dimethyl disulfide (dmds) · pacific ag group, arroyo grande, ca - 2005 (weed counts/row) 0 1530...
TRANSCRIPT
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Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS)A Methyl-Bromide Replacement Candidate
P. Robinson, R. Whitson, & T. Estes
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Natural Background Concentrations
Biological1Human expired air: max. 0.6 μg/hr)Human expired air: max. 7ng/l)Poultry manure: 85 μg/kg
Anthropogenic1
Wastewater effluent (45 μg/l)
1/ low levels are maintained due to flux
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• Living Organisms• Salt Water• Brackish Water• Fresh Water• Sediment• Soil• Atmosphere
Naturally Occurring in the Environment
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Formation From Natural Processes
Biogenic Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle
Methionine Degradation Pathwaycheese products
Dimethylsulfoniopropianate (DMSP) Degradation Pathway
marine bacteria
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DMDS: An ubiquitous natural compound
In plants •Allium spp
• pea bean
•Brassicacea spp
• mushrooms (truffle, shiitake)
In animal tissues • milk cheese • human urine
• animal by-products
In processed food• coffee bread salmon
• registered as a food additive to create a garlic-like taste
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In Brassicacea:from thiomethyl glucosinolatesGlu-S
-O3SO
N
(CH2)n-S(O)x-CH3
n = 2, 3, …10x = 0, 1, 2
Glu-S
-O3SO
NN
(CH2)n-S(O)x-CH3
n = 2, 3, …10x = 0, 1, 2
Glucosinolates
CH3-SO-(CH2)n-N=C=S
Isothiocyanates
CH3-S-SO-CH3
Thiosulfinates
CH3-S-SO2-CH3 + CH3-S-S-CH3
Thiosulfonates
mirosinase
Pathways for the formation of DMDS
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In Allium spp.From S-methyl-cysteine sulfoxide
S-methyl-cysteine sulfoxide
CH3-S-SO-CH3
Thiosulfinates
CH3-S-SO2-CH3 + CH3-S-S-CH3
Thiosulfonates
NH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-S(O)-CH3
alliinase
Pathways for the formation of DMDS
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Ozone depleting potential (ODP) is 0
Half-life in the upper atmosphere predicted to be on the order of several hours
Part of the natural atmospheric sulfur cycle with formation of acidic sulfur products
DMDS Atmospheric Effects
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Important Industrial Uses of DMDS• Agent used in hydrodesulfurization
processes in the petrochemical industry
• Coke inhibiting agent used in ethylene furnaces
• Used as an FDA registered food additive
• (Sec. 172.515 Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants) for flavoring use “in the minimum quantity to produce their intended effect”
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DMDS physical-chemical properties
Molecular formula: C2S2H6Molecular weight: 94.201Appearance: yellow liquidOdor: garlic-like smell
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DMDS physical-chemical properties
Boiling point: 109.8° CFlash point: 16° CDensity 1.0625 (20° C)Henry’s law constant: 1.21-3 (20° C)
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DMDS physical-chemical properties
Koc 15-47 mL/gVapor pressure: 28.7 mm Hg (25° C)Water solubility: 3000 mg/L (25° C)
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DMDS causes mitochondrial dysfunctionand activation of K-ATP channels
blocks the cytochrome oxydase (Complex IV)acts on K-ATP channels by an hyperpolarization
DMDS Mode of Action
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Acute Toxicity ProfileAcute oral LD50- rats: 150 – 240 mg/kg
Acute inhalation LC50- rats: 776 - 835 ppm (2988 – 3215 mg/m3)
Acute dermal LD50- rabbits: >2000 mg/kg
Dermal irritation: Irritant (Tox. Category III)
Eye irritation: Irritant (Tox. Category III)
Dermal sensitization: Non-sensitizer
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DMDS EfficacyWeed Control
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DMDS EfficacyRate Response
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% Control of Nutsedge in Peppers W/ DMDS Applied Alone Under LDPE, Rate Effect Vs. Methyl Bromide.Culpepper, Univ. Georgia, Tifton 2005
