developmental continuums: developing a common … continuums: developing a common language for...

Developmental Continuums: Developing a Common Language for Administrators, Teachers,

Students, and Families

NESA Leadership Conference

Muscat, Oman Bonnie Campbell Hill October 20, 2006

Developmental Continuums Copyright © 2001 Christopher-Gordon Publishers Page 1

DEVELOPMENTAL CONTINUUMS: A Framework for Literacy Instruction and Assessment K-8

Newly Revised Continuums Narrative Portraits (CD) Case Studies Glossary (CD) Book Lists by Continuum Stages (CD) Database of 2,000 Children’s Books (CD) Assessment Tools (CD) Anecdotal Note Focus Questions (CD) Continuum Checklists (CD) Student Self-Evaluation Checklists (CD) Family Support (CD) EAL Continuum and Support Pieces (CD) Middle School Challenges Data Collection Report Card Staff Development


�� KEY BENCHMARK BOOKS

�� PRECONVENTIONAL/EMERGING

Look! Look! Look! by Tana Hoban Good Dog, Carl by Alexandra Day School by Emily Arnold McCully Dig, Dig by Leslie Wood The Bath by Judy Nayer A Party by Joy Cowley A Toy Box by Andrea Butler Look What I Can Do by Jose Aruego A Zoo by Andrea Butler Growing Colors by Bruce McMillan (NF)

�� EMERGING

Have You Seen My Cat? by Eric Carle Have You Seen My Duckling? by Nancy Tafuri Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? by Bill Martin, Jr. The Bicycle by Joy Cowley I Went Walking by Sue Williams The Chick and the Duckling by Mirra Ginsburg I Like Books by Anthony Browne Mary Wore Her Red Dress by Merle Peek School Bus by Donald Crews We Like the Sun by Ena Keo (NF)

�� DEVELOPING: EARLY

All By Myself by Mercer Mayer Quick as a Cricket by Audrey Wood Mrs. Wishy-Washy by Joy Cowley Go, Dog, Go by P. D. Eastman Where’s Spot? by Eric Hill Dear Zoo by Rod Campbell A Dark, Dark Tale by Ruth Brown Rosie’s Walk by Pat Hutchins Our Sense by Brenda Parkes (NF)


�� DEVELOPING: LATER

Soccer Game! by Grace Maccarone Cookie’s Week by Cindy Ward The Carrot Seed by Ruth Kraus More Spaghetti, I Say! by Rita Gelman Just Like Daddy by Frank Asch Sheep in a Jeep by Nancy Shaw I Like Me by Nancy Carlson Mouse Paint by Ellen Stoll Walsh Each Peach Pear Plum by Janet and Allan Ahlberg Bread, Bread, Bread by Ann Morris (NF)

�� BEGINNING: EARLY (EARLY-READER BOOKS)

Put Me In the Zoo by Robert Lopshire Whose Mouse Are You? by Robert Kraus Just Me and My Puppy by Mercer Mayer The Napping House by Audrey Wood There’s a Nightmare in My Closet by Mercer Mayer Are You My Mother? by P. D. Eastman Hop on Pop by Dr. Seuss Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss Mighty Spiders by Fay Robinson (NF)

�� BEGINNING: LATER (HARDER EARLY-READERS)

Mouse Soup by Arnold Lobel Little Bear series by Else Holmelund Minarik Oliver Button is a Sissy by Tomie de Paola Poppleton series by Cynthia Rylant Nate the Great series by Marjorie Weinman Sharmat Frog and Toad series by Arnold Lobel Henry and Mudge series by Cynthia Rylant Pinky and Rex series by James Howe Dancing with the Manatees by Faith McNulty (NF) Keep the Lights Burning, Abbie by Connie and Peter Roop (NF)


�� EXPANDING: EARLY (EASY CHAPTER BOOKS)

Polk Street series by Patricia Reilly Giff Pee Wee Scouts series by Judy Denton Cam Jansen series by David Adler Junie B. Jones series by Barbara Park Arthur series by Marc Brown Magic Treehouse series by Mary Pope Osborne Marvin Redpost series by Louis Sachar Freckle Juice by Judy Blume Bailey School Kids series by Marcia Thorton Jones and Debbie Dadey Kate Shelley and the Midnight Express by Margaret Wetterer (NF)

