development of triple band planar inverted f-antenna...

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Development of Triple Band Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) for GSM 800 MHz, DCS

1800 MHz and Bluetooth 2400 MHz

MUKHTAR AHMED YASIN

This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the award of the Master’s Degree of

Electrical Engineering.

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JANUARY 2015

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ABSTRACT

A triple band Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) antenna for GSM900, DCS1800 and

Blutooth2400 is presented. The antenna consists of square planar radiating patch with dual L-

shaped slots suspended above the FR4 dielectric substrate. A shorting plate is employed between

the top patch and the ground plane. The antenna is fed by using coaxial feeding as it is easier to

design. The antenna is designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio. Different parameters

such as shorting width, height of antenna, ground plane size and patch slot size that effect PIFA

antenna characteristics are also studied. The designed antenna is fabricated, assembled together

and tested using network analyzer. The result obtained for the S11 parameter in measurement for

the three bands are 0.966 GHz, 1.836 GHz and 2.50 GHz with return loss of -25.84 dB, -32.52 dB

and -24.2 dB respectively. Comparison for the measurement and the simulation are carried out in

terms of S11 parameter, bandwidth, VSWR, input impedance and radiation pattern.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

DECLERATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Scope of study 3

1.4 Problem Statement 4

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Basics of Antenna 6

2.2.1 Resonant antenna 6

2.2.2 Broadband antenna 6

2.2.3 Aperture antenna 7

2.2.4 Electrically small antenna 8

2.3 Antenna Characteristics 8

2.3.1 Return Loss 9

2.3.2 Radiation Pattern 9

2.3.3 Bandwidth 10

2.3.4 VSWR 10

2.3.5 Beam width 11

2.3.6 Directivity and Gain 11

2.3.7 Impedance matching 12

2.4. Feeding methods 12

2.4.1 Coaxial feeding 13

2.4.2 Microstrip line feeding 13

2.4.3 Aperture Coupled feed 14

2.4.4 Proximity Coupled feed 15

2.5. Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) 16

2.6 Global System for Mobile (GSM) 18

2.7 Review of previous articles 19

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2.7.1 Design of Triple band PIFA 19

2.7.2 An internal Triple band for PCS/IMT-2000 20

2.7.3 Design of compact tri-band PIFA 22

2.7 Design and SAR analysis of tri band PIFA 23

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Antenna design configuration 28

3.3 Design Procedure using Mathematical Method 29

3.4 CST MWS design procedure 30

3.4.1 Create new project 30

3.4.2 Set all the parameters 31

3.4.3 Create the proposed design 32

3.4.4 Simulate the design 33

3.4.4 Model the ground plane 34

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 34

4.2 Antenna design 35

4.3 Parametric study 36

4.3.1 Ground plane size 36

4.3.2 Shorting width 37

4.3.3 Gab slot size 37

4.3.4 Height 38

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4.4 Simulation result 39

4.4.1 S11 parameter 39

4.4.2 Bandwidth 40

4.4.3 VSWR 40

4.4.4 Input impedance 41

4.4.5 Radiation pattern 42

4.5 Measurement results 44

4.5.1 S11 parameter 44

4.5.2 Bandwidth 45

4.5.3 VSWR 46

4.5.4 Input impedance 47

4.6 Comparison of measurement and simulation 48

4.6.1 Return loss and bandwidth 48

4.6.2 VSWR 50

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 51

5.2 Recommendation 53

REFERENCES 54

APPENDIX 59

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LIST OF TABLES

3.1 Calculations of the dimensions of the antenna

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4.1 Summarized parametric study of the PIFA antenna

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4.2 Simulated directivity, gain and radiation efficiency of PIFA antenna

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4.3 Bandwidth, return loss and center frequency difference between

measurement and simulation

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LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Half wave dipole 6

2.2 Yagi-Uda with 3 elements 6

2.3 Spiral antenna 7

2.4 Log-periodic antenna 7

2.5 Aperture antennas 7

2.6 Short dipole 8

2.7 Small loop antenna 8

2.8 Top and side view of coaxial feeding method 13

2.9 Microstrip line feeding 14

2.10 Aperture coupled feeding 15

2.11 Proximity coupled feeding 16

2.12 PIFA antenna configuration 17

2.13 Geometry and dimensions of triple-band planar inverted F-antenna both

side view and face view

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2.14 Configuration of the proposed triple-band internal antenna for

PCS/IMT2000/Bluetooth applications.

