR.13th Congressional District,Michigan

George W. Crockett, Jr. "was electedto Congress in1980 from the 13thCongressional District ofMichigan tofillthe vacancy created by the resigna-tion of Charles C. Diggs, Jr. He is the14th ranking member of the Commit-tee onForeign Affairs,and serves onthe Africa and International Opera-tions Subcommittees. Inaddition, Mr.Crockett is the 15th ranking memberof the Judiciary Committee, serving onits Subcommittees on Criminal Justiceand onImmigration, Refugees, andInternational Law.He is also a mem-ber of the Select Committee on Agingand serves on its Human Services andHousing and Consumer Interest Sub-committees.

After graduating from the Univer-sity ofMichigan LawSchool in1934,Mr.Crockett began his legal practiceinJacksonville, Florida. He was admit-ted to the West VirginiaBar in 1935,the U.S. Supreme Court Bar in 1940,and the Michigan Bar in1944.

In1939, he was appointed as thefirstBlack lawyer with the U.S. De-partment ofLabor and later becamethe Senior Attorney on employee law-suits under the Fair Labor StandardsAct.In1943, President Roosevelt ap-pointed him one of the firstFair Em-ployment Practices Commission Hear-ingExaminers.

George Crockett founded the Inter-national United Auto Workers FairEmployment Practices Department in1944 and served both as itsDirectorand as General Counsel to the UAWuntil 1946. From 1946 until 1966, Mr.Crockett was inprivate practice as asenior partner in the law firm, Good-man, Crockett, Eden, and Robb. Mr.Crockett was elected judge of the Re-corders Court inDetroit in1966 andreelected to a second term in1972. In1974 he became presiding judge ofthat same court. Following his retire-ment, he served as visiting judge forthe Michigan Court of Appeals, and in1980 he was Acting Corporation Coun-sel for the city of Detroit.

Mr.Crockett is a member of the Ex-ecutive Board of the Democratic StudyGroup; the Congressional HispanicCaucus (honorary); the CongressionalArts Caucus; the Congressional AutoCaucus; the Congressional Caucus forWomen's Issues (honorary); the North-east-Mideast Economic Coalition; and

the Members of Congress for PeaceThrough Law.

Mr.Crockett was educated in theJacksonville public school system andgraduated from Stanton High Schoolin1927. He received his A.B.degreefromMorehouse College ofAtlanta,Georgia in1931, where he now serveson the Board ofTrustees. In1934 hegraduated from the University ofMichigan's Law School with his J.D.degree. Honorary LL.D.'s were re-ceived from Morehouse College in1972 and Shaw College at Detroitin1973. In 1981 he was elected to PhiBeta Kappa.

19

RONALD V, DELLUMS

8th Congressional District,California

Ronald V.Dellums represents Cali-fornia's Bth Congressional District,which includes parts ofAlameda andContra Costa counties. He is the Chair-person ofboth the House Committeeon the District of Columbia and theD.C. Subcommittee onFiscal Affairsand Health.

Mr.Dellums is also the tenth rank-ing member of the House Armed Ser-vices Committee, where he serves onthe Research and Development Sub-committee. He also chairs the ArmedServices Committee Panel dealing withproblems on the Island of Vieques.

Mr.Dellums is a former Vice-Chairof the Congressional Black Caucus andits Executive Committee. A formermember of the Democratic NationalCommittee, he is currently a nationalCo-Chair of the New DemocraticCoalition.

Prior to his election to Congress in1971, Mr.Dellums served on theBerkeley City Council from 1967 to1971. He was employed as a seniorconsultant for Social Dynamics, Inc.,afirm which develops manpower andcommunity organization programs ona nationwide basis. He was also a lec-turer at San Francisco State Collegeand at the Graduate School of SocialWork at the University ofCaliforniaat Berkeley.

Since entering Congress, Mr. Del-lums has become the principal leaderof the continuing effort inthe HouseofRepresentatives to curb militaryspending and nuclear weapons escala-tion. He has been inthe forefront ofthe movement for renewal of theS.A.L.T.negotiations and the expan-sion of the Nuclear Non-ProliferationTreaty. He is prominent among theopponents of the development of theMXMissile system. He believes thatmilitarism, the mentality that is soafraid oflife that it seeks to control itthrough death and destruction, is thefundamental cause of our social andeconomic failures at home and abroad.

Mr.Dellums is a firm believer in thetwinconcepts ofparticipatory demo-cracy and "Coalition Politics." Inhisjudgment, when people begin torealize how-and-why they are beingvictimized and manipulated by thosewho control the real levers ofpowerin this society, they willthen be ableto jointogether to form a new poli-

ticalmajority; one which crossesracial, sexual and economic barriers.

Inhis view,Congress is an institu-tion which must be made aware of theforces at work for progressive socialand economic change. Inhis efforts tojolt the House out ofits institutionalindifference to controversial issues, hehas been willing to conduct extra-offi-cial hearings to force "official"Wash-ington to recognize the gravity ofaparticular situation. For example, heconducted personal investigations intoU.S. war crimes inIndochina and theimpact of Agent Orange and othertoxic agents on the men and womenwho served in the Indochina theaterofoperations. Inconjunction with theCongressional Black Caucus, he hasconducted examinations on the extentofracism inthe military and on var-ious aspects of governmental lawless-ness and bureaucratic indifference.

Legislation Mr.Dellums has spon-sored includes the World Peace TaxFund, the Adequate Income Act, theOmnibus Penal Reform Act, the Omni-bus Intelligence Community Reorgani-zation and Reform Act,and a numberofbillsdealing with the environment,women's rights, senior citizens, youthemployment, opposition to a peace-time draft, and the expansion of theVotingRights Act.He also hasbrought suit inFederal District Courtto force the withdrawal of Americanmilitary advisors from El Salvador andthe termination ofmilitary and eco-nomic aid to the Junta there.

In the 97th Congress, Mr.Dellumshas reintroduced his National HealthService Act, the most comprehensivehealth care legislation ever introducedinto the Congress.

Mr.Dellums is married to the for-mer Leola (Roscoe) Higgs, who recent-lycompleted her legal studies at theGeorgetown University Law Center.They reside in Washington, D.C, withtheir three children, Brandy, Eric andPiper.

21

JULIANC. DIXON


Julian C. Dixon was elected to theHouse ofRepresentatives from the28th Congressional District ofLosAngeles, California, on November 7,1978.

Mr. Dixonserves on the powerfulHouse Appropriations Committee asthe 25th ranking member. InMarch1980, Mr. Dixon, a freshman Memberof the 96th Congress, was electedChairman of the House Appropria-tions Subcommittee on the District ofColumbia. Congressman Dixon wasthe first freshman legislator inthe his-tory of the Congress to chair a HouseAppropriations Subcommittee. Mr.Dixonalso serves on the Appropria-tions Subcommittee onForiegn Opera-tions which is responsible forfinancing all foreign aid measuresincluding military and economic assis-tance, as well as formulating progres-sive programs inunderdevelopednations.

As a member of the CongressionalBlack Caucus, Mr. Dixoncurrentlyserves as Treasurer. Inaddition, heserved as Chairman of the 1980 and1981 Congressional Black Caucusdinners.

Congressman Dixon's legislativepriorities have focused on a widearray of issues ranging from domesticsocial concerns to African/Caribbeanaffairs. Billssponsored by Mr.Dixonhave included measures to extend theVoting Rights Actand the Legal Ser-vices Corporation; abill to providefederal assistance to victims ofdomes-tic violence;bills to close tax loopholesand repeal the "marriage penalty;"and resolutions expressing concern forthe plight ofAfrican refugees, and thecourse ofU.S. policy toward SouthAfrica. His work on the ForeignOperations Subcommittee has suc-ceeded instrengthening U.S. partici-pation inthe Sahel DevelopmentProgram inWest Africa and the Afri-can Development Bank as well assounder development policies inHaiti.Mr.Dixon's efforts have also centeredon issues affecting his urban district.He was successful inobtaining a fed-eral study on the Baldwin Hillsarea inLos Angeles, an area nationally recog-nized for its disastrous mudslides. Inaddition, Mr. Dixon has been a leadingsupporter of the 1984 Olympic GamesinLos Angeles, and ofimproved mass

transit inSouthern California.From 1973 until his election to Con-

gress, Mr. Dixonrepresented the 49thDistrict in the California State As-sembly. In1973, he was elected Chair-man of the Assembly DemocraticCaucus, the first freshman Chairmanof the Assembly Public Employees andRetirement Committee and was amember of the Assembly Committeeson Criminal Justice, Ways and Means,and Education. His special assignmentsincluded Chairman of the AssemblySelect Committee onJuvenile Violence.In1979, he was the recipient of the"Outstanding Legislative Program"award from the National Council ofJuvenile and Family Court Judges, andalso, inthe same year, received theSugar Ray Robinson Foundation's"Man of the Year" Golden GloveAward for outstanding service toyouth inthe community.

Congressman Dixon was born inWashington, DC on August 8, 1934.He graduated from Dorsey HighSchool inLos Angeles in1953, re-ceived a Bachelor of Science Degree inPolitical Science from California StateUniversity at Los Angeles in1962, andwas awarded an LL.B.degree fromSouthwestern University inLosAngeles in 1967. Mr.Dixon served inthe U.S. Army from 1957-1960, attain-ing the rank of sergeant.

23

MERVYNM.DYMALLY

31st Congressional District,California

Congressman Mervyn M.Dymallybrings many years of experience and adeep concern for a broad range ofpeople-oriented problems to theUnited States Congress. He was electedin1980 as the Representative of the31st Congressional District, which in-cludes several communities in thesouthern portion ofLos AngelesCounty.

The Congressman is presently amember of the Committees onForeignAffairs and Science and Technology,and serves as Chairman of theSubcommittee onJudiciary and Educa-tion of the Districtof Columbia Com-mittee. He serves as Secretary/Treas-urer of the California CongressionalDemocratic Delegation and Chairmanof the Congressional Caucus on Scienceand Technology.

Representative Dymally was a teach-er of exceptional children inLosAngeles for six years prior tobegin-ning his political career in 1962. Heserved four years as a California As-semblyman, and was elected to theCalifornia Senate in1966. During hiseight years as a State Senator, Dymallyserved as Chairman of the SenateDemocratic Caucus and Chairman ofthe following committees: Social Wel-fare; Military and Veterans Affairs;Elections and Reapportionment; andthe Subcommittee on Medical Educa-tionand Health Needs. He also headedthe Senate Select Committee on Child-ren and Youth, the Joint Committee onLegal Equality (women's rights), andthe Joint Committee for Revision ofthe Election Code.

In1975, he was elected LieutenantGovernor ofCalifornia and serveduntil 1979. In this capacity, he headedthe State Commission for EconomicDevelopment and the Commission ofthe Californias, and served on theBoard ofRegents of the University ofCalifornia and the Board ofTrustees ofthe State College and University sys-tem. He was responsible for organizingthe Council on Intergroup Relations,the California Advisory Commissionon Youth,and the Commission onFood and Nutrition.

Inhis first term as the U.S. Repre-sentative from the 31st District, Cali-fornia (Compton, Carson, Bellflower,Gardena, Hawthorne, Lynwood, Para-mount, and South Los Angeles) he or-

ganized a job training program forthe unemployed.

Dymally has introduced the State ofCalifornia model in the Congress (H.R.5326) for national implementation.

Congressman Dymally plays a veryactive part in the Congressional BlackCaucus. He is a member of the Boardof Directors, CBC Foundation; ViceChairman, CBC Political Action Com-mittee; Chairman ofCBC Task Forceon the Caribbean; and Coordinator ofCBC Brain Trust on Science andTechnology.

He ispresently working with theLibrary ofCongress to set up a CBCArchives topreserve the history ofthe Congressional Black Caucus.

Dymally holds a B.A. inEducationfrom California State Univesrity LosAngeles; M.A.inGovernment fromCalifornia State University Sacra-mento; and Ph.D. inHuman BehaviorfromUnited States International Uni-versity inSan Diego. He is a memberofPhi Kappa Phi, the National HonorScholastic Society.

He holds honorary degrees from theUniversity of West Los Angeles, Lin-coln University School ofLaw (CA),California Western University andShaw University (NC), where heserves as a member of the Board ofTrustees. Dymally was recently ap-pointed as a member of the Board ofGovernors of the Joint Center for Poli-tical Studies and is a member of theBoard ofDirectors of the NationalBlack United Fund.

He originally came to this countryfrom Trinidad, West Indies, as a nine-teen-year-old student to attend LincolnUniversity inJefferson City,Missouri.Among other jobs, he worked as ajanitor and union organizer beforeentering politics.

He is the father of two children —Mark and Lynn, and is married to theformer Alice Gueno ofNew Orleanswho is a teacher by profession, with aB.A.(Xavier, New Orleans, LAandM.A. Occidental College, Los Angeles,CA). She serves as a member of theCalifornia Commission on EqualOpportunities.

25

WALTER E. FAUNTROY

District ofColumbia Walter E. Fauntroy was first electedto Congress by the citizens ofour Na-tion's Capital in 1971. He was the firstperson elected Delegate to the Houseof Representatives from the DistrictofColumbia in100 years. Mr.Fauntroyis Chairman of the CongressionalBlack Caucus.

Since his election to Congress, he hascontinued to build a record ofachieve-ment, having played key roles in themobilization ofBlack political powerat the National Black Political Conven-tion of 1972, and the presidential elec-tions of 1972, 1976 and 1980.

In the 95th Congress, Walter E.Fauntroy was a member of the HouseSelect Committee on Assassinationsand Chairman ofits Subcommittee onthe Assassination ofMartinLutherKing,Jr. He is currently the sixthranking member of the House Bank-ing, Finance and Urban Affairs Com-mittee and Chairman ofits Subcom-mittee onDomestic Monetary Policy.He is also the firstranking member ofthe House DistrictCommittee.

As a member of the House DistrictCommittee, Congressman Fauntroyhas introduced legislation to ensure anautomatic, predictable federal pay-ment for the DistrictofColumbia andworked to increase the level ofpay-ment to $363 million.He has alsoworked to enhance the ability of theD.C. Government to float revenue andgeneral obligation bonds for capitalimprovements and other projects, in-cluding small business enterprises andstudent loans.

Among his many accomplishmentsas Chairman of the Domestic Mone-tary Policy Subcommittee, Mr. Faunt-roy has held hearings to highlight theeffects ofhigh interest rates onunem-ployment and small businesses in theDistrict and around the country. Hehas also pressed for monetary policieswhich would lead to lower interestrates, and established contacts withFederal monetary and banking offi-cials to focus their attention on theproblems ofminority businesses andemployment.

As Chairman of the CongressionalBlack Caucus, Walter Fauntroyintroduced the CBC Constructive Al-ternative Budget; a comprehensivebudget and tax initiative which in-cluded a $5.4 billionjobs program as

\u25a0well as a housing program for mod-erate and low income families.

Anative of Washington, D.C, Mr.Fauntroy graduated from DunbarHigh School and Virginia Union Uni-versity. He earned his Bachelor ofDivinityDegree in1958 from YaleUniversity Divinity School. He beganhis public career in1959 as Pastor ofhis childhood church, New BethelBaptist Church— where he continuesto serve as Pastor.

Upon beginning his position as amember of Congress, Mr.Fauntroybrought to his new mission a richbackground as a civilrights activist.He has previously served, at the ap-pointment ofDr.Martin L.King, asDirector of the Washington Bureau ofthe Southern Christian LeadershipConference. He was also the D.C. Coor-dinator of the historic march onWashington for jobs and freedom in1963, and the coordinator for theSelma to Montgomery march in 1965.Inaddition, Mr.Fauntroy previouslyserved as Vice Chairman of the WhiteHouse Conference "to FulfillTheseRights" in1966 and National Directorof the Poor People's Campaign in 1969.

27

HAROLDE. FORD

8th Congressional District,Tennessee

Harold Ford was elected from theBth Congressional District ofTennes-see at the age of29 to the U.S. HouseofRepresentatives. He is currentlyserving his fourth term.

Mr. Ford is the eighth rankingmember of the powerful and presti-gious House Ways and Means Commit-tee. He is the youngest Congressmanto ever be selected as a Ways andMeans Subcommittee Chairman. AsChairman of the Ways and Means Sub-committee on Public Assistance andUnemployment Compensation, hisSubcommittee has jurisdiction over ap-proximately $38 billioninprogramswhich include Aidto Families withDependent Children (AFDC), Title XX,Social Services, Child Welfare and Fos-ter Care, LowIncome Energy Assis-tance, Supplemental Security Income(SSI), and Unemployment InsuranceCompensation. He also serves on theWays and Means Subcommittees onHealth and Oversight and is theeighth ranking member of the HouseSelect Committee on Aging.

While inCongress, Mr. Ford hasserved on the House Banking, Financeand Urban Affairs and Veterans Af-fairs Committees, as well as on theHouse Select Committee on Assassina-tions. His legislative interests includecurbing inflation, care for the aged,and funding ofneeded socialprograms.

At the age of25, Harold Ford waselected to the Tennessee Legislature asthe Representative ofapproximatelythe same geographic area that hisgreat grandfather represented as asquire in the post Reconstruction daysfrom 1888-1900. Exhibiting excep-tional leadership qualities during thatterm in the 87th General Assembly,he was named Majority Whip for theHouse. Mr. Ford was born inMem-phis, Tennessee, where he was edu-cated inthe public school system. Hereceived an AADegree inMortuaryScience fromJohn Gupton College inNashville, Tennessee, and a Bachelor'sDegree inBusiness Administrationfrom Tennessee State University.

Mr.Ford ismarried to the formerDorothy Bowles ofMemphis, Tennes-see. They are the proud parents ofthree sons: Harold, Jr., (May 11, 1970);Jake (October 1, 1972); and Sir Isaac(January 6, 1975).

29

WilliamH. GRAY, III

2nd Congressional District,Pennsylvania

Congressman BillGray, of Phila-delphia, was elected to the 96th Con-gress inNovember, 1978. He wasreelected to the 97th Congress inNovember, 1980, and now is servinghis second term inthe House ofRepresentatives.

In the 96th Congress, Mr.Grayserved on the House Committee onForeign Affairs, on the Committee onthe Budget and the Committee on theDistrict ofColumbia. He was electedSecretary of the Congressional BlackCaucus, and was chosen byhis fresh-man colleagues to represent them onthe Leadership's Democratic Steeringand Policy Committee.

As a member of the Foreign AffairsCommittee, BillGray authored theonly new program offered by a fresh-man and passed by the Congress inthe 20th Century. This legislationestablished the African DevelopmentFoundation, a new mechanism todeliver U.S. aid ina visible manner tothe grassroots, village level on thecontinent.

The Congressman also authoredlegislation to increase the numbers ofminority and women officers in theU.S. Foreign Service. His amendmentsto the Foreign Service PersonnelReform Act were adopted by the 96thCongress and signed into law byPresident Carter.

Mr.Gray was appointed as a U.S.representative at the inauguration ofthe government ofZimbabwe, follow-ing his advocacy ofmajority rule inthat nation. President Carter appointedhim to chair the U.S.-Liberia Presiden-tial Commission, and later the Con-gressman chaired a special mission toLiberia tobegin talks with the govern-ment which took office after the April,1980 coup. Also, he was a participantinthe bilateral trade negotiations withNigeria.

In the 97th Congress, BillGray serveson the Committee on Appropriations,where he is a member of the Trans-portation Subcommittee and theForeign Operations Subcommittee.Also, he serves on the Committee onthe District of Columbia, where hechairs the Subcommittee onGovern-ment Operations and MetropolitanAffairs. Inaddition, the Congressmanis Vice Chair of the CongressionalBlack Caucus.