�� EXPANDING: LATER (EASY CHAPTER BOOKS)

The Littles series by John Peterson Flat Stanley by Jeff Brown Chalk Box Kid by Clyde Robert Bulla Stories Julian Tells series by Ann Cameron Pioneer Cat by William Hooks Amber Brown series by Paula Danziger All About Sam by Lois Lowry Wayside School series by Louis Sachar The Titanic: Lost . . . And Found by Judy Donnelly (NF) Pompeii . . . Buried Alive! by Edith Kunhardt (NF)

�� BRIDGING: EARLY (MEDIUM LEVEL CHAPTER BOOKS)

Ramona series by Beverly Cleary Boxcar Children series by Gertrude Chandler Warner Goosebumps series by R. L. Stine How to Eat Fried Worms by Thomas Rockwell Yang the Third series by Lensey Namioka Baby-Sitter’s Club series by Ann Martin Superfudge series by Judy Blume Koya DeLaney series by Eloise Greenfield Bunnicula by Deborah and James Howe Five Notable Inventors by Wade Hudson (NF)


�� BRIDGING: LATER (MEDIUM LEVEL CHAPTER BOOKS)

Fantastic Mr. Fox by Roald Dahl Soup and Me series by Robert Newton Peck Encyclopedia Brown series by Donald Sobol Bingo Brown series by Betsy Byars The Time Warp Trio series by Jon Scieszka Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White Babe: The Gallant Pig by Dick King-Smith Sarah, Plain and Tall by Patricia MacLachlan The Magic Schoolbus series by Joanna Cole (NF) Amazing Poisonous Animals by Alexandra Parsons (Eyewitness Junior series) (NF)

�� FLUENT (CHALLENGING CHILDREN’S LITERATURE)

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Shiloh series by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Nancy Drew series by Carolyn Keene Little House series by Laura Ingalls Wilder Hatchet by Gary Paulsen The War with Grandpa by Robert Kimmel Smith In the Year of the Boar and Jackie Robinson by Bette Bao Lord The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George Muscles: Our Muscular System series by Seymour Simon (NF)

�� PROFICIENT (COMPLEX CHILDREN’S LITERATURE)

The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963 by Christopher Paul Curtis Julie of the Wolves by Jean Craighead George The Boggart by Susan Cooper Number the Stars by Lois Lowry Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson Holes by Louis Sachar Island of the Blue Dolphins by Scott O’Dell Maniac Magee by Jerry Spinelli You Want Women to Vote, Lizzie Stanton? by Jean Fritz (NF) Immigrant Kids by Russell Freedman (NF)


�� CONNECTING (COMPLEX CHILDREN’S LITERATURE/YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE)

A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L’Engle The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle by Avi The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare Slave Dancer by Paula Fox Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred Taylor Redwall series by Brian Jacques The Giver by Lois Lowry The View from Saturday by E. L. Konigsburg Nightjohn by Gary Paulsen Children of the Dust Bowl by Jerry Stanley (NF)

�� INDEPENDENT (YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE)

Shabanu by Suzanne Fisher Staples Ironman by Chris Crutcher The Hobbit series by J. R. Tolkien The Devil’s Arithmetic by Jane Yolen The Golden Compass series by Philip Pullman The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton The Ear, the Eye, and the Arm by Nancy Farmer Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiography) by Anne Frank (NF) Children of Topaz by Michael O. Tunnell and George Chilcoat (NF) Lincoln: A Photobiography (biography) by Russell Freedman (NF)

Developmental Continuums

Copyright © 2001 Christopher-Gordon Publishers

Page 7

CONTINUUM CORRELATION CHART

Continuum Stage

Ages

Grade Level

Book Format

Guided Reading

Level *

Reading

Recovery

DRA

Preconventional

3–5

PreK/K

Wordless Books

Label Books

A

1

A, 1

Emerging

4–6

K 1

Highly Predictable

A B C D

1–6

1–4

Developing (Early)

5–7

K 1

Pattern Books

E F

6–10

6, 8, 10

Developing (Later)

5–7

K 1 2

Pattern Books

F G

9–12

10, 12

Beginning (Early)

6–8

K 1 2

Simple

Early-Readers

H I J

13–16

14, 16

Beginning (Later)

