development processes chapter 10. 10-2 “we need to support other watches and mobile devices, and...

Development Processes

Chapter 10

10-2

“We Need to Support Other Watches and Mobile Devices, and at Least Android Phones.”

• Need to define and document business procedures, train staff, involve other partners

• Make system more generally available

• Strategic implication: Spin off PRIDE as separate business?

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hal

10-3

Study Questions

Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Q3: How is Business Process Modeling Notation used to model processes?

Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q7: 2023?


10-4

Q1: How Are Business Processes, IS,and Applications Developed?

• Process of creating and maintaining information systems

• Requires:– Establishing system goals – Setting up the project– Determining requirements – Business knowledge and management skill


10-5

Activities in a Business Process and the Correlating Information Systems


10-6

Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems

1. Business processes, information systems, and applications have different characteristics and components.

2. Relationship of business processes to information systems is many-to-many, or N:M. – A business process need not relate to any IS, but IS relates to

at least one business process.

3. Every IS has at least one application because every IS has a software component.


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Scope of Development Process


10-8

Role of Development Personnel


10-9

Q2: How Do Organizations Use Business Process Management (BPM)?

• Business process– Network of activities, repositories, roles,

resources, and data flows that interact to accomplish a business function


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Why Do Processes Need Management?

• Improve Process Quality• Change in Technology• Change in Business Fundamentals

– Market (new customer category, change in customer characteristics)

– Product lines– Supply chain– Company policy– Company organization (merger, acquisition)– Internationalization– Business environment


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What Are BPM Activities?


10-12

Q3: How Can BPMN Process Diagrams Help Identify and Solve Process Problems?


10-13

As-Is Business

Order Process: Existing Ordering Process


10-14

Check Customer

Credit Process


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Q4: What Are the Phases in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?


10-16

Define System Goals and Scope


10-17

SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase


10-18

Role of a Prototype

• Provides user direct experience

• Can be expensive to create

• Parts often reused

• Cost occurs early, sometimes before full project funding available


10-19

SDLC: Component Design Phase


10-20

SDLC: Implementation Phase


Conversion types

1. Pilot2. Phased3. Parallel4. Plunge

10-21

Design and Implementation for the Five Components


10-22

SDLC: System Maintenance Phase


10-23

Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics

• Estimating is just “theory”—average of many people’s guesses.

• Buy-in game• Overly optimistic schedules and cost

estimates• At what point is buy-in within accepted

boundaries of conduct?


10-24

Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics

• Contractor agrees to produce system for less than what will really be required

Time and materials contractFixed-cost contracts

• In-house projects often started with buy-insProjects start with hopes of more money laterTeam members disagree about costs. Do you report it? Not all costs included in initial estimates. Report it?

• Do you buy-in on project schedule if you can’t make that schedule?


10-25

Q5: What Are the Keys for Successful SDLC Projects?

• Create a work-breakdown structure.

• Estimate time and costs.

• Create a project plan.

• Adjust plan via trade-offs.

• Manage development challenges.


10-26

Work BreakdownStructure(WBS)


10-27

Gantt Chart of the WBS for the Definition Phase of a Project


10-28

Gantt Chart with Resources Assigned


10-29

Primary Drivers of Systems Development


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Manage Development Challenges

1. Coordination

2. Diseconomies of scale

3. Configuration control

4. Unexpected events


10-31

Difficulty of Requirements Determination

• What specifically is system to do? • What, exactly, does the report doctors receive look like?

• Will they have both a standard and exception report? Are those reports fixed in structure or can user adapt them? If so, how?

• How many practices and how many patients per practice will PRIDE support?

• How much cloud resource needed? Must create environment where difficult

questions are asked and answered.


10-32

Changing Requirements

• Systems development aims at moving target

• The bigger system, the longer the project, the more requirements change.

• What should development team do?

• Incorporate changes, build, complete and make changes in maintenance phase?


10-33

Scheduling and Budgeting Difficulties

• How long to build it?• How long to create data model?• How long to build database applications?• How long to do testing?• How long to develop and document procedures?• How long for training?• How many labor hours? Labor cost?• What’s the rate of return on investment?


10-34

Changing Technology

• Do you want to stop your development to switch to the new technology?

• Would it be better to finish developing according to the existing plan?

• Why build an out-of-date system?

• Can you afford to keep changing the project?


10-35

Diseconomies of Scale

Brooks’ Law

• “Adding more people to a late project makes the project later.”

• New staff must be trained by productive members who lose productivity while training.

• Schedules can be compressed only so far.

• Once a project is late and over budget, no good choice exists.


10-36

Experiencing MIS InClass Exercise 10: GardenTracker• Suppose you and two or three other students decide to open

a business that offers landscaping services. Your goal is to develop a list of clients for whom you provide regular and recurring services.

• Need information system for tracking customers, services you have provided, and services you are scheduled to provide in the future.

• As a new small business, you want a simple and affordable system based on Excel or Access. The name of the system is GardenTracker.


10-37

Experiencing MIS InClass Exercise 10: GardenTracker (cont’d)

1. Explain how you would use SDLC to develop GardenTracker.

2. Define the scope of your system.

3. Explain process you would use to determine feasibility of GardenTracker.

4. List data you need for such an assessment, and explain how you might obtain or estimate that data.


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Q6: How Can Scrum Overcome the Problems of the SDLC?


10-39

Scrum Essentials


10-40

Scrum Process


10-41

When Does Scrum End?

• Customer is satisfied with product created and accepts it.

• Project runs out of time.

• Project runs out of money.


10-42

How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process?


10-43

Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques


10-44

Q7: 2023

1. Continuing focus on aligning business processes and information systems with business strategy, goals, and objectives

2. Computer systems will be more easily changed and adapted

3. The cloud will lead to substantially more innovation

4. Emergence of new software vendor business models


10-45

Security Guide: Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know . . .

• Do you think servers in China were actually shut down?

• Large organizations with good IS departments that had a firewall set up on port 24 to only allow traffic to go to IP address of ISP did not lose any designs.

• What about smaller organizations with minimal IS Department, or supported by small, unsophisticated VAR?


10-46

Guide: The Real Estimation Process

• Software developers are optimists.

• People can’t work all the time.

• Apply a factor like 0.6 to compute number of effective labor hours for each employee.

• Be aware of consequences of negotiating a schedule.


10-47

Active Review

Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Q3: How is Business Process Modeling Notation used to model processes?

Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q7: 2023?


10-48

Case Study 10: Cost of PRIDE

• Typical example of a new software venture

• So focused on technology and making it work, they neglect to consider what will happen, longer term, if it is a success.

• Some problem solutions involve staff training and procedures.

• Longer term, Flores and his partners need a direction.


10-49

Sources of PRIDE Costs


development processes chapter 10. 10-2 “we need to support other watches and mobile devices, and...

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