Mr.Gray has served as Pastor since1972 of the Bright Hope Baptist

Church, inNorth Philadelphia. He wasPastor for eight years prior at theUnion Baptist Church, ofMontclair,NJ.

Raised inNorth Philadelphia, heattended public schools, and earneddegrees from Franklin and MarshallCollege, Drew Seminary and PrincetonTheological Seminary. He did furthergraduate work at the University ofPennsylvania, Temple University, andMansfield College ofOxford, England.

BillGray is the founder and pastpresident offive non-profit housingcorporations which have constructedmore than $20 million oflow andmoderate-income housing. He helpeddesign the Philadelphia Mortgage Plan,which has produced more than $84million inresidential mortgages forPhiladelphia's redlined inner-cityneighborhoods.

In the civilrights field, BillGrayestablished the precedent-setting NewJersey Supreme Court case Gray vs.Serruto, which ordered that financialdamages be paid by those who dis-criminate on the basis ofrace inrent-ing multi-family housing.

Mr.Gray was born inBaton Rouge,La., the son ofHazel Yates Gray andthe late Dr. William H.Gray, Jr. He ismarried to the former Andrea Dash,ofNew Jersey, and they are theparents of three sons: William H., IV;Justin Yates; and Andrew Dash.

31

AUGUSTUS F. (GUS) HAWKINS


Representing California's 29th Con-gressional District since 1962, Augus-tus F. Hawkins continues tobe electedby more than 86% of the voters ofthat district.In the 97th Congress, Mr.Hawkins

was appointed Chairman of thepowerful House Administration Com-mittee which has jurisdiction over avaried number ofresponsibilities gov-erning U.S. House personnel opera-tions and federal election laws. He alsoserves as Vice-Chairman of the JointCommittee on Printing and Chairmanof the Joint Committee on the Library.Mr.Hawkins is the first rankingmember on the very important Com-mittee on Education and Labor and isChairman ofits Subcommittee onEm-ployment Opportunities, which moni-tors matters dealing primarily withemployment and training including:public service employment; full em-ployment; and equal employment op-portunity programs and regulations.

During the 93rd Congress, Represen-tative Hawkins authored three land-mark pieces oflegislation and workedsuccessfully for their Congressionalapproval. They included the JuvenileJustice and Delinquency PreventionAct which became law September 7,1974; the Community Services Act,which was signed by the President onJanuary 4, 1975; and the CivilRightsAct,Title VIIsection amendment tothe Equal Opportunity Act which be-came law April12, 1974.

In the 95th Congress, three otherpieces of legislation authored byMr.Hawkins became law. These are theCETA Amendments of 1978; theYouth Employment and Demonstra-tionProjects Act;and the PregnancyDisability Act.Mr.Hawkins witnessedthe signing into law of the Humphrey/Hawkins Full Employment Act of1978 which he began developing in1974 with the late Senator Hubert H.Humphrey.

In the 96th Congress, RepresentativeHawkins introduced the Youth Act of1980 to combat the disastrously highrate ofunemployment among Ameri-ca's youth.

On his first professional venture intopolitics, Mr.Hawkins was elected tothe California State Assembly, a posthe held for 28 continuous years.During his tenure as a member of the

California State Assembly, Mr.Haw-kins compiled a great legislativerecord, which eventually led to hisassuming the powerful position ofChairman of the Rules Committee. Healso served as Chairman of the Senateand Assembly Joint Legislative Organi-zation Committee, the highest Com-mittee position in the State Legislature.

While in the Assembly, he authoredover 100 laws, including minimumwage for all women; slum clearanceand low-cost housing program; work-men's compensation for domestics;disability insurance; the Fair HousingAct;old age pension; child care cen-ters; The Fair Employment PracticesActof 1959; and the 1961 MetropolitanTransit Authority Act. He was respon-sible for legislation establishing theconstruction of the Los Angeles SportsArena; the Department ofEmploy-ment Building at 15th and BroadwayinLos Angeles; and the LawandMedical Schools at the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles.

He also sponsored legislation inwhich racial designation was removedfrom all state documents such as driv-er's licenses and job orders. Amonghis other accomplishments resultingfrom his recommendations, were theappointments ofBlacks as judges; statecommissioners; members of the StateHighway Patrol; and supervisorypositions inthe post office. A UnitedStates Attorney was appointed becauseofhis recommendation.

Representative Hawkins continues tobe an exemplary image ofhis ownpersonal view ofpublic service: "Theleadership belongs not to the loudest,not to those who beat the drums orblow the trumpets, but to those whoday inand day out, inall seasons,work for the practical realization ofabetter world— those who have thestamina to persist and to remainhonest and dedicated. To those be-longs the leadership."

33

MICKEYLELAND

18th Congressional District,Texas

MickeyLeland represents the 18thCongressional Districtof Texas. Hewas born inLubbock, Texas onNovember 27, 1944 and moved toHouston withhis family in1948.

Representative Leland was elected toCongress in1978 and was electedFreshman Whip of the 96th Congress.He is the sixth ranking member of theCommittee on Post Office and CivilService, 18th ranking member of theCommittee on Energy and Commerce,and the fourth ranking member ofthe Committee on the DistrictofColumbia.

Congressman Leland was electedChairman of the Subcommittee onPostal Personnel and Modernization onJune 18, 1980. He also serves on theSubcommittee on Census and Popula-tion, the Subcommittee on EnergyConservation and Power, the Subcom-mittee onFossil and Synthetic Fuels,the Subcommittee onHealth and theEnvironment and the Subcommitteeon Manpower, Education and theJudiciary.

Representative Leland was elected toserve inthe Texas House ofRepre-sentatives in1972 and was reelected in1974 and 1976. He was selected toserve on the Democratic NationalCommittee in1976 and was reelectedin1980. While attending the MemphisMidterm Conference of the NationalDemocratic Party in1978 he helped toorganize the National Black/HispanicDemocratic Coalition, of which henow serves as a co-chair. Mr. Lelandserves as the chair of the EnergyBraintrust of the Caucus.

Mr.Leland is a graduate of the pub-lic schools ofHouston and earned aBachelor ofScience Degree from TexasSouthern University where he taughtclinical pharmacy for one year follow-ing his graduation.

35

PARRENJ. MITCHELL

7th Congressional District,Maryland

Parren J. Mitchell represents the 7thCongressional District of Maryland.After a period ofvaried and dis-tinguished public service, Parren J.Mitchell was elected Maryland's firstBlack Congressman in1970.

In1976, Mitchell attached to thenPresident Carter's $4 billionPublicWorks Billan amendment that com-pelled state, county and municipalgovernments seeking federal grants toset aside ten percent ofeach grant toretain minority firms as contractors,subcontractors, or suppliers. Mitchell'ssingle amendment resulted inmorethan $625 million(15%) going to legiti-mate minority firms. Followingnumerous court challenges, "TheMitchell Amendment" was upheld asconstitutional by the U.S. SupremeCourt inJuly, 1980.

He has also introduced legislationwhich, in1978, became Public Law95-507, requiring proposals from con-tractors to spell out goals for awardingcontracts to minority subcontractors.This law potentially provides access tobillions ofdollars for minoritybusinesses.

During his twelve years inCongress,Mitchell has served with distinction asa Member of the House Budget Com-mittee, Vice Chairman of the JointCommittee on Defense Production,and Chairman of the CongressionalBlack Caucus.

Presently he serves as Chairman ofthe Small Business Committee; aWhip-At-Large; a senior Member ofthe House Banking, Finance andUrban Affairs Committee; Chairmanof the Subcommittee on Housing,Minority Enterprise and Economic De-velopment of the Congressional BlackCaucus; and a member of the JointEconomic Committee.

He holds a total of seven HonoraryDegrees: four Doctors of Humane Let-ters, twoDoctors ofLaws, and oneDoctor ofSocial Services.

National and local consumer groups,civilrights groups, business and eco-nomic groups, fraternities, sororities,religious groups and educational or-ganizations have presented more than400 awards to Congressman Mitchell.He has received awards from suchdiverse groups as: The National Alli-ance ofBlack Educators; the SouthernChristian Leadership Conference; the

Morehouse Alumni; the Joint Centerfor Political Studies; the Greater NewHaven (Connecticut) Business and Pro-fessional Association; the MinorityContractors ofDayton, Ohio; theAlaska Black Caucus; and the Con-sumer Federation ofAmerica.

Ithas been said ofhim, "ParrenMitchell obeys no paymaster— he ishis ownman and owes no allegianceto anyone except his people, not onlythose ofhis 7th Congressional DistrictofMaryland but those across thenation."

37

CHARLES B. RANGEL19th Congressional District,New York

Congressman Charles B. Rangel waselected from the 19th CongressionalDistrict ofNew York to serve his firstterm in the U.S. House ofRepresenta-tives inJanuary of 1971. He is nowserving his sixth Congressional term.

Inhis first term, CongressmanRangel was appointed by the Speakerto the Select Committee onCrime. Hewas influential inpassing the 1971amendment to the drug laws thatauthorized the President to cut off allmilitary and economic aid to anycountry that refused to cooperate withthe United States instopping the inter-national traffic indrugs. In1976 hewas appointed to the Select Committeeon Narcotics Abuse and Control,where he is now its second rankingmember. Rangel is regarded as one ofthe leading Congressional experts onthis subject.

He served as Chairman of the Con-gressional Black Caucus in1974-75,and was also a member of the Judi-ciary Committee when it voted its his-toric articles ofimpeachment againstformer President Nixon. In1975, hemoved to the Ways and Means Com-mittee, becoming the first Black toserve on this committee. He is current-lyits third ranking member. Twoyears later, his colleagues in the NewYork Congressional delegation votedhim the Majority Regional Whip forNew York State.

Early in the 97th Congress, Mr.Rangel was appointed Chairman of theWays and Means Subcommittee onOversight and Investigation. He is thefirst Black to serve as a Ways andMeans Subcommittee chairman. Mr.Rangel was also appointed to theDemocratic Steering and Policy Com-mittee, which makes House committeeassignment recommendations.

Mr.Rangel was born in Harlem,New York in 1930. He attended theold P.S. 89, the Frederick DouglassJunior High School and DeWitt ClintonHigh School. Upon completion ofmili-tary service, where he was awardedthe Purple Heart and Bronze StarMedal for Valor, Mr.Rangel obtaineda law degree from St. John's Univer-sity School of Law where he helpedorganize the Criminal Law Institute.

39

GUS SAVAGE

2nd Congressional District,Illinois

Gus Savage was elected to the UnitedStates House of Representatives in1980after winning the Illinois 2nd Congres-sional District primary and generalelections by overwhelming margins.Intestimony to his lifetime commit-ment to jobs, justice and economicleverage for Blacks and other minori-ties, Congressman Savage chose toserve on the Public Works and Trans-portation Committee as 23rd rankingmember and the Small Business Com-mittee as 22nd ranking member,using these influential committee as-signments to aggressively promoteand further minority interests. He isalso a member of the Post Office andCivilService Committee.

A political activist since 1946, he hasachieved a number ofnotable victorieson behalf of his people. He successfullyled fights for veterans' housing, thehiring ofBlacks inChicago depart-ment stores and integration ofChicagorestaurants. Further, he was instru-mental inhelping Blacks to obtain andrent previously segregated housing;led the push for Black representationon the Chicago City Council; and wasthe impetus behind the firstBlackcandidate being placed on the ballotfor Mayor of Chicago.

After completing his graduate stud-ies, Congressman Savage commenceda 25-year career inpublishing and in1970 founded the Chicago Black Pub-lishers Association, and served as itsfirst chairman. Congressman Savagemaintains a weekly column inover 50newspapers nationally, and broadcastsa weekly public affairs radio program,"Gus Savage Reports," via a numberofChicago radio stations.

As a crusader for peace and justicesince being on Capitol Hill,Congress-man Savage has led a mass lobbyingand picketing effort by WisconsinSteel workers laid off due to an unex-pected plant closing inhis district;served as a congressional leader inor-ganizing the September 19, 1981 AFL-CIO "Solidarity Day" demonstration of400,000; led a mass world disarma-ment march of200,000 inLisbon,Portugal; and spearheaded a "ClergyCrusade" to Washington that broughtsome 40 ministers to Washington tochallenge Reaganomics and to lobbyagainst cutbacks indomestic spendingin the 1983 fiscal budget.

To date, highlights ofhis legislativerecord during the 97th Congerss in-clude his active role as co-sponsor anda leading House floor debater for ex-tension ofthe VotingRights Act;hissuccessful prodding of the DepartmentofHousing and Urban Development toforthrightly implement and providefunds for a law that is designed tocurb home foreclosures in areas ofhigh unemployment; his affirmativeaction amendment to the Coal SlurryPipeline legislation; his sponsorship ofabillto provide public transportationfare assistance to job seekers; his spon-sorship oflegislation (a companion towhich was signed into law)that re-quires the federal government tomake interest payments on overdueaccounts to businesses; and his spon-sorship oflegislation tohonor thememory ofthe late Joe Louis.

Among the awards bestowed onCongressman Savage in 1981 are the"Freshman Congressman of the Year"from the Maryland State ConferenceNAACP;the "Man of the Year" fromthe Evanston, IllinoisNAACP, and the"Presidential Award" from the CookCounty Bar Association.

Congressman Savage holds a bache-lor's degree inphilosophy from Roose-velt University, Chicago. He has alsodone graduate work inpoliticalscience and history at Roosevelt Uni-versity and has attended Chicago-KentCollege ofLaw.

41

LOUIS STOKES

21st Congressional District,Ohio

On November 5, 1968, Louis Stokeswas elected Congressman of the 21stCongressional District of Ohio. By vir-tue of the election, he became the firstBlack member ofCongress from theState of Ohio. On November 4, 1980,he was reelected to his seventh term.

During his first term inCongress,he served as a member of the Educa-tion and Labor Committee and theHouse Un-American Activities Com-mittee, which was renamed the HouseInternal Security Committee. Inhissecond term of office, he was ap-pointed the first Black member everto sit on the Appropriations Commit-tee of the House. On February 8, 1972,Louis Stokes was elected as Chairmanof the Congressional Black Caucus. Heserved two consecutive terms in thisoffice.

Inaddition to his seat on the power-ful Appropriations Committee, onFebruary 5, 1975, he was elected bythe Democratic Caucus to serve on thenewly formed Budget Committee ofthe House. He was reelected to theBudget Committee twice,serving atotal of six years. He is also Co-Chair-man of the Congressional Black Cau-cus Health Braintrust and President ofthe Congressional Black Caucus Foun-dation, a non-profit educational re-search organization.

On September 21, 1976, Congress-man Stokes was appointed by SpeakerCarl Albert to serve on the Select Com-mittee to Conduct an Investigation andStudy of the Circumstances Surround-ing the death ofPresident John F. Ken-nedy and the death ofDr.MartinLuther King,Jr. OnMarch 8, 1977,Speaker Thomas P. "Tip"O'Neill ap-pointed Congressman Stokes Chairmanof that Committee. On December 31,1978, Congressman Stokes completedthese historic investigations and filedwith the House of Representatives 27volumes of Hearings, a Final Reportand Recommendations for Adminis-trative and Legislative Reform.

InFebruary, 1980, CongressmanStokes was appointed by SpeakerO'Neill to the House Committee onStandards of Official Conduct (EthicsCommittee). OnJanuary 28, 1981 theCongressman was elected Chairman ofthis Committee.

InJanuary, 1981, CongressmanStokes became the Senior DemocraticRepresentative from Ohio and waselected by his colleagues as the Deanof the Ohio Democratic CongressionalDelegation.

Since being in Congress, Congress-man Stokes has been named by EbonyMagazine as one of the 100 most in-fluential Black Americans each yearsince 1971 and in1979, he was nomi-nated by Ebony Magazine in threecategories for the Second AnnualAmerican Black AchievementAwards. His nomination was basedupon his becoming the firstblack tohead a major congressional investiga-tion and preside over nationally tele-vised hearings which revealed newfacts on the assassinations ofDr.Martin Luther King,Jr. and PresidentKennedy.

On September 27, 1980 at the Con-gressional Black Caucus WeekendAwards Program, CongressmanStokes was presented the WilliamL.Dawson Award by his colleagues inthe Congressional Black Caucus. Thiscoveted and prestigious award wasmade to him inrecognition ofhis"unique leadership inthe develop-ment of legislation."

Congressman Stokes is also the re-cipient of seven honorary degrees andis listed in "Who's Who in America,""Who's Who inAmerican Law,""Who's Who in American Politics,""Who's Who in the Midwest,""Who's Who inHealth Care," and"Who's Who Among Black Ameri-cans, Community Leaders and Note-worthy Americans."

43

HAROLD WASHINGTON

1st Congressional District,Illinois

Harold Washington "was electedfrom the Ist Congressional DistrictofIllinois to serve inthe U.S. House ofRepresentatives in1980. As a fresh-man he is the 18th ranking memberof the Committee on Education andLabor, the 14th ranking member ofthe Judiciary Committee and the 21stranking member of the Committee onGovernment Operations.

Mr.Washington serves on the Judi-ciary Subcommittee on Civiland Con-stitutional Rights, which had initialjurisdiction over legislation to re-authorize the Voting Rights Act of1965. He played a key and critical rolein the successful extension of the Actwhich was signed into law by Presi-dent Ronald Reagan onJune 29, 1982.Mr.Washington also serves on theSubcommittee onManpower andHousing.

In addition to his committee assign-ments, Mr.Washington is Secretary ofthe Congressional Black Caucus, amember of the Northeast-MidwestCongressional Coalition, the Auto TaskForce and the Congressional Steel Cau-cus. He also serves on the ExecutiveBoard of the Federal Government Ser-vice Task Force.

After graduating from Northwest-ern University School ofLaw in1952,Harold Washington was a practicingattorney until his appointment in 1954as Assistant City Prosecutor for Chi-cago. He served for five years as Arbi-trator for the Illinois Industrial Com-mission, and in1965 was elected tothe Illinois House of Representativeswhere he served Chicago's 26th Dis-trict untilhis election to the IllinoisSenate in1977.

Mr. Washington is the founder andPresident of the Black Taxpayers Fed-eration. He is also a member of theBoard ofDirectors of the SuburbanSouthern Christian Leadership Confer-ence and the Mid-South Mental HealthAssociation.

Representative Washington is amember of the Cook County, Illinoisand National Bar Associations.

44

THE CONGRESSIONAL BLACKCAUCUS FOUNDATION:

A NEW* MISSION The Congressional Black Caucus policies which addresi

POT? IVFT/17 TTA/TF Foundation, Inc. (CBCF) is a non- Black and minority cilIVL/rV J.IIVLOO partisan, non-profit, tax exempt development of lealislc

45

Congressman Louis Stokes, Joyce Clements

ofFederal, state and local govern-ment. These programs willbe focusedon Black Americans and other

groups which have historically beenexcluded from participation in theseprocesses.

The present need for a research andinformation center focused onBlackAmericans is clear. For too long wehave relied upon the statistics anddata collection of others to shapepublic policies which affect BlackAmerica. With current attacks on in-stitutions and policies which weredeveloped to ameliorate discrimina-tion,Black Americans now need theability to explore and implement theirown solutions to these problems. TheCBCF can be a catalyst for these ef-forts.

