diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries
TRANSCRIPT
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Competence in Physicskey to your success
BASF AktiengesellschaftPolymer Physics
Ludwigshafen, Germany
Nikolaus Nestle
Diffusion Fundamentals II27.08.07
L'Aquila, Abruzzi, Italia
Diffusion challenges
in (chemical) industries
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GKP 000-0000 (2) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successThe many contexts of
diffusion...
...@ DiffuFu-II:
•Talks Cavalli-Sforza, Vogl
•Poster B9 (Fujie, Odagaki)
...@ in economic life: ...
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GKP 000-0000 (3) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successLimiting the topic a bit...
... Fickian and near-Fickian diffusionof molecules and/or energy
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GKP 000-0000 (4) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successOutline
• Scaling behaviour of diffusion effects
• Diffusion as a challenge:• Diffusion of heat • Diffusion of reactants • Diffusion in multicomponent materials and finished goods
• Diffusion as a friend: controlled release
• Going micro and nano: approaching the apparent dwarf
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GKP 000-0000 (5) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsMacroworld experience:Diffusion is slow.
Typical example:a real Saxonian„Semester-uhr“(„term clock“)
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GKP 000-0000 (6) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsMacroworld experience:Diffusion is slow.
Typical example:a real Saxonian„Semester-uhr“(„term clock“)
Nevertheless:sufficient changeto observe during first hour of the experiment.
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GKP 000-0000 (7) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsMacroworld experience:Diffusion is slow.
Typical example:a real Saxonian„Semester-uhr“(„term clock“)
Nevertheless:sufficient changeto observe during first hour of the experiment.
Non-linear time behaviour of diffusion
... taking a closer look at the short-time behaviour...
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GKP 000-0000 (8) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
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GKP 000-0000 (9) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
KMnO4
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GKP 000-0000 (10) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: density-driven flow
KMnO4
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GKP 000-0000 (11) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: Suppression of convection density-driven flow by xanthan
KMnO4
Water
Xanthan gum, 0,5 % w/vdissolved in water(no major effect on diffusion)
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GKP 000-0000 (12) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: Suppression of convection density-driven flow by xanthan
KMnO4
![Page 13: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (13) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: Suppression of convection density-driven flow by xanthan
KMnO4
Convection cells,„interference“
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GKP 000-0000 (14) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: Suppression of convection density-driven flow by xanthan
KMnO4
![Page 15: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (15) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: Suppression of convection density-driven flow by xanthan
KMnO4
Diffuse concentration profiles, no „interference“
![Page 16: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (16) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsDissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Dominating effect: Suppression of convection density-driven flow by xanthan
KMnO4
Diffuse concentration profiles, no „interference“
Seemingly constantsupply of dissolvedKMnO4
Propagationof eosin slows down withtime
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GKP 000-0000 (17) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your success
Diffusion: really slow?
Scaling behaviour ofdiffusion effects
Dissolution of coloured ions: KMnO4 and eosin
Diffusion through thin stagnant layer at crystal- water interface allows fast mass transport into region of convective flow.
Fast convection on macroscaleis fed by fast diffusion on micro-scale.
Diffusion limited interface layer
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GKP 000-0000 (18) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects
T1 T2
T1 T2
c1 c2
c1 c2
j Q=−T 1−T 2
l
jQ=−dTdx
l l
Fick's first law Fourier's law Fouriersches Gesetz
j D=−Dc1−c2
l
jD=−D dcdx
„Large“ reservoirs
Stationary profile of c or T in wall
Diffusive current throughwall:
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GKP 000-0000 (19) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects
T1 T2
T1 T2
c1 c2
c1 c2
j Q=−T 1−T 2
l
jQ=−dTdx
l l
Fick's first law Fourier's law Fouriersches Gesetz
j D=−Dc1−c2
l
jD=−D dcdx
„Large“ reservoirs
Stationary profile of c or T in wall
Diffusive current throughwall:
Everything still seems linear ...
... however: What happens for instationary situations?
