digital marketing: key concepts and metrics... · digital marketing americans spend more time than...
TRANSCRIPT
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DIGITAL MARKETING:
KEY CONCEPTS AND METRICS
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Takeaways
● Basic understanding of the main digital marketing channels and core principles
● Functional use of digital media math and core metrics
● Understand targeting opportunities and tools at your disposal
● Evaluate, optimize, test and refine digital marketing campaigns
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A Leader in EducationToday’s complex, global economy requires a skilled workforce that can leverage
technology to fuel success. Since 2011, General Assembly has transformed careers
and teams through pioneering, experiential education in today’s most in-demand skills.
GA’s robust suite of courses includes all the
fundamental pillars of innovation to give individuals
and teams options for growth and development.
These skills — coding, data, design, digital
marketing, and product management — foster
innovation and drive the modern economy.
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At a Glance
● Award-winning curriculum and expert instructors at 20 global campuses, online, and in-office.
● A thriving alumni community of 50,000+ full- and part-time graduates.
● Dedicated career coaching for full-time students, with 7,000+ hiring partners, including Capital One, IBM, and NBC.
● Corporate training and hiring solutions with 350+ companies worldwide, including 39 of the Fortune 100.
● More than 500,000 attendees at bootcamps, workshops, and events.
4 | © 2018 General Assembly
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CEO, Sigma Ridge
Alexander Sierra
Alexander Sierra has a diverse background. He has a bachelor’s degree in
Aerospace Engineering from the University of Florida, A master’s in Finance from
Harvard University, and an MBA from the University of Massachusetts. Over 23
years of experience as a leader in Consulting, Sales & Marketing. Alex has
managed teams of over 130 direct reports in 13 different countries and Marketing
budgets of over 25 million dollars a year. He has been able to achieve year-over-
year growth for his clients from 25% to 120%.
His consulting practice -Sigma Ridge- was a spinoff from the Harvard University
Consulting club where he works with companies like Cisco, Dell, and some of the
largest fashion companies in the US.
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Marketing
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Digital Marketing Trends
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=US&q=digital%20marketing
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Digital Marketing
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Source: Q1 2018 Nielsen Total
Audience Report
Share of Daily Time Spent by Platform
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Digital Marketing
Americans spend more time than ever watching videos, browsing social
media and swiping their lives away on their tablets and smartphones.
American adults spend more than 11 hours per day watching, reading,
listening to or simply interacting with media, according to a new study by
market-research group Nielsen
=
Digital marketing is king.
Marketing has always been about
meeting the customer where they are;
right now, they’re online.
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Before and After…
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Role of Strategy
WHAT TO DO
● Display ads
● Video ads
● Mobile ads
● Native ads
● Audio ads
● Blogging
● Content
● Influencer
marketing
WHO TO TARGET
● Demographics
● Psychographics
● Time of day
● Day of week
● Behaviors
● Contexts
● Devices
● Locations
● Emotions
WHERE TO DO IT
● Snapchat
● Websites
● Affiliates
● Publishers
● TV
● Billboard
WHAT TO MEASURE
● Impressions
● Reach
● Frequency
● Views
● Clicks
● Engagements
● Interactions
● Time spent
● Repeat visits
● Repeat usage
● Conversions
● Revenue
● Efficiency rates for
all of the above
HOW TO OPTIMIZE
● Adjust targeting
● Adjust channel mix
● Change messaging
● Change creative
● A/B test
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
PAID, OWNED AND EARNED MEDIA
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Type of media
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Type of media
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Marketing Funnel
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Marketing objectives are typically rooted in the funnel.
● Brand Marketing:
“I want to make people aware and
excited about what we have to
offer!”
● Customer Acquisition:
“I want to grow my bottom line by
gaining new customers.”
● Retention and Loyalty:
“I want to engage my customers
and get them to buy more!”