As the CBCF expands, and evolvesinto a research institute, it willad-dress the array of issues and problemsconfronting the Black community bycalling upon its ownresources

—its

talented youth; experienced scholars;legal experts; entrepreneurs; techni-cians; artists; workers; socialpolicy planners and analysts. Itslegislative origins—andthe continued active involvement ofseveral Members of Congress— makethe CBCF unique. The goals of thenew CBCF ensure that it willmakeimportant and constructive contribu-tions to Black life. Its goals are:

•Development ofan independentdata base and analyses on issuesaffecting Black Americans;

•Provision of information andeducation to the public aboutthese issues and the functions ofFederal, State and local govern-ment inaddressing them;

•Provision ofeducational and pro-fessional opportunities for talentedyounger scholars, and developgreater working relationshipswith more established scholars;

•Establishing relationships betweenpublic and private sector institu-tions to expand its resources andcapacity; and

•Support of networks andinstitution-building efforts withinthe Black community.

PROPOSED CBCFACTIVITIES

Inaddition to continuing its highlysuccessful Graduate Legislative InternProgram, it willinitiate several newactivities inthe next year. Theseinclude:

Formulation of a Scholars'Council, comprised of leading in-tellectuals and academicians fromhere and abroad. These scholarswillserve as an adjunct to theCBCF Board, will advise the CBCFon new research projects and con-tribute to its scholarly journals andlegislative proposals.

Development of an informa-tion service and statisticalresearch capability.

Publication of a newsletter thatprovides statistical and other infor-mation on Black Americans to beused by public policy makers andthe general public.

Development of legislative pro-posals, with supporting researchand analyses.••

The CBCF willinitially focus itsresearch efforts on serious prob-lems now plaguing the Blackcommunity— including unem-ployment; the problems ofpoverty; urban decay; the prob-lems of Black rural com-munities; and the continuingneed for affirmative action andequal opportunity laws andpolicies.

••Inrecognition of the need to

develop partnerships betweenthe public and private sectorand between minority and ma-jority business, the CBCF willdevote substantial resources toanalyses of new, innovativecorporate-sponsored programsto increase collaboration be-tween these entities; to enhanceprovision of community ser-vices and employment; and todemonstrate responsible cor-porate efforts that meet Blackconsumer needs and problems.CBCF's research also must focuson Black business ownership,with particular reference to thepenetration of new markets;joint ventures; technologytransfer; and their role inen-hancing jobcreation andeconomic stability in the Blackcommunity.

46

THE GRADUATE LEGISLATIVE INTERN PROGRAM

The Congressional Black CaucusFoundation's Graduate Legislative In-tern Program began as a pilot projectduring the summer of 1976 with fourstudents selected from HowardUniversity. At the time ofits crea-tion, Black members of Congresswere deeply disturbed by the severeunderrepresentation ofminorities onCongressional staffs, particularly withregard to vital Congressional commit-tees. Although there has been someimprovement inthe interveningyears, underrepresentation persists.

The Intern Program was establishedas a focused effort to address thisproblem by increasing the number oftrained Black and minority Congres-sional staff on Capitol Hill.The crea-tion of effective Black leadership re-quires legislative technicians familiarwith the legislative process. Theobjective of this program, therefore,is to provide opportunities forstudents to better their analytical andtechnical skills,inorder that theymay master legislative and policy-making procedures.

The CBCF Intern Program is uniqueon Capitol Hill.It is the only programspecifically designed for Black andminority graduate students. It is theonly program which operates bi-annually, and which focusesexclusively on the Committees forintern placement.

Interns are recruited and selectedfrom colleges and universities on anationwide competitive basis. Internselection is primarily based upon

prior academic performance, generalunderstanding ofthe objectives of theprogram and the nature and require-ments of intern assignments, andupon recommendations of the Deansof Graduate Schools. A scholarlyresearch paper related to the intern'scommittee assignment is a require-ment for completion of the program.

Interns assigned to the legislativestaff ofCongressional Committeesserve a two to three month intern-ship. Inaddition to their legislativeassignments, interns meet in seminarsessions. This year's seminars haveincluded lectures by experts on thelegislative process (including the roleof the committees; the budget and ap-propriations process; and the rules ofthe House); the role of lobbyists andpublic interest groups in shapinglegislation; and the role ofCongres-sional Caucuses. Interns also are ex-posed to representatives of the otherbranches of government, and discusshow these three branches inter-relateinthe formulation of Federal policy.

Since 1976, 78 students have par-ticipated in the program. Severalformer interns have obtained profes-sional Capitol Hillstaff positions.

Each student is awarded a stipendof $1,000 per month for the two to

three month internship period. Theseawards are made possible throughthe fundraising efforts of the Con-gressional Black Caucus Spouses andcorporate and private contributions.

47

byRosa Whitaker

InLangston Hughes' poem, TheNegroMother, an oldBlack womanleaves her children witha legacy. Shesays "...Ihad only hope then, butnow,through you dark ones of today,my dreams must come true... Allyou dark children in the world outthere remember my sweat, mypain,my despair; remember my yearsheavy with sorrow and make ofthose years a torch for tomorrow."

The Congressional Black CaucusFoundation Graduate LegislativeInternProgram is fulfillingthe hopesof that oldBlack woman byproviding Black students witha"torch for tomorrow." The InternProgram has not onlyafforded methe opportunity tolearn thelegislative process but ithas alsoassisted me and many other formerinterns throughout the country inbecoming more proficient inoursubject and career areas.

As a childgrowing upintheneighborhood ofHoward UniversityinWashington, D.C., during themid-19605, Iwitnessed the decayofmy owncommunity while,fortunately, at the same timeIsawBlack students and professors atHoward who were determined tomake itdespite allofthe obstacles.Thisexperience resulted inmydetermination tobe apublic servant.

Inspired bymy parents, and alocalCity Council member, ata veryearlyage Iplanned to devote the rest ofmylife topublic service. In1975, at theage of15, 1worked for the DistrictofColumbia's first elected City Council,and itwas there Ireceived a strongfoundation tobuildupon.

The followingyear,Iwas theyoungest person ever tobe elected asYouth Chairperson ofa NeighborhoodPlanning Council. Afterwards,Ireceived anaward from the Mayorfor Distinguished CommunityService. This momentum led tomyenrollment and graduation withhonors from the American University.

In 1979, 1received a scholarship tostudy at the University ofLondon inEngland. The following year, Iwaschosen to study inItaly at theAmerican University ofRome.Iobtained relevant work

experience ingovernment servicewhile employed as a ContractsManager for the D.C. government, aLegislative Assistant to the D.C. CityCouncil, and a Research analyst for aninternational lobbying group.Ihad always hoped that my work

experience would lead to a career ingovernment as a policy-maker orprogram administrator whicbnpiouldallow me tohave a direct imjpnv onthe political system— a system whichnot only affects but shapes people's

lives.Iam concerned about theability of political institutions tosatisfy basic human needs such ashousing, sufficient health care andquality education. Ithas been mydesire to translate these needs intopublic policy.

To launch this endeavor, Iwasoverwhelmed when Iwas selectedfor the Intern Program and assignedto the House Committee on theDistrict ofColumbia. My tenure onthe Committee was very rewarding.Not only was my knowledge aboutissues affecting the District ofColumbia enhanced, butIwas alsotaught how Icould be an effectivevoice for the citizens.

Inaddition to greatly improvingmy technical skills, my Internshiprestored a great deal of confidence inmyself and my ability to carry outthe legacy of that Black mother inLangston Hughes' poem. Iwillbeforever indebted to the CBCFoundation for providing me withsuch an opportunity. As a directresult of my Internship, Ifeel readyto use the skillsIobtained to improvethe conditions, not only for theDistrict ofColumbia, but all over theworld.

This Internship has indeedprovided me with a foundation forthat pursuit. For this,Iexpress myheartfelt gratitude to all those whohave contributed to making the CBCFGraduate Legislative Intern Programpossible. Ithank the ProgramDirector for her guidance, theentire CBC Foundation, and myRepresentative to Congress, theChairman of the CBC, the HonorableWalter Fauntroy, whose dedicationhas been a great inspiration to me.

48

1982 GRADUATE LEGISLATIVE INTERNS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

WINTERPeter BurkeAntioch School ofLawCommittee onSmall Business

LindaParkerGeorge Washington University School of

LawCommittee on Education andLabor

SamuelPerkinsAntioch School ofLawSubcommittee onUnemployment

Compensation and Public AssistanceCommittee on Ways and Means

AlvettaPetermanAtlantaUniversitySubcommittee onOversightCommittee on Ways and Means

Joyce StephensHowardUniversitySubcommittee onHuman ResourcesCommittee onEducation and Labor

Everald ThompsonIndiana UniversitySchool ofLawSubcommittee onDomestic Monetary

PolicyCommittee on Banking,Finance andUrban Affairs

RosaWhitakerAmerican UniversityCommittee on the District ofColumbia

SUMMERLeamonAbramsHarvard UniversityKennedy School of

GovernmentSubcommittee onManpower and

HousingCommittee on Government Operations

Laurack BrayHoward University School ofLawCommittee onEducation and Labor

KimberlyFosterPrinceton UniversitySenate Subcommittee on the

HandicappedCommittee onLabor and Human

Resources

Karen HillSt.Louis UniversitySubcommittee onFiscal Affairs and

HealthCommittee on theDistrict ofColumbia

Janis NeroGeorge Washington UniversitySubcommittee onHealthCommittee onWays and Means

Mark O'RileyGeorge Washington University School of

LawCommittee on Small Business

Michael RossUniversity ofVirginiaSchool ofLawSubcommittee onPostsecondary

EducationCommittee onEducation and Labor

Jesse WineberryUniversity ofPuget Sound School ofLawSubcommittee onTelecommunications,

Consumer Protection and FinanceCommittee on Energy and Commerce

Deborah WoodHoward UniversitySubcommittee onConstitutional and

CivilRightsCommittee on the Judiciary

Sincere appreciation for contributionsand generous support to the Congres-sional Black Caucus FoundationGraduate Legislative Intern Programby:

American Can CompanyAvonProducts

Beneficial Management CorporationBethlehem Steel CorporationBright Hope Baptist ChurchBristolMyers CompanyCBC SpousesCBS RecordsChrysler Corporation FundDon KingFoundation, Inc.Edison Electric InstituteGreyhound CorporationIllinoisBellJohnson Products Company, Inc.Los Angeles TimesMcDonald's CorporationMillerBrewing CompanyPepsiCoPhilipMorris CorporationRCAR.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.

COORDINATORGretchen Wharton

SPECIAL THANKS

Nadine RobinsonAndrea JeffersonFaithe NorrellAnnRoyalPat Fagin ScottLorraine SmithSondra Norrell-Thomas

AvonProducts, Inc. Henry Poole presentingcheck to Congressman LouisStokes andDenise Woods.

49

1982 GEORGE W. COLLINS AWARD

The George W. Cofßns Awardfor Community.Service is being presented to].Lamar ¥h% anindividual who exemp&fies the. ideak of serviceon tfte beat (evet as perceived by the (ate

Congressman George W. Coffins.

J. LAMARHILLANGELUS FUNERAL HOME,Los Angeles, California

John Lamar Hillis President and ownerofthe Angelus Funeral Home inLosAngeles, California. His mortuary rep-resents one ofthe largest Black funeralhomes inCalifornia. Heis also theformer owner ofradio station KJLH-FMinLos Angeles, the firstBlack ownedradio station on the West coast.

Throughout his business career, Mr.Hillhas displayed a strong commit-ment to community service by work-ing with the Congressional Black Cau-cus, community churches and othercivic organizations to improve thequality oflifeinhis community.

Mr.Hillhas been very active withinhis current professional field, servingas both past president and member ofthe California Morticians Associationand the California State Board ofFuneral Directors and Embalmers. Inaddition,he is an active member of theCalifornia Mortuary Alliance, theCalifornia Funeral Directors Associa-tion and Kappa Alpha PsiFraternity.

Amember ofthe Republican NationalParty, Mr.Hillis a former member ofthe Republican California State CentralCommittee. His recreational interestsinclude photography and golf.

50

1982 ADAMCLATTON POWELL AWARD

Hie Ahn CkytonPoweK Award isjroeniaf to Cabman Young for ipoftikatAvemmt because, ofhis courageous andmlspofefi commitment to tfie rights ofminorities ajuftftepoor.

COLEMAN TOUNGMAYOR,Detroit, Michigan

Coleman Alexander Young wasbora inTuscaloosa, Alabama on May24,1918.

He moved to Detroit at the age offive when his father, a tailor, soughttoescape an economic recession inthe south. Coleman Young attended

public and parochial (Catholic) ele-mentary schools in the city andgraduated withhonors from Detroit'sEastern High School. He attendedtechnical school briefly and thenwent to work on the line at the FordMotor Company's Rouge Plant.

He joined in the early organizingbattles of the United Auto Workers(UAW), took a leadership role intheWayne County C.1.0., and combinedcivilrights and labor activities asexecutive secretary of the NationalNegro Labor Council.

Commissioned as an officer in theU.S. Army during World War 11,Coleman Young served briefly in aFt. Knox stockade after he and scoresof other Tuskegee Airmen inthe AirCorps shut down an officers' clubthat refused to serve black officers.

He worked as an insurance execu-tive, a spot cleaner in a laundry, asmanager of a chain ofdry cleaners, ataxidriver, and a butcher's assistantbefore plunging into politics full timein1961 with a successful campaignfor delegate to Michigan's Constitu-tional Convention.In1964 he captured a State Senate

seat from an east side Detroit district,and rose quickly to leadership postsin the Lansing legislature. MichiganDemocrats elected him in1968 tobecome the first black member everto serve on the Democratic NationalCommittee.

In1973, pledging to restore peacebetween the people and police of

Detroit, Coleman Young announced asa candidate for Mayor. He defeatedthe City's former police chief inasometimes bitter election contest, andinearly 1974 took the oath of officejust two miles from the "BlackBottom" neighborhood where hisfather had operated a small tailorshop.

Mayor Young was appointed byPresident Carter as vice-chairman ofthe National Democratic Party. He isPresident of the U.S. Conference ofMayors, and an active spokesman forAmerica's large cities.

InNovember, 1977, Mayor Youngwas re-elected to a second four-yearterm and in1981 began to serve histhird term.

51

1982 WILLIAML.DAWSON AWARD

Representative Shirky A. Cfushohn is beingpresented the WiSkrni L. Dawson Awardforher unique (eadership hi the development oflegislation wfuch. addresses the. needs ofminorities in the United States.

SHIRLEY A. CHISHOLM

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,Brooklyn, New York

For her outstanding legislative achieve-ments, the Congressional Black CaucusFoundation is presenting the 1982Dawson Award to CongresswomanShirley A.Chisholm.

Mrs.Chisholm was first elected in1968 to the 91st Congress of the UnitedStates. She brought withher an inter-est inand a commitment to the provi-sionofa quality education for allAmericans. Inkeeping withthis com-mitment, she worked toamend theElementary and Secondary EducationActof1978 to establish the Bio-MedicalServices Program. Today, thisprogramsupports 12 projects nationally whichencourage junior high school studentstopursue careers inthe medicalprofession.

In1980, Congresswoman Chisholmresponded to the financial needs ofBlack Colleges and Universities byin-troducing her ownHigher Educationlegislation. Unlike the Education andLabor Committee bill,Mrs.Chisholm'sbillprovided "Challenge Grants" toBlack, higher educational institutionsto allow the establishment oftheir ownendowment funds. Although her en-tirebillwas not passed by the Con-gress, the "Challenge Grant" com-ponent was adopted and provides animportant mechanism forfinancialassistance toBlack institutions.

Mrs.Chisholm has similarly been amajor spokesperson and effective legis-lator insupport of:Title IXof the 1982

Education Amendments, whichguar-antees sex equity ineducation; juveniledelinquents, by establishing both theAlternative Education and SeriousYouth Offenders Special Emphasis Pro-grams within the Office ofJuvenile Jus-ticeand Delinquent Prevention; anddomestic workers byhelping to estab-lish a national minimum wage.

Most recently, Congresswoman Chis-holm's legislative efforts have also in-cluded initiatives inthe foreignpolicyarea. As Chair of the CongressionalBlack Caucus Task Force onHaitian Re-fugees, Mrs.Chisholm brought nationalattention to the plight ofHaitians seek-ingpolitical asylum inthe UnitedStates. The Congresswoman speakingonbehalf of the Caucus, testified beforethe House Judiciary Subcommittee onImmigration, Refugees and Interna-tional Law on the blatant discrimina-tory treatment received by Haitianasylum applicants. The Administration,inresponse to charges ofracist refugee

policies, finally agreed to change theirpolicy ofquick expulsion for Haitiansand allow them to remain inthis Coun-try as part ofthe Cuban-Haitian entrantprogram. Despite this significantchange inpolicy,Mrs. Chisholm con-tinues topress for fullrecognition ofHaitians as political refugees and fed-eral reimbursement to states and locali-ties that have been impacted by the in-flux ofHaitians and Cubans. She hasauthored legislation, H.R. 3602 whichwould grant refugee status to Cubansand Haitians and H.R. 6071 whichwould create anindependent asylumreview board.Congresswoman Chisholm's legislativecontributions as the Representative ofthe 12th Congressional Districtin theState ofNew Yorkhave been an assetto the Congress and the Nation duringher years ofservice. Itis inrecognitionof these and other legislative achieve-ments that wehonor her with thisaward.

52

1982 HUMANITARIANAWARD

Tfte Congressional B(ack Caucus Foundation ispresenting tfte 1982 Humanitarian Award to

Mr.Percy E. Sutton for his epxqftional workin trie struggle for human rights and socialjustice jar allpeople.

PERCY E. SUTTONINNER CITY BROADCASTING CORP.,New York, New York

AsChairman of the Board andTreasurer ofInner City BroadcastingCorporation, Percy E. Sutton findshimself at the helm of one of thelargest black-owned telecommunica-tions companies in the nation. InnerCityBroadcasting Inc., is the parentbody of such stations as WLBS inMichigan, KRE-AM&>KBLX-FMinCalifornia and WBLS-FM &> WLIB-AMinNew York.

He is also Chairman of the Board andPresident ofAmistad DOT VentureCapital, Inc., a project designed tofund disadvantaged entrepreneursseeking to service the America rail-road company.In addition to his many business

and professional activities, Mr. Suttonparticipates in various service organ-izations and efforts, such as the BoyScouts of America; the USO ofMetro-

politan New York;Hale House inNew York City,(a home for childrenborn of drug addicted mothers); theJoint Center for Political Studies inWashington, D.C., "which he founded;the African-American Institute; andthe Nigerian-American FriendshipSociety, Inc.

A long time Pan-Africanist andactivist indemonstrations, nego-tiations and fund raising efforts onbehalf of the African Freedom Move-ment, Mr. Sutton is a founder andBoard Member of Trans-Africa, alobbying group insupport ofAfricancauses.

Trained as an agricultural econ-omist, Mr. Sutton holds a law degreefrom Brooklyn Law School. He,together withhis brother, formerNew York State Supreme CourtJustice Oliver C. Sutton, has servedas attorney for various groups andcauses; including Counsel for MalcolmX, the New York NAACP, and the

Baptist Ministers' Conference ofGreater New York.

Mr.Sutton is also active incivilrights affairs. He is a Life Memberof the NAACP and a member of theBoard ofDirectors of PUSH. Havingbeen a leader and participant in thecivilrights demonstrations and legalproceedings of the 1950's and 19605,Mr. Sutton has been arrested manytimes as an early civilrights activist.

A former two term member of theNew York State Legislature, he wasborough president ofManhattan foralmost 12 years, until leaving publicoffice in1977 after losing a Demo-cratic Primary bid to become Mayorof the City ofNew York.