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GKP 000-0000 (20) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsExample: instationary heat diffusion:Heat current produces change in inner energy, i.e. heating of volumeelement:
dU = jQx− jQxdx Adt
dU =Cdm dTdt
dt=C dV dTdt
dt=C Adx dTdt
dt
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GKP 000-0000 (21) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsExample: instationary heat diffusion:Heat current produces change in inner energy, i.e. heating of volumeelement:
Comparing the expressions leads to
dU = jQx− jQxdx Adt
dU =Cdm dTdt
dt=C dV dTdt
dt=C Adx dTdt
dt
C Adx dTdt
dt= jQx− jQxdx Adt
C dTdt
dx= jQx − jQ xdx =−djQ x
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GKP 000-0000 (22) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsExample: instationary heat diffusion:Heat current produces change in inner energy, i.e. heating of volumeelement:
Comparing the expressions leads to
dU = jQx− jQxdx Adt
dU =Cdm dTdt
dt=C dV dTdt
dt=C Adx dTdt
dt
C Adx dTdt
dt= jQx− jQxdx Adt
C dTdt
dx= jQx − jQ xdx =−djQ x
C dTdt
=−djQ x
dx= d 2 T
dx2
Fick's second law of heat diffusion
jQ=−dTdx
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GKP 000-0000 (23) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsExample: instationary heat diffusion:Heat current produces change in inner energy, i.e. heating of volumeelement:
Comparing the expressions leads to
dU = jQx− jQxdx Adt
dU =Cdm dTdt
dt=C dV dTdt
dt=C Adx dTdt
dt
C Adx dTdt
dt= jQx− jQxdx Adt
C dTdt
dx= jQx − jQ xdx =−djQ x
C dTdt
=−djQ x
dx= d 2 T
dx2
Fick's second law of heat diffusion
jQ=−dTdx
dcdt=D d 2 c
dx2
Fick's second law of (matter) diffusion
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GKP 000-0000 (24) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsSolution of diffusion equation for δ−shaped disturbance (1D):
c x , t =Co
2Dtexp−x2
4Dt Mean diffusive shift:
sD ,1 D= x2=2Dt
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GKP 000-0000 (25) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsSolution of diffusion equation for δ−shaped disturbance (1D):
into a 3D medium
c x , t =Co
2Dtexp−x2
4Dt Mean diffusive shift:
sD ,1 D= x2=2Dt
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GKP 000-0000 (26) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsSolution of diffusion equation for δ−shaped disturbance (1D):
Diffusion from a line source
into a 3D medium
c x , t =Co
2Dtexp−x2
4Dt Mean diffusive shift:
sD ,1 D= x2=2Dt
c x , t =M o
4Dtexp−x2
4Dt
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GKP 000-0000 (27) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsSolution of diffusion equation for δ−shaped disturbance (1D):
Diffusion from a line source
or a point source
into a 3D medium
c x , t =Co
2Dtexp−x2
4Dt Mean diffusive shift:
sD ,1 D= x2=2Dt
c x , t =M o
8Dt 3exp−x2
4Dt
c x , t =M o
4Dtexp−x2
4Dt
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GKP 000-0000 (28) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effectsSolution of diffusion equation for δ−shaped disturbance (1D):
Diffusion from a line source
or a point source
into a 3D medium
c x , t =Co
2Dtexp−x2
4Dt Mean diffusive shift:
sD ,1 D= x2=2Dt
c x , t =M o
8Dt 3exp−x2
4Dt
c x , t =M o
4Dtexp−x2
4Dt
Different normalizationfactors due to geometry:Faster depletion of con-centration in center dueto growing volume elements for cyclindricaland spherical geometry.
