diabetes 101: a brief overview of diabetes and the ... · a brief overview of diabetes and the...
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Diabetes 101:
A Brief Overview of
Diabetes and the
American Diabetes
Association
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After eating, most food is turned into glucose,
the body’s main source of energy.
What Happens When We Eat?
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In people without diabetes,
glucose stays in a healthy range because
Normal Blood Glucose Control
Insulin is
released at
the right
times and in
the right
amounts Insulin helps
glucose
enter cells
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In diabetes, blood glucose builds up
for several possible reasons…
High Blood Glucose (Hyperglycemia)
Too little
insulin is
made
Liver
releases too
much
glucose
Cells can’t
use insulin
well
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Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
•Increased thirst
•Increased urination
•Blurry vision
•Feeling tired
•Slow healing of cuts or
wounds
•More frequent infections
•Weight loss
•Nausea and vomiting
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Hyperglycemia Can Cause
Serious Long-Term Problems
•Blindness
•Kidney disease
•Nerve damage
•Amputation
•Heart attack
•Stroke
Chronic complications of diabetes
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Two Main Types of Diabetes
Pancreas makes too little or no
insulin
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
•Cells do not use insulin well (insulin resistance)
•Ability for pancreas to make insulin decreases over
time
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Type 1 Diabetes
•1 in 20 people with
diabetes have type 1
•Most people are under
age 20 when diagnosed
•Body can no longer
make insulin
•Insulin is always needed
for treatment
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Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes
•Weight loss
•Loss of energy
•Increased thirst
•Frequent urination
•Diabetic ketoacidosis
(emergency condition
of nausea, vomiting,
dehydration. Can lead to
coma)
Symptoms usually start suddenly
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Managing Type 1 Diabetes
•Blood glucose monitoring
•Education
•Healthy food choices
•Physical activity
•Insulin
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Before and After Insulin Treatment
Discovery of insulin
in 1921 changed
type 1 from a death
sentence to a
chronic disease
7-year-old child
before and 3
months after
insulin therapy
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Type 2 Diabetes
•Most people with diabetes have
type 2
•Most people are over age 40
when diagnosed, but type 2 is
becoming more common younger
adults, children and teens
•Type 2 is more likely in people
who:
•Are overweight
•Are non-Caucasian
•Have a family history of type 2
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Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
•Usually subtle or no symptoms
in early stages:
•Increased thirst
•Increased urination
•Feeling tired
•Blurred vision
•More frequent infections
•Symptoms may be mistaken for
other situations or problems
•1 in 4 with type 2 aren’t aware
they have it
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Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes May Change Over a Lifetime
Always Includes:
•Education
•Healthy eating
•Blood glucose monitoring
•Physical Activity
May Include:
•Medications,
including insulin
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Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
•Being overweight
•Sedentary lifestyle
•Family history of diabetes
•History of gestational
diabetes
•Age
•Ethnic/racial background: •African American
•Hispanic/Latino
•Native American
•Asian American
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Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 1991
(*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%
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Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 1994
(*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%
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Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 2000
(*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%
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Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 2006
(*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)
15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
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Diabetes Trends Among U.S. Adults
(Includes Gestational Diabetes)
BRFSS, 1990, 1995 and 2001 1990 1995
2001
No Data <4%
4%-6% 6%-8%
8%-10% >10%
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC
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2000
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
2010
1990
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29%
≥30%
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Diabetes in the United States
•Nearly 26 million people in the U.S. have diabetes
•7 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed
•8.3% of the U.S. population
•26.9% of U.S. residents aged 65 years and older
•1.9 million Americans aged 20 years or older were
newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010
•Every 17 seconds, someone is diagnosed with
diabetes
Source: National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011
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Burden of Diabetes in the United States
•The leading cause of:
•new blindness among adults
•kidney failure
•non-traumatic lower-limb amputations
•Increases the risk of heart attack and stroke by 2-4 fold
•7th leading cause of death
•Mortality rates 2-4 times greater than non-diabetic people of
the same age
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Burden of Diabetes in the United States
•Total direct and indirect cost of diagnosed diabetes is $174
billion a year
•Total diabetes-related costs exceed $218 billion when you add
gestational diabetes, prediabetes, and undiagnosed diabetes
•1 in 5 health care dollars is spent caring for someone with
diagnosed diabetes
•1 in 10 health care dollars is attributed directly to diabetes
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What is Prediabetes?
•1 in 3 American adults (79
million) have prediabetes
•Occurs before type 2
diabetes
•Blood glucose levels are
higher than normal but not
yet diabetes
•Most people with
prediabetes don’t know
they have it
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Is There Any Good News?
•Yes, we can reduce the chances of developing type 2 diabetes
in high-risk people (weight loss, exercise, medications)
•Yes, we can reduce the chances of developing diabetes
complications through:
•Blood glucose control (diet, monitoring, medication)
•Blood pressure control
•Cholesterol control
•Regular visits to healthcare providers
•Early detection and treatment of complications
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Preventive Efforts Are Key
•Most of the diabetes costs are
due to end-stage complications
•Investment of resources into
early diagnosis, patient education,
prevention and treatments pays
off in:
•Longer lives
•Increased productivity
•Reduced costs over the long
term
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Steps to Lower Your Risk of Diabetes Complications
• A1C < 7
• Blood pressure < 130/80
• Cholesterol (LDL) < 100, statin therapy for high risk
• Get help to quit smoking
• Be active
• Make healthy food choices
• Take care of your feet
• Get recommended screenings and early treatment for
complications
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The American Diabetes Association:
What We Do - Research
•In 2010, the Association made
$34.1 million available to support
diabetes research
•This funding supported 338
grants at more than 125 leading
research institutions
•Over the years, the Association
has invested more than $530
million in diabetes research
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The American Diabetes Association:
What We Do - Education
•1-800-DIABETES receives
25,000 calls a month
•Health fairs, programs, camps
and other events target millions of
people around the country
•Award-winning books and
Diabetes Forecast magazine for
consumers
•Journals, books, and clinical
guidelines for health care
professionals
•Scientific Sessions: Largest
diabetes meeting in the world
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The American Diabetes Association:
What We Do - Advocacy
• Seek increased federal and state
funding for diabetes prevention,
treatment and research
•Promote public policies to
prevent diabetes
• Advocate to improve the
availability of accessible,
adequate and affordable health
care
•Fight discrimination people with
diabetes face at school, work, and
elsewhere in their lives.
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More Information
•1-800-DIABETES
•Social media information:
•www.Facebook.com/AmericanDiabetesAssociatio
n
•@AmDiabetesAssn
•www.diabetesstopshere.org
•Web:
•www.diabetes.org
•www.stopdiabetes.com