Mr. Sutton presently resides inHarlem. He ismarried to LeatriceO'Farrell Sutton, and is the fatherofPierre and Cheryl Sutton.

53

LEGISLATIVEUPDATE

The Second Sessionofthe 97th Congress*

*'/7»'.s legislative update, which was prepared bythe Congressional Bkwk Caucus, is reprinted inour dinner hook as an educational service.

The Reagan Administration's policies— asevidenced by severely flawed and unfairbudget proposals; the most serious eco-nomic decline and unemployment since theGreat Depression; equivocation on the Vot-ingRights Act;efforts to dismantle civilrights lawsand enforcement; discrimina-tory and cruel immigrationand asylumpractices; and unsettling foreign affairs anddefense decisions— have provided some ofthe most significant challenges for the Con-gressional Black Caucus since its creation.

The Reagan program isproducing miseryinstead ofprosperity.His economic policiesare producing exactly the opposite result ofwhat was promised. Small businesses arefailingat record rates— almost 500 permonth.Unemployment is rising—increasingby over 35% inthe last 18 months. Thehuge and unwarranted tax cuts and give-aways to the rich— almost $750 billionoverthe next five years— have not produced aboom inproductivity,plant expansion andjob creation. Infact, productivity has declin-edby 8.8%.Corporate profits and new ordersfor capital goods have declined by25% inthe second quarter of1982. Even the heart-less and callous cuts insocialprograms,which were portrayed as a means to reducethe Federal deficits, have not worked.Fed-eral deficitshave ballooned to an estimated

$140 to$160 billionfor each ofthenextthree years. This development isparticular-lypoignant, since the number offamilieslivinginpoverty actually rose last year,creating the highest number ofAmericanslivingbelow the poverty linesince 1965,when President Johnson launched the WaronPoverty. More devastating, 1in3BlackAmericans nowliveinpoverty. These poli-cies, and their results, constitute a declara-tionofwar on the poorest and the mostvulnerable whohave already borne adouble burden caused by budget cuts andthe economy.

There were certainly some important victo-ries this session. The Congress passed the Vot-ingRights Actbysmashing margins inboththe House and the Senate. This victory wasofmore than symbolic and passing impor-tance: not onlydoes itcontinue the neces-sary Federal protections toensure equal vot-ingrights forBlack and brown Americans,but italso demonstrated the power ofanaroused and organized citizenry. Congress-man Augustus Hawkins' new jobcreationand trainingbill,H.R. 5320, passed theHouse ofRepresentatives onAugust 4, 1982.Asimilar measure (S. 2036) had alreadypassed the Senate onJuly 1, 1982. Ata timeofsevere and debilitatingunemployment inthe Black community, and after the demiseofCETA and other public sector jobs pro-grams, this successful initiativeisofgreatimportance. Prolonged highunemploymentrates of18.3% forBlack adults and 52.6%forBlack teenagers stalk our community.This year, 1in5 American workers, and 1in3 Black workers, wereunemployed forallor part ofthe year. Therefore, Congress-man HaroldFord's proposal (H.R. 6369) toextend unemployment benefits for an addi-tional13 weeks, incorporated into the mostrecent major billto increase revenues, willalso have a significant impact inlesseningthe suffering inour communities.

These victories notwithstanding, most ofthe news was notgood. Under the ReaganAdministration, the budget has become thepreeminent instrument ofgovernment poli-cy-making. Under the guise ofbalancingthe budget and eliminatingwaste, this Ad-ministrationhas for two straight years deci-mated social programs whichare needednowmore than ever before.

There also weredevelopments intheareaofforeignaffairs including a shift towardSouth Africa;harsh and discriminatory im-migration policies; the loss ofhuman lifeand devastation inprotracted MiddleEastconflicts;and a flawedproposal forassis-tance to Caribbean nations, that are signifi-cant toBlack Americans.

These conditions have stimulated a legis-lativelyproductive session forthe Caucus.The highlights ofthe Caucus' legislativeactivities include:

54

The Congressional Black Caucus Budget

For both the FY82and FY 83budget de-bates, the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)

introduced an alternative toboth theReagan and the House Budget Committeeproposals. The budget proposed by the Con-gressional Black Caucus (the "Fauntroy Sub-stitute") had the followingmajor features:

» The CBC Budget reduced the deficitsubstantially. Infact, its FY83 budgetdeficitof$93 billionwas much lessthan the $140 billionFY 83 deficitnowprojected forthe Reagan proposal.Moreover, the CBCbudget wouldleadtosteadily shrinking deficits of$62 bil-lionin 1984 and an actual surplus of$18.6 billionin1985, which willhelpbringinterest rates downand providethe basis foreconomic recovery.

• The CBCBudget was fairand humane.Itprevented the many additional cuts

inhuman-needs programs proposed bythe President and returned funds tosocialprograms that were lostby enact-ment ofReagan FY 82budget reduc-tions.Because ofsavings generated byalternative tax and defense policies, sev-eraleducation, health, housing and ur-ban programs were restored toFY 81funding levels, adjusted forinflation.The CBCBudget restored a totalof$27.4billionfor socialprograms inFY83 alone. For example, the Budget re-stored $3.3 billionto TitleI;$1.6 billiontoPellGrants fordisadvantaged collegestudents; more guaranteed student loanfunds; 16,000 more Section 8 housingunits; increased funding for health careprograms; $1.2 billioninSocial Servicesfunds, including child welfare pro-grams. Itretained EDA;the LegalServices Corporation, and low-incomeenergy and other conservationprograms.•The CBC Budget was stimulative andcreatedjobs. Acenterpiece ofthe Bud-getproposal was the creation ofamajor $6 to$8 billionFederal jobs,vocational educational and trainingpackage. Portions ofthe CBC jobs pro-posal were taken fromCongressmanHawkins' jobtrainingbill,H.R. 5320.This initiative was inresponse both tothe Nation's unemployment rate gen-erally,and to the catastrophic unem-ployment in the Black communityspecifically. The CBC Budget alsoincluded a $4 billionurban infrastruc-ture proposal, which wouldhavecreated 50 to80,000 jobs;a $4 billionexpansion ofmass transit andhighwayconstruction programs, which wouldhave created an equal number ofjobs;and homeownership assistance and

rentalhousing construction programsto stimulate employment inresidentialconstruction.

The CBC Budget ensured adequateSocial Security and other support fortheNation's poor— bothelderly andnon-elderly. The budget maintainedthe cost oflivingadjustment for elderlyonfixed income, and extended unem-ployment compensation benefits andprogram triggers to 52 weeks. IntheCaucus' view, this restoration ofbene-fits was necessary at a timewhen weare experiencing levels ofunemploy-ment whichhave not been enduredsince the Depression. The basis ofourproposal, Congressman Ford's billtoex-tend benefits, was incorporated into therecent major revenue billwhichpassedboth the House and the Senate. OurBudget also provided increased fundingforprograms to assist the poor includ-ing $3.2 billionmore than Reagan forAFDC;$5 billionmore forFood Stamps;$7.7 billionmore forMedicaid; $2.9 bil-lionmore forMedicare; $1.2 billionmore for 6health programs; and $400millionmore forSupplemental SocialInsurance.

The CBC Budget established a sanerand safer national defense. As an initialmatter, the Caucus recognized the needfora strong conventional military.Thealternative provided forthe continuedfunding ofpractical conventional weap-ons, and actually increased pay formili-tary personnel and funds for operationsand maintenance. However, inan effort

Left toRight: Felda Thompson, FrancestaFarmer, Congressman Walter Fauntroyand Sheila Senesie

to slow the unacceptable rate ofgrowthinthe defense budget, and to ensurethat the deficit isreduced, the Congres-sionalBlack Caucus generally recom-mended that the defense spending beheld at FY 82levels. Inaddition, theCBCendorsed the principle ofa nuclearfreeze byproviding no funding fornew nuclear weapons systems andnuclear weapons.

• The CBC Budget provided comprehen-sive taxreform. The CBC believes thatthere must be a fair and adequate taxsystem tosupport the many legitimateand necessary activities of the Federalgovernment. The existing system hasnot met that test, and the tax changesmade by the President last year havemade the situation even worse. Conse-quently, the CBC budget included com-prehensive reform ofthe tax codes. Itreplaced the second and thirdyears ofthe Reagan/Kemp/Roth individual tax

cuts withtaxcuts that wouldprovidethe most taxreliefto the poor and mid-dle class. The budget closed orcappedmany ofthe tax breaks and loopholeswhichallow the richto avoidpayingtheir fair share oftaxes. Itreversed themisguided taxbreaks given corpora-tions last year as wellas many ofthewasteful corporate loopholes that ex-isted before Reagan took office. Italsoraised users fees and similar revenueswhere appropriate to support neededFederal programs. Itisobvious that theCBCproposals weremeritorious. Re-cently, the Congress passed abillto in-

crease revenues by $98 billion.Thismeasure included 12provisions whichwere exactly the same, ormarkedlysimilar, to those proposed in the CBCbudget.

Inlightofthese realities, actionby Con-gressman Louis Stokes on the Education andLabor Subcommittee of the AppropriationsCommittee has been extremely importantinrectifying the imbalances caused by theReagan Administration budget proposals.For example, when considering the FY 82Supplemental Appropriations bill,Congress-man Stokes was successful inincluding anadditional $140 millionfor the Basic Educa-tionalOpportunity Grant Program for dis-advantaged college students. Inaddition, heauthored an amendment that willenableapproximately 200 needy medical studentstocontinue to receive National Health Ser-vice Corps Scholarships, although theywouldhave been denied such scholarshipsunder new budget proposals. Finally,as aresult ofCongressman Stokes' actions, theCommittee approved a 15% set-aside ofMaternal and ChildHealth. Funds topro-vide transitional funding forSickle Cell

55

projects whichwouldotherwise be endedbecause oflack ofresources.

Other Caucus Members, too, have usednon-Budget Committee assignments to de-velop legislation which responds creativelyto the nation's current economic and fiscalcrises. Congressman Walter Fauntroy,Chairman ofthe Subcommittee on DomesticMonetary Policy,has authored two suchbills:•

H.R. 6222: The Reserve RequirementsReform Act of1982. The MonetaryControl Act of1980 requires alldeposi-tory institutions to maintain non-inter-est bearing reserves withthe FederalReserve System. Since the implementa-tionofthe Act,the Federal Reserve hasby administrative action exemptedsmall depository institutions, ofwhichmany are minoritycontrolled andowned, from these requirements. Thisexemption expires on December 31,1982 and the Federal Reserve has indi-cated that it willnot be extended with-out legislativeauthority. Byenactingthis legislation, realistic and meaningfulreliefto small financial institutions, in-cluding those owned and controlledbyminorities, willbe made available with-out interference withthe conduct ofmonetary policy.More than 17,755such institutions willbe aided by thisbill.

This billwas passed unanimously by theHouse Banking and Urban Affairs Commit-tee, and was considered by the fullHouseon August 17, 1982.

•H.Joint Resolution 3G5. CongressmanFauntroy, the Chairman oftheJointEconomic Committee, and the Chair-man ofthe FullCommittee onBanking,Finance and Urban Affairs,soughtadoption ofH.J. Res 365 because theywerealarmed by current economicconditions. This resolution wouldre-quire the Administration to reconsiderits current economic policies inorder tobring interest rates down.

Itstillispending before the Subcommitteeat this time.

VotingRights

The VotingRights Act of1965— designedto prevent discriminatory practices throughthe administrative rather than the judicialprocess

—was due to expire inAugust, 1982.

Therefore, one ofthe most important de-bates ever on votingrights forminorityAmericans consumed the Congress formuch ofthis session.

The Congressional Black Caucus, throughthe special efforts ofCongressmen Wash-ington, Conyers and Fauntroy, provided

leadership during the House and Senateconsideration ofthis vitallegislation. AfterCommittee hearings and mark-up, theHouse began debate on H.R. 3112 on Oc-tober 2,1981, and passed thebillonOctober5 by a vote of389 to24. Itwas a stirring re-affirmationofthe principles and problemswhichnecessitated the VotingRights Act inthe firstplace.

On May4,1982, the fullSenate JudiciaryCommittee reported a version ofS. 1992which was similar to the House-passed billexcept inthree respects. First, the billincor-porated more explicitstandards and lan-guage from the controllingSupreme Courtcase, White v.Regester. Second, the Senatebill,unlike the House bill,extended the Actforonly25 more years witha provisionproviding forCongressional review after 15years. Third, thebillmade more explicitprovisions inthe current law whichpermitassistance tovoters whoare illiterateorhandicapped.

OnJune 18, 1982, after a long and compli-cated debate, the Senate overwhelmingly

approved a strengthened VotingRights Actthat was consistent withtheHouse-passedbill,by a vote of85 to8.

H.R. 5320:Job TrainingPartnership ActA finalversion ofCongressman Hawkins'

bill,withchanges, was passed by the Houseon August 4,1982. Asimilar measure waspassed by the Senate onJuly 1, 1982.

H.R. 5320 maintains most ofthe serviceswhich wereprovided under CETA, includ-ing job search assistance, skills training,OJT, internships, remedial education andbasic skillsand jobdevelopment. Itallowsuse offunds for"employment bonuses" forsixmonths ofsuccessful retention, specialsubsidized programs foremployers whowill"customize" training and provide a job.Employment generating programs are alsoallowable. The billcontains specific localprograms foryouth, a state displacedworker program and national programs.

Refugee Policy

The Caucus' Task Force onRefugee Policy,ledby Congresswoman Shirley Chisholmand Congressman Walter Fauntroy, hasbeen deeply involved ininitiatives relatingtoU.S. immigration and asylum policies.Outraged and disturbed by the treatment ofHaitianrefugees to our shores, the Caucushas examined the range ofavailable legis-lative options toeradicate ideological andracial discrimination from the process bywhich foreign nationals are permitted tocome to,and remain in,our country. FourCaucus Members (Cong. Gray, Dixon,Faunt-roy and Chisholm) also traveled toHaititostudy, first-hand, the conditions which haveprompted the sharp increase inthe numberofHaitianrefugees.

There are three important legislative ini-tiatives in this area:• The Immigration Reform and Control

Act of1982 (H.R. 6514: the "Simpson-Mazzoli"bill).After several salutarychanges inthe firstdraft ofthis legisla-tionwhich were insisted upon byMembers ofthe Caucus, three provi-sions stillare extremely troubling. TheCaucus is withholdingtotal support andworkingwiththe principle authors ofthebillto secure further changes. Thethree provisions are:••

Section 123. This section eliminatesjudicialreview ofasylum claims; it,therefore, raises the issue of"courtstripping." The CBC isopposed toremoval ofFederal court jurisdic-tionas a matter ofprinciple. Italsois particularly concerned about thepattern and practice ofdenyingdue process toHaitian asylum ap-plicants due to racialand ideo-logicaldiscrimination.

••Summary exclusion. The sum-mary exclusion provisions inthebillare open to abuse by the Immi-gration and Naturalization Service(INS). This is evidenced by the cur-rent INSpractice ofgranting onlycursory or hostile interviews toHaitian and other Black asylumclaimants. Under these circum-stances, there is noassurance that aBlack orbrown applicant willevenbe informed ofhis or her right toclaim asylum.•• Employer sanctions. These provi-sions are objectionable becausethey donot include equal employ-ment or other civilrights enforce-ment mechanisms which enableFederal officials tomonitordis-criminationagainst U.S. citizensand permanent residents whoaredenied employment because ofsur-

56

name orbecause they are "foreignlooking."Moreover, victims ofsuch discrimination cannot seek re-dress under the current bill.Abet-ter alternative to these provisions,in the CBC's view,is vigorous en-forcement ofexisting fairlaborpractices laws.

There are two other bills,introduced byCongresswoman Shirley Chisholm, whichaffect U.S. refugee policies.•

H.R. 3602, grants permanent residentstatus to Cuban and Haitian entrantsnowin this country.

•H.R. 6071, reforms asylum proceduresbyestablishing anindependent corps ofknowledgeable and bias-free asylum of-ficers positioned outside both the INSand the State Department. Inaddition,the legislation creates an independentreview board for claims ofthose whoseasylum or refugee applications havebeen denied, and preserves judicialre-view ofsuch claims.

MinorityBusiness Enterprise (MBE)

Under the leadership ofthe Chairman ofthe House Small Business Committee, Con-gressman Parren Mitchell,the CBC has beenactive inadvancing the interests ofminoritybusiness byintroducing legislation and bymonitoring Federal agency policyrelevanttoMBE's. The necessity forthis focus isclear: ina time ofsevere economic disloca-tion, not only are MBE's morenegatively af-fectedbyhighinterest rates and scarcecredit, but they also are the last best hopeforemployment formillionsofminoritycitizens. A thrivingminoritybusiness sec-toris essential forthe long-term health ofourcommunities. Yet,notwithstanding arichlegacy ofBlack business development,the contemporary Black and minorityentre-preneur has, untilrecently, been virtuallyexcluded fromparticipation inthis Nation'stotaleconomic system.

One measure ofthis exclusion is the levelofminorityparticipation inFederal con-

trading opportunities. In1977, less than 1%

of the Federal government's $100 billionprocurement budget was awarded to mi-noritybusinesses. By1981, due insomemeasure to CBC pressure, this figure rose to$4.5 billion.Even though this figure doesnot even approach economic parity, itisclear progress.

Recent developments at the SBA have cast

a long shadow over the aspirations forstability ofsome ofourmost viable MBE's.InJune, 1982, the SBA announced that itwas graduating 23 Black and Hispanic-owned businesses from the Section 8(a) set-aside program. This action wouldremovethese businesses from specific Federal con-tract opportunities, affecting some $250 mil-lionincontracts and 7,500 employees. The"graduation" ofthese firmsbased merelyon gross receipts, and not onsize relative tothe industries inwhichthey are found,hasenormous destructive potential. The Caucus

and other concerned Members ofCongresshave demanded that the SBA reverse itsposition on this forced graduation.

Other legislation affecting minoritybusi-nesses inthe Second session includes:•

P.L. 97-219. The SmallBusiness Innova-tionand Development Actof1982 wasenacted onJuly 22, 1982. This law willbecome effective onOctober 1, 1982.AllFederal agencies witha researchbudget of$100 millionor more mustestablish a Small Business Innovationand Research program. These agenciesmust also set-aside 25% oftheir re-search budgets for smallbusinesses.

•P.L. 97-177. The Prompt Payment Act

was enacted onMay 21, 1982. Bylaw,agencies are now required to pay busi-nesses ina timelymanner. Ifthis isnotdone, businesses willbe able to receivean interest penalty on the delinquentcontract price. P.L.97-177 helped toim-prove the cash flowofmany businessesduring this difficult economic period.

•H.R. 5022. Introduced by CongressmanMitchell,itis pending before the Gov-ernment Operations Committee. Ifen-acted, H.R. 5022 wouldeliminate theoutmoded practices ofretainage. Retain-age is a Federal policy inwhich10 per-cent ofa contractor's contract price iswithhelduntilthe contract iscomplete.Asurvey ofsome minoritybusinesseswithannual sales ranging from$250thousand to $1.5 millionshowed $475thousand inretainages forperiods ofupto Wz years.

•H.R. 6823 and H.R. 6824. H.R. 6823requires that a firm's 8(a) business plancontain targets, objectives and goalsdesigned to overcome the firm's eco-nomically disadvantaged status. The

plan must also contain predetermined"criteria ofcompetitiveness" for finan-cial,management and marketing func-tions. The second bill,H.R. 6024, isentitled the "Small Business Adminis-tration Personnel Reform Act of1982."Itattempts to decrease the politicalpersonnel abuses that SBA has been sus-ceptible tohistorically.