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GKP 000-0000 (29) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects
l l
dTdt
=
C d 2Tdx2 = d 2T
dx2=
C Heat diffusion coefficient
More realistic scenarioes: semiinfinite media and finite sheets
![Page 30: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (30) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects
l l
dTdt
=
C d 2Tdx2 = d 2T
dx2=
C Heat diffusion coefficient
More realistic scenarioes: semiinfinite media and finite sheets
T x , t =12
T o erfc x2 t
T(x,0) T(x,t)
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GKP 000-0000 (31) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects
l l
dTdt
=
C d 2Tdx2 = d 2T
dx2=
C Heat diffusion coefficient
More realistic scenarioes: semiinfinite media and finite sheets
T(x,0) T(x,t) T x , t =12
T o erfc x2 t
T(x,0) T(x,t) T x , t =12
T o[erf h− x2 t
−erf hx2 t
]
-h h
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GKP 000-0000 (32) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects
l l
dTdt
=
C d 2Tdx2 = d 2T
dx2=
C
l∝ tHeat diffusion coefficient
More realistic scenarioes: semiinfinite media and finite sheets
T(x,0) T(x,t)
T(x,0) T(x,t)
-h h
Relevant charac- teristic lenght scale for all diffusion processes
T x , t =12
T o erfc x2 t
T x , t =12
T o[erf h− x2 t
−erf hx2 t
]
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GKP 000-0000 (33) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects„Velocity“ of diffusive transport processes:
Inversely proportional to diffusion length!
v D=sD
t s=
sD
sD2
2D
=2DsD
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GKP 000-0000 (34) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects„Velocity“ of diffusive transport processes:
Inversely proportional to diffusion length!
Ratio of diffusive velocity to characteristic velocity in system:
Péclet number
v D=sD
t s=
sD
sD2
2D
=2DsD
Pe=LChar vChar
D
vChar
vD=
sD vChar
2D
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GKP 000-0000 (35) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successScaling behaviour of
diffusion effects„Velocity“ of diffusive transport processes:
Inversely proportional to diffusion length!
Ratio of diffusive velocity to characteristic velocity in system:
Péclet number
axial and radial
v D=sD
t s=
sD
sD2
2D
=2DsD
Pe=LChar vChar
D
vChar
vD=
sD vChar
2D
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GKP 000-0000 (36) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatHeating extended objects
e.g. baking
Chapatialmost homogeneousbaking time < 1min
European-style breadobviously inhomogeneousbaking time> 1 h
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GKP 000-0000 (37) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatHeating extended objects
e.g. baking
Chapatialmost homogeneousbaking time < 1min
European-style breadobviously inhomogeneousbaking time> 1 h
Heating up extended objects: intrinsically slow(time- and energy consuming)
Speeding up:•Increased temperature gradient •Optimized heat transfer (convection)
•Better alternative: avoid (i.e. reduce object size)
Benefits of slow heat transfer:•No thermal damage to interior in short high-temperature treatment of outer surfaces (e.g. „Baked Alaska“)
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GKP 000-0000 (38) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatSelf-heating systems
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GKP 000-0000 (39) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatSelf-heating systems •Substantially higher temperatures
in extended objects (e.g. over 80 °C in massive concrete structures vs. almost neglegible heating in slender structures)
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GKP 000-0000 (40) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatSelf-heating systems •Substantially higher temperatures
in extended objects (e.g. over 80 °C in massive concrete structures vs. almost neglegible heating in slender structures)
•Especially problematic for reactions with positive temperature coefficient
•Major danger in scale-up of reactions (power excursions!)•Countermeasures: keep S/V constant, increase stirring to achieve better heat exchange, active cooling
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GKP 000-0000 (41) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatHeat-diffusion in buildings
Nordic Alpine Similar static heat conduction through walls
Low heat capacity High heat capacity
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GKP 000-0000 (42) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge:
HeatC
alde
rone
Gla
cier
@ G
ran
Sas
so25
/08/
07
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GKP 000-0000 (43) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactants
Traditional tanks and reactors:
Large Péclet numbers
Exceptions: •Heat exchangers•Intraparticle processes
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GKP 000-0000 (44) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactants
Traditional tanks and reactors:
Large Péclet numbers Active mixing processes needed•In low viscosity systems: induce turbulence
•Shorter length scales for diffusive mixing•Smaller Pe
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GKP 000-0000 (45) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactants
Traditional tanks and reactors:
Large Péclet numbers
Exceptions: •Heat exchangers•Intraparticle processes
Active mixing processes needed•In low viscosity systems: induce turbulence
•Shorter length scales for diffusive mixing•Smaller Pe
•High viscosity systems•Thorough mixing increasingly difficult•Typically lower D, too
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GKP 000-0000 (46) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsPolymerization reactions: especially strong increase in viscositydue to entanglement effects.
