devon m. berry, rn, phd university of cincinnati · pargament’s brief rcope (14) 4. religious...

Devon M. Berry, RN, PhDUniversity of Cincinnati

Supported by the Midwest Nursing Research Society New Investigator Seed Grant

Depression in College: How Does Religiosity Help? 2

American College Health Association, 2006; Aina & Susman, 2006; Trivedi et al.,

2006 (STAR*D Trials)

Depression in College: How Does Religiosity Help? 3

RELIGIOUSNESSRELIGIOUSNESS RELIGIOUS SERVICE RELIGIOUS SERVICE ATTENDANCEATTENDANCE

Depression in College: How Does Religiosity Help?4

Smith & Denton, 2005


Cognitive vulnerability

(DIS)

Cognitive Cognitive vulnerabilityvulnerability

(DIS)(DIS)

ReligiosityReligiosityReligiosity

DepressionDepressionDepressionStressStressStress

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Five Expressions (“dimensions”)1. Hoge’s Religious Motivation

Scale2. Fetzer/Pargament’s Spiritual

Meaning Scale3. Pargament’s Brief RCOPE (14)4. Religious Background &

Behavior Scale5. Beliefs about God Scale

DepressogenicInferential Style, Cognitive Style Questionnaire

Center for Epidemiologic

Studies Depression Scale

(CES-D)




Public University

Public University

Religious UniversityReligious University

classroom & counseling center

classroom & counseling center 11 22 33 44 55 66

MonthMonth

ReligiosityDepressionStressCV


Depression & StressDepression & Stress ReligiosityDepressionStressCV


••Face to face recruitingFace to face recruiting••WebWeb--based survey technologybased survey technology••ProPro--rated incentive, up to $50 dollarsrated incentive, up to $50 dollars••214 items at T1, 34 items at T2214 items at T1, 34 items at T2--T5T5

Description of Sample, Description of Main Variables, Relationships of Main Variables over Time

9Depression in College: How Does Religiosity Help?

RELIGIOUS VS. PUBLICRELIGIOUS VS. PUBLIC RETENTION


••78% participants completed all 6 surveys78% participants completed all 6 surveys••86% participants completed at least 5 surveys 86% participants completed at least 5 surveys

ReligiousReligious PublicPublic AllAll

T1T1 T6T6 T1T1 T6T6 T1T1 T6T6

Depression (CESDepression (CES--D)D) 13.2 (9.2)13.2 (9.2) 11.7 (10.9)11.7 (10.9) 13.6 (8.2)13.6 (8.2) 11.7 (10.9)11.7 (10.9) 13.3 (8.7)13.3 (8.7) 12.8 (10.2)12.8 (10.2)

Stress (PSS)Stress (PSS) 25.4 (8.4)25.4 (8.4) 22.4 (8.8)22.4 (8.8) 25.6 (7.0)25.6 (7.0) 24.7 (7.8)24.7 (7.8) 25.5 (7.8)25.5 (7.8) 23.5 (8.4)23.5 (8.4)

Cognitive Vulnerability Cognitive Vulnerability (CSQ)(CSQ)

3.8 (1.05)3.8 (1.05) 3.5 (.96)3.5 (.96) 3.8 (.89)3.8 (.89) 3.5 (.96)3.5 (.96) 3.8 (.99)3.8 (.99) 3.5 (.96)3.5 (.96)

Religious CopingReligious Coping 33.3 (5.6)33.3 (5.6) 32.9 (6.7)32.9 (6.7) 27.6 (7.3)27.6 (7.3) 27.9 (6.6)27.9 (6.6) 31 (6.9)31 (6.9) 30.6 (7.1)30.6 (7.1)

Religious MotivationReligious Motivation 25.8 (4.5)25.8 (4.5) 25.7 (4.2)25.7 (4.2) 14.5 (6.8)14.5 (6.8) 15.6 (6.5)15.6 (6.5) 21.2 (7.8)21.2 (7.8) 21.1 (7.3)21.1 (7.3)

Spiritual MeaningSpiritual Meaning 69.1 (11.2)69.1 (11.2) 69.4 (11.6)69.4 (11.6) 42.9 (22.9)42.9 (22.9) 45.1 (23.7)45.1 (23.7) 58.4 (21.3)58.4 (21.3) 58.5 (21.7)58.5 (21.7)

Beliefs and BackgroundBeliefs and Background 46.5 (7.0)46.5 (7.0) 46.3 (7.7)46.3 (7.7) 26.2 (12.6)26.2 (12.6) 26.1 (13.8)26.1 (13.8) 38.2 (13.9)38.2 (13.9) 37.2 (14.8)37.2 (14.8)

Beliefs about GodBeliefs about God 22.8 (2.6)22.8 (2.6) 23.0 (2.9)23.0 (2.9) 16.8 (6.7)16.8 (6.7) 17.2 (7.1)17.2 (7.1) 20.3 (5.6)20.3 (5.6) 20.4 (6.0)20.4 (6.0)


All religiosity measures differ significantly between Religious and Public settings (p<.001)CES-D, likelihood of depression: <16 low, 17-22 moderate, >22 high, 1/3 to 1/4 participants >16 across T1-T6

13.2

25.4

3.81

25.8

69.1

33.3

46.5

22.8

13.6

25.6

3.8

14.5

42.9

27.6

26.2

16.813.3

14.5 3.8

21.1

58.4

31

38.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Depression

Stress

Cognitive vulnerability

R. Motivation

S. Meaning

R. Coping

R. Background

Beliefs about God

Religious Public Total

Religious Religious CopingCoping

Religious Religious MotivationMotivation

Spiritual Spiritual MeaningMeaning

Beliefs and Beliefs and BackgroundBackground

Beliefs about Beliefs about GodGod

Religious Religious CopingCoping

1 .740** .780** .684** .649**

Religious Religious MotivationMotivation

.754** 1 .912** .852** .753**

Spiritual Spiritual MeaningMeaning

.768** .900** 1 .843** .854**

Beliefs and Beliefs and BackgroundBackground

.721** .862** .862** 1 .754**

Beliefs about Beliefs about GodGod

.622** .720** .827** .756** 1


T1

T6** p < .01


•RCOPE represents religiosity•Religiosity and cv at T1•All correlations significant (p<.05)

•RCOPE represents religiosity•Religiosity and cv at T1•All correlations significant (p<.05)

-0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Depression

R. Coping R. Motivation S. Meaning R. bg, bx Beliefs about God

••All religiosity measures at T1All religiosity measures at T1

32.9

22.3

63.5

39.9

21.9

31

20.4

56.1

36.8

20.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

R. Coping

R. Motivation

S. Meaning

R. Background

Beliefs about God

Lo Depr Hi Depr

33.7

23.7

66.1

42.3

22.2

28.7

18.3

50.6

33.1

18.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

R. Coping

R. Motivation

S. Meaning

R. Background

Beliefs about God

Lo Depr Hi Depr

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Lo RCOPE

Hi RCOPE

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Lo RCOPE

Hi RCOPE

Depression & CV by ReligiosityDepression & CV by Religiosity

Expected relationships between depression, stress, and cv in both groupsReligiosity appeared to function as a traitLess depressed tended to have increased levels of religiosityCorrelations between stress and depression are lower across time in those with higher levels of religious copingCorrelations between cv and depression are higher across time in those with higher levels of religious copingPsychological vs. Theological models

devon m. berry, rn, phd university of cincinnati · pargament’s brief rcope (14) 4. religious...

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