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2.15 Antenna geometry 23

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2.16 Structure of the proposed antenna 24

3.1 Planning flowchart for PS1 and PS2 26

3.2 Planning flowchart for implementation project 27

3.3 3D view of the proposed tri-band PIFA antenna 28

3.4 CST microwave studio project 30

3.5 Antenna template 31

3.6 The parametric list (in the red border) 31

3.7 The proposed design configuration of tri-band PIFA antenna in CST

MWS

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4.1 Antenna design in CST MW studio 35

4.2 Comparison of different ground plane sizes 36

4.3 Comparison of different shorting widths 37

4.4 Comparison of different gap slots on patch 38

4.5 Comparison of different heights of antenna 38

4.6 S11 parameter of simulated result 39

4.7 The bandwidth of PIFA antenna 40

4.8 The simulated VSWR 41

4.9 Copper wire for feeding from SMA connector 41

4.10 Simulated input impedance of PIFA antenna 42

4.11 Radiation pattern of 0.9 GHz band 43



4.14 Return loss obtained by measurement 44

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4.15 Measured VSWR of the PIFA antenna 45

4.16 Measured VSWR of the PIFA antenna 46

4.17 Measured input impedance of the PIFA antenna 47

4.18 (a) PIFA design in simulation (b) PIFA design in after fabrication 48



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DCS Digital Cellular System

GSM Global System for Mobile

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

PCS Personal Communication System

IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

SAR Specific Absorption Rate

PIFA Planar Inverted F-Antenna

PCB Printed Circuit Board

CST Computer Software Technology

MWS Microwave Studio

EM Electromagnetic

BW Bandwidth

FNBW First-Null Beamwidth

HPBW Half-power Beamwidth

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

S11 Return Loss

dB Decibels

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VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

SWR Standing Wave Ratio

SMA Sub Miniature A

FR4 Fire retardant 4

UTHM University Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia

LIST OF SYMBOLS

GHz Gigahertz

MHz Megahertz

Lambda (wavelength)

H height of antenna

L length of the ground plane

L1 length of the top radiating patch

L2 length of the outer L-shaped slot (for 1.8GHz)

L3 length of the second L-shaped slot (for 2.4GHz)

W width of the ground plane

W1 width of the top radiating patch

W2 width of the outer L-shaped slot (for 1.8GHz)

W3 width of the second L-shaped slot (for 2.4GHz)

ε r dielectric constant of the substrate

c speed of light 3x 10-8

m/s

Ohm

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LIST OF APPENDICES

A Gantt chart

B Pictures of the fabricated design of PIFA antenna

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

The origination of wireless communications started in 1886 when Heinrich Hertz did an

experiment to confirm the presence of electromagnetic waves based on James Maxwell’s (1864)

theoretical foundation for electromagnetic radiation. It was then in 1897, Guglielmo Marconi first

establish the capabilities of wireless communications through continuous contact with ships sailing

the English Channel [1]. Since then, antennas have always been evolving due to the development

of wireless technologies which has led to radio, television, mobile phone and satellite

communications.

Planar antennas are the newest generations of antennas boasting the attractive features

required, such as broad operating bandwidth, low profile, light weight and ease of integrations into

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arrays of radio frequency circuits, to make them ideal components of modern communications

systems. Planar antennas have variety of types and one of them is planar inverted F antenna (PIFA).

Planar Inverted-F Antennas (PIFAs) are resonant at a quarter-wavelength and are widely used for

mobile phone applications and other communication devices due to its merits of small size, light

weight, low SAR values, good gain & multiband operation [2]-[8].

This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The PIFA antenna

is popular because it has a low profile and an omnidirectional pattern. The antenna can be

miniaturized since there is a limited space in the printed circuit, without causing degradation to the

performance of the antenna parameters such as the bandwidth and radiation patterns [2].

In this work, a triple band operating PIFA antenna was designed which covers frequency

bands of GSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and Bluetooth 2400 MHz. In order to obtain the triple

band operation, two slots of L-shaped was created on the patch of the antenna. The dual L-shaped

slots will make the antenna to operate a triple band operation.

1.2. Objectives

a) To design triple band PIFA antenna for mobile handheld devices that operates

frequency bands of GSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and Bluetooth 2400 MHz by using

CST MWS software.

b) To measure and evaluate the antenna performance in terms of return loss, VSWR,

bandwidth and radiation pattern.

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1.3. Scope of study

This project is intended to develop and analyze a triple band Planar Inverted-F Antenna

(PIFA) that is capable to cover Cellular frequencies of GSM900 and DCS1800 and non-cellular

frequency such as Bluetooth/WLAN 2400 MHz. The antenna will be modeled and simulated with

CST MWS simulation software. This simulation tool is used to evaluate the operation of the

antenna at the prescribed frequencies in terms of input impedance, radiation patterns and return

loss values for the S11 parameters. The final stage is to fabricate, measure and evaluate the antenna

S parameter, efficiency and field pattern. A parametric study will also be carried out to find the

effects of different parameters (such as shorting plate, height of antenna, ground plane and slots

on the patch) to the operating frequency and bandwidth of the antenna. The measurement can be

carried out by using network analyzer.