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Marketing Channels
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Digital Marketing
Digital marketing is an umbrella term which
includes marketing channels like:
• Display
• Search (Google, Bing, Yahoo)
• Social media (Facebook, Twitter, Myspace)
• Websites
• SMS – text, Mobile
• TV, radio… Conventional channels
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Digital Marketing
1. Brand Vs. Non-brand
2. Ad extensions
3. Organic Search and Paid Search
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Digital Marketing
Brand Vs. Non-brand
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Brand Non-Brand
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Digital Marketing
Ad extensions
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Digital Marketing
Organic
Search
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Digital Marketing
Display
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Digital Marketing
Display
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*The industry standard as developed under the
leadership of the Media Rating Council (MRC) calls for
desktop display ads to be considered viewable if...
*50% of their pixels are in view for a minimum of one
second and for desktop video that standard is 50%
for 2 seconds.
*In addition, the standard stipulates that for
larger desktop ad units, 30% of pixels in view
for 1 second constitutes a Viewable ad.
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Digital Marketing
Social Media
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Digital Marketing
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•Open rate•Click-through rate (CTR) •Conversion rate•Bounce rate•Number of unsubscribes•List growth rate•Spam complaints•Forwarding rate/email sharing
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Digital Marketing
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Newsletter Promotional
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Digital Marketing
SMS - Mobile
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Key Terms and Concepts
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Key terms and concepts
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Impression Click Conversion
An impression is
counted each time
your ad is shown
When someone takes an
action you’ve defined as
valuable to your
organization, such as an
online purchase or signing
up for emails
When someone clicks on your ad
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Key terms and concepts
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CPM CPC CPA
Cost per thousands
impressions or…
Cost per action
Cost per acquisition
Cost per conversion Cost per click
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Key terms and concepts
32 | © 2018 General Assembly
CTRCR or
Conversion
rate
CPA
Click Through
Rate(Clicks / Impression)
Return on
InvestmentCost per
Acquisition
AOV ROIROAS
Conversions /
Clicks(1000 Impressions) (Cost /# Conversions)
Average
Order
Value
(Revenue / #Orders)
Return on Ad
spend
(Revenue / marketing $)
(Profit / investment)
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Key terms and concepts
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SOV Engagement
Rate
Post view
Conversion
Share of Voice
(# times your
ads show / all
ads show)
Conversion
after View
Look Back
window CPC
Clicks +
Social Actions
/ Impressions
Amount of
time an
action has
influence
on a
conversion
Cost per
Click
($$ / Click)
Post view
Conversion
Conversion
after View
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Targeting and Tactics
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Digital Marketing
Cookies: A small file saved on people’s browsers that allows
marketers to track & target:
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•Websites visited
•Interactions
•Conversions
•Demographic information
•Consumer preferences
•Location
•Organization
•Other
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Digital Marketing
Cookies: They can be passed across platforms for enhanced
targeting and increased performance
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Digital Marketing
Targeting
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•Gender
•Age
•Interests
•Time of Day
•Device
•Geo Location
•Education Levels
•Social Media Likes
•Search History
•Contextual / Keywords
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Evaluation & Optimization
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Digital Marketing
Attribution Models
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• An attribution model is the rule,
or set of rules, that determines
how credit for conversions is
assigned to various touch points
before a conversion
• Without some form of
attribution model, you are not
taking into account the full value
of your marketing efforts
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Marketing objectives are typically rooted in the funnel.
● Brand Marketing:
“I want to make people aware and
excited about what we have to
offer!”
● Customer Acquisition:
“I want to grow my bottom line by
gaining new customers.”
● Retention and Loyalty:
“I want to engage my customers
and get them to buy more!”
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Digital Marketing
A/B testing
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• Testing allows you to experiment
with different:
o Creative
o User Groups
o UI
o Ad Copy
o Day-Parting
o Demographics
• Data integrity
• Control Vs. Experiment groups
• Sample size are key
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Digital Marketing
Google analytics
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Measure how people use and
interact with your website
•Traffic sources
•Unique users
•Pageviews
•Visits
•Time on page
•User flow
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Digital Marketing
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Digital Marketing
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RESOURCES*PPC Hero - http://www.ppchero.com
*Search Engine Watch -http://searchenginewatch.com
*Think Insights - http://www.thinkwithgoogle.com
*Google Trends - http://www.google.com/trends
*Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/business/
*Twitter – https://ads.twitter.com
*LinkedIn - https://business.linkedin.com/marketing-solutions/blog
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DELETE AFTER THIS
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At a Glance
● Award-winning curriculum and expert instructors at 20 global campuses, online, and in-office.