•Degree of polymerization•Polymer concentration (solution processes) yield!•Branching and crosslinks
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GKP 000-0000 (47) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsPolymerization reactions: especially strong increase in viscositydue to entanglement effects.
•Degree of polymerization•Polymer concentration (solution processes) yield!•Branching and crosslinks
•Residual monomers•Plasticizers
![Page 48: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (48) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsPolymerization reactions: especially strong increase in viscositydue to entanglement effects.
•Degree of polymerization•Polymer concentration (solution processes) yield!•Branching and crosslinks
•Temperature heating energy! decomposition!•Residual monomers•Plasticizers
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GKP 000-0000 (49) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsPolymerization reactions: especially strong increase in viscositydue to entanglement effects.
•Degree of polymerization•Polymer concentration (solution processes) yield!•Branching and crosslinks
•Temperature heating energy! decomposition!•Residual monomers•Plasticizers
More polymer dynamicstomorrow: Talks Richterand Sarti
![Page 50: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (50) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsAlternative approach to polymerizations: emulsion polymerization
•Especially attractive for production of cross-linked polymers•Diffusive transport only at length scale of droplets or micelles•Low-viscosity convection in conti- nous liquid phase
![Page 51: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (51) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsAlternative approach to polymerizations: emulsion polymerization
•Especially attractive for production of cross-linked polymers•Diffusive transport only at length scale of droplets or micelles•Low-viscosity convection in conti- nous liquid phase
•Different modes of operation depending on distribution of monomers and starters•Surfactant material needed•Most typical case: oil-in water emulsions•Monodisperse particles from ordered micellar phases
![Page 52: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (52) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsCement hydration:Dissolution of suspended clinker grains Repreciptation of CSH phases
Dissolution of unreactedcement clinker increasinglyimpeded by CSH diffusion barrier
•Delayed hydration •poor use of clinker
![Page 53: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (53) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactantsCement hydration:Dissolution of suspended clinker grains Repreciptation of CSH phases
Dissolution of unreactedcement clinker increasinglyimpeded by CSH diffusion barrier
•Delayed hydration •poor use of clinker
Poster C03 Bordallo et al. :water in CSH phases
![Page 54: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (54) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactants
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40thyd [h]
1/T 1
[1/s
]
native10 % MCC10 % PTFE powder10 % carbon black
Enhanced hydration in the presence of microfillers
Cement hydration kinetics studied by TD-NMR1/T1 essentially proportional to S/V inside cement stone matrix
Inert microfillers
![Page 55: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (55) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactants
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40thyd [h]
1/T 1
[1/s
]
native10 % MCC10 % PTFE powder10 % carbon black
Enhanced hydration in the presence of microfillers
Cement hydration kinetics studied by TD-NMR1/T1 essentially proportional to S/V inside cement stone matrix
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35thyd [h]
1/T 1
[1/s
]
nativAnatas µRutil µAnatas P25
TiO2
![Page 56: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (56) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
reactants
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40thyd [h]
1/T 1
[1/s
]
native10 % MCC10 % PTFE powder10 % carbon black
Enhanced hydration in the presence of microfillers
Cement hydration kinetics studied by TD-NMR1/T1 essentially proportional to S/V inside cement stone matrix
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35thyd [h]
1/T 1
[1/s
]
nativAnatas µRutil µAnatas P25
TiO2
Accelerated hydration desirable for enabling faster construction.
Favourable permeability propertiesdue to denser pore system.