30
79
90100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DMDS 200 DMDS 400 DMDS 600 MeBr 400 (67:33)
% Nutsedge control at 34 Days After Application
Rates in Lbs/Acre
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DMDS EfficacyApplication Depth
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Effect of Injection Depth & Barrier Type on Weed Control
VIFLDPE
12”12”
8” 8”
DMDS @ 62 gallons/acre (79:21)
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DMDS EfficacyInjection Shank Number
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Nutsedge Control in Tomato, DMDS Alone, Shank Number EffectLDPE, VIF, Vs. METALIZED FILM Gilreath, Univ. Florida, Ruskin, FL 2005 Fall
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
LDPE VIF METAL
14 day plantback interval, weed control at 74 Days after application
Counts (50 ft.) area3-shank injection
4-shank injection
DMDS @ 400 lb/A
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DMDS EfficacyBarrier Type
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Nutsedge Control in Tomato, DMDS Alone, Barrier EffectLDPE, VIF, Vs. METALIZED FILM Gilreath, Univ. Florida, Ruskin, FL 2005 Fall
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
LDPE VIF METAL
14 day plantback interval, weed control at 49 Days after application
Cou
nts
(50
ft.) a
rea
UNTREATED
DMDS @ 400 lb/A
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60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
LDPE (w/b)
LDPE (w/w/)
VIF (b/b)
METAL Embossed (b/s)
METAL Embossed (s/b)
METAL (s/w)
METAL (s/b)
DMDS 750 (80:20)
Trial conducted by Dr. Stanley Culpepper; UGA REC; Tifton, GA. All treatments applied on 7/14/05. Squash were planted 27 days after fumigant applications. Evaluations at 47 days after Planting
DMDS on Squash, % Nutsedge Control in Tifton; GA; Fall 2005 Mulch Type Effect, DMDS Mixture With Chloropicrin
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Combinations of DMDS With Chloropicrin
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Effect of Rate and Combinations With Chloropicrin on Nutsedge Control (%), Culpepper. Univ. GA, Tifton, 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
Alone + PIC @ 100lbs.
+ PIC @ 200lbs.
MeBr @ 400(67:33)
Percent Nutsedge Control @ 97 Days After Application, LDPE Barrier
DMDS @ 200 lbs. DMDS @ 400 lbs. DMDS @ 600 lbs.
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The Overall Influence of These Variables on Weed Control
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DMDS 79:21 @ 74 gal570 lb. DMDS: 150 PIC
UNTREATED
LDPE
% Control of Nutsedge in Peppers w/ DMDS + PICBarrier Comparisons Culpepper, Univ. Georgia, Tifton 2006
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DMDS 79:21 @ 74 gal570 lb. DMDS: 150 PIC
UNTREATED
VIF
% Control of Nutsedge in Peppers w/ DMDS + PICBarrier Comparisons Culpepper, Univ. Georgia, Tifton 2006
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DMDS 79:21 @ 74 gal570 lb. DMDS: 150 PIC
UNTREATED
METALIZED
% Control of Nutsedge in Peppers w/ DMDS + PICBarrier Comparisons Culpepper, Univ. Georgia, Tifton 2006
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0
25
50
75
100
LDPE METALIZED VIF
UNT DMDS 75 gal (79:21) MEBR 350 (67:33)
Trial conducted by Dr. Stanley Culpepper; UGA REC; Tifton, GA. All treatments applied on 2/22/06. Holes were punched in mulch 15 days after application and peppers were planted 3 days later.
% Control of Nutsedge at 72 days after application
Impact of Mulch Types on Nutsedge Control of the Untreated,MeBr &DMDS Treatments; Tifton; GA; Spring 2006
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DMDSCrop Safety
Excellent Crop Safety
Plant back in 7-21 day
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LDPE METALIZED VIF
UNT DMDS 75 gal (79:21) MEBR 350 (67:33)
Number of Fruit/Plot: Harvests 1 & 2 combined
Trial conducted by Dr. Stanley Culpepper; UGA REC; Tifton, GA. All treatments applied on 2/22/06. Holes were punched in mulch 15 days after application and peppers were planted 3 days later.
