digestive system a closer look. digestive processes in order for our bodies to use the food we eat...
TRANSCRIPT
Digestive Processes
In order for our bodies to use the food we eat to grow, energize, and repair our cells, 5 digestive processes have to occur.
These include: Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption Egestion (excretion)
Digestive Processes
These processes occur at different locations along the digestive tract, which is a continuous tube from mouth to anus.
We are going to discuss what happens at each site as we go through the stages.
It will be useful to copy the following concept map and to keep adding to it as we add more details to help you stay organized.
NOTE: This should be a straight line in your notes
Mouth/
Throat
Esophagus
StomachSmall
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Rectum/
AnusTeeth
Salivary Glands
Tongue
Includes organs which perform digestion tasks:Digestive Tract (Gastrointestinal Tract, G. I.
Tract) includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon, and anus.
Accessory Structures include:, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
Digestive System
Digestion
The process in our bodies that breaks down food for use by our cells. This is done in two ways:Mechanical: our teeth chewing through the food
Chemical: enzymes breakdown food into absorbable molecules.
Mouth (where it all begins)
Four main parts of the mouth Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands Hard and Soft
Palates
Uvula
Hard Palate
Mouth
Teeth (Chewing) Mechanical Digestion Are covered by enamel,
the hardest structure of the body
Their movements slice, tear, grind and mix food
Incisors: snap off pieces of food
Canine: tearing pieces apart
Premolars & molars: grind food to a paste How many teeth in adult
humans?
Tongue
Floor of oral cavityComposed of voluntarily controlled muscle
tissueRole: Guides food during chewing and
swallowingMajor taste buds are embedded here.
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter
Salivary Glands
Release saliva in response to the smell, taste, and thought of food
First example of chemical digestion: Contains Amylase: an enzyme that begins
breakdown of starch into simple sugars, like glucose or table sugar.
Interesting Fact: We secrete about 1-2L of saliva per day!
Hard & Soft Palates
Separate mouth from nasal cavity, so food doesn’t go up your nose!Located at the roof of your mouth.
Uvula (dangles)Just beneath the soft palatePrevents food from entering nasal
passages by raising up.
Recap (Mouth)
Food enters Teeth rip, tear, and chew into smaller pieces to
swallow At the same time, Salivary Glands are stimulated
to release saliva which contains amylase. Tongue pushes bolus to back of pharynx (throat)
and the uvula elevates, closing off the nasal passage. The bolus now pushes the epiglottis which closes the opening of the larynx, preventing the food from entering the wrong tube, which results in choking
Esophagus
Muscular tube which extends from pharynx (throat) to the stomach
Swallowing initiates peristalsis, a wave of contraction which initiates just above the “bolus” (substance) and moves it towards the stomach.
This movement also occurs in the stomach and in the intestines.
http://pennhealth.com/health_info/animationplayer/
Esophagus
Secretes mucus (along with the rest of the digestive tract)
This lubricant decreases the likelihood of the esophagus getting damaged by any sharp edges from the food entering. Mucus also protects esophagus from acid and
enzymes in gastric juice if reflux were to occur.http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gerd/
NOTE: This should be a straight line in your notes
Mouth/
Throat
Esophagus
StomachSmall
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Rectum/Anus
TeethSalivary Glands
Tongue
Mechanical: Chewing
Chemical: Starch/Amylase
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Stomach
Separated from esophagus by the Gastro esophageal sphincter
Expandable muscular J-shaped sac that can hold up to 2-4 liters of food and liquid
Secretes mucous to protect lining cellsContents are held in the stomach by the
pyloric sphincter, ring of circular muscle, which separates the stomach from upper small intestine
Stomach
3 Functions Stores food and releases it
gradually into the small intestine
Assist in mechanical breakdown of food by peristalsis and contractions of muscular walls
Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes and other substances.
Stomach
Secretions (continued) Gastrin: hormone that stimulates secretion of
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Pepsinogen: inactive form of enzyme is
activated by HCl and transformed into pepsin which helps breakdown proteins into amino acids (smaller units).