6–8

1 2 3

Harder

Early-Readers

J K L

17–20

18, 20

Expanding (Early)

7–9

1 2 3

Easy

Chapter Books

L M N

24, 28

Expanding (Later)

7–9

2 3 4

Easy

Chapter Books

M N O

30, 34

Bridging (Early)

8–10

2 3 4

Medium Level

Chapter Books

O P Q

34, 38

Bridging (Later)

8–10

3 4 5

Medium Level

Chapter Books

P Q R

40

Fluent

9–11

4 5 6

Challenging

Chapter Books

R S T U

50

Proficient

10–13

5 6 7

Complex

Chapter Books

T U V W

60

Connecting

11–14

6 7 8

Complex Books

Young Adult Books

V W X Y

70, 80

Independent

7 8+

Young Adult Books

Adult Books

X Y Z

* Fountas and Pinnell Guided Reading Leveling System™


READING REPORT CARD CORRELATION CHART

Bellevue School District 2003-2004 THIRD TRIMESTER EXPECTATIONS

Grade Year End Expectations Report Card

DRA Text Level

Guided Reading level

Reading Continuum Stage

K

(4) Exceeds Standard (3) Meets Standard (2) Approaches Standard (1) Below Standard

6-10 2* 1 A

E F

Developing Early Emerging Emerging Preconventional a

1


18-20 14-16* 10-12 6-10

J K H I F G E F C

Beginning Later Beginning Early Developing Later Developing Early

2


34-38 24-28* 20-24 18-20

O P L M K L J K

Expanding Later Expanding Early Beginning Later Beginning Later

3

4) Exceeds Standard (3) Meets Standard (2) Approaches Standard (1) Below Standard

40 34-38* 30-34 18-20

Q R O P N O L M

Bridging Later Bridging Early Expanding Later Expanding Early

4


50 40** 34-38 30-34

S T Q R O P N O

Fluent Bridging Later Bridging Early Expanding Early

5


60 50** 40 34-38

UV S T Q R O P

Proficient Fluent Bridging Later Bridging Early


Mom! Dad!

When we finish

reading, ask me

some of these

questions:

• Which words

rhyme in the

story?

• What happened

in the story?

• Who are the

characters in the

story?

• What was your

favorite part of

the story?

• Tell me about

the (things,

places, or

animals) in this

story.

• What is the title

of the story?

EMERGENT

Mom! Dad!

When we finish

reading, ask me some

of these questions:

• What happened at

the beginning (or

end) of the story?

• What happened in

the story?

• Who are the

characters in the

story?

• What was your

favorite part of the

story?

• Tell me about the

(things, places, or

animals) in this

story.

• How were (name

two characters)

alike/different from

each other?

DEVELOPING

Mom! Dad!

When we finish reading,

ask me some of these

questions:

• What happened at the

(beginning, middle or

end) of the story?

• What was the main

idea of the story?

• Who are the characters

in the story?

• Who was the main

character? Did you

like/dislike them?

• What was the setting?

• How were (name two

characters)


each other?

• What was the problem

in the story and how

was it solved?

• Does this story remind

you of something you

have done or read

about?

BEGINNING


Mom! Dad!

When we finish


of these questions:

• Retell the main events

in the story in order.


idea of the story?


in the story and what

were they like?

• Why do you think

(pick a character) acted

that way?

• What was the setting?


characters)


each other?

• What was the problem

in the story and how

was it solved?



have done or read

about?

• What was the author

trying to tell the

reader?

EXPANDING

Mom! Dad!

When we finish


of these questions:

• Summarize what

happened in the story.


idea of the story?


in the story and what

were they like?


(pick a character) acted

that way?

• What do you think the

author’s purpose was

in writing this piece?


characters)


each other?

• Which sentence gives

the most important

idea in the selection?



have done or read

about?


trying to tell the

reader?

BRIDGING

When finished

reading, ask yourself

these questions:

• Summarize what



idea of the piece?

• Describe the characters, their traits,

and how they interact

with each other in this

story.


(pick a event)

happened that way?

• What do you think the

author’s message was

in writing this piece?

Do you agree with it?

• What problem did the

character face in the

piece? How did the

character feel about the

problem?

• What do you think will

happen next if the

book continued?


trying to tell the

reader?

