diabetic mellitus
TRANSCRIPT
group of metabolic diseases
person has high blood sugar
the body does not produce enough insulin
or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes:
The body's failure to produce insulin
Requires the person to inject insulin
Also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes
loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
leading to insulin deficiency
Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes
results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly,
. (Formerly referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM for short, and adult-onset diabetes.)
the specific defects are not known
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type.
At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed
high blood glucose level during pregnancy
It may precede development of type 2 DM
inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness
It occurs in about 2%–5% of all pregnancies
improve or disappear after delivery
Gestational diabetes is fully treatable but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy
About 20%–50% of affected women develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus
Risks to the baby include - macrosomia (high birth weight) -congenital cardiac and central nervous
system anomalies -skeletal muscle malformations -In severe cases, perinatal death
polyuria (frequent urination)
polydipsia (increased thirst )
polyphagia (increased hunger)
damage to blood vessels
the risk of cardiovascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy,
Diabetic nephropathy,
diabetes-related foot problem
(such as diabetic foot ulcers
Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections
Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics
Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic beta cells.
Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells.
Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.
Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells
deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.
Insulin is also the principal control signal for conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in liver and muscle cells
. Lowered glucose levels result both in the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and in the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels fall
Glycosylated hemoglobin and Glucose tolerance test
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which cannot be cured
keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal
accomplished with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications
(insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes
oral medications as well as possibly insulin in type 2 diabetes).
Patient education, understanding
well-managed blood sugar levels
effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.[26]
Diabetic diet
Anti-diabetic medication
Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes
aspirin
Insulin therapy
Type 1 diabetes is typically treated with a combinations of regular and NPH insulin