● A thriving alumni community of 50,000+ full- and part-time graduates.
● Dedicated career coaching for full-time students, with 7,000+ hiring partners, including Capital One, IBM, and NBC.
● Corporate training and hiring solutions with 350+ companies worldwide, including 39 of the Fortune 100.
● More than 500,000 attendees at bootcamps, workshops, and events.
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Awards and Recognition
At General Assembly, we strive to create a culture of excellence that empowers our
community to thrive. We feel honored and humbled to receive recognition from leaders
acknowledging the efforts of our global teams. Recent highlights are below.
● Fast Company: Winner, Diversity in Coding
● Optimas: Winner, Corporate Citizenship
● Built in NYC: Top 100 Tech Companies
● Technical.ly DC: Winner, Tech Mission Org of the Year
● MIT: Finalist, Inclusive Innovation Competition
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Let’s Meet
Stand up and tell us:
• Name
• What do you do for a living?
• What you hope to get out of today?
• Open a social channel mobile device
• Scroll to the first ad
• Is the ad content relevant and valuable to you?
• How do you know it’s an ad?
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Digital Marketing
Intro to Digital Marketing
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Role of Technology
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Digital Marketing
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Role of Technology (This could take a while)
General Assembly: Solving the Skills Gap
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Digital Marketing
The Objective-First Framework
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Why We Start With Objectives:
54 | © 2018 General Assembly
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The Objective First Campaign Framework Is Here To Help.
55 | © 2018 General Assembly
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The Objective First Campaign Framework Is Here To Help.
Execution
Launch
Review
CollectChangePlanning
56 | © 2018 General Assembly (16 Min)
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The ‘New’ Customer Decision Journey
57 | © 2018 General Assembly
MOMENT
OF
PURCHASE
INITIAL
CONSIDERATION
SET
TRIGGER
ACTIVE EVALUATION
INFORMATION GATHERING,
SHOPPING
LOYALTY LOOP
POST-PURCHASE EXPERIENCE
ONGOING EXPOSURE
1
The customer considers an
initial set of brands, based
on brand perceptions and
exposure to recent touch
points
2Customers add or subtract
brands as they evaluate
what they want
3Ultimately, the customer
selects a brand at the
moment of purchase
4After purchasing a product or service,
the customer builds expectations
based on experience to inform the
next decision journey
Possible reconsideration of
the brand chosen
Source: McKinsey Consulting
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On the Customer’s Side, the Journey Isn’t Quite As
Direct As We Imagine…
58 | © 2018 General Assembly
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Digital Marketing
Objectives & KPIs
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Laddering Up Objectives
60 | © 2018 General Assembly (24 Mins)
Test Objectives
Channel Objectives
Campaign Objectives
Marketing
Objectives
Business
Objectives
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Business Objectives
61 | © 2018 General Assembly
Business
Objectives
“Be Canada’s most
watched television
network”
Business Objectives:
Broad, company-wide goals.
These are created by senior leadership (typically annually) to
guide decisions across the business.
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Marketing Objectives
62 | © 2018 General Assembly
“Grow viewer base by
15%.”
Marketing
Objectives
Marketing Objectives:
This is how the marketing team will drive the business
objectives. These will be the measure of success for the
overall marketing performance.
“Be Canada’s
most watched
television
network”
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Campaign Objectives
63 | © 2018 General Assembly
“Attract 30,000 new
subscribers this
quarter.”
Campaign Objectives
Campaign Objectives:
Campaigns aim to change a specific perception or behavior of
a target audience in a quantified way over a set period of time.
They can be carried out on a single channel (i.e. Facebook) or
across multiple channels.
“Be Canada’s
most watched
television
network”
“Grow viewer
base by 15%.”
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Channel Objectives
64 | © 2018 General Assembly
“Improve website
conversion rate by
5%”
Channel Objectives:
Some channels, like your website and your paid search ads,
are “always on.” You will want to improve performance of
these channels both in support of and separate from specific
campaigns.
Channel objectives are often related to the marketing funnel
and improving customer acquisition and retention.
Channel Objectives
“Be Canada’s
most watched
television
network”
“Grow viewer
base by 15%.”