![Page 57: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (57) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
composite products
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
T
![Page 58: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (58) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
composite products
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
T
Possible adverseeffects of plasticizer
![Page 59: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (59) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
composite products
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
T
Degradadion due to loss of pasticizer
Possible adverseeffects of plasticizer
![Page 60: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (60) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
composite products
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
T
Degradadion due to loss of pasticizer
Possible adverseeffects of plasticizer
Risk of delamination
![Page 61: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (61) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
composite products
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
T
Degradadion due to loss of pasticizer
Possible adverseeffects of plasticizer
Parameters affecting diffusion effects in composite materials
•Distribution coefficient between two layers•Miscibility (possibly temperature effects)•Diffusion coefficient
Measures against diffusion•Reduction of diffusion coefficient •Introduction of barriers
![Page 62: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (62) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
composite products
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
T
Degradadion due to loss of pasticizer
Possible adverseeffects of plasticizer
Risk of delamination
Parameters affecting diffusion effects in composite materials
•Distribution coefficient between two layers•Miscibility (possibly temperature effects)•Diffusion coefficient
Measures against diffusion•Reduction of diffusion coefficient •Introduction of barriers
Polymer 1 w/o plasticizer
Polymer 2 w plasticizer
![Page 63: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (63) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food•Natural diffusion barriers
•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation
Fresh
![Page 64: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (64) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food•Natural diffusion barriers
•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation
Fresh
5 days later
Shelf-life
![Page 65: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (65) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food•Natural diffusion barriers
•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation•Internal barriers: helping to maintain local concentration gradients
Shelf-life
![Page 66: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (66) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food•Natural diffusion barriers
•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation•Internal barriers: helping to maintain local concentration gradients
•Inside „homogeneous“ tissues:•Almost free diffusion (water and/or vapour phase) in extracellular media•Possibly even faster transport pathways due to capillary effects•Barrier action of cell walls much weaker than outer barriers
Shelf-life
![Page 67: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (67) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food•Natural diffusion barriers
•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation•Internal barriers: helping to maintain local concentration gradients
•Inside „homogeneous“ tissues:•Almost free diffusion (water and/or vapour phase) in extracellular media•Possibly even faster transport pathways due to capillary effects•Barrier action of cell walls much weaker than outer barriers
Shelf-life
Drying
![Page 68: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (68) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
foodProcessing and spicing
marinated and pickledfoods
•In absence of outer barriers: 1 cm/day•Whole fruit with intact skin (e.g. olives): months
•Natural diffusion barriers•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation•Internal barriers: helping to maintain local concentration gradients
•Inside „homogeneous“ tissues:•Almost free diffusion (water and/or vapour phase) in extracellular media•Possibly even faster transport pathways due to capillary effects•Barrier action of cell walls much weaker than outer barriers
![Page 69: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (69) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
foodProcessing and spicing
marinated and pickledfoods
•In absence of outer barriers: 1 cm/day•Whole fruit with intact skin (e.g. olives): months
Mechanical or osmotic disruption of barriers before frying
•Natural diffusion barriers•Outer skins: essential self-protection systems of organisms against loss of moisture and oxydation•Internal barriers: helping to maintain local concentration gradients
•Inside „homogeneous“ tissues:•Almost free diffusion (water and/or vapour phase) in extracellular media•Possibly even faster transport pathways due to capillary effects•Barrier action of cell walls much weaker than outer barriers
![Page 70: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (70) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food composites(Organic) chocolate aftera few weeks with occasionalheating episodes up to 30 °C (i.e. in a kitchen without airconditioning)
Macroscale demixing of solid and liquid fat components and diffusion to the surface
Similar effect in a Bacio with internal (macroscopic) fat-fat interfaces
![Page 71: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (71) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food composites(Organic) chocolate aftera few weeks with occasionalheating episodes up to 30 °C (i.e. in a kitchen without airconditioning)
Macroscale demixing of solid and liquid fat components and diffusion to the surface
Similar effect in a Bacio with internal (macroscopic) fat-fat interfaces
Not just limited to food:
Similar high-temperature effects in steel.
