difference between binary fission and mitosis
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Difference Between Binary Fission and Mitosis
Article · March 2017
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Home » Science » Biology » Cell Biology » Difference Between Binary Fission and Mitosis
Difference Between Binary Fission and MitosisMarch 10, 2017 • by Lakna • 8 min read
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Main Difference – Binary Fissionvs MitosisBinary fission and mitosis are two mechanisms used in theasexual reproduction of organisms. A single organism isdivided into two daughter organisms during the binary fission.Binary fission is the asexual reproduction mechanism inprokaryotes. Mitosis is the vegetative cell division ineukaryotes. Asexual reproduction or the vegetative celldivision is used for the growth, development, and replacementof cells in eukaryotes. The main difference between binary
fission and mitosis is that binary fission does not form a spindle apparatus whereas mitosis takes place throughthe spindle apparatus.
This article looks at,
1. What is Binary Fission – Mechanism, Types, Speed 2. What is Mitosis – Mechanism, Phases 3. What is the difference between Binary Fission and Mitosis
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What is Binary Fission?The division of a single organism into two daughter organisms is known as binary fission. Bacteria and archaea likeprokaryotes generally exhibit binary fission as the cell division mechanism in their asexual reproduction. Someeukaryotic organelles like mitochondria also exhibit binary fission in order to increase their number inside the cell.Prokaryotes contain a single, circular chromosome in the genome. This DNA molecule is replicated prior to the celldivision. While the parent cell pulls apart, replicated chromosomes are separated. Resultant two cells are geneticallyidentical and have a potential to grow its original size in the species.
MechanismDNA replication is the first event in the process of binary fission. The single circular chromosome in the vegetativecell is tightly coiled. It becomes uncoiled and then is replicated. Replicated two chromosomes move to the oppositepoles by an energydependent process. Then the cell increases its length. All the components like ribosomes andplasmids of the prokaryotic cell double their number. The equatorial plate constricts in order to separate the plasmamembrane. A new cell wall forms between the separated cells. The division of the cytoplasm is known as cytokinesis.The two newly formed cells contain approximately equal number of ribosomes, plasmids and other components. Thevolume of the cytoplasm is also approximately equal.
Figure 1: Binary Fission
Types of Binary FissionFour types of binary fission can be identified.
Irregular binary fission – cytokinesis takes place in the perpendicular plane to the plane which karyokinesis hastaken place. It occurs in amoeba.
Longitudinal binary fission – cytokinesis occurs along the longitudinal axis. This occurs in flagellates and Euglena.
Transverse binary fission – cytokinesis occurs along the transverse axis. It occurs in paramecium like protozoans.
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Oblique binary fission – oblique cytokinesis occurs as in ceratium.
Figure 2: Binary fission in Salmonella typhimurium bacterium
SpeedBinary fission is considered as a rapid process. Typically, an E. coli cell at 37 °C divides every 20 minutes. The wholebacterial culture undergoes binary fission; hence the time taken by one cycle is referred to as the doubling time. Somestrains like Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slow doubling time compared to E. coli.
What is MitosisThe vegetative cell division in eukaryotes is known asmitosis. Replicated genome is divided, forming twodaughter nuclei followed by the cytoplasmic division whichmay ultimately produce two cells from a single parent cell.The two cells are identical, bearing approximately equalnumber of organelles and cytoplasm. The mitotic phase iscalled the M phase of the cell cycle. Various types ofmitosis can be identified among organisms. During the“open” mitosis in animals, nuclear envelope is brokendown in order to separate the chromosomes. But in fungi,chromosomes separate in the intact nucleus; this is called as“closed” mitosis.
Eukaryotes use mitosis in their asexual reproduction, growth and development, replacement of body cells andregeneration of body parts.
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MechanismMitotic division can be divided into four major stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and the telophase. Thechromosomes in the cell are replicated at the S phase of the interphase, before entering the M phase. They are alsocondensed and attached to the spindle fibers. Proteins required for the cell division are synthesized during theinterphase. Cellular components including organelles are also doubled during the interphase.
ProphaseDuring preprophase, the nucleus of the highly vacuolated plants migrates to the center of the cell. Prophase is thefirst stage of the nuclear division in mitosis. At early prophase, the nucleolus disappears. The chromosomes are tightlycoiled and the formation of the mitotic spindle is initiated at the prophase. Chromosomes, containing two sisterchromatids which are joined together at the centromere can be visualized as thin, long, threadlike structures under thelight microscope. A pair of centrosomes appears close to the nucleus which is surrounded by protein fibers, formingthe microtubule spindle apparatus. Plants do not possess a centrosome, which is the coordinating center ofmicrotubules. Thus, the formation of spindle apparatus is not essential for the cell division in plants.