H.R. 3597: Legislation Banning New Invest-

ment inSouth Africa

The Caucus has longbeen onrecord asabhorring the apartheid regime ofSouthAfrica,and exploitation ofthe indigenouscitizens and the country's resources by awhiteminority.On May 14, 1981, Congress-man WilliamGray, 111 introduced legisla-tion that directs the President to exerciseauthorities contained inthe InternationalEmergency Economic Powers Actto issueregulations prohibiting investment inSouthAfrica.This legislation isnecessary becauseinvestments by American firms inSouthAfricahelp support an oppressive apartheid

system. H.R. 3597 was reported out ofboththe Africaand the International EconomicPolicyand Trade Subcommittees oftheHouse Foreign AffairsCommittee onJune10, 1982.

The billprovides forciviland criminalpenalties ofup to $50,000 infines and 10

years inprison forindividual violators, anda fine ofup to $1millionforcorporations.

EthiopianRefugees: H.Con. Resolution 368

InAugust, 1981, the State Department an-nounced that ithad changed itspolicieswithregard toEthiopian nationals residinginthe U.S. For unknown reasons, itwas al-leged that conditions inEthiopia had stabil-ized. Therefore, nearly 15,000 Ethiopianscouldbe subject to deportation proceedings,despite theirgovernment's poor humanrights record and the real possibility ofpunishment upon their return.

Working inconcert withEthiopianorgan-izations here inthe UnitedStates, and with

57

Congressman Jack Kemp, the CBC RefugeeTask Force, other CBC Members, and nearly60 Members ofCongress, he authored a bi-partisan resolution that was introduced onJune 24, 1982. Acompanion measure alsowas introduced inthe Senate by Senators

Paul Tsongas and Nancy Kassebaum.Because ofthe attention drawnby this

resolution and nationwide expressions ofconcern, the Department ofState announcedinJuly, 1982, that itwouldrevise its recom-mendation and permit continuation ofex-tended voluntary departure status forEthiopians.

Caribbean Basin Initiative

Inearly March, 1982, President Reagan

announced a new foreign aidand trade ini-

tiative forthe Caribbean region, and severalcountries inCentral America. This so-called"Caribbean Basin Initiative"(CBI), a $350millionaidpackage (H.R. 5900) which ori-ginallyprovided $128 millionineconomic

and militaryaid toElSalvador alone, wasintroduced onMarch 18, 1982.

The CBC had immediate concerns aboutthe disproportionate amount ofaidgiven toCentral American nations under the guiseofsupporting the historically-defined Carib-bean Region; the provision ofmore militaryaid toElSalvador; the paucity ofaid to thenations ofthe Eastern Caribbean; the defacto exclusion ofGrenada; and the specificmixofinfrastructure versus trade assistance.

Congressman Mervyn Dymallypresentedthe CBC posiitonbefore jointhearings heldby the House InterAmerican and Interna-tionalEconomic Policy Subcommittees onMarch 23, 1982; he and CongressmanGeorge W. Crockett played criticalroles inthe Foreign AffairsCommittee mark-up ofthe bill.Congressman Charles Rangel alsoparticipated inmarking up the trade por-tions ofthe billinthe Ways and Means

Committee.Inthe House-Senate Conference on the FY

82 appropriations supplemental, Congress-man Dixon's efforts were the key to final

approval ofa CBIpackage whichmarkedlyincreased levels ofassistance to the Carib-bean, and reduced the imbalances betweenfunds allocated toCentral America andthose earmarked forCaribbean nations. Italso eliminated any additional FY82 mili-tary assistance toElSalvador and thwartedthe Reagan Administration's attempt toob-tain anadditional $200 millioninworld-widemilitaryassistance.

Defense Policy

For six fulldays, duringMarch and April(March 16-18, March 30-31and April1),1982, Congressman Ronald V.Dellums con-vened Special Congressional AdHoc Hear-

ings on the FullImplications oftheMilitaryBudget. These hearings were motivated, inlarge part,by a sense "that political leadershave, for many years, failed to debate thefundamental premises and needs ofAmeri-can foreignand militarypolicy withintelli-gence orintegrity."These hearings also

were convened at a time when the ReaganAdministration was proposing anunprece-dented $1trillionincrease indefense expen-ditures over the next five years.

Inhishearings, Congressman Dellumscalled over40 expert witnesses for an in-depth analysis ofthe militarybudget fromthe followingperspectives: ForeignPolicyand National Security Implications; Strategicand Tactical Weapons Assumptions; Escala-tionversus Disarmament; Economic Impli-cations; MoralImplications; CitizenRespon-sibilities;and Impact ofGlobal Arms Sales.

After reviewing the 1400-page transcriptofthe hearing, Congressman Dellums intro-duced an alternative defense reauthoriza-tionbill:H.R. 6696. H.R. 6696 eliminatedfunding for dangerous and potentially inef-fective strategic and nuclear weapons sys-tems includingthe MXmissile; the B-lbomber; the CVBnuclear aircraft carrier;the Pershing IImissile; the Tomahawk Sea-launched Cruise missile; ground-launchedmissiles; and binarychemical weapons.

Afterextensive debate, H.R. 6696 was de-feated by a vote of55 to348 onJuly20,1982.

H.R. 6410: The Pension EquityTax Act

OnJune 10, the House Ways and Means

Committee held hearings onH.R. 6410 -alsoknown as the Rangel Billor the PensionEquity Tax Act. The billwouldlimitthemaximumpension eligible for taxbenefitsunder a defined benefit plan to $90,000, re-duced from$136,425. H.R. 6410 also was in-corporated into the major $98 billionrevenue billconsidered by the Congress inearly August. The billwouldprohibit topcorporate officials fromdepositingthousands ofdollars inretirement accounts

one day, toclaima tax deduction, and thenwithdrawing the funds the next day as aloan inorder toescape taxation oncurrentincome. Besides reducing these employercontributions toa pension or profit-sharingplan, the billwould also require that

executive health insurance and lifeinsurance plans be extended to lower-paidemployees.Itis estimated that thebillwillreturn

over$1billionto the government.

Change InFederal Policies onTax-Exempt

Status forDiscriminatory Institutions

OnJanuary 8,1982, the Reagan Adminis-trationdecided to rescind Revenue Ruling71-44. This revenue ruling,adopted pur-suant tocourt order during the NixonAd-ministration, denies tax exempt status to

schools that discriminate on the basis ofrace ornational origin.The Administra-tion's decision to rescind was inviolationofexisting Federal anti-discrimination laws.There also is ample case lawprecedent in

support ofthe Revenue Ruling, includingastanding Federal Court order that wasapproved by the Supreme Court.

The Caucus, withmany others, arguedthe position that several existing statutes,including TitleVI,mandated denial ofFed-eral benefits, including tax-exempt status, to

58

discriminatory institutions. The reasoningwasso persuasive that the House and SenateCommittees towhich the Administrationbillwas referred refused to consider it,finding that the Administrationproposalwas unwarranted and unnecessary.

Southwest Regional Forum

On February 12-14, 1982, CongressmanMickeyLelandhosted the second CBC legis-lative forum outside Washington, D.C.Eleven Caucus Members journeyed toHous-ton, Texas fora series of\u25a0workshops andCongressional hearings ona range ofissues,including minoritybusiness; the economy;foreignaffairs;criminaljustice; energy; civilrights and women's issues; and urban de-velopment. These sessions were opened tocommunity participation, and over750 per-sons attended the events.

"NewFederalism"

Having foisted on the American peoplethe "river-boat gamble" ofsupply-side eco-nomics in1981, the White House isnowpushing a "shell game" called the "NewFederalism."

The Administration's latest version oftheNew Federalism hides the reality ofmorecuts inaid to the poor and workingpoorbehind shifts between Federal responsi-bilitiesand funds and state responsibilities.Inexchange forFederal absorption of

some $18.7 billioninstate medicaid costs,the initialproposal suggested that States as-sume, through such mechanisms as blockgrants, total responsibility for financingseveral programs that once provided thenow tattered "safety net" forneedyindividuals.

Perhaps more cynically, the proposedshifts place no obligations on states andlocalities tocontinue the programs intheircurrent formor to provide at least someminimum levels ofsupport, thus virtuallyguaranteeing that programs— and needyprogram beneficiaries— willbe at themercy ofregional, localpolitical and ideo-logicalvariations. Asa Washington Posteditorial writerrecently said: "Theonlyphilosophical justificationis that the statesshould decide for themselves how muchcharity they wish to render. But that putsan abstraction, states' rights, ahead ofareality,poverty. Hungry people need noless food inMississippi than inMaine, nomatter how stingy or generous state legis-latures may be..."

Although there is, as yet,no specific legis-lation, thisproposal was the centerpiece ofthe 1982 State ofthe Union address. Un-doubtedly, this willbe a focus inthe 98thCongress. To combat thisproposal— whichis a code for"states' rights"— the Caucuswillworkto defeat these cynical proposals,

failureofthe Postal Service to make ade-quate progress inequal employment oppor-tunity and affirmative actionprograms, andits failure to utilize minoritycontractors.H.R. 10, the MinorityPostal Contracts Act,introduced by Congressman Clay at thestart ofthe 97th Congress, wouldremedyone ofthese areas by requiring that at least10% ofallpostal procurement dollarsbe awarded to minoritybusinesses.

The Ninety-Eighth Congress: APerspective

During the first session ofthe 98th Con-gress, the Caucus willcontinue to be vigi-lant initsdefense ofBlack and poor people,both here and abroad. Itwillmonitor nega-tive civilrights legislation, includingH.R.5689— a civilrights consolidation billtostrip several statutory protections —

which issure tobe reintroduced. The Caucus willmonitor legislation toimplement PresidentReagan's "NewFederalism" proposals. Itwillseek toameliorate the devastationcaused by highunemployment inourcommunities.

Pursuant to the recent economic summitheld inGary, Indiana onJuly 26-28, 1982,the Caucus willspearhead development ofnew and comprehensive legislation to,inthe words ofCongressman Walter Fauntroyat that summit, address "...the problem ofour deteriorating industrialand manufac-turingbase, and the urgent need ofBlackbusinesses foroutside capital to get started,survive and grow." The CBC willmakesolving these problems apriorityforthenext Congress.

incoalition withothers who share its viewsthat theFederal role inguaranteeing mini-mallevels ofsupport and civilrights protec-tions should not be further eroded.

Death Penalty

Riding a wave ofrisingpopular supportofthe death penalty, legislation isunderconsideration both inthe House (H.R.5679)and the Senate (S. 114) toreactivate the useofthe death penalty for selected Federalcrimes.

Testimony inhearings on the death penal-ty before the House Judiciary Subcommitteeon CriminalJustice, chaired by CBCCrimi-nalJustice Braintrust Chairman John Con-yers, Jr. also revealed that it isdifficulttofindattorneys who are able toprepare ade-quate defense incapital trials and that thecosts ofpresenting that defense are veryhigh.

This Congress is not likelyto agree on theFederal death penalty,but efforts towardthat end willresurface, and willbe moni-toredby the Caucus.

Postal Service

The Postal Service is the largest employerofminorities that receives annual Federalsubsidies. Inhis role as Chairman ofthePostal Operations and Services Subcommit-tee, Congressman WilliamClay has beenholdingextensive hearings on the Service toexplore Postal operations over the 10 yearssince its reorganization. Two vitalissueshave been the focus ofseveral hearings: the

ANECONOMIC DETOUR TO SUCCESS

./lack business has taken a circuitousroute to reach its present number of230,000 businesses. America's other eth-nic groups prospered by producing andmarketing for the general public, theireconomic progress hampered only bythe vagaries of commerce and the lim-itations of their abilities. Black entre-preneurs, because of the spectre ofracism, were forced to detour to pro-duce and market only for other Blackpeople. From 1865 through the 19605,

Black entrepreneurs were encouragedboth by their leaders and the federalgovernment to create a separate "race"business by the side of, and incompeti-tion with, the general business of thenation. Given the racial climate of thetime, perhaps itcould have been noother way. (But even this was not exclu-sive: white merchants could stillsell toand service the Black community.)

In1900 Booker T. Washington wasinstrumental increating the NationalNegro Business League (NNBL),an orga-nization established to promote the

financial development ofBlacks and "tolead the race to a position ofinfluence inAmerican life through economic inde-pendence. At the 1921 annual meetingofthe NNBL "an assembly ofgentlemenrepresenting nine negro insurance com-panies met in Bethel A.M.E. Church onAuburn Avenue [inAtlanta]...for thepurpose oforganizing a national asso-ciation ofNegro insurance men

I,' reportsM.S. Stuart, a pioneer insurance execu-tive. Later that year, the National NegroInsurance Association was organizedwith 13 members. There were then 42black-controlled insurance companies.Today there are 38 with combined assets

of$725.8 million. Six years later, in1927,R.R. Wright, formerly a college presidentbut then president of the Citizens andSouthern Bank and Trust Company ofPhiladelphia, founded the NegroBanker's Association.

These ethnic trade associations indi-cated that Black entrepreneurs were ob-liged to select those kinds ofbusinessesthat white competitors did not choose to

Journalism was one of the earlier Black profes-sions. Earl G. Graves (left)ofBlack Enterprise,Ed Lewis (center) ofEssence, and John Johnson(right) ofEbony continue a tradition ofadvocacy.

During the RevolutionaryEra Black entrepreneursran shops for a largelywhite clientele. FrouncesTavern (left) was aleading New York Cityrestaurant. Much later,

Blacks catered only to

other Blacks. MadamC.J. Walker (far left)established the Blackbeauty industry.

invade or to monopolize-barbershopsand beauty parlors, food service estab-lishments, undertaking, lifeinsuranceand banking. Working within these lim-ited areas Black businesspersons per-severed and laid the foundations for ourBlack business tradition. They turnedadversity intoadvantage.

Twobarbers serving white clientelefounded, and were presidents of, the twolargest black-owned insurance com-panies. John Merrick founded NorthCarolina Mutual LifeInsurance Com-pany, the largest black-owned companywith assets of$198,750 million.AlonzoHerndon was the founder ofAtlanta LifeInsurance Company, the second largestcompany withassets of$112 million.

Abeautician, Madam CJ. Walker soldbeauty products that she manufacturedinher own plant and was our firstBlackmillionairess.

Enterprising Black persons havebeen caterers and restaurateurs sincethe 1700s. InNew York City, SamuelFraunces prospered as the proprietor of

60

Segregation forced Black businessinto an economic detour, leading itto develop large institutions underthe umbrella ofrace. Black Insurancecompanies formed an association (left)to strengthen their position. Tbdayto strengthen their position. Tbdayentrepreneurs are moving into hightechnology withcompanies such asPercy and Pierre Sutton's (right)telecommunications complex. Largitelecommunication's complex. Largercompanies as exemplified by the BlackEnterprise Tbp 100 executives (below)

are the wave of the future.

the city's leading restaurant. It was aplace regularly frequented by GeorgeWashington and itwas here that the firstPresident of the United States badefarewell tohis officers at the end of theRevolutionary War. Fraunces Tavern,al-though no longer black-owned, is stilloperated as a restaurant. Black caterers

soon came to dominate this area ofcom-merce, a dominance that would lastuntil the 1850s. Men such as RobertBogle ofPhiladelphia, Peter Augustinand James Prosser of that same city wereheld inhigh regards and their serviceswere as essential as wealth and positionto the status of the leading citizens ofPhiladelphia.

Of course there were Black business-men outside of the parameters of thetonsorial or culinary arts. Paul Cuffeebuilt ships inNew Bedford, Massa-chusetts, James Forten made sails inPhiladelphia, Robert Boyd manufacturedfurniture in Cincinnati. These Blackmen operated enterprises for the generalpublic. But with the various waves of

immigrants and the aftermath of theCivilWar Black entrepreneurs werepushed out of the general market. In1912 Dr. W.E.B. Dv Bois wrote inhisstudy, The Negro American Artisan:"The new Negro business men are notsuccessors of the old; there used tobeNegro business men inNew York, Phila-delphia, Baltimore catering to the whitetrade. The new Negro business man ca-ters to the Negro trade!'

Such restrictions on commerce rubsagainst the principle of free trade. Blackentrepreneurs, vested with courage andforesight, worked to move from theireconomic detour and to travel on themain road. The successes have been few,but they have been encouraging. Withthe aid of the federal government, es-pecially through the SBA and its 8(a)program, the Federal CommunicationsCommission with its change ofrules to

allow for more minority ownership ofcommunications vehicles, the establish-ment of the Organization of MinorityBusiness Enterprise (now MinorityBusi-

ness Development Agency) and theestablishment ofMinorityEnterpriseSmall Business Investment Corporations,Black entrepreneurs are creating largerand more diversified companies. Thisyear The Black Enterprise top 100 com-panies had sales ofalmost $2 billion dol-lars. More importantly, the list was morediverse than ever and included severalcompanies involved inhigh technology.

AllBlack businesspersons are tobesaluted-both large companies and the"mom and pop" shops-They are allstriving to become partners in theworld's business. This partnership, tobesure, is fostered by the guarantee of fairenforcement ofequal laws. But the de-sire for partnership and the ability tobepartner, must be in the persons. The lawand public sentiment may protect busi-nesspersons, but they cannot makethem. The making is largely with thepersons themselves.

The StaffBlack Enterprise

CONSOLIDATED BANKAND TRUST: PAST AND PRESENTThe roots ofConsolidated Bank and

Trust Company can be traced back to1903, when Maggie L.Walker foundedthe Saint Luke Penny Savings Bank, oneof the earliest black-owned banks inAmerica. Indoing so, Mrs. Walker dis-tinguished herself as the first womanbank president inthe country.

Under her able guidance, the SaintLuke Penny Savings Bank's deposits in-creased steadily. In1906, the bank's firstdividend was declared at a rate of10percent.

InJanuary, 1923, the Saint Luke PennySavings Bank was granted trust powers,and as a result, the name was changedto the Saint Luke Bank and Trust Com-pany.

At the end of1928, the total resourcesofthree black-owned and operatedbanks (Saint Luke, Second Street SavingsBank, and Commercial Bank and TrustCompany) had decreased. It was appar-ent that something was wrong and someform of action had to be taken. In1930,

the Saint Luke Bank and Trust Companyand Second Street Savings Bank mergedto form what is now known as Consoli-

dated Dank and Trust Company. In1931,

Commercial Dank and Trust Companyjoined Consolidated Bank and TrustCompany.

Upon the completion ofeach merger,Maggie L. Walker remained the leader ofthe organization and was elevated to theposition ofChairman of the Board. Sheserved in this capacity until her deathin 1934.

Today, Consolidated Bank has totalassets in excess of$38 millionand totaldeposits ofmore than $34 million.Itranks 12th among the 46 black-ownedbanks in the country and its 59 employ-ees seive the Richmond Metropolitanarea from modern facilities in threeseparate locations.

Consolidated is not only committed tothe use ofsound business principles, butis dedicated to improving the quality oflite for all Richmonders, as evidenced byits spirited support ofcivic and humanservice activities. For nearly eight de-cades the banking and social needs ofour community have been— as theycontinue tobe— ofutmost concern toallofus.

Profitability and financial strength areimportant objectives of the bank. "\\\-

realize that we can be effective in ourpursuits only ifwe are profitable, say*Consolidated President. Vernard Henly."We know that we can best serve thoseneeds ofour community only from aposition oi financial strength. An ade-quate capital base is foremost amongour activities!'