Impact of Mulch Types on Marketable Pepper Yields of the Untreated, MeBr &DMDS Treatments; Tifton; GA; Spring 2006
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0
5
10
15
20
25
LDPE METALIZED VIF
UNT DMDS 75 gal (79:21) MEBR 350 (67:33)
Pounds of Fruit/Plot: Harvests 1& 2 combined
Trial conducted by Dr. Stanley Culpepper; UGA REC; Tifton, GA. All treatments applied on 2/22/06. Holes were punched in mulch 15 days after application and peppers were planted 3 days later.
Impact of Mulch Types on Marketable Pepper Yields of the Untreated, MeBr &DMDS Treatments; Tifton; GA; Spring 2006
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Drip Vs Shank Effect
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0
5
10
15
20
25
UntreatedControl
DMDS @ 400lbs - Drip
Pic @ 200 lbs- drip
DMDS + Pic @ 200+200 -
Drip
MB + Pic(67:33) @ 350
lbs - shank
70 DAA
WEED BIOMASS (Kg/PLOT)
DMDS Drip Application Efficacy in Strawberry, Weed Biomass
San Luis Obispo, CA 2005 Pacific Ag GroupApplication: 11/10/05. Harvest From: Jan to May
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Effect on Additional Weed Species
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DMDS – TomatoPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005 (Weed Counts/row)
0 20 40 60 80Weed Control - 34 Days After Application
DMDS 400 -Drip
DMDS 600 - Drip
Weed Control (counts/row)
Purslane Corn Spurry Lambsquarters Annual Bluegrass Nutsedge
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DMDS – TomatoPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005 (Weed Counts/row)
0 20 40 60
Weed Control - 34 Days After Application
DMDS 400 -Drip
DMDS 600 - Drip
DMDS + Pic 200 +200 - Drip
DMDS + Pic 400 +200 - Drip
DMDS + Pic 600 +200 - Drip
Purslane Corn Spurry Lambsquarters Annual Bluegrass Nutsedge
DMDS alone & w/PIC
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DMDS – TomatoPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005 (Weed Counts/row)
0 15 30 45 60 75
Weed Control - 34 Days After Application
DMDS + Pic 200 +200 - Drip
DMDS + Pic 400 +200 - Drip
DMDS + Pic 600 +200 - Drip
DMDS + Pic 400 +200 Shank
DMDS + Pic 600 +200 Shank
Purslane Corn Spurry Lambsquarters Annual Bluegrass Nutsedge
DMDS alone & w/PIC,
Shank vs. drip
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DMDS EfficacySoil Borne Pathogens
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Tomatoes, Drip ApplicationPacific Ag Group – Greenfield, CA - 2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
Scle
rotin
ia #
/plo
t
Untreated DMDS @200 lbs.
DMDS @400 lbs.
DMDS @600 lbs.
Inline @ 20Gal/A
MethylBromide
@ 350 lbs.
Sclerotinia Rot (Scleotinia sclerotiorum )
Rated at harvest (119 days after application).
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Tomatoes, Drip ApplicationPacific Ag Group – Greenfield, CA - 2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
0-10
sca
le
Untreated DMDS @200 lbs.
DMDS @400 lbs.
DMDS @600 lbs.
Inline @ 20Gal/A
MethylBromide @
350 lbs.
Corky Root (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici )
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Succulent Beans & Disease Incidence France, 2003
05
10152025
30354045
50
% in
fect
ed p
lant
s
Untreated DMDS @ 267 lbs. DMDS @ 535 lbs. Methyl Bromide @446 lbs.