FLUENT


When finished


these questions:

• Summarize what



idea of the piece?

Which sentences

support your view?

• Describe the

characters, their traits



story.

• Find two similes or

metaphors in the piece.

• What do you think

the author’s message

was in writing this

piece? Do you agree

with it?

• What problem did

the character face in

the piece? How did

the character feel about

the problem?

• How would you

describe this author’s

style?


trying to tell the

reader?

PROFICIENT

When finished


these questions:

• Summarize what



idea of the piece?

Which sentences

support your view?

• Analyze the

characters, their traits



story.

• Find two similes or

metaphors in the piece.

• Would you

recommend this piece

to someone else?

Why?

• What problem did

the character face in

the piece? How did

the character feel about

the problem?

• How would you

describe this author’s

style?

• What is the author’s

purpose in writing this

piece?

CONNECTING AND INDEPENDENT

Developmental Continuums

Copyright © 2001 Christopher-Gordon Publishers

Page 12

English as an Additional Language (EAL) Listening & Speaking Continuum

New to English

Early Acquisition

Becoming Familiar

� Listens attentively to an English speaker with guidance.

� Follows one-step directions.

� Uses context cues to respond appropriately to classroom

routines.

� Responds to greetings with nods and gestures.

� Responds to simple questions with guidance.

� Expresses needs in English with single words and gestures.

� Responds during classroom discussions with nods and

gestures.

� Participates non-verbally in the classroom.

� N

ames simple objects with guidance.

� Repeats English words and phrases with guidance.

� Echoes single words and/or short phrases.

� Produces single words and/or stock phrases with guidance.

☺ Demonstrates enthusiasm about learning English.

� Begins to follow illustrated stories and classroom instruction

� Follows two-step directions.

� Responds to greetings with single words and/or phrases.

� Begins to respond to simple questions with one-word

answers.

� Begins to express needs and give basic inform

ation (e.g.,

“I’m fine” and “this car”).

� Participates orally in classroom discussions with guidance.

� U

ses some basic classroom vocabulary.

� U

nderstands everyday classroom and subject area

language with guidance.

� Begins to repeat new English words and phrases clearly.

� Begins to communicate using short phrases and simple

language patterns, producing telegraphic sentences (e.g., “I

want to go shop buy toy.”).

☺ Practices English and tries new words and phrases.

� Begins to listen attentively to an English speaker.

� Follows m

ulti-step directions.

� Begins to use English in social situations.

� Responds to greetings with phrases.

� Responds to simple questions with m

ore than one-word

answers.

� Uses different language functions in discussions (e.g.,

predicting and describing) with guidance.

� Participates in classroom discussions and offers opinions

and feedback with guidance.

� B

egins to understand classroom and subject area language.

� B

egins to use expanding vocabulary that is less context-

bound.

� Begins to speak English clearly.

� Communicates using short phrases and simple language

patterns.

� Begins to use connected discourse (e.g., “Yesterday I go

pool and I swam.”).

Becoming Competent

Becoming Fluent

Fluent

� Begins to contribute to group discussions and to offer

opinions and/or feedback during discussions.

� Paraphrases oral inform

ation with guidance.

� Uses English in social situations.

� Begins to respond to m

ore complex questions.

� Expresses needs and gives inform

ation independently.

� Begins to ask questions to clarify content and meaning.

� Begins to use more complex language functions (e.g.,

hypothesizing and reasoning) within an academic context.

� B

egins to use an extensive vocabulary, using some abstract

and specialized subject area words.

� U

nderstands classroom and subject area language with

repetition, rephrasing, or clarification.

� Speaks English clearly.

� Produces longer, more complex utterances using phrases,

clauses, and sequence words (e.g., “next” and “then”).

� Begins to use correct form

when asking questions.

� Begins to use correct verb tense to express present, past,

and future.

☺ Shows interest in improving language skills and accuracy.

� Listens attentively to an English speaker.

� Listens to others and offers opinions and/or feedback.

� Begins to paraphrase oral inform

ation.

� Uses language appropriately across the curriculum for

different purposes and audiences.

� Responds to complex questions independently.

� Asks questions to clarify content and m

eaning.

� Develops awareness that there are appropriate form

s and

styles of language for different purposes and audiences.

� Begins to speak with confidence in front of a group.