“Attract 30,000
new subscribers
this quarter.”
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Test Objectives
65 | © 2018 General Assembly
“Run a test to
determine the cost
per acquisition on
Snapchat .”
Test Objectives:
The goal of a test is to learn something which will help you
make better decisions for a larger scale project.
“Be Canada’s
most watched
television
network”
“Grow viewer
base by 15%.”
“Attract 30,000
new subscribers
this quarter.”
“Improve website
conversion rate
by 5%”
Test Objectives
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The Best Objectives Are SMART
66 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Objectives And KPIs:
67 | © 2018 General Assembly
You Can’t Have One Without The Other.
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How Many KPIs Should You Have Per Objective?
● A strong SMART objective should have ONE primary KPI. This is the one source of truth that tells
you whether or not you reached your goal.
● You might have 1-3 secondary KPIs that relate to other objectives/things you care about (i.e. cost
effectiveness) as well as the primary KPI.
68 | © 2018 General Assembly
KPIs
Metrics
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When We Don’t Have KPI’s…we get paralyzed by data
69 | © 2018 General Assembly (32)
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Scale Vs. Efficiency Metrics
70 | © 2018 General Assembly
#: SCALE %: EFFICIENCY
Numbers that measure volume, usually a
“Whole Number” such as:
● Number of sessions.
● Ad impressions.
● Clicks.
Numbers that are expressed as a ratio or
percentage (Rational Number), such as:
● Average order value (AOV).
● Pages per session.
● Cost per click (CPC).
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Awareness messages mean you reached your customer.
71 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Scale Metrics:
a. Reach
b. Impressions
c. Video views
d. Brand mentions
e. Pageviews
● Efficiency Metrics
a. Cost per reach
b. Cost per 1000 impressions (CPM)
c. Cost per view
d. Average frequency
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Interest metrics show a customer engaging with your
messaging and content.
72 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Scale Metrics:
a. Engagement
b. Clicks
c. Visits
d. Completed Video Views
e. Shares
f. Repeat visits
● Efficiency Metrics
a. Click-Through Rate
b. View-Through Rate
c. Engagement Rate
d. Cost per Engagement
e. Cost per Completed View
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Conversion metrics are tied to a customer completing a
meaningful or revenue-creating action.
73 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Scale Metrics:
a. Leads
b. Downloads
c. Orders
d. New customer acquisitions
e. Repeat purchases
● Efficiency Metrics:
a. Cost per order (CPO)
b. Cost per lead (CPL)
c. Cost per acquisition (CPA)
d. Conversion Rates
e. Average order value (AOV)
f. Return on Investment (ROI)
g. ROAS
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Retention & Referral:
74 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Scale Metrics:
a. Repeat purchases
b. Referrals
c. Annual recurring revenue
● Efficiency Metrics:
a. Churn rate
b. Average customer lifetime value
c. Retention rate
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But wait: We don’t have any hard numbers yet!
75 | © 2018 General Assembly
For example: you ran a test
and found a benchmark
click-through rate and are
scaling up
For example: you’re getting
started on Instagram so you
check average engagement
rates for your industry
Your
Historical
Data
Industry
Benchmarks
For example: if you
absolutely need 1000 new
customers this quarter or
your business is going to shut
down.
Absolute
business
needs
For example: If you’re starting
out with a brand new
company with no prior
marketing, just ballpark
something low and learn
Starting out
& shooting
low
Where Do The Numbers In The “Measurable” Part of S.M.A.R.T. Come From?
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Do Your Research:
76 | © 2018 General Assembly
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Digital Marketing
Design Tactics
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Revisiting the Objective-First Framework
78 | © 2018 General Assembly
Now that we know what we want to achieve, how do we do it?
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You Can Achieve a Single Objective With One or Multiple Tactics
79 | © 2018 General Assembly
OBJECTIVE & KPI:
LOSE 10 POUNDS IN
TWO MONTHS
TACTIC:
EXERCISE REGULARLYTACTIC:
LIMIT CALORIC INTAKE
TACTIC:
GET ENOUGH SLEEP
KPI: NUMBER OF
WORKOUTS/WEEKKPI: CALORIES CONSUMED
KPI: AVERAGE HOURS
OF SLEEP
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It starts with the customer
80 | © 2018 General Assembly
WHETHER YOU’RE…
THINK
H2H
B2C B2B B2B2COR OR
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The Curse Of Knowledge Means…
81 | © 2018 General Assembly
YOU ARE NOT YOUR CUSTOMER.