Posters B1, B2 Evteev et al.
![Page 72: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (72) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a challenge
food compositesA sweets manu-facturers' crunchy trick to control diffusive transport between different fat phases
Insert a hydrophiliccracknelcapillary barrier between the two fatty layers
![Page 73: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (73) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Active agent
Substrate Target
![Page 74: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (74) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Active agent dissolved in high concentration•Concentration difficult to maintain (e.g. washout, degradation)•Side effects
Substrate Target
![Page 75: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (75) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Active agent dissolved in low concentration•Concentration difficult to maintain (e.g. washout, degradation)•Less side effects
Substrate Target
![Page 76: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (76) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Constant supply of agent for dissolution:•Desired effect: maintainance of a low and effectiveagent concentration for a long time
Substrate Target
![Page 77: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (77) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Constant supply of agent for dissolution:•Desired effect: maintainance of a low and effectiveagent concentration for a long time
Substrate Target
![Page 78: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (78) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Constant supply of agent for dissolution:•Desired effect: maintainance of a low and effectiveagent concentration for a long time
Substrate Target
![Page 79: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (79) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Constant supply of agent for dissolution:•Desired effect: maintainance of a low and effectiveagent concentration for a long time
Substrate Target
Remainingchallenges:•Time profile of release•Delayed onset of action•Combination of several agents
![Page 80: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (80) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successDiffusion as a friend:
controlled release
Constant supply of agent for dissolution:•Desired effect: maintainance of a low and effectiveagent concentration for a long time
Substrate Target
Remainingchallenges:•Time profile of release•Delayed onset of action•Combination of several agents
Related topic:poster D3Pilar et al.
![Page 81: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (81) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
Washing out a blue colourtracer (C.I. Basic Violet 3) from a circular flat cell
![Page 82: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (82) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
Washing out a blue colourtracer (C.I. Basic Violet 3) from a circular flat cell
•Context: Interplay between diffusion and relaxation in thin excited slices (A. Gädke and N.N., Diffusion Fundamentals 3 38.1-38.12)
![Page 83: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (83) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 4.5 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 84: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (84) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 4.5 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
Almost no notabledecolouring of feedline
![Page 85: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (85) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 9 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 86: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (86) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 13.5 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 87: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (87) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 18 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
Almost complete decolouringof feed line
![Page 88: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (88) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 22.5 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 89: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (89) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 27 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 90: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (90) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 31.5 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 91: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (91) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 36 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 92: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (92) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 40.5 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
![Page 93: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (93) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 45 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
Almost no wash-out in region outside of convection pathwaysneeds further flooding for severalminutes until substantial washoutoccurs.
![Page 94: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (94) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 45 s of 10 ml/minwater flow.
Almost no wash-out in region outside of convection pathwaysneeds further flooding for severalminutes until substantial washoutoccurs.
•Is continous flooding really necessary?
•Saving solvent•More sustainable process?
•Help by diffusion?
![Page 95: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (95) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After waiting 3 min
Diffusive broadening of remaining(C.I. Basic Violet 3)
![Page 96: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (96) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
10 mm
After 15 s of subsequent flooding
![Page 97: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
GKP 000-0000 (97) (Januar 2005)
Competence in Physicskey to your successGoing micro and nano:
approaching the apparent dwarf
Example shows: clever division of work between flow and diffusion helps saving resources
•Heterogeneous catalysis•Adsorption and ion exchange (Posters C4, C8,...)
•Environmental remediation (Talk Barker, Poster F4)
•Chromatography (Poster C11)•Lab on a chip
•Living organisms (Posters D6, D7)
![Page 98: Diffusion challenges in (chemical) industries](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022012608/619c00c2cd75fc7df61e4899/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Ringrazio tanto!Stefano BrandaniJörg KärgerRoberto VolpeChristian ChmelikAnna Cicolani
Walter Heckmann
Achim Gädke