Stomach
Food is gradually converted into a thick liquid called chyme which consists of partially digested food and digestive secretions.
Chyme is propelled towards small intestineThe Pyloric sphincter lets a teaspoon of
chyme into the small intestine during each contraction
Takes around 2-6 hours to empty stomach
NOTE: This should be a straight line in your notes
Mouth/
Throat
Esophagus
StomachSmall
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Rectum/Anus
TeethSalivary Glands
Tongue
Mechanical: Chewing
Chemical: Starch
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Mechanical: Muscle Contractions
Chemical: Pepsin (Proteins), HCl
Small Intestine (S. I.)
Narrow tube (1-2 inches in diameter)
Longest part of digestive tract
Split into three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
Function: to digest food into small molecules and absorb into blood stream and lymph vessels.
Small Intestine (S. I)
Helped by three other sources:1. Liver: Has many
functions in our bodies. In digestion, it produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder, then released in the S. I.
Bile is made up of bile salts, water, and other salts and assist in the breakdown of lipids.
http://zap.intergate.ca/images/liver%20image.jpg
Small Intestine (S. I.)
2. Gall Bladder stores bile until it’s needed for digestion
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19260.htm
Small Intestine (S. I.)
3. Pancreas Located between stomach and
S. I. Cells produce pancreatic juice
which neutralizes the acidic chyme it receives from the stomach
Digests carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Contains water, sodium bicarbonate, and many enzymes
YouTube - Pancreas - "Weird Al" Yankovic
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17194.htm
Small Intestine (S. I)
Pancreas (cont’d) Enzymes include:
Amylase Carbohydrates Lipase Lipids Proteases Proteins and peptides
Small Intestine (S. I.)
Specialized cells within the wall complete the process. At the same time, nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream.
The numerous folds and projections, called villi, give the internal surface area a much larger surface for absorption.http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/wagnerart/
anaglyphpage/anaglyph.html
NOTE: This should be a straight line in your notes
Mouth/
Throat
Esophagus
StomachSmall
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Rectum/Anus
TeethSalivary Glands
Tongue
Mechanical: Chewing
Chemical: Amylase-Starch
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Mechanical: Muscle Contractions
Peristalsis (3 layers)
Chemical: Pepsin-Proteins
HCl: pH-2
(gastric juices)
Chemical: Amylase-CH2O
Lipase-Lipids
Proteases-Proteins
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Bile emulsifies lipids
Macro & micronutrients absorbed
Alcohol absorbed
Are We There Yet?
Almost…
While the nutrients are being absorbed by these cells, chyme is being mixed back and forth by segmentation movements within the small intestine.
When absorption is complete, undigested material moves into the large intestine.
Large Intestine (L. I.)
Is about 5 feet long and 3
inches in diameter in adults Two parts:
Colon (for most of its length)
Rectum: the final 6”
Receives leftovers of digestion: water mixture, undigested fat and proteins, indigestible fibers
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19220.htm
Large Intestine (L. I.)
Contains large populations of bacteria that thrive on the unabsorbed nutrients and are also responsible for synthesizing important vitamins for the body (B12, riboflavin, K).
Remaining water, salts, and vitamins are reabsorbed by cells in the L. I.
NOTE: This should be a straight line in your notes
Mouth/
Throat
Esophagus
StomachSmall
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Rectum/Anus
TeethSalivary Glands
Tongue
Mechanical: Chewing
Chemical: Amylase-Starch
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Mechanical: Muscle Contractions
Peristalsis (3 layers)
Chemical: Pepsin-Proteins
HCl: pH-2
(gastric juices)
Chemical: Amylase-CH2O
Lipase-Lipids
Proteases-Proteins
Mechanical: Peristalsis
Bile emulsifies lipids
Macronutrients absorbed
Remaining water, salts and vitamins absorbed
Large Intestine (L. I.)
Leftover material is condensed into semisolid feces which are transported to the rectum by peristaltic movements.
Expansion of the rectum stimulates the urge to defecate which is initiated voluntarily after age 2.