� U

ses m

ore extensive vocabulary, using abstract and

specialized subject area words independently.

� U

nderstands classroom and subject area language at nearly

norm

al speed.

� Speaks English with near-native fluency; any hesitation does

not interfere with communication.

� Begins to vary speech appropriately using intonation/ stress.

� Uses correct form

when asking questions.

☺ Speaks confidently and uses new vocabulary flexibly.

� Contributes to group discussion with ideas and appropriate

suggestions.

� Paraphrases oral inform

ation independently.

� Communicates competently in social and academic settings.

� Participates and perform

s competently in all subject areas.

� Employs a full range of language functions independently,

using abstract and complex language to express ideas and

opinions appropriate to age.

� Speaks with confidence in front of a group.

� U

nderstands a wide range of classroom and subject area

language with native competence.

� U

ses vocabulary approximating that of a native speaker.

� Speaks as fluently as a native speaker.

� Varies speech appropriately using intonation and stress

independently.

� Uses a wide range of language patterns and complex

compound tenses to create properly connected discourse

(e.g., “Tomorrow I will be going on a long trip and I will see

my good friend.”).

� Listening and Comprehension

� Oral Expression

� V

ocabulary

� Pronunciation and Fluency

� Grammar

☺ Attitude

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CONTINUUM REFERENCES

Beaver, J. (1997). Developmental reading assessment (DRA). Parsippany, NJ: Celebration Press, Pearson Learning.

Bellevue School District, Bellevue, Washington. Contact Sandy Garcia ([email protected] or call 1-425-456-4165)

Borden, Jonathan. (2000). (2nd Edition). Confucius Meets Piaget: An Educational Perspective on Ethnic Korean Children and Their Parents. Seoul Foreign School (82-2) 330-3240 or [email protected] or [email protected].

Curriculum Corporation. (1990). Literacy profiles handbook: Assessing and reporting literacy development. Victoria, Australia: Curriculum Corporation.

Curriculum Corporation. (1994). English: A curriculum profile for Australia schools. Victoria, Australia: Curriculum Corporation.

Fountas, Irene and Pinnell, Gay Su. (2006). Leveled Books, K-8: Matching Texts to Readers for Effective Teaching. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Fountas, Irene and Pinnell, Gay Su. (2006). The Fountas and Pinnell Leveled Book List, K-8. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Also see website: www.FountasandPinnellLeveledBooks.com

Griffin, P., Smith, P., & Burrill, L. (1995). The American literacy profile scales: A framework for authentic assessment. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Heinemann. (1996). First steps program. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Hill, B. C. (2001). Developmental continuums: A framework for literacy instruction and assessment K-8. Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon.

Hill, B. C., Ruptic, C., & Norwick, L. (1998). Classroom based assessment. Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon.


Jefferson County School District. (2000). Learning to Read Video. Denver, CO: Jefferson County School District (Download the order form from http://204.98.1.2/Isu/langarts/litmain). (For continuum support materials, contact Carrie Ekey at [email protected]).

Juneau School District. (1993). Language arts portfolio handbook for the primary grades. Juneau, AL: Juneau School District. (1-907-463-1967)

Masters, G. & Forster, M. (1996a). Developmental assessment: Assessment resource kit. Camberwell, Victoria, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research, 19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia, 3124 (Email: [email protected]).

Masters, G. & Forster, M. (1996b). Progress Maps: Assessment resource kit. Camberwell, Victoria, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research, 19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia, 3124 (Email: [email protected]).

Ministry of Education, British Columbia. (1992). Supporting learning: Understanding and assessing the progress of children in the primary program. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Ministry of Education.

Ministry of Education, British Columbia. (1994). Evaluating reading across the curriculum: Using the reading reference set to support learning and enhance communications. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Ministry of Education.

Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. 101 SW Main Street, Suite 500, Portland, OR 97204 (www.nwrel.org or 1-800-547-6339/1-503-275-9519)

Wiggins, G. (1994). Toward better report cards. Educational Leadership, 52 (2), 28–37.

Woodward, H. (1994). Negotiated evaluation: Involving children and parents in the process. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann

Dr. Bonnie Campbell Hill 13910 64th Place West Edmonds, WA 98026 (425) 742-7110 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bonniecampbellhill.com

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