BEREAN SAVINGS ASSOCIATION-SAVING TO BUILDAfter his arrival in Philadelphia in the

late 1800s, The Rev. Matthew Andersonwrote: "One of the first things whichgreatly surprised us on coming t0... theCity ofBrotherly Love (?) was the diffi-culty which colored people experiencein securing desirable homes. That the \u25a0

should occupy only districts designatedas slums seemed to have been agreedupon by the [city's] landlords generally.And as a result, our people were beinginsulted all over the city whenever theyattempted to get desirable homes!"

Anderson, a Presbyterian clergyman,decided that the best way to encouragehome ownership was through the crea-tion ofa building and loan association .In1888 he founded the Berean Buildingand Loan Association in the basement ofa church inNorth Philadelphia. It laterbecame the Berean Savings Association,and it is now the nation's oldest black-owned-and-operated savings and loaninstitution (S&»L). Berean's 1896 assets of$80,000 have climbed to more than $17

million.And the bank, after 94 years ofservice, is stillgoing strong, providing

mortgages ($l2 million in loans lastyear) to Blacks in various Philadelphianeighborhoods.

The bank's early survival depended onmeetings being held on the third Thurs-day ofevery month at the church.Members followed a savings plan wherethe}1 purchased one dollar monthly in-stallment shares for 12 years. At the vm\ofthe 12-year period, they were paid$200 for their accumulated shares.Members, who wcw: small businessmenand laborers, also received 4 percent in-terest on their savings (also called dues).

Allof the money collected went formortgages earning a 6 percent interestrate. Berean systematically issued five toten mortgages per month, which weresometimes awarded to residents bydrawing lots. Members volunteered theirtime to make the association successful.A secretary was the only paid employee.

Berean changed from a part-time as-sociation to a full-time savings and loaninstitution in 1941. That same year, theinstallment shares were converted intofederally insured passbook accounts.

and the bank mined to West Phila-delphia.

Today Berean is Philadelphia's onlyblack-owned banking institution. A.^.t

full-service bank, it offers homo re-habilitation, construction and studentloans, money market certificates, retire-ment accounts, and Inane mortgages inareas considered risky.

Berean s founder Matthew Anderson.

62

THE CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS ANDBLACKBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Honorable ParrenJ. Mitchell,(D.-Md)

Inorder tounderstand the role of theCongressional Black Caucus in contrib-uting to the growth ofBlack businessdevelopment, one must first understandthe federal contemporary business mi-lieu that has until recently been exclu-sively non-minority. In the 60s there wasapaucity of minority businesses par-ticipating in federal contracts. TheJohnson Administration launched the"War onPoverty" and by doing so beganto focus on economic development issuesfacing Black and other minority commu-nities. Under the Nixon Administration,the "War onPoverty" was substituted for"Black Economic Development!' It wasin this era that the Department ofCom-merce was authorized by ExecutiveOrder 11458 to create the Office ofMi-nority Business Enterprise. It was alsoduring this period, that the Small Busi-ness Administration began a feebleattempt to ear-mark contracting oppor-tunities for Black and other minoritybusinesses through its 8(a) program. Infact, as late as 1977, minority businesseswere receiving less than 1percent ofthefederal government's $100 billionprocurement budget.

Despite such deplorable conditions,Black and other minority businesseshave made some gains. According to arecent report, the top 100 Black busi-nesses have moved from $423 millioninsales in1972 to a 1982 level ofnearly$2billion. Much of the recent growthofBlack business development runsparallel with the emergence of the Con-

cessional Black Caucus as a strongproponent of increased federal aid forBlack and other minority businesses.

Perhaps, the single most important

contribution of the Congressional BlackCaucus to Black business development isitspolitical unity. While the Caucus rep-resents a congressional blocking vote ofonly 18, they represent congressional dis-tricts with a large number ofminorityvoters. Indeed, this intangible politicaltool has worked to the advantage of theCaucus as ithas moved to the forefrontinpromoting Black business and eco-nomic development.

Beyond the intangible, the Congres-sional Black Caucus has in the lastdecade, contributed to every majorfederal issue affecting Black and otherminority business. A few of the specificaccomplishments of the Caucus inpro-moting Black business development areas follows:

1) In1977 the Caucus supported anamendment to the Local Public WorksActrequiring a 10 percent set-asidefor minority business. The EconomicDevelopment Administration was sosupportive of this amendment that theyexceeded the statutory goal by 5 percent.As a result, millions ofdollars wereawarded to Black and other minoritycontractors. Ofequal significance, theCaucus was very instrumental ingainingNation-wide support from Black andother minority communities to counterthe judicial attacks on this amendment.This massive community outcry was, inpart, responsible for the U.S. SupremeCourt's affirmation of the 10 percent set-

aside amendment.2) Public Law 95-507 was enacted in

October of1978. For the first time in thecontemporary history ofthis Nation, theU.S. Congress and the Executive Officetook affirmative steps to systematicallyaddress the problems ofBlack and otherminority businesses. As a result of thislaw, the Caucus was the moving forcebehind a 1977-78 Presidential Memoran-dum instructing all agency heads totriple their minority procurement goals.

3) In the area ofFinance, the Caucuswas instrumental ingetting PresidentCarter topledge to increase Federal de-posits inminority banks to $100 millionby the end of 1977. Such deposits grewfrom $3.7 million in 1970 to $89 millionby May of1976.

4) Multinational Trade Agreement- InJanuary of1977, President Carter advised

the Congress that he intended to enterinto a number ofTrade agreements withforeign countries. These agreements cov-ered a number ofdifferent areas andeach had its own "code!' The agree-ments, by law, had tobe approved bythe Congress.

One of these codes was concernedwith the procurements made by thegovernments of all signatory Nations.Among other things, the procurementcode would insure that all businesseslocated within the signatory Nationscould compete, on an unrestricted basis,for certain specified procurements madeby each government. This, therefore,would have had the effect ofvoiding allsmall business set-asides and 8(a) set-asides on the items covered by the "code!'

As a result ofhearings held by theSubcommittee on General Oversight andMinorityEnterprise (March 20, 1979)

and intense criticism from the Caucusand Reps. Mitchell,Addabbo, andLaFalce, the treaty was renegotiatedand 8(a) and small business set-asidesexcluded fromits provisions.

5) In1980 a delegation of the Caucusmet with VicePresident Mondale andtwenty minority entrepreneurs to discussten items ofimportance to the survivalof this segment of the business commu-nity. Among the accomplishments ofthis meeting, President Carter orderedall federal agencies to initiate immediateprompt contract payment to minor-ity businesses and the ear-marking ofseveral million dollars to the Small Busi-ness Administration to aid Black andother minority businesses.

The above accomplishments of theCaucus are but a thumb nail ofits con-tributions to Black business develop-ment. A critical ingredient ofBlackeconomic development is dollar vol-ume ofcontracting opportunities. In

this regard, the Congressional BlackCaucus must be proud of its record. In1977 less than 1percent of the federalgovernment's $100 billion procurementbudget was awarded to minority busi-nesses. In 1981, the Federal governmentawarded nearly $4.5 billion tominoritybusinesses. Even though this figure doesnot approach economic parity, the Cau-cus can stand tall on such accomplish-ment in such a short period oftime.

63

BLACKBUSINESSALIVEAND DOING QUITE WELL

Alfred E. Osborne,Jr., UCLA Graduate School ofManagement

There is considerable apprehensionabout the state of the Black businesscommunity. The economic environmentis tough. Businesses ofall sizes and huesare failing at historically high rates andthere is no imminent resolution to theliquidity problems and new capital re-quirements confronting business as aresult ofthe poor performance ofoureconomy. ForBlack business which isboth small and minority, it is fashion-able to predict their secular decline incompetitiveness and insignificant contri-bution to the gross national product,business savings and aggregate employ-ment. Those who may make thesepredictions are likely to be wrong iftheeconomic performance of the largestblack-owned firms is any indicator ofthe ability of this sector to survive andto prosper.

In1976, 1and one or two other re-searchers, argued that the emergingblack-owned enterprise was qualitativelydifferent than the traditional Black busi-nesses. These emerging firms werefound incapital-intensive lines ofenter-prise, experiencing economies ofscale innon-traditional markets. We found thatnewly formed businesses were inman-ufacturing, wholesale, finance, and non-traditional lines ofservices and retail.And although most black-owned firmsare still entrenched in small retail andpersonal services, the kinds offirms inthe most dynamic sectors have changedwith those changes in the larger econ-omy demonstrating the potential for thegreatest profits. While there has beensome assistance from the government infinance and procurement, successful

black-owned enterprises have struggledin our predominantly free enterpriseeconomy, where price and qualitygovern, despite often conflicting andhobbling efforts by the government.

The Black Enterprise Top 100 pro-vides a case inpoint. In1973, whenthat magazine published its first survey,the largest black-owned company hadsales of$40 Million.The top five firmsaccounted for 35 percent of the top100 revenue total ofabout $423 million.In contrast, ten years later in1982,black-owned firms approached $2 bil-lion in revenues. The largest firmsurpassed $100 millionand the top 5percent had gross revenues in excess of$400 million. The representative firmon this list has grown some 600 percentinrevenues, from $2.4 million in1972to $13.7 millionin1982, suggesting thepresence ofenterprises achieving econo-mies of scale and capable ofcompetingin our economy. The Black Enterprise

Top 100, incomparison to a broaderpopulation offirms such as the Venture100 or Inc 100, are in lines ofbusinesswhich somewhat reflect the areas offu-ture economic growth in our society.Several are inenergy distribution andresale, wholesale and industrial supply;some are inmanufacturing, includingcomputers, defense and telecommuni-cations which represent what Icalled in1976, emerging lines ofBlack enterprise.

Interestingly, there has been no largeemployment effect in this most recentdecade. The number ofdirect employeesrose a mere 13 percent, less than 1per-cent compounded per year. Although thedistribution of these jobs between mi-nority and nonminority persons is notknown, nor is the size of the wage bill,an analysis Imade in one ofmy earlyarticles on the subject predicted a small(even negative) employment gain to theBlack community.

The smallest group in the BE100 heregives encouragement, too. The bottom10 percent of the top 100, had averagerevenues in excess of $7 million in con-trast to the figure ten years ago of$1 million.

WhileIam delighted with the successand progress of the largest black-ownedenterprises during the seventies, they too

willhave to change and adapt, or give

way to others who are more able tocompete in the new economic environ-ment. There is no sitting stillwith tech-nological and demographic changeswhich await us. Lest anyone forget, theAmerican economy is set upon a courseofnew business development and rein-dustrialization to which there is noreturn. We are increasingly a serviceoriented economy and less pure manu-facturing. We compete in an increas-ingly international marketplace governedby the discipline imposed by demandand supply (in spite ofthe all too com-mon interference ofgovernments) andthe information age. Business activitieswillbe more skilled-labor intensiveand less capital intensive withgreaterreliance on America's comparative ad-vantage inresearch and developmentand new knowledge creation. For Blackenterprises, the premium willbe on theorderly development of their businesses.Entrepreneurs willprobably have toyield to professional managers andalthough, flexibilitywillbe important,a more defined and structured organiza-tion willbe vital to success in the next

decade. Careful planning systems willcharacterize those companies who canbe called successful. The presence ofacadre of talented Black individualstrained in the newest management tech-niques and technical skills perhaps will-ing to leave safe corners of larger cor-porations can be relied upon to spear-head this development.

Regardless, the largest Black busi-nesses have demonstrated considerableeconomic progress. They today representa resource base positioned to succeed inthe new economic environment of the80s and the 90s. Small business willbefavored by the shift away fromman-ufacturing and heavy industry to adiverse array ofservices. Black-ownedbusinesses willalso benefit to the extent

that they have characteristics and are inlines ofbusiness which further capital-ize on these trends.

Do not look for a big employmenteffect, but successful Black firms can bean important source ofresidual profitsso vital to the development ofour com-munities and the accumulation ofwealth by Black Americans. Black busi-ness is alive and doing quite well.

64

NON-TRADITIONAL FINANCE AND ALTERNATIVE FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS FOR MINORITYBUSINESS ENTERPRISE

Patricia D.Jacobs, President, American Association ofMESBICs, Inc

The inaccessibility ofcapital and lackofcapital sources remains as one ofthe most formidable barriers to viablebusiness development and successfulentrepreneurship in the Americanminority community.

Throughout the years, numerousstudies have been conducted on the"Capital Gap" or capital needed topromote and insure economic parityamong minority businesspersons. Oneof the more thorough and targeted ofthese studies, based on1972 data,demonstrated a capital gap of $100-$175billiondollars between the majority andminority business sector, and indicatedthat this capital gap is rapidly increasinginsize each year at a rate of$13.8 billiondollars or more. Clearly, this increasingcapital or funds "deficit" in the MBEcommunity represents a threat to itssurvival and to the concepts ofequaleconomic opportunity.Like many ofits non-minority small

business counterparts, a primary"traditional" financial source to alleviatethis capital gap or funds "deficit" for theminority business community has beenthe federal government. Inresponse,over the years, the federal governmenthas developed several "traditional" ap-proaches to the amelioration ofthecapital problems ofminority business-es. These approaches, continuouslyrenewed and revised over the pastdecades, have included the establish-ment and operation ofdebt and equityfinancing programs, targeted at theMBE community, and primarily underthe auspices of the Small Business Ad-ministration (SBA), and the provision of

capital for community-based develop-ment funds under the now defunctCommunity Services Administration orthe (proposed to be eliminated) Eco-nomic Development Administration.

Federal government approaches arecontinuing revision under the current

Administration and new looks are beingtaken by policymakers as the "tradi-tional" providers ofcapital for MBEs,including such major programs as:(1) Economic Opportunity Loan Pro-gram; (2) The 7(a) or Guaranteed LoanProgram; (3) The Local DevelopmentCompany Program; (4) the 301(d)SBIC or Minority Enterprise Small Busi-ness Investment Company (MESBIC)Program; and (5) the Displaced BusinessLoan Program and related SBA loanand loan guarantee programs.

Evaluators of these programs, as earlyas 1976, concluded that, while the goalsof these programs are significant andvalid, steps should be taken to increasenon-federal activities in this area and toencourage and promote access to themajor capital markets by minority en-trepreneurs. This premise ismore easilyadvanced than implemented.

Historically, major capital marketsources have not been sensitive to,orequitable participants in,minoritybusi-ness financing. These sources, whichrange from major commercial banksand insurance companies to pensionfunds and trust companies, must, there-fore, become targets for capital accessby the minority business community inthe next decade.

Confronted with what one MESBICexecutive has characterized as thethree R's of the capital markets- Reality,Resource (limitations),and Racism (inten-

tional or unintentional), the minority en-trepreneur and the minority businesscommunity must not limit their searchto evolving or existing federal sector fi-nancing programs or to seeking accesstraditionally denied to the major fin-ancial sector capital sources. Instead,we must look, also, to the alternativefinancial institutions existing orbeingdeveloped throughout the country and,ultimately, to assisting in the develop-ment of these or other more non-traditional or "creative" sources offinance for minority businesses.

The most vividexamples ofalterna-tive financial institutions to be accessedby MBEs are those institutions whichhave recently emerged through state andlocal efforts and actions. While generallylimited geographically in their scope andactivities, these state and local programsprovide a variety offinancial options forthe minority businessperson includingstraight debt, equity, capital, asset, andlease financing, or specialized financingfor startups, equipment, acquisitions,agriculture, real estate, and import/export businesses. State and local pro-grams currently existing or on thedrawing board include revolving loanfunds, state loan guaranty programs,revenue bond guaranty programs, com-munity development finance corpora-tions, and others. Additional examplesofalternative financial institutionsinclude regionalized or localizedfunds for minority business enterpriseinvestments created by exemplarymembers of the Foundation commu-nity, or specialized venture capitalinvestment funds targeted at growthand technology or other industry- specificbusiness ventures.

Ultimately, many minority businessdevelopment professionals and support-ers believe that minority America must

find a way to recycle or leverage thedollars inits own community. Acade-micians, theorists, and thinkers haveadvanced this concept under many titlesinthe past-from the community stocksales in the days ofBooker T. Washingtonand W.E.B. Dv Bois papers promotingthe formation of the "Investor's EquityResource Corporation" or the "NationalMinorityBusiness Finance Corporation"or other institutions to harness the col-lective capital resources ofminorityAmericans. As the federal sector takes anew look at its MBE finance programs,the major financial sector takes a newlook at financing minority businesses,and the minority entrepreneur takes anew look at non-traditional and alter-native financial institutions, perhaps itis time for minority and non-minorityAmericans ingeneral, and minoritybusiness leaders in specific, to take anew look at creating non-traditional andalternative financial institutions and,perhaps, financing themselves.

THE PHILADELPHIA TRIBUNE: ADVOCATE FOR FREEDOMIt would be difficult to discuss the

current condition ofany Black news-paper in this nation without recallingsuch overused cliches as "when whiteAmerica has a cold, Black America haspneumonia" or "when America is on thebrink of recession, Black America is al-ready feeling the pinch of depression!'

The fact that we always tend to findsome humor in such cliches lend cre-dence to our ability to survive, recoupand go forward in this land ofgreatwealth and yet so little.

The Black press, and the PhiladelphiaTribune inparticular, perceives itself insuch light, and has managed to drawthe necessary strength to not only sur-vive,but prosper in these times ofReaganomics.

Long before many of the mighty whitegiant daily newspapers inmajor urbancities began to drop like dead flies, theTribune, and just about every Blacknewspaper in the nation had practicallyhitbottom, both incirculation and ad-vertising revenue. While we can hardlybrag offinding a cure for our pneu-

monia, we have more than found a wayto survive. Infact, we are optimisticmore than ever about the future of theTribune as a thriving business.

"From that day 98 years ago whenfounder Christopher James Perry pub-lished the first edition of the Philadel-phia Tribune, it has been the people'sadvocate for freedom, justice and equal-ity"wrote his son-in-law and late pub-lisher-editor E. Washington Rhodes.

The Perry-Rhodes legacies have passedon to those who have followed in theirfootsteps. And, today the Tribune re-mains a powerful voice in the blackcommunity inPhiladelphia.

We continue tobe a strong advocate ofBlack rights, leading the charge againstsocial and economic injustice and dis-crimination.

The Tribune also champions the causeofhuman rights, and inPhiladelphiaactively crusades for more and improvedjobs, working conditions, education,housing and better representation forBlacks inall sections ofour society.

It is very significant that the Con-

gressional Black Caucus Foundation issaluting Black business on the occasionof its12th anniversary. And thePhiladelphia Tribune, on behalf of theBlack press, is particularly pleased thatwehave been cited as we approach ournext anniversary as the oldest continu-ously published newspaper in thenation.

An advocate forBlack Philadelphia.

PARKER HOUSE SAUSAGE CO: RETAIL PIONEERIn1921, an ambitious youth, noting

that the pork sausage commerciallyavailable inChicago was tasteless andbland, compared to the full-flavored,spicy pork sausage his parents hadserved "down home" conceived the ideaofproducing "southern style" pork sau-sage inhis ownkitchen and retailing theproduct in his neighborhood.

With the family "recipe" and a handmeat grinder, fresh pork "trimmings"and a variety ofseasonings and spices,Judge Henry Parker produced his first 50pound pork sausage batch, neatly wrap-ping one pound portions in wax paper(no refrigeration), carefully placing theproduct ina basket, and, basket inhand, launched his sales from door todoor inhis own block on December 6,1921.