%#!?
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How Would You Sell Me Your Product?
82 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Personas Help You Dig Beneath The Surface to Minimize Bias
83 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Digging in Deeper: Customer Personas
Personas are brief documents that encapsulate
data about your target audience. They allow you
to:
● Build empathy for your customers and
evaluate messaging from their perspective.
● Give data context and a human face.
● Help your team (and partners) make
decisions based on a shared
understanding.
84 | © 2018 General Assembly
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85 | © 2018 General Assembly
WHERE DOES VALUE COME FROM?
Customer value comes from three places:
Psychological: emotional or inexplicable benefits
“It makes me feel good.”
“Don’t know why, but I love it!”
Economic: financial benefits
“Buy this one to save money.”
Functional: utility gained from the product or service
“Helps me do things better or faster.”
1
2
3
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The Formula for a Value Proposition
Benefit + Proof - Risk = $$$
● An OK value proposition promises a
benefit.
● A GOOD value proposition promises a
benefit without risk.
● A GREAT value proposition adds proof
to that promise.
86 | © 2018 General Assembly
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“A brand for a company is like a
reputation for a person.
You earn reputation by trying to do
hard things well”.
Jeff Bezos
87 | © 2018 General Assembly
The Difference Between Brand & Product
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Introducing a Simple Framework
Here’s a simple three-step formula to build a value proposition that’s clear and compelling:
88 | © 2018 General Assembly
You know how... Goals and pain points – Who is your customer, what is their main pain point
Well, what we do... Benefits and feelings - What you offer, focus on key features and benefits
In fact... Data and impact - Why they need it, how you’re different and the impact you make.
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Examples
89 | © 2018 General Assembly
You know how... It can be hard to find a taxi and you’re not sure one will come.
Well, what we do... Is have a car come to you with just one tap.
In fact... Our average pickup time is only four minutes.
You know how... There has been a lot of negative press about Uber’s leadership.
Well, what we do... Is treat our employees and drivers with respect.
In fact... We were voted one of the best places to work.
Uber
Uber competitor
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Digital Marketing
Channels
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Channels & Tactics
Channels
Where marketing and distribution happens:
The pipes that connect you to the customer.
● Websites
● TV
● Apps
● Text messages
● Phone calls
● Retailers
● Wholesalers
91 | © 2018 General Assembly
Tactics
The stuff that flows through the pipes:
Strategies that can take place on one or
more channels.
● Promotional discounts
● Content marketing
● Influencer marketing
● Live videos
● Retargeting
● Chatbots
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Buzzword Breakdown
92 | © 2018 General Assembly
Single-Channel
One or multiple messages
on one channel.
Multichannel
Marketing
One or multiple messages
on multiple channels.
Integrated Marketing
One unified message
across multiple channels.
Omnichannel
Marketing
One unified experience
that seamlessly picks up
where it dropped off
across multiple channels.
You might work for a
startup doing all of your
marketing on Facebook.
Basically, this is just
marketing.
Your marketing team
works together.
What all retailers want to
be, some like to talk about
being, and few are.
What it is
What it m
eans
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THE MARKETING LANDSCAPE: THEN AND NOW
93 | © 2018 General
Assembly (64)
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Digital Advertising
94 | © 2018 General Assembly
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A Blast From The Past:
95 | © 2018 General Assembly image: thefirstbannerad.com
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1994: “You only love me for my eyeballs”
96 | © 2018 General Assembly
People visit site:
Site reads:
Server delivers:
impression 1 impression 2 impression 3
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Today: “You love me for me…or at least my data points”
97 | © 2018 General Assembly
People visit site:
Site reads:
Server delivers:
affluent father
lives in tribeca
retired female
active on Facebook
frequent online shopper
interested in fashion
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Facebook is a powerhouse for targeting, testing and learning
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Copy Best Practice: The Action-Benefit Rule
99 | © 2018 General Assembly
and keep your project moving.
