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OUR TOPICS:DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

Content:

1. Introduction2. Development of Criminology A. Classical Criminology B. Modern Criminology C. Independent Criminologya. Social Causesb. Economic Causes3. Theories of Criminal Opportunity

IntroductionCriminology is the scientific study of criminals and criminal behavior.

Criminologists attempt to build theories that:- why crimes occursobserving behaviorpreventing criminal behavior responding to it after it occurs

Development of Criminology

criminology has evolved in three stages:-

1st stage- Beginning in the 18th century2nd stage- Began in the 19th century3rd stage- Beginning in the second half of

the 20th century

Development of Criminology 1st stage- Beginning in the 18th century

Systematic study of criminology came at late 1700s. Most explanations of crime equalized it with sin–the violation of a

pure/holy obligation. After distinguished crime from sin, scholars made possible

explanations of criminal behavior that were not theological (religious). This allowed the scientific study of why crime occurs.

The development of this study is now known as the era of classical criminology.

A. Classical Criminology

The issues of crime and punishment have aroused interest and discussion since ancient times.Scriptures dating from the 10th century BC prohibit certain acts and provide consequences for those who disobey these rules. In the 5th century BC Greek historian Thucydides wrote about the usefulness of the death penalty.

B. Modern Criminology

At the beginning of the 19th century, scholars began to apply the concepts and technologies of the rapidly developing biological and behavioral sciences to the study of crime. For the first time criminologists developed typologies of crime and criminals and attempted to identify patterns between these typologies and various biological, psychological, and social characteristics of offenders.

C. Independent Criminology

In the late 1960s and early 1970s criminology began to emerge from the more established social sciences and became a discipline in its own right.

The number of instructional programs in criminology and criminal justice by themselves increased significantly.

Much of this development was due to the availability of government funding for criminological research and statistical analysis.

a. Social Causes

One of the first theories describing the influence of social factors on crime came from French sociologist Gabriel Trade. In the late 1880s Trade criticized the physical typology theories of Lombroso and his followers.Although Trade did not deny the relevance of biological factors in enhancing criminal tendencies, he asserted that the causes of crime are chiefly social. His basic theory on the causes of crime was founded on laws of imitation.

b. Economic Causes This is very much important part of development of criminology. Economic cause are main fact for development of crime And specially for our country. Many crime are related for acquiring money for gating drugs. Specially property crime are attempted by the criminal for economic factors. Because we are not a development country. Other studies attempt to relate the corresponding involvement of poor people in crime to the distribution of power in society. Mainly problem arise for which are high class people and which are low class. These same theories have been used to explain why people of lower socioeconomic status are corresponding represented among known criminals.

This grounds are liable for development of criminology by the Economic cause.

VII. Theories of Criminal Opportunity:

In the mid-1970s American sociologists Marcus Felson, Lawrence Cohen, and others changed the focus of criminological theory from explaining criminal motivation to explaining the occurrence of criminal events. They argued that criminal motivation alone was not sufficient to cause crime. In addition to motivation, the offender requires the opportunity to pursue his or her inclinations. According to these opportunity theorists, the physical and social environment of the offender and the victim (or target) encourage or limit criminal opportunity. They sought to identify environmental factors that provided the opportunity to commit crime.

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