DIABETES

by

PAULINE ANSINE BSN. RN

WHAT IS DIABETESDiabetes is a serious lifelong condition that cannot be cured, but can be managed.

With diabetes, the pancreas doesn’t make any or enough insulin.

Without insulin your blood glucose rises.

There are 3 types of Diabetes.

Gestational

Type 1

Type 2

GestationalA form of diabetes that occurs during the second half of pregnancy.

Typically goes away post delivery.

Can be at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes

Formerly called juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes.

Results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and associated with absolutely insulin deficiency.

Type 2 DiabetesFormerly called adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes.

Associated with insulin resistance.

Not making enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance.

Characteristics of DiabetesType 1 Diabetes Type 2 DiabetesChildhoodUsually lean at diagnosis

Insulin sensitiveInsulinUsually negative

More common in whites

Middle adulthood

Typically overweight

Insulin resistant

Variable Commonly positive

More common in non-whites

StatisticsApproximately 17million American (6.2%)

are believed to have diabetes.More than 1 million new cases occurs

each year since 2002.90 to 95% of patients with diabetes have

type 2 diabetes.It is estimated that between 21 to 22

million adults have type 2 diabetes. Direct or indirect cause of at least

200,000 deaths each year.5 to 10% of patients have type 1

diabetes.American Diabetes Association

Warning signs of DiabetesExtreme thirstExtreme hungerUnexplained weight lossFatigue (feeling tired)Blurry visionFrequent infectionsFrequent urinationHeadache.Impotence

Risk factors of type 2 Diabetes

RaceSleep deprivation CholesterolFamily historyIncreased blood pressureAgeObesity

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Symptoms include:HungerNervousness or shakinessSweating Light-headednessSleepinessConfusionanxiety

Ketoacidosis (diabetic coma)Symptoms include:Fruity breath

Nausea & vomiting

Dry mouth

Shortness of breath

Treatments of DiabetesMeal planning

Medications

Treatments cont. Physical activities

How Diabetes is ManagedKnow the ABCs of Diabetes

A is for A1C: Tells the average blood glucose in the past 3 months.

B is for blood pressure: Your numbers tell the force of blood in your blood vessel.

C is for cholesterol: tells the amount of fat in your blood.

A1C Test At least twice a year your healthcare provider shoulder order A1C check. This will tell you how well your treatment plan is working. ADA target: below 7%.

Blood PressureHigh blood pressure can lead to heart attach, eye problems, and kidney disease.

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a target blood pressure of below 130/80 for most people with diabetes.

ADA’s Cholesterol Recommendation

Cholesterol Normal values

LDL cholesterol (bad).

HDL (good)

Triglycerides

Below 100

Above 40 (men) & Above 50 for women.

Below 150

Plasma glucose to A1CAverage plasma glucose

A1C level135 mg/dl

170mg/dl

205mg/dl

240mg/dl

275mg/dl

310mg/dl

340mg/dl

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

ComplicationsEye Disease (retinopathy)

Kidney Disease (nephropathy)

Heart & Blood Vessel Disease

Nerve Damage (neuropathy)

Keep track of your glucose level

Using a glucose meter

Getting your A1C checks

Prevention of DiabetesBeing activeHealthy eatingTaking medicationReducing riskMonitoringAdequate sleepStress reduction

Remember!!!It takes time to make new habits. But your patience and persistence will pay off in the long run.

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ReferencesBurke, S.D. (2010). Diabetes care and management.

Western Schools. http://www.westernschools.com. Choose to live: Your diabetes survival guide.

(2004).The ABCs of Diabetes. American College of Cardiology. http://www.diabetes.org.

Diabetes basic. (2011). Age, race, gender and family history. American Diabetes Association. http://www.diabetes.org.

Diabetes Advisor. (2009). Understanding type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association. http://www.diabetes.org.

Gebel, E. (2010). The role of sleep in type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association. http://www.forecast.diabetes.org.