Business was good. With repeat sales,his route grew so large he had to buy ahorse and wagon to cover more territory.

After almost twoyears ofprofitabledoor to door sales, he decided to "gowholesale" established the "ParkerHouse" brand name, and began topro-

duce his pork sausage from a rentedstore location, selling wholesale to neigh-borhood restaurants and grocery stores.Here the produce was packed inmuslinbags, cut and sewn byhis mother.

History was made in1927 when, on avacant lot at 4605 S. State Street inChi-cago, Parker, then 35 years ofage, builtthe firstBlack-owned and staffed sau-sage processing plant to meet thestandards of the U.S. government meatinspection service.

In its trail-blazing efforts ParkerHouse Sausage Company placed the firstblack route salesmen on the streets ofAmerica, was the first black-owned pro-ducer to win space for its products inthe meatcases of a major corporatefoodchain (A&P), developed the com-mercial market in the North for suchproducts as "southern style" pork sau-sage, hot smoked link sausages, andspecialty lunchmeats including hogheadcheese and sagey souse.

Today, from the modern sausagekitchens, coolers and smokehouses ofParker House Sausage Company, a vari-

ety ofquality pork and beef sausages,weiners and bacon are sped to thou-sands of leading chain and independentfood retailers, hospitals, schools, plantcafeterias, office lunchrooms and restau-rants in Illinois,Michigan, Ohio, Mis-souri, Indiana, Kansas, and Wisconsin.

Its annual $7 milliondollar volumeprovides solid employment for 95 work-ers with union scale wages and benefits.

Parlcer House is in tune with the times.

66

MINORITYBUSINESS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE:GAINS TO BE MADE

ByHerbert P. Wilkins,President, Syncom Capital Corporation, Washington, D.C. Chairman, AAMESBIC

President Lyndon B.Johnson oncestated: "Our success increating and sat-isfying the demands ofour domesticmarket has brought our country to itspresent high level ofopportunity. Often,however, the very opportunities wefound at home caused us to neglectother promising markets overseas ...Although we are selling substantialamounts of our products abroad, weought to do better!'

The current administration, like itspredecessors, has placed increasedimportance on world trade and inter-national business to the American eco-nomy.The President has announced amulti-million dollar Caribbean BasinInitiative to encourage business sectorinvolvement inthe Caribbean and LatinAmerica. The Commerce Departmenthas announced a program ofexport pro-motion designed to increase the numberof American businesses exporting to for-eign countries throughout the world.The Overseas Private Investment Corpo-ration has increased its efforts to involvesmaller American businesses in interna-tional trade and investments.

Various legislative initiatives are pend-ing in the Congress which would pro-mote the increased involvement of theAmerican business sector in the inter-national markets, such as the ExportCompany Trading Act, the AgriculturalExport Credit Act,Amendments to theTrade Act of 1974, and others. The im-portance ofinternational trade to theU.S., and indeed to our predicted andanticipated economic recovery is under-lined inpresentations bypolicy makersin the public and private sectors.

That these policy directives and legis-

lative initiatives address a valid concern-and an equally validbusiness oppor-tunity-is indisputable in view of thefact that exports keep over three millionAmericans working and internationaltrade is a major contributor to our GNP.That minority business enterprise mustbe prepared to take advantage of thebusiness opportunity represented by in-ternational markets and internationaltrade is equally indisputable.

Successful minority business involve-ment in international markets mustnecessarily be predicated upon an as-sessment of the strengths and variablesof the minority business firm,as well asan in-depth review of the characteristicsand prevalent business factors of the tar-geted countries.

As inany business venture, an analy-sis must be made ofsuch factors asmarket potential and size, technical andengineering feasibility, financial con-straints and advantages, and legalrestrictions and prescriptions. Addition-ally, however, the minority entrepreneurmust consider all possible characteristicsof doing business internationally whichmight affect his involvement in interna-tional trade. These factors, as outlinedby -Dr. Vincent R. McDonald in a 1974article include: 1) Money-e.g. both U.S.and foreign exchange trends and rates;whether the domestic based companyis adequately capitalized to engage ininternational trade; 2) Banking andfinance-e.g. liquidity ofmoney mar-kets, interest rates, credit practices;3) Taxes-e.g. double taxation agree-ments, tax relief through negotiationswith tax authority; 4) Insurance-e.g.the types, cost, and extent ofcoverageavailable; 5) Competition-e.g. legal andtraditional limitations of free compe-tition,required licenses, protectivetariffs, etc.; 6) Prices; 7) Production;8) Labor; 9) Politics;10) People;11) Transportation and Communications;12) Patents, Design, Protection ofCopy-right; 13) Law and Courts; 14) Markets,Merchandising, Advertising, etc.

To quote Dr. McDonald, "Allof theabove variables willinfluence the busi-ness. The extent and the number whichwillbe applicable willdepend on thenature of the industry and product, thecountries involved and the state or stage

ofdevelopment of the firm?Minority entrepreneurs seeking inter-

national trade involvement must beginnow to consult with and become in-formed of services offered by variousinternational business resources such asthe Agency for International Develop-ment (AID),Department ofAgriculture,Export-Import Bank, various UnitedNations Agencies, State Government Pro-motion Offices, the Overseas PrivateInvestment Corporation (OPIC), the Na-tional Foreign Trade Council and others.Additionally, organizations in the minor-ity community must begin to developthe capacity to assist minority entre-preneurs in their efforts, much as doprivate sector organizations serving themajority business community such asthe Freight Forwarders Association,World Trade Club ofNew York, Interna-tional Trade Club ofChicago, AmericanInstitute ofMerchant Shipping. Certainlywe should not "re-invent the wheel"and, indeed, access to the services pro-vided by the organizations referred to

above should be and is available to theminority entrepreneur and should besought byhim or her. However, Ibelievethat the success of the minority commu-nity in international business should notrest solely on utilizing the technicalskills ofother Americans but must nec-essarily be tied to the development ofsimilar skills within minority America.Several minority organizations have pro-grams to promote international involve-ment byminority entrepreneurs. Theseinclude the Harlem Third World TradeInstitute inNew York and the MesbicInternational Project Management Cor-poration (a subsidiary ofAAMESBIC, anorganization ofwhichIam chair) inWashington, D.C. Other programs-bothsimilar and different must be developedin our minority business community.Both the public and private sectors havea role to play in this program develop-ment, and both the public and privatesectors willbenefit from this programdevelopment. More importantly, how-ever, minority Americans must becomeaggressive and, indeed, proactive, inaccepting the challenges and taking ad-vantage of the opportunities for minoritybusiness enterprise that lie in interna-tional trade.

67

OUR UNIQUE RESPONSIBILITYTO THE BLACK COMMUNITY

Albert L.Nellum, A.L.Nellum and Associates

As one who has been inbusiness forsome 20 years, Ican appreciate theproblem which confronts the business-owning Black American. However, Iwould suggest that it is obligatory forBlack businesspersons to examine theirresponsibility to the Black community.For Black businesses inAmerica areunique entities unto themselves. And sotheir responsibilities are unique as well.

To put this view into perspective, itmay be helpful to state my definition ofBlack business. A Black business mustbe black owned and controlled, with apredominantly Black staff, especially inkey management and decision-makingpositions. The bulk of the work in whichit is involved should have a positive im-pact on Blacks and other disadvantagedpersons; and itmust return some ofitsresources (time, professional expertise,and dollars) to the Black community.

"But my customer and clients aren'tBlack . . .mybusiness is not dependentupon the Black community for survi-val" some companies might say. Even ifthis is the case, our success as business-people came about as a result ofthestruggles and suffering ofother Blacks-those Blacks who marched the hotand dusty roads ofGeorgia and Ala-bama; those Blacks who made theirfrustration known in the uprisings inNew York, Detroit, Newark, and LosAngeles. They brought about change.The point is that although the dollarsthat support Black businesses may not

come directly from Black pocketbooks,our businesses still owe their existenceto those change-makers.Ifwe accept this premise, then we

agree that Black business, no matter

how large or small, owes a debt to theBlack community.Iam aware that the times are eco-

nomically dire for most Americans andit is particularly difficult to get busi-nesspeople to focus on giving. Yet this isthe time when help isneeded most. Thisis the time for us to display a greaterconsciousness towards those less fortu-nate than ourselves.

For a long time nowIhave felt andargued that as Black people, we shouldsupport our own movements and lead-ers. We should no longer expect thoseagencies, organizations and institutionsresponsible for our social and economicgrowth, tobe supported by the whitecommunity unless we are willingto havethem controlled by the white community.

As Black businesspersons we canmake contributions to the progress ofour people by givingofour time andtalent as well as our financial resources.

Clearly, not allbusiness involvementneed be national in scope, nor does ithave to involve heavy dollar contribu-tions. National organizations such asP.U.S.H., Martin Luther King,Jr. Centerfor Nonviolent Social Change, theNAACP, the National Business Leagueand others need our contributions. Buttheir local chapters also need our sup-port. Most local and national organiza-tional leaders and political office hol-ders are anxious to receive practicaladvice and counsel based on ourbusi-ness experience. We have various skillsthat can be ofuse to them. We cannotexpect our leaders to be experts ineveryarea. Hence, input from, and ongoingrelationships with,specialists from thebusiness community makes them moreeffective in their representational role.Similarly, most ofour businesses havestaff resources that could be made avail-able to local organizations to assist inplanning, research, proposal develop-ment, and fundraising. The local arm ofany Black organization would welcomebusiness involvement through member-ship, professional advice and expertise,participation and assistance inorgani-zing projects such as demonstrationsand boycotts and in supplying the staffor office equipment to carry these out.

Local and state wide voter registra-tion efforts can use similar help, as can

a host oflocal candidates (Republicansand Democrats, Black and white) whoare right on the issues affecting Blackfolk. Your in-kind resources and some-times just your prestige as a businessleader can have an effect on importantpolitical races and local issues.

Inaddition to offering our support,advice and assistance to organizationsand candidates, it is also imperative thatBlack businesses start supporting eachother. Whenever you buy something:supplies, services, legal advice, equip-ment or whatever, find the Black sup-plier. We have got tobe vigilant aboutturning the dollar over more times inthe Black community before itpasseson to white hands.

Further, we have to use our tremen-

dous buying power as leverage withthose white concerns with whom we dobusiness. We have to develop and enforceour own EEO efforts. Anycompany thatwe do business withmust understandthat they can lose that business iftheirown hiring, promotion and communityinvolvement policies are not favorable to

Blacks. Over the years Ihave made it ahabit to ask where are the Blacks inthose companies where Idon't see them,and when there are none, why? It isimportant to let itbe known that this isan important criterion for doing busi-ness with them. And ifthe answersaren't right, we can take our businesselsewhere.

Therefore, it is primarily important aswell as imperative that we, members ofthe Black business community,becomeinvolved with each other, our commu-nity, our leadership, and our institutions.Itrust we have all outgrown the prover-bial crab syndrome and are secureenough inourselves to have overcomepast rivalries, petty jealousies and pre-sumed competition. Ihope we arecommitted enough to fulfillingour po-tential and inmeeting the needs of theBlack community. We must joinwithourfellow Black business persons at the lo-cal group level and ifthere is no groupto join, start a move to form one. Whatthe group is called is not important.Who heads it is not important. What isimportant is that we collectively get in-volved to save ourselves, to save ourbusinesses, and to save our communities.

68

BLACKBUSINESS INTHE 1980sWILLNOT BE BUSINESS AS USUAL

Earl G. Graves, Publisher, Black Enterprise Magazine

When webegan publishing BLACKENTERPRISE magazine 12 years ago, weconceived of itas a business publicationdesigned "forBlack men and womenwho want to get ahead!' Over the yearsthemagazine has prospered and ex-panded insuch a way that it is nowposited as a business oriented consumerservice publication with10 percent ofitsaudience being entrepreneurs. Just as wehave grown, so, too, has Black businessin general.

A year after we began publishing, andten years ago, we produced our firstBLACK ENTERPRISE list of the top 100black-owned businesses in the UnitedStates. That list totaled $423 millioninsales. Our 1982 list is a hairsbreadthaway from $2 billion. Considering theobstacles Black entrepreneurs face sim-plybecause they are Black-leaving asidethe formidable business problems-thisperformance is outstanding. The in-crease Ihave noted is in constant dollarsso that it is not due to inflation.

Just as important as this increase hasbeen the change over the years in thekinds ofbusinesses appearing on the list.Hiere are now more companies involvedin the "mainstream" ofAmerican busi-ness. There are now more companies inenergy distribution and high technology.Overall, there is a greater balance by theusiness sector on the BLACK ENTER-'RISEIOO list than ever exhibited before.Appreciating the success of the pre-

sent entrepreneurs and understandinglelessons of the past, Iforesee the

future ofBlack business in the 1980s asne ofcontinued growth, both inprofitsnd in its variety ofcompanies.But the way we reach these profits

willchange-a downturn in the economy,a disinterested, ifnot hostile, federalgovernment willprevent Black entre-preneurs from operating in the modeof"business as usual!' Black entrepre-neurs willlook to mergers, acquisitionsand joint ventures as ways ofputtingthemselves on a firmer footing.

The success ofgeneral Black economicdevelopment depends upon the successof the larger Black-owned companies.This is not to speak against the prover-bial "mom and pop" shops. TheseBusinesses obviously perform a servicewithin the community and most cer-tainly they provide incomes for theirowners. But the 1980s demand thatlarger Black businesses be developed.This is important in terms ofeconomicgrowth and employment. For example,in1977 the average annual sales ofBlack-owned companies was $160,000.The average annual sales of the top 100companies that same year was $9.2 mil-lion. Of the 14,791 Black-ownedcompanies withpaid employees, theaverage number ofemployees is six. Theaverage number employed by the top100 companies is 124. The need for de-veloping larger companies is clear. Thebest way to do this is through the merg-ing ofsuccessful companies and theacquisition ofviable firms. To do this wewillneed political power and capital.

In those cities where there has beenstrong Black political participation Blackentrepreneurs have been given an oppor-tunity to develop-in Atlanta, Detroit,Los Angeles, and New Orleans. For ex-ample, in the building ofAtlanta's newairport, of the total awards ofa littleover $750 million,Blacks received 20percent, or $150 million. This indicatesthat economic and political power gohand in hand.

But the fundamental problem ofmi-nority business now, and willcontinueto be throughout the 1980s, is the lack ofaccess to capital-and proper fundingwhen capital is available. The largerBlack-controlled banks, perhaps throughmergers, must develop means to aidthose Black-owned companies with fi-nancial needs usually above their loanlimits.Ifhistory is to be an indicator,certainly, minority business cannot de-pend on the large white banks for their

financial needs. And it seems, they willnot be able to depend upon the federalgovernment, either. The Minority Enter-prise Small Business InvestmentCorporations (MESBICs) have compiledan impressive track record with theirability to leverage private funds withfederal dollars while making their deci-sions on a strict business basis. Yet, thegovernment wants to cut back fundsavailable to the MESBICs. Also, the Rea-gan Administration has declared its in-tentions ofgetting out of the directlending process and limiting its supportto loan guarantees. This avoids the basicissue ofcapital formation ina Blackcommunity where a middle class capa-ble ofaccumulating wealth for invest-ment is still inits formative stages. It isincumbent upon us to get the federalgovernment back on track in referencetoBlack economic development. It isincumbent upon us to make sure thatPublic Law 95-507 is enforced. Thislaw requires that prime contractorsmake available to small business a shareofall government contracts.

Willany of this happen? Ibelieve so.There are things going on right now thaispeak well for the future ofBlack-ownedbusiness in the 1980s. Broadcasting bycable has opened up an area in telecom-munications that Black entrepreneursare moving into and we can expect greatgains from at least a few companies inthis area. Energy distribution is also anarea of growth that Black companieshave moved into. On the BLACK ENTER-PRISE Top 100 list there are nine suchcompanies, four of them in the top 10.Especially encouraging is the fact thatseveral companies on the list are in-volved inhigh technology-computersand microelectronics. The growth op-portunities in the 1980s willbe in thearea ofhigh technology. As reported inBLACK ENTERPRISE," any company,Black or white willget the business ifithas the right personnel and the financialstability tobuild a track record.

It has always been difficult for theBlack entrepreneur and Iexpect that itwillbe so during the rest of this decade.But what has surprised many analysts isthat Black business continues not only tosurvive but to prosper. Idon't see thatchanging in the eighties.

E.E. WARD TRANSFER AND STORAGE CO. MOVES AHEADThe story of the E.E. Ward Transfer

and Storage Company, perhaps theoldest Black business in the country, isnot one ofspectacular growth. Instead,it is the story ofhow a family businesssurvived racism, depressions, recessions,and other conditions that wiped outmany Black businesses. Still viable in its101st year, the Ward business has main-tained the dream ofits founder whocame home one day in the spring of1881with the family name freshly painted ona horse-drawn wagon. Calling his familyoutside, he announced, "This is going tobe our way oflife!'

That way oflife has been maintainedincompany offices on the east side ofColumbus, Ohio. The building is mod-est, but inside is a real store ofknowl-edge about the significance of the busi-ness and the times ithas survived.

For the record, the company earned$280,000 in1981-a slow year when themoving industry was down as a result ofthe housing industry recession and busi-ness was offby 30 percent. Ward employs36 people.

It was John Ward who started thefamily interest inhauling and transfer-ring. A freedman and a farmer, JohnWard hauled produce and merchandisefrom a station at Columbus' downtownfreight depot in the 1850s. During theCMI War, the Ward family also con-tracted with the federal government tohaul supplies for troops.

It was John's son, William,who laterorganized the family's work into a busi-ness called the Ward Transfer Line. In1899, the business was renamed the E.E.Ward Transfer and Storage Company inhonor of William's son, Edgar Earl Ward.

Elton Ward, a grandson ofthe founderis now the general manager of the com-pany. Whenever a potential customerinquires whether he can handle a job.Ward, a graduate of the Ohio State Uni-versity College ofBusiness Administra-tion,says yes. "The answer is always thesame, Ward says.

Through the years the leadership ofthe company has been able to win con-tracts with firms like Western Electric,AT&>T, Xerox, the Motorist Insurance

Co., City National Bank, and governmentagencies.

Ward says that in the future there is aparticular market he would like to tapeven more...the Black community. Only5 percent ofhis business is withBlackclients. Ward says Blacks in the Colum-bus area seem to place more trust inwhite movers. He hopes it does not takeanother 101years for that attitude tochange.

Elton Ward keeps afamily tradition.

MOTOWN: THE SOUND OF SUCCESSOne day in early 1960, a young Black

singing group named the Miracles, ledby songwriter William "Smokey' Robin-son, sat on the steps ofa small house onDetroit's North Side and rehearsed asong they hoped to record for a fledglingBlack company called Hitsville,U.S.A.The company, eventually to become bet-ter known as Motown, was headquar-tered in the house on West Grand Boule-vard and had been organized the yearbefore by Berry Gordy, Jr. Gordy, for awhile a professional featherweight boxer(12-1-2) following his high school years,was by then a hungry songwriter whohad borrowed $700 from his reluctantfamily to go into the record business.

The tune rehearsed by the Miraclestook shape, and set Motown on theroad to its first millionseller in1961.A decade later Motown had becomea multimillion dollar corporation andpushed the names like Smokey Robinsonand the Miracles, Stevie Wonder, MarthaReeves and the Vandellas, Diana Ross,the Supremes, the Temptations, MarvinGave, the Jackson 5, Gladys Knight and

the Pips, and the Four Tops into interna-tional prominence.

