diarrhea & measles.pptx

8/21/2019 Diarrhea & Measles.pptx

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DIARRHEA & MEASLES



KEY FACTS

Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children underfive years old. It is both preventable and treatable.

Each year diarrhoea kills around 760 000 children under five.

A significant proportion of diarrhoeal disease can be prevented throughsafe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene.

Globally, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases ofdiarrhoeal disease every year.

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in

children under five years old



Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of under five years old, and is responsible for killingchildren every year. Diarrhoea can last several dathe body without the water and salts that asurvival. Most people who die from diarrhoea a

severe dehydration and fluid loss. Children who aor have impaired immunity as well as people livmost at risk of life-threatening diarrhoea.



Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of threeor more loose or liquid stools per day (ormore frequent passage than is normal forthe individual). Frequent passing of formedstools is not diarrhoea, nor is the passing ofloose, "pasty" stools by breastfed babies.

Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of aninfection in the intestinal tract, which can becaused by a variety of bacterial, viral andparasitic organisms. Infection is spreadthrough contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person-to-person as a resultof poor hygiene.



There are three clinical types of diarrhoea:

acute watery diarrhoea – lasts several hours or days, andincludes cholera;

acute bloody diarrhoea – also called dysentery; and

persistent diarrhoea – lasts 14 days or longer.



DEHYDRATION

The most severe threat posed by diarrhoea is dehydration. During a diarepisode, water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium and bicarblost through liquid stools, vomit, sweat, urine and breathing. Dehydratiowhen these losses are not replaced



DEGREE OF DEHYDRATION IS RATED OSCALE OF THREE

Early dehydration – no signs or symptoms.

Moderate dehydration:

thirst

restless or irritable behaviour

decreased skin elasticity

sunken eyes

Severe dehydration:

symptoms become more severe

shock, with diminished consciousness, lack of urine output, cool, moist extremrapid and feeble pulse, low or undetectable blood pressure, and pale skin.



CAUSES

Infection: Diarrhoea is a symptom of infections caused by a host of bactand parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminatInfection is more common when there is a shortage of adequate sanitatihygiene and safe water for drinking, cooking and cleaning. RotavirusandEscherichia coli are the two most common etiological agents of diarrhdeveloping countries.

Malnutrition: Children who die from diarrhoea often suffer from underlymalnutrition, which makes them more vulnerable to diarrhoea. Each diaepisode, in turn, makes their malnutrition even worse. Diarrhoea is a leadcause of malnutrition in children under five years old.



CAUSES

Source: Water contaminated with human faeces, for example, from sewseptic tanks and latrines, is of particular concern. Animal faeces also contmicroorganisms that can cause diarrhoea.

Other causes: Diarrhoeal disease can also spread from person-to-personaggravated by poor personal hygiene. Food is another major cause of diawhen it is prepared or stored in unhygienic conditions. Water can contam

food during irrigation. Fish and seafood from polluted water may also coto the disease



PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

access to safe drinking-water;

use of improved sanitation;

hand washing with soap;

exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life;

good personal and food hygiene;

health education about how infections spread; and

rotavirus vaccination.



KEY MEASURES TO TREAT DIARRHOEAINCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

Rehydration: with oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution. ORS is a mixturewater, salt and sugar. It costs a few cents per treatment. ORS is absorbedsmall intestine and replaces the water and electrolytes lost in the faeces

Zinc supplements: zinc supplements reduce the duration of a diarrhoea eby 25% and are associated with a 30% reduction in stool volume

Rehydration: with intravenous fluids in case of severe dehydration or sho

Nutrient-rich foods: the vicious circle of malnutrition and diarrhoea can bby continuing to give nutrient-rich foods – including breast milk – duringepisode, and by giving a nutritious diet – including exclusive breastfeedinfirst six months of life – to children when they are well.



MEASLES

Key facts

Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children even thougand cost-effective vaccine is available.

In 2012, there were 122 000 measles deaths globally – about 330 deaths every ddeaths every hour.

Measles vaccination resulted in a 78% drop in measles deaths between 2000 and

worldwide.

In 2012, about 84% of the world's children received one dose of measles vaccinefirst birthday through routine health services – up from 72% in 2000.

Since 2000, more than 1 billion children in high risk countries were vaccinated agdisease through mass vaccination campaigns ― about 145 million of them in 20



MEASLES

Measles is caused by a virus in the

paramyxovirus family. The measlesvirus normally grows in the cells that linethe back of the throat and lungs.Measles is a human disease and is notknown to occur in animals.



SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to after exposure to the virus, and lasts four to seven days. A runny nose, a cred and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can developinitial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and uppOver about three days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands aThe rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and then fades. On average, the rash occurafter exposure to the virus (within a range of seven to 18 days).

Severe measles is more likely among poorly nourished young children, ethose with insufficient vitamin A, or whose immune systems have been wby HIV/AIDS or other diseases.



TRANSMISSION

The highly contagious virus is spread by coughing and sneezing, close pecontact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions.

The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfacestwo hours. It can be transmitted by an infected person from four days pronset of the rash to four days after the rash erupts.

Measles outbreaks can result in epidemics that cause many deaths, espe

among young, malnourished children. In countries where measles has belargely eliminated, cases imported from other countries remain an imposource of infection



TREATMENT

Severe complications from measles can be avoided though supportive caensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydratWHO-recommended oral rehydration solution. This solution replaces fluother essential elements that are lost through diarrhoea or vomiting. Anshould be prescribed to treat eye and ear infections, and pneumonia.

All children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receidoses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart. This treatment resvitamin A levels during measles that occur even in well-nourished childrehelp prevent eye damage and blindness. Vitamin A supplements have beto reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50%.



Potential Complications

About 30% of measles cases develop one or more complications, includi

Pneumonia, which is the complication that is most often the cause of deyoung children.

Ear infections occur in about 1 in 10 measles cases and permanent loss o

can result. Diarrhea is reported in about 8% of cases.

diarrhea & measles.pptx

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