Rhizoctonia solani
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DMDS – Tomato Verticillium WiltPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Num
ber p
er P
lot
Verticillium Wilt Infected Plants - 125 days after application
Untreated Control DMDS 400 - Drip DMDS 600 Drip Chloropicrin 200 - Drip
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DMDS – Tomato Verticillium WiltPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Num
ber p
er P
lot
Verticillium Wilt Infected Plants - 125 days after application
Untreated Control DMDS + Pic 200 + 200 Drip DMDS + Pic 400 + 200 Drip
DMDS + Pic 600 + 200 Drip Chloropicrin 200 - Drip
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IRIS – Plants with Fusarium WiltPacific Ag Group, Nipomo, CA - 2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Num
ber/P
lot
121 Days After Application
Untreated Control MB + Pic fb Vapam VapamChloropicrin @ 200 lbs DMDS + Pic @ 400 + 200 DMDS + Pic @ 600 + 200
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DMDS EfficacySoil Borne Pathogens
Sclerotinia Rot
Rhizoctonia
Verticillium Wilt
Fusarium Wilt
Pythium?
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DMDS EfficacyNematodes
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Soil Borne Pest Control in Tomatoes Shank Application on 3-mar, 2004
Pliant High Barrier Mulch (Black)J. Gilreath, Univ. FL Bradenton
0
1
2
3
4
Nem
atod
es/1
00cc
of s
oil
7-Jun
Number of Stunt Nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus sp. )
Untreated
DMDS @ 200 lb/A
DMDS @ 400 lb/A
DMDS @ 600 lb/A
Midas @ 300 lb/A
Midas is methyl iodide:chloropicrin (67:33)
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Root Gall Severity in Tomato (0-10 Scale)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Alone + PIC @ 100
<---B
est -
Wor
st---
>
Untreated DMDS 150 DMDS 300DMDS 450 DMDS 600 Telone C35 @ 26 GPAMeBr 400 (67:33)
Meloidogyne sp.
J. Noling, Univ. of Florida @ Lake Alfred, FL 2005, fall
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DMDS – TomatoPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
Num
ber
per
Cub
ic
Cen
timet
er
Stubby Root Nematode - 67 DAT - Compared to UTC
Untreated Control DMDS 400 - Drip DMDS 600 DripDMDS + Pic 200 + 200 Drip DMDS + Pic 400 + 200 Drip DMDS + Pic 600 + 200 DripDMDS + Pic 400 + 200 Shank DMDS + Pic 600 + 200 Shank Chloropicrin 200 - DripVapam - 75 gal - Drip Inline 20.5 gal - Drip Midas + Pic 120 + 240 -Drip
Paratrichodorus sp.
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DMDS – TomatoPacific Ag Group, Arroyo Grande, CA - 2005
05
101520253035
Num
ber p
er C
ubic
C
entim
eter
Root Lesion Nematode - 67 DAT
Untreated Control DMDS 400 - Drip DMDS 600 DripDMDS + Pic 200 + 200 Drip DMDS + Pic 400 + 200 Drip DMDS + Pic 600 + 200 DripDMDS + Pic 400 + 200 Shank DMDS + Pic 600 + 200 Shank Chloropicrin 200 - DripVapam - 75 gal - Drip Inline 20.5 gal - Drip Midas + Pic 120 + 240 -Drip
Pratylenchus spp.
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DMDS Efficacy Against Citrus Nematode Application Via Buried Drip at 8” Depth. Radewald, CA-2006.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
6"depth 10"depth 18"depth
Untreated DMDS @ 141 lb/A-no barrierDMDS @ 290 lb/A-no barrier DMDS @ 290 lb/A-w/LDPEDMDS @ 581 lb/A-no barrier DMDS @ 581 lb/A-w/LDPE
Number of nematodes recovered from bags buried at each depth
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DMDS EfficacyNematodesStunt
Root Knot
Stubby
Lesion
Cyst?
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DMDS Registration
Submission for an EUP programAugust, 2006Currently in science review
Submission for Section 3 registration1st quarter, 2007
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DMDSDMDS effective in shank and drip applications (pure and 95% EC formulations)
On nematodes (200/400 kg.ha-1)On fungi (400/600 kg.ha-1)On weeds (600 kg.ha-1)
Soil diffusion is very goodEffectiveness is higher using VIF or equivalent filmsDMDS in combination with chloropicrin demonstrates excellent results, lower rates
DMDS is a viable candidate for replacement for Methyl Bromide
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Thank you!