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1.4. Problem Statement

In recent years integration of technology in mobile communication system has led to a

great demand in developing small size antenna with multi-band operation that is able to operate in

the required system. Single band antennas only support one or two frequencies of wireless services

and these days more and more wireless standards are being supported by the devices. So they

employ several antennas for each standard. This leads to large space requirement in handheld

devices. Therefore, due to the space constraints in mobile devices, an antenna which will cover

multiple bands of frequencies will be the best solution in order to allow more space in the mobile

devices. The multi band operation of the antenna can be achieved by using a low profile antenna

structure like PIFA (Planar Inverted F-Antenna) with additional features to enhance the bandwidth

coverage and other important performance parameters. This will even allow mobile devices to be

very small in thickness.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

This section talks about the theoretical information related to the project such as the basics

of antenna and its characteristics.

This section of the thesis also reviews a number of papers, which have formed the basis for

the research component. This thesis provides an insight into the background of co- formality

antennas. A few papers have been studied in order to gain required knowledge needed in the design

process. There are also references from source such as books and articles. From data collection, it

has points that capable to increase the knowledge especially about this paper.

2.2. Basics of Antenna

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There are many basic types of antenna elements such as the dipole, horn, slot, spiral, long

wire, and monopole. There are also many different types of systems where these elements are

arranged in some form of an array, fixed or electronically controlled. Antenna can be divided into

four types and operated at different frequencies based on their structure and configurations. There

are resonant antenna, broadband antenna, aperture antenna and electrically small antenna.

2.2.1. Resonant antenna

The antenna of this type is usually used because its structure is simple and has good input

impedance for application at frequency that has narrow bandwidth. Its input impedance is real and

this antenna also has a low gain. An example of resonant antenna such as in figure 2.1 is half wave

dipole and figure 2.2 is Yagi-Uda with 3 element [9].

Figure 2.1: Half wave dipole Figure 2.2: Yagi-Uda with 3 elements

2.2.2. Broadband antenna

These antennas show characteristics at an active area. Wave propagation is coming from a

feed point then which will propagate to an active area to produce broadband characteristic. It also

has low gain and real input impedance [9]. An example of broadband antennas such as figure 2.3

is spiral antenna and figure 2.4 is log periodic antenna.

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Figure 2.3: Spiral antenna Figure2.4: Log-periodic antenna

2.2.3. Aperture antenna

Antenna of this type has an open physical structure that allows the wave to pass through it.

This antenna has a high gain that is proportional to the frequency of operation. Aperture size of

this antenna depends of the wavelength and its effective aperture increase as the wavelength

becomes shorter [9]. The main radiation pattern is narrow and has a high gain. An example of

aperture antenna such as figure 2.5 (a) is pyramidal horn antenna and figure 2.5 (b) is conical horn

antenna.

Figure 2.5: Aperture antennas

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2.2.4. Electrically small antenna

This antenna has electrically length much smaller compared to the wavelength λ (L<< λ).

Besides, it also has a simple structure and fabrication is insensitive to specific shape. Monopole

antenna which is implemented on car is a best example of this antenna. The length of this antenna

is around 0.003λ and has an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The disadvantages of this antenna

are low resistance and high reactance at the input [9]. An example of electrically small antenna

such as figure 2.6 is short dipole antenna and figure 2.7 is small loop antenna.

Figure 2.6: Short dipole Figure 2.7: Small loop antenna

2.3. Antenna characteristics

Having considered the basic elementary antenna types, some important characteristics of

an antenna as a radiator of electromagnetic energy are discussed. These characteristics include

return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), beam width,

directivity, gain and also impedance matching.

2.3.1. Return loss

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The return loss is another way of expressing mismatch. It is a logarithmic ratio measured

in dB that compares the power reflected by the antenna to the power that is fed into the

antenna from the transmission line.

The relationship between SWR and return loss is the following:

𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠(𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵) = 20 log10

𝑆𝑊𝑅

𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1

A very good antenna might have a value of -10 dB (90% absorbed and 10%reflected) [9].

2.3.2. Radiation Pattern

An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a

graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space

coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is

represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux

density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or polarization. The radiation property

of most concern is the two or three-dimensional spatial distribution of radiated energy as a function

of the observer’s position along a path or surface of constant radius. Often the field and power

patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum value, yielding normalized field and power

patterns. Also, the power pattern is usually plotted on a logarithmic scale or more commonly in

decibels (dB). This scale is usually desirable because a logarithmic scale can accentuate in more

details those parts of the pattern that have very low values, which later we will refer to as minor

lobes [10].

2.3.3. Bandwidth

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development of triple band planar inverted f-antenna...

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