Action Benefit
Hire talent through the top freelancing website
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SEARCH
100 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Paid Search vs. Organic Search
101 | © 2018 General Assembly
(1:20)
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When To Use Seo Vs. Paid Search
102 | © 2018 General Assembly
Organic search (SEO)
● The long game: Can take a while to see
results
● Compounding ROI over time; best if you
have other initiatives to rely on short term
● Costs: primarily labor
● You can only win through better content,
structure, domain authority
Paid Search (PPC)
● The results are almost instantaneous
● You have access to all the data
● ROI can be high, but always has a cost
● Costs: Pay per click
● You can win by spending a lot of $$
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103 | © 2018 General Assembly
MEDIUM INTENTLOW INTENT HIGH INTENT
“Summer Grilling”
“Indoor Gardening”
“Ocean Pollution”
“Weber Grill”
“AeroGarden Kits”
“Save the Waves”
“Weber Grill at Home Depot”
“Buy AeroGarden”
“Donate to Save the Waves”
HIGH VOLUME LOW VOLUME
LOW CONVERSION
%
HIGH CONVERSION %
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Gathering Data: Buyer Intent
104 | © 2018 General Assembly
Broad
(Short Tail)
Specific
(Long Tail)
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Keyword Research Tools Everyone Can Use
105 | © 2018 General Assembly
TOOL FREE? REQ’S ACCT? GOOD FOR:
Google Keyword Planner Yes YesKeyword Research, Competitor Research, Article
Ideas
Google Trends Yes NoIdentifying Trends, Understanding Cyclicality /
Seasonality
UberSuggest Yes No Keyword Research, Article Ideas, Customer Research
MozBar Yes Yes Keyword Competitive Analysis
SEMRush Trial No Keyword Research, Competitor Research
BuzzSumo Trial No Article Ideas
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Organic Social
106 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Guess Who?
107 | © 2018 General Assembly
Regarded as a
source of
inspiration and
discovery.
Posts with
1,900–2,000
words and 1–8
photos perform
well here, but
videos don’t.
About 93% of
users use this
network to plan
purchases.
Content should
be humorous
and/or “in the
moment,” as
opposed to part
of a longer
narrative.
Brevity is
anticipated and
required, with
some of the
most
respectable
brands
resorting to
posting “u”
instead of “you.”
Used for
everything from
catching up with
the news to
wedding
announcements
.
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Content Marketing
108 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Content: It’s Not About You
109 | © 2018 General Assembly
PUSH
PULL
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Getting Your Brand Out There: Push vs. Pull Marketing
● Communicate your value prop
○ Brand value & story
○ Promotions (direct response)
110 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Solve a customer need:
○ Education
○ Entertainment
Advertising Content Marketing
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The Content Marketing Honeycomb
111 | © 2018 General Assembly
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WELCOME TO GA
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Digital Marketing
Measuring Outcomes
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Remember Me?
113 | © 2018 General Assembly
Execution
Launch
Review
CollectChangePlanning
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How Do You Convince Your Boss to Give You a Digital
Marketing Budget?
114 | © 2018 General Assembly
Marketers need to be able to say, “If I spend X,
you will get Y back.”
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Calculating ROI
To calculate ROI, take the benefit (or return) of an investment and divide it by the cost of the
investment.
This is expressed as a percentage or ratio.
115 | © 2018 General Assembly
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Testing
116116 | © 2018 General Assembly
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A/B Tests
117 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Pick a single variable to change.
● Create two or more versions of that variable and change nothing else.
● Randomly split the audience so that each member of the audience sees only one version
of the variable.
● The results are easier to interpret than a multivariate test.
● Significant results occur faster than with multivariate testing.
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Multivariate Tests
118 | © 2018 General Assembly
● Pick more than one variable you feel influences customer behavior.
● Create two or more versions of each variable. For example, you may have two
subject lines and two headlines in an email, for a total of four unique combinations.
● Randomly split the audience so that each member of the audience sees only one
unique combination of the versions. (Most test software will do this for you.)
● Can be more difficult to interpret than an A/B test, but is more impactful.
● More learning happens from a single experiment compared to A/B testing.
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QUESTIONS?TWITTER: @SIGMARIDGE