These feats were largely accomplishedthrough Gordy's firmbusiness sense andhis almost clairvoyant ability to spot tal-ent inDetroit's inner city and develop it.In a way,both these gifts came naturallyto Gordy who had grown up ina busi-ness environment. His mother was aninsurance agent and his father a plaster-ing contractor— and he had a stronginterest inmusic since 1953.

He managed to get a few tunes of hisproduced by major recording companiesbut found that their renditions didn'tconform to his conceptions. He decidedto become an independent producer.

Inhis new role, Gordy would rent arecording studio, hire musicians andsometimes sing the songs himself Hewould take the record masters and tryto sell them to a company inNew Yorkon a straight royalty basis. "I'dbe ex-tremely happy ifIplaced a record,Gordy reminisces. During this period,he began to work with Robinson, then18, who suggested to Gordy to try to

manufacture and distribute his ownrecords. The ultimate result was MotownRecord Corporation.

Motownhas now begun to diversify

into other areas of the entertainmentindustry. The company sees its future invideo technology, home entertainmentand cable programming.

Berry Gordy is on a record pace.

70

DEMECE WILLIAMS

Feelings . ..The word itself is such anintegral part of Deniece Williams'conversation and of her music: feel-ings about her music, about otherpeople's music, intuitive feelings, feel-ings of hurt and letdown, feelingsabout her family, life on the road andinthe studio, writing those feelingsdown and letting others know.

Deniece was born into a religiousfamily inGary, Indiana where vir-tually no music was permitted in thehousehold except gospel. Deniece wassteeped inmusic, having become anactive, vibrant cornerstone of the localchurch choir. For this reason, Deniececannot be pigeonholed into a genera-tion that revered Sarah, Billie andElla. Her background in the pop andR &> B field did not arrive until herteenage years. While attendingTolliston High School, Deniece workedpart-time ina record store. Theowner heard her singing along withthe records and told her mother thatDeniece had potential as a singer. Heinvited representatives from Chicago'sToddlin Town Label to hear her, andshe was signed to the Company. Herfirst single, "Love is Tears" receivedsome notice inGary; there was

k another 45 a year later, but nothingm. ever came of it.She attended

Baltimore's Morgan State Collegeas a nursing major for a year

\u25a0L and a half, and occasionallyJMLa moonlighted as a nightclubftJs singer. She returned to Indiana

1 and continued her studies at

1 Purdue.***. Deniece's musical careerW reached a turning point inJ 1971. Stevie Wonder heardj her old singles and invited her

infa to Detroit to audition for hisRL/1» backup group, Wonderlove.Hif"V Deniece's first real professionalR.;Jl exposure was with Stevie

\ Wonder during the 1972lyjyf Rolling Stones tour. Shortly

mL thereafter her debut album,

\u25a0^Pm This Is Niecy, was released.\u25a0ftNg&t Produced by Maurice White,

I^Hl wT c a^um featured the hitIP*B single "Free" and

"That's What Friends Are For." Fiveother successful albums have beenreleased, including That's WhatFriends AreFor, a duet withJohnnyMathis, Too Much, Too Little, Too Lateand When Love Comes Calling, whichshe co-produced with David Foster ofHall and Oates and Ray Parker, Jr.

Deniece's sixth and most recentalbum, Niecy, is the second collabora-tionbetween Deniece and her co-pro-ducer/co-writer Thorn Bell. Thisalbum, featuring the single "It's GonnaTake A Miracle," is a landmark andrated one of the year's best.

"Ijust try to be as true to my ex-perience as Ican, knowing thatnothing is new, nothing is unique."Everything for the feelings, of course,of course. That is Niecy.

71

ABOUT THE ARTIST

TOTCE ANDERSONToyce Anderson was born inCleve-land, Ohio, in1950. He entered OhioUniversity in1968, where he majoredinfine art. In1970, Anderson felt theneed to explore other areas of crea-tive expression and moved to NewYork, transferring to Pratt Instituteand changing his major to fashiondesign and illustration. Withina fewyears, he was free-lancing, doingillustrations for fashion designers BillBlass, Stephen Burrows and Hiroko.In1975, Anderson decided to travel-

to see what existed beyond thiscountry—and so he began what wasto be a two-year odyssey. He traveledto Morocco, West Africa and Paris.It was inParis that the first of

Anderson's collages and constructionscame to life. The Musee DArtModerne was invitingentries for anexhibition ofsmall constructionsframed by boxes. He became inter-ested inentering the exhibition andbegan to create a box construction.

Regrettably, the piece was not com-pleted in time for the exhibit,but theexperience stimulated Anderson'screative energies, and he began to

explore the elements of such crea-tions more thoroughly.

Anderson's first one-man exhibitiontook place in1973 at the Adept NewAmerican Folk Art Gallery inHouston, Texas, where he presentedhis life-size drawings ofpeople intheir routine day-to-day milieu. InNovember 1977, Anderson exhibitedagain at the Adept New AmericanFolk Art Gallery, where he showedhis collages and constructions.

InDecember 1977, Anderson pro-vided a collage, "Savannah," for anexhibition of19th and 20th century

American Artat the U.S. Mission tothe United Nations. In1978, Andersontook part inan exhibition-demonstration of works inpaper atthe Cooper-Hewitt Museum.

InJanuary 1979, Anderson exhibitedhis colorful collages and constructionsat the Basement Workshop inNewYork City. His works have been seenina number of group exhibitions,including the Black EnterpriseGallery, Randall Gallery and theWorld Trade Center Gallery, all inNew York City, and Rutgers Univer-sity Art Gallery inNew Jersey.

Mr.Anderson has had one-manexhibitions at the Washington WorldGallery and Evans-Tibbs Gallery inWashington, D.C., and Gallery 62 inNew York City.His work is repre-sented inmany private collections.

Among his commissions, Andersondesigned the poster and playbillcover for the Broadway production,"The First Breeze ofSummer," bythe Negro Ensemble Company. In1979 Anderson's constructions wereused to create the environment forfashions in the show windows ofSaks Fifth Avenue inNew York City.

June Kelly

Congratulations & Best Wishesto the

CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUSFOUNDATION, INC.

on twelve years of commitment to theeconomic, educational, social and cultural advancement

of allBlack Americans

NATIONALASSOCIATION OF LETTER CARRIERS,AFL-CIO

VINCENT R. SOMBROTTO,President

CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS, INC.

FINANCIALSTATEMENTSFOR THE YEARS ENDED

JUNE 30, 1982 AND 1981

WITH THE AUDITORS' REPORT THEREON

&Co

tCertified Public Accountants

Hpucker &Co.-A. 733 15TH STREET, N.W., SUITE 926, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 (202) 659-2911

September 3, 1982

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT

To The Board of DirectorsCongressional Black Caucus, Inc.

We have examined the balance sheets of the Congressional Black Caucus, Inc., as of June

30, 1982 and 1981, and the related statements of support, revenue and expenses and

changes in fund balance and changes in financial position for the years then ended. Our

examinations were made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and,

accordingly, included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing

procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.

In our opinion, the aforementioned financial statements present fairly the financialposition of the Congressional Black Caucus, Inc. as of June 30, 1982 and 1981, and the

results of its operations and changes in its financial position for the years then ended inconformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis.


NOTES TO FINANCIALSTATEMENTS

JUNE 30, 1982

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION

The Congressional Black Caucus, Inc. (CBC), a not-for-profit corporation,incorporated on December 10, 1971 to operate exclusively for the

promotion of social welfare of the various peoples of the Community who

look to it for guidance and leadership. CBC is exempt from income taxes

under Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(4) and applicable sections ofthe District of Columbia code; consequently, no provisions for Federal or

State income taxes have been reflected in the financial statements.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

CBC reports on its financial operations by using the fund method of

accounting. The financial statements are prepared under the accrual basis

of accounting.

All public support and revenue are considered to be available for

unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor.

Deferred items as of June 30, 1981 represent revenue earned and expenses

incurred in connection with the September, 1981 dinner.

Donated services are recorded at their estimated fair market values. Such

services are recognized both as support and expenses and, therefore, do not

affect CBC's fund balance.

lt&Co.



JUNE 30, 1982

Note 3. TRANSFERS TO THE CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS FOUNDATION

CBC was primarily funded through the net proceeds of its annual legislative

weekend activities. U.S. House of Representatives regulations, effective

January 1, 1982, require all congressional service organizations to cease

outside fund raising activities.

In compliance with the new regulations, the annual legislative weekend

formerly sponsored by CBC willbe sponsored by the Congressional Black

Caucus Foundation (CBCF) in 1982 and thereafter. In connection with the

conveyance of this activity, CBC has transferred $88,804 to CBCF, a non-

profit 501(c)3 organization.

tCertified Public Accountants

'"Pucker &Co.-A- 733 15TH STREET, N.W., SUITE 926, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 (202) 659-2911

September 3, 1982

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT

To The Board of DirectorsThe Congressional Black Caucus

Foundation, Inc.

We have examined the balance sheets of The Congressional Black Caucus Foundation,

Inc., as of June 30, 1982 and 1981 and the related statements of support, revenue and

expenses and changes in fund balance and changes in financial position for the years then

ended. Our examinations were made in accordance with generally accepted auditing

standards and, accordingly, included such tests of the accounting records and such other

auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.

In our opinion, the aforementioned financial statements present fairly the financial

position of The Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc., as of June 30, 1982 and

1981, and the results of its operations and changes in financial position for the years then

ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a

consistent basis.

THE CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS FOUNDATION, INC.


JUNE 30, 1982

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND PURPOSE

The Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc., (CBCF) a not-for-profit

organization, was incorporated on August 14, 1976, to support and conduct

non-partisan research, technical assistance, training, education and

informational activities and programs to advance political participation by

blacks and other minority group members. CBCF also seeks to promote

non-partisan Congressional employment of black and other minority

professional legislative staff assistants and technicians by advancing the

non-partisan preparation of blacks and other minorities' involvement in the

political process at state and local levels, and promoting and developingpositive perceptions about government.

CBCF is tax-exempt under Subsection 501(c)3 of the Internal Revenue Code

and applicable sections of the District of Columbia Code; consequently, no

provision for income taxes is reflected in the financial statements. In

addition, CBCF has been determined by the Internal Revenue Service not to

be a "private foundation" within the meaning of Section 509(a) of the code.

NOTE 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

CBCF uses the fund method of accounting to report its financial

operations. The financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis.

All public support and revenue are considered to be available for

unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor.

Lt

THE CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS FOUNDATION, INC.


JUNE 30, 1982

NOTE 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Deferred items as of June 30, 1982 represent revenue received and

expenses incurred in connection with the September, 1982 legislative

weekend.

Donated services are recorded at estimated fair market values. Such

services are recognized both as support and expenses and, therefore, do not

affect fund balances.

NOTE 3. TRANSFERS FROM THE CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS

The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) was primarily funded through the

net proceeds of its annual legislative weekend activities. UJ3. House ofRepresentatives regulations, effective January 1, 1982, require all

congressional service organizations to cease outside fund raising activities.

In compliance with the new regulations, the annual legislative weekend

formerly sponsored by CBC will be sponsored by CBCF in 1982 and

thereafter. In connection with the conveyance of this activity, CBC has

transferred $88,804 to CBCF.

&Co.

85

PATRONS

A.L.Nellum &> AssociatesAlpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.American Can CompanyAmerican Telephone &Telegraph CompanyAnheuser-Busch, Inc.AvonProducts, Inc.Carnation CompanyCBS RecordsCentury National BankThe Coca Cola CompanyComputer Sciences CorporationConoco, Inc.Coordination Council for North American AffairsConsolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.Edison Electric InstituteGeneral Motors, Inc.Greyhound CorporationInterracial Council for Business OpportunityInternational Telephone &Telegraph, Inc.Johnson &JohnsonJoseph E. Seagrams &> Sons, Inc.McDonald's CorporationMotown Record CorporationMTIConstruction CompanyNational Education AssociationNew England Television CorporationOIC of America, Inc.Opportunity Funding CorporationPepsiCo, Inc.Philip Morris, Inc.Purex CorporationRaven Systems &Research, Inc.R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.Sears, Roebuck & CompanyShell OilCompanyThe Southland CorporationStorer BroadcastingStroh Brewing CompanyRev. Leon SullivanSun Company, Inc.Unified Industries, Inc.United Steel Workers of AmericaUniworld Advertising CompanyWarner Brothers RecordsWarner CommunicationsWashington Hilton Hotel

86

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Board of Directors of the CongressionalBlack Caucus Foundation would like to extendits most sincere appreciation to the followingcompanies for their extraordinary contributionsto the success of the Twelfth Annual LegislativeWeekend:

BLACKENTERPRISE MAGAZINECoordination and production of the "Saluteto Black Business" section of the SouvenirDinner Book.

PHILIP MORRIS, INC. and its operatingcompanies:

Philip Morris USAMillerBrewing CompanySeven-Up Company

Sponsors of the "Tribute to ShirleyChisholm" Reception and 12th AnnualLegislative Weekend Portfolios

THE STROH BREWERY COMPANYGeyser Peak wine for the Awards DinnerCo-sponsor of the "Salute to Black Business"Reception on behalf of the CBC Foundation

CBS RECORDSEntertainment for the Awards Dinner

ANHEUSER BUSCHSponsors of the Very Special Reception

RCA RECORDS

EASTERN AIRLINES

87

CREDITS

Special credits and appreciation to themany people who have "worked tire-lessly the year round onbehalf of thevarious divisions, programs, and ac-tivities of the Congressional BlackCaucus Foundation.

CBCF STAFF

ACTING EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR

Harriet C. PritchettADMINISTRATIVESECRETARYKathleen E. Arnold

DIRECTOR, INTERN PROGRAMDenise L.Woods

INTERN SECRETARYLinda Hunt

FUNDRAISING COORDINATORGary C. Rivers

FUNDRAISING ASSISTANTMelony Ann McGant

LEGISLATIVEDIRECTORJoyce A. Clements

SPECIAL COORDINATOR-CBC SPOUSES FASHION SHOWGretchen B. Wharton

DINNERMEDIA CONSULTANTRonn E. Nichols, The PATARIGroup

The Fundraising staff of the CBCFoundation extends a special thankyou to the following persons for theirinvaluable assistance: Tracy Simmons,Denise Williams, Greer Cleaves,Annette Crumbly, Fran Farmer, DottiRoss, Adriene Gray

CBCT VOLUNTEERS

Brenda H. Andrews, Joan Bowen, BonnieChestnut, Dynia Coleman, DavidFleming, Chris Garner, Lisa E. Grymes,Verna Gunn- Williams, Fran Harris,Pamela Hughes, Frances Jefferson, GloriaLewis, Lela Palmer, KellieShelton,Robert Singletearry, Denise Spencer,Leslie Talbot, Kathi Thurston-Johnson,Charmone Williams^ Fernando Narvaez

AWARDS DINNER PROGRAMCOORDINATION: Toni Taylor

AWARDS DINNERPLANNING TEAM

June Watson— Staff ofCongress-woman Shirley A. Chisholm

Eunice McCall—Staff ofCongressman WilliamL.Clay

Dottie Ross— Staff ofCongresswoman Cardiss Collins

Heidi Napper—Staff ofCongressman John Conyers, Jr.

Jack Barthwell-Stoj^o/Congressman George W. Crockett, Jr.

Robin Hart—Staff ofCongressman Ronald V. Dellums

Tracy Simmons— Staff ofCongressman Julian C. Dixon

Mary Twitty—StaffofCongressman Mervyn M.Dymally

CliffSmith-Staff ofCongressman Walter E. Fauntroy

Marguerite Riley—Staff ofCongressman Harold E. Ford

Joan Middleton—Staff ofCongressman WilliamH. Gray, 111

Annette Crumbley—Staff ofCongressman Augustus F. Hawkins

Roger Strickland— StaffofCongressman MickeyLeland

Clarence Bishop—Staff ofCongressman ParrenJ. Mitchell

Nancy Williams—Staff ofCongressman Charles B. Rangel

Ronald Low—Staff ofCongressman Gus Savage

Joanne White—Staff ofCongressman Louis Stokes

Norma Collins—StaffofCongressman Harold Washington

THE DINNERBOOK:EDITORS: Harriet C. Pritchett,Gary C. Rivers;ASST. EDITOR: Denise Williams;additional thanks to the CongressionalBlack Caucus Foundation staff memberswhocompiled the articles and othersource materials for this publication;ADVERTISING: Gary C. Rivers;DESIGN &PRODUCTION: Rokus Design;COVER: Collage "Board Meeting"byToyce Anderson;TYPESETTING: Litho CompositionServices Inc.;PRINTING: Reproductions, Inc.

AWARDS DINNERHOSTS/HOSTESSESPat Aguilar, Leslie Alfonso,Cheryl Algee, Tina Allen,Yvonne Anders, Clementine Anthony,Joe Bedford, M.D., Pamela J. Bell,LillieBennett, Punta Boozeman,Kevin G. Bouknight, Denise Brooks,Betty Brown,Joann Brown,Tanya Brown, Theodora Brown,GailBurke, Audrew Burwell,Nancy Butler, Delzia Bunn,Karen Calemeise, Mark Calloway,Diane Campbell, JoAnne Carie,Jacqueline Carr, Saundria Chase,LillieClark, Lacy Clay, Angela Cole,Angela Collins, Anthony Collins,Norma Collins,Renee G. Collins,Gail Crews, Wanda Curry, Denzel Daye,Hazel Domangue, Marie Dorsey,Lamont Duncan, Charlotte Edeline,Dorothy Ewell,Helen E. Fischer,DavidFleming, Lisa Fleming,Pamela Floweres, DeShawn C. Foggie,Margeret Forde, Bruce Gamble,Wayne Gooch, Connie Goode,Sachiko Goode, Charlotte Green,Karen Green, Yvonne J. Greene,Michael Greer, Fran Harris, ViHawkins,Pat Hawthorne, Janis Hazel,WilliamHighsmith, Pamela Hughes,Anise Jenkins, AllisonJohnson,Annette Johnson, Donald Jones,Mac King,Gary Lampkin, KirnLaurie,KathyLewis, Sara Lizenby-Tucker,Charlene Lynch, Chery Macho,Renee Mials, VickiMiles,BeverlyMiller,Brenda Moore, Teddy Murphy,Janice Patterson, Bennie Peasant,Clyde Perm, Tracy L.Pinson,Gwendolyn Proctor, Darlene Richeson,Len Rie, Deborah Rose, KevinSample,Carlottia A.W. Scott, Kelly Shelton,Dee Dee Simmons, Lisa Simmons,Sandra Simmons, Katherine Smith,Sharion Smith, TamiSmith,Roger Strickland, Sharon Stricklin,B. J. Thomas, Cora A. Thompson,Craig Thompson, Constance Turner,Julian Turner, Keith Turner,Natalie Turner- Williamson,Stephanie Underwood, Derrick Ward,Stephanie Washington, Denise Watson,Forrest Watson, Denise White,Sabrina Whitehead, Greg Williams,Jeanette Williams, Denise Wilson,Vera Winfield,Renard Winters,Henry Wise, Sam Wrayjr., Dan Wright,Brenda Young, Carolyn YoungCOORDINATORS:

Greer Kelly-CleavesAnnette CrumbleyFernando NarvaezThelma Daley

88

FAREWELL SHIRLEY

89

LiftEvery Voice and Sing

Words byJames Weldon JohnsonMusic byRosamund Johnson

God ofour weari' years,God ofour silent tears,

itiou lAsrio nas orouvriz us

dinner - avoice online...7 special message congressman walter e. fauntroy, chairman, congressional...

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