Metaphase
Nuclear envelope disappears during the prometaphase of open mitosis. The kinetochore microtubules are attached tothe kinetochores in chromosomal centromeres. The growth of the mitotic spindle takes place by interacting polarmicrotubules together. Two centrosomes pull chromosomes towards the opposite poles by contracting themicrotubules. Due to the tension, chromosomes are aligned in the equatorial plate of the cell at the metaphase.Metaphase checkpoint ensures the equal distribution of the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.
AnaphaseDuring anaphase, sister chromatids are separated by the pulling tension generated by the centrosomes, forming twodaughter chromosomes. These daughter chromosomes are pulled to the opposite poles by further contractingmicrotubules.
TelophaseThe contracted microtubules are loosened, lengthening the cell. A new nuclear envelope is formed, enclosing twochromosome sets at the opposite poles, reappearing two nuclei.
Figure 3: Phases of Mitosis
Cytokinesis
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The karyokinesis occurs in the M phase, followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, a process which isseparated from the M phase. Plant cytokinesis is different from animal cytokinesis due to the presence of a cell wall.In animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed in order to pinch off the cytoplasm with the aid of contractile ring,developed at metaphase of karyokinesis. In plants, a cell plate is formed in the middle of the parent cell which maturesto fuse with the existing cell wall. Both animal and plant cell cytokinesis are driven by the vesicles coming from theGolgi apparatus. In most organisms, karyokinesis and cytokinesis take place separately.
Difference Between Binary Fission and MitosisDefinitionBinary Fission: Binary fission is the division of a single organism into two daughter organisms.
Mitosis: Mitosis is the vegetative cell division in eukaryotes.
Type of OrganismBinary Fission: Binary fission mostly takes place in prokaryotes.
Mitosis: Mitosis takes place in eukaryotes.
NucleusBinary Fission: Binary fission does not take place in organisms who have a nucleus.
Mitosis: Mitosis takes place in organisms who possess a nucleus.
Formation of the Spindle ApparatusBinary Fission: A spindle apparatus is not formed during binary fission.
Mitosis: Eukaryotes possess a spindle apparatus during mitosis.
Doubling of OrganellesBinary Fission: Prokaryotes do not have organelles. However, ribosomes and other cellular components are doubledbefore binary fission.
Mitosis: Organelles are doubled at the interphase in order to separate into two cells.
FunctionBinary Fission: Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes is the function of the binary fission.
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Mitosis: Eukaryotes use mitosis for asexual reproduction, growth and development, replacement of body cells andregeneration body parts.
DNABinary Fission: DNA is directly attached to the cell membrane during the binary fission.
Mitosis: DNA is attached to the spindle apparatus during the mitotic division.
ReliabilityBinary Fission: Binary fission is a less reliable process, resulting in increased number of chromosomes in a cell.
Mitosis: Mitosis is corrected through metaphase checkpoint in order to maintain a uniform chromosome number.
ComplexityBinary Fission: Binary fission is a simple process.
Mitosis: Mitosis is comparatively complex than the binary fission.
Time TakenBinary Fission: Binary fission is a rapid process.
Mitosis: Mitosis takes some time due to its complexity.
ExamplesBinary Fission: Binary fission takes place in bacteria and eukaryotes like ameba, Hydra, and planaria.
Mitosis: Mitosis takes place in all animals including humans, all plants, and fungi.
ConclusionBinary fission and mitosis are two types of asexual reproduction mechanisms found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes,respectively. Mitosis takes place through several phases, dividing the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It has a higherreliability since corrections occur during metaphase checkpoint in order to maintain a fixed chromosome number inthe progeny. Hence, it is a time taking and more complex process compared to binary fission. Therefore, the maindifference between binary fission and mitosis is their complexity.
Reference: 1. “Fission (Biology)”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.
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About the Author: LaknaLakna, a graduate in Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, is a Molecular Biologist and has abroad and keen interest in the discovery of nature related things
2.”Mitosis”. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.
Image Courtesy: 1. “Binary Fission 2″ By Ecoddington14 – (CC BYSA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia2. “Under a very high magnification of 15000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed thepresence of a single Gramne” By CDC/ Bette Jensen via Public Domain Files 3. “Mitosis Stages” By Ali Zifan – Own work; Used information from: Campbell Biology (10th Edition) by: Jane B.Reece & Steven A. Wasserman.and Nature.com